A REPORT

ON

CIVIL ENGINEERING TRAINING

Starting Date of Training: 05/06/2015

End Date of Training: 04/07/2015

HARSHIT KINKAR

0901CE161051

Civil Engineering 7th SEM

2016-2020

Report Submitted to:

Prof. Vikas Shukla

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Racecourse Rd, Johri Bazar, Mela Ground, Thatipur, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474005
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to extend my SARVAKAM ARCHITECTS for

having provided me with an unbelievable practical learning
experience during my training. It was indeed a pleasure to be a part of
such organization.
First and foremost I would like to thank AR. HARSHIT KOTIYA, Project
In Charge and special thanks to Mr. VINAYAK CHANCHAL, Site Engineer
and Mr. Rohit Lodhi, Jr. Engineer, who support me through inspiring
towards this report. He had provided me a nice experience.
Secondly, I am no less grateful to the other employees and members
of the department for their kind co-operation and spontaneous
response.
Last but not the least; I express my gratitude toward my family
members, my teachers and college friends for their kind co-operation
and encouragement which help me in completion of this training.
HARSHIT KINKAR
VII Semester
Civil Engineering Department
M.I.T.S GWALIOR
 INDEX
S.NO PARTICULAR PAGE NO.
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. PROJECT DETAILS
4. AIM OF THE PROJECT
5. THEORY
• INTRODUCTION
• DEMAND OF HOUSE
• CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED
ON OCCUPANCY
• SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY
• SURVEY OF SITE FOR PROPOSED
BUILDING
• RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
• LIMITATIONS OF BUILT UP AREA
• MINIMUM FLOOR AREA AND HEIGHT
OF ROOMS
• BUILDING BYE LAWS AND
REGULATIONS
• ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS
6. DESINGS
• DESING OF SLAB
• DESING OF BEAM
• a) FRAME ANALYSIS
• DESING OF COLUMN
• DESING OF FOOTING
7. DRAWINGS.
• PLAN
• BEAM
• FOOTING
• PHOTOS
8. • CONCLUSION.
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

THE AIM OF THE PROJECT IS TO PLAN AND DESIGN THE FRAMED

STRUCTURE OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.
 INTRODUCTION
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s &
shelter. From times immemorial man has been making
efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his
efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter.
The possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a
feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status
of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful
environment needed for his pleasant living, this object is
achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and
convenient location, such a place for comfortable and
pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

• A Peaceful environment.

• Safety from all-natural source & climate conditions.

• General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions,

building bye laws, environment, financial capacity, water
supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration,
ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any
client.
 DEMAND OF HOUSES
The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary
unit of human habitation. The house is built to grant the
protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance
against physical insecurity of all kinds.
The special features of the demand for housing consists of in
its unique nature and depend on the following factors.
• Availability of cheap finance.
• Availability of skilled labours.
• Availability of transport facility.
• Cost of labours & material of construction.
• Predictions of future demand.
• Rate of interest on investment e. g. low rates of interest with
facilities of long-term payment may facilities investment in
housing.
• Rate of population growth and urbanization.
• Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.
• Taxation policy on real estates
• Town planning & environmental conditions.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED
ON OCCUPANCY

GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-B EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-C INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS
GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
GROUP-E BUSINESS BUILDINGS
GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS
GROUP-G INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-H STORAGE BUILDINGS
GROUP-I HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS
 ▪ RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:
These building include any building in which sleeping
accommodation provide for normal residential purposes, with
or without cooking and dining facilities.It includes single or
multifamily dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming
houses, restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential
hostels.

▪ EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:
These include any building used for school, college or day-
care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or
recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

▪ INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for different purposes, such as
medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from
physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants,
convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in
which the liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional
buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the
occupants.

▪ ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
These are the buildings where groups of people meet or
gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, assembly
halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums,
places of work ship, etc.

▪ BUSINESS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for transaction of business, for
keeping of accounts and records and for similar purposes,
offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses,
libraries. The principal function of these buildings is
transaction of public business and keeping of books and
records.

▪ MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display
an sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail, office,
shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of
merchandise and located in the same building.

▪ INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:
These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds
and properties are fabrication, assembled, manufactured or
processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning
plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses,
laundries etc.
 ▪ STORAGE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering
of goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, as
warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

▪ HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for the storage, handling,
manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive
materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme
rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for
storage handling, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing
flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive
gases processing of any material producing explosive mixtures
of dust which result in the division of matter into fine particles
subjected to spontaneous ignition.
 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY
Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site
should be in good place where there community but service is
convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of
inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is
important not only because of present need but for retention
of property value in future closely related to are
transportation, shopping, facilities also necessary. One should
observe the road condition whether there is indication of
future development or not in case of un developed area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site
are as follows:-
• Access to park & play ground.
• Agriculture polytonality of the land.
• Availability of public utility services, especially water,
electricity & sewage disposal.
• Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land .
• Distance from places of work.
• Ease of drainage.
• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.
• Nature of use of adjacent area.
• Transport facilities.
• Wind velocity and direction.
 SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED
BUILDING

• Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed

during reconnaissance survey of the site.
• Site is located nearly.
• The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and
other throne plats over the entire area.
• No levelling is require since the land is must uniformly
level.
• The ground is soft.
• Labour available near by the site.
• Houses are located near by the site.
• Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done to
determine the boundaries of the required areas of the
site with the help of theodolite and compass.
 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Requirement for residential accommodation are different for

different classes of people & depends on the income &status
of the individual a highly rich family with require a luxurious
building, while a poor man we satisfied with a single room
house for even poor class family.
A standard residential building of bungalow type with has
drawing room, dining room office room, guest room, kitchen
room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room, front
verandas, stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may
be reduced according to the requirements of many available.

a) LIMITATION OF BUILT UP AREA

Area of plot up to 200 sq.m ---- maximum
permissible built up area
Ground and first ---- 60% of site area
on floor only.
201 to 500sq.m (241to 600sq.yd) ---- 50% of the site
area.
501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) ---- 40% of the site
area
More than 1000sq.m ---- 33% of the site
area.
BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

• Open spaces around residential building.
• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.
• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.
• Provisions for safety from explosion.
• Provisions for means of access.
• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.
• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.
• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.
• Requirements for landscaping.
• Special requirements for low income housing.
• Size of structural elements.
 ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS

1) LIVING ROOM
2) KITCHEN
3) STORE ROOM
4) BED ROOM
5) OFFICE ROOM
6) BATH & W C
7) DRESSING ROOM
8) VERANDAH
9) STAIR CASE
LIVING ROOMS:

This is the area is for general use. Hence the living & drawing
room should be planned near the entrance south east aspects.
During colder day the sun is towards the south & will receive
sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer
sunshine ti the northern side & entry of sunrays from southern
or south – east aspects do not arise.

KITCHEN:

Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh & purity the

air.

READING ROOM/ CLASS ROOM:

North aspects this makes more suitable since there will be no

sun from north side for most part of the year.
BED ROOM:

Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size

depends upon the number of beds, they should be located so
as to give privacy & should accommodate beds, chair,
cupboard, etc., and they should have north or – west south –
west aspect.
BATH & W.C:

Bath and w.c are usually combined in one room & attached to
the bed room and should be well finished. This should be filled
with bath tub, shower, wash-hand basin, w.c, shelves, towels,
racks brackets, etc., all of white glazed tiles. Floor should be
mosaic or white glazed files. Instead of providing all bed room
with attached bath and W.C separated baths & latrines may
also be provided
VERANDAH:

There should verandah in the front as well as in the rear. The

front verandah serves setting place for male members &
weighting place for visitors. The back verandah serve a ladies
apartment for there sitting, working controlling, kitchen works
etc., verandah project the room against direct sun, rain &
weather effect. They used as sleeping place during the
summer and rainy season & are used to keep various things
verandah also give appearance to the building. The area of a
building may vary from 10% to 20% of the building.
STAIR CASE:

This should be located in a easily accessible to all members of

the family, when this is intended for visitors it should be in the
front, may be on one side of verandah. It meant for family use
only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stairs case
should be well ventilated & lighted the middle to make it easy
& comfortable to climb. Rises & threads should be uniform
through to keep rhythm while climbing or descending.
Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a building are
as follows:-
• Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall
should face.
• East and west because if the long walls are provided in east
facing, the wall.
• Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during
night.
• A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east & west
to keep the rooms cool.
• To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through
external doors & windows sunshades are required in all
directions.

ORIENTATION

After having selected the site, the next step is proper

orientation of building. Orientation means proper placement
of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and out
look and at the same time providing a convenient access both
to the street and back yard.
The factors that effect orientation most are as follows.
• Solar heat
• Wind direction
• Humidity
• Rain fall
• Intensity of wind site condition
• Lightings and ventilation
SOLAR HEAT:

Solar heat means sun’s heat, the building should receive

maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer.
For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the
duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed
surfaces.

WIND DIRECTION:

The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are
accepted in the house to the maximum extent.

HUMIDITY:
High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal
areas, causes perspiration, which is very uncomfortable
condition from the human body and causes more disomfort.
RAIN FALL:
Direction and intensity of rainfall effects the drainage of the
site and building and hence, it is very important from
orientation point of view.
INTENSITY OF WIND:
Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window
openings of comparatively small size are recommended in
such regions.
SITE CONDITIONS:

Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas

also effects orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum
benefits, the building has to be oriented in a particular
direction.

LIGHTING:

Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary

aims. The first is to promote the work or other activities
carried on within the building. The second is to promote the
safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in
conjunction to interest and of well beings.
VENTILATION:

Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or

removing air by natural or mechanical mean or from any
enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable
conditions. Operation of building and location to windows
helps in providing proper ventilation. A sensation of comfort,
reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen are
the basic requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of
dust.
 DESIGNS

▪ DESIGN OF SLABS

▪ LOADS ON BEAMS

▪ DESIGN OF BEAMS

▪ LOADS OF COLUMNS

▪ DESIGN OF COLOUMNS

▪ DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
DESIGN OF SLAB

Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference

of IS 456:2000.
• When the slab are supported in two way direction it acts as
two way supported slab.
• A two way slab is economical compared to one way slab.

SLAB DESIGN:

fck = 15 N/mm2 fy =415 N/m2

Span i. Shorter span:- Lx = 5.8m longer span:-Ly =7.62m

ii. Check Lx/Ly= 7.62/5.8 =1.3<2

Hence the slab has to be designed as “two way slab”.

iii. Providing over all depth of slab as 5”, 120mm

eff. depth= D-15-Ø/2 =120-15-10/2=100mm

iv. Condition:- supported on four sides.

v. Load calculation:-
Dead load = 25x0.12x1 = 3.0KN/m
Live load =2x1 = 2.0KN/m
Floor finish =1x1 = 1x1KN/m
= 6.0 KN/m
vi. Bending moment calculation:- (as per IS code 456-2000)
Type of panel:- Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
ax(+) = 0.049 ax(-) = 0.065 ay(+) = 0.035
ay(-) = 0.047 (+ve) B.M at mid span in shorter directions.
Mx(+) = ax(+)wlx2 = 0.049x6x5.8^2= 9.9kn-m
factored B.M = 9.9x1.5 =14.85kn-m
Spacing and diameter:
As per sp-16. Provide 8mmØ bars at 210mm spacing.

(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in shorter direction. Mx(-)

=ax (-) wlx2 =0.062x6x(5.8)^2 =13.12kn-
m factored B.M = 13.12x1.5=19.67kn-m

(+ve) B.M at mid span in longer directions. My(+)=

ay(+)wlx2 = 0.035x6x(5.8)^2 =7.06kn-
m factored B.M=7.06x1.5 =10.69kn-m
(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in longer direction.
 My(-ve) = ay (-ve)wlx2 =0.047x6x(5.8)^2
=9.48kn-m factored B.M=9.48x1.5 =14.22kn-
m.
Check for depth: Permissible depth=100mm Mu.lim
=0.36.Xumax(1-0.42Xumax)fckbd^2 d
d 14.86x10^6= 0.36.Xumax (1-0.42x0.48)15x1000d^2
d= 84.71 < 100mm
Hence ok.
 DESIGN OF BEAMS

Beam is a member which transfers the loads from slab to

columns and then foundation to soil.

• Beam is a tension member.

• Span of slabs, which decide the spacing of beams.

• Following are the loads which are acting on the beams.

• Dead load
• Live load
• Wind load
LOADS ON BEAMS:

B1: BEAM

SPAN=5.8m (shorter span) Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm) Height of the wall-10’-3m
Load calculations

Wall load - 0.23x3x19 =13.11Kn/m

Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 =2.33Kn/m

Slab load –

W = 6KN

Lx = 5.8

WLx/3= (6x5.8)/3 = 11.6Kn/m

Total load = 13.11+2.33+11.6 = 27.04Kn/m

DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:

B1:BEAM

Calculation of shear force

Va= Vb = total load

=27.04x5.8 =78.416KN

Calculation of normal shear

Tv =Vu =1.5x78.416x10^3 =1.37

Bd 230x373

Calculation of permissible shear stress

Tc = % of tension steel

Pt = Ast x 100

Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2

Pt = 402.12x100 = 0.60% 230x373

 Tc =0.50 Tc < Tv 0.05 < 0.76 Hence provide shear reinforcement.

Design of shear:

Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd =(0.76-0.50)x230x373 =22.30KN

Calculation: Vus =22.30 =0.59 KN/cm D(cm) 37.3 From sp-16

table no 62 we will get dia & spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia @ 20 cm c/c spacing.

Check for spacing:

Spacing should be provided min of the following.

(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373 =279.75 mm

(b) Asv fy =2x(6^2xp/4)x250 =153.2mm 0.4b 0.4x230

(c) design spacing 45cm c/c

Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c.

LOADS ON BEAMS:

B2: BEAM

SPAN=7.62m (longer span) Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm) Height of the wall-10’-3m

Load calculations

Wall load - 0.23x3x19 =13.11Kn/m

Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 =2.33Kn/m

Slab load –

W = 6KN

Ly = 7.62

WLy/3= (6x7.62)/3 = 15.24Kn/m

Total load = 13.11+2.33+15.24 = 30.68Kn/m

DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:

B2:BEAM

• Calculation of shear force

Va=Vb= total load

=30.68x7.62 =116.89KN

• Calculation of normal shear

Tv =Vu =1.5x116.89x10^3 =2.04

Bd 230x373

• Calculation of permissible shear stress

Tc = % of tension steel

Pt = Ast x 100

Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2

Pt = 402.12x100 = 0.60%

230x373

Tc =0.50 Tc < Tv 0.05 < 0.85

Hence provide shear reinforcement.

Design of shear:

Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd =(0.85- 0.50)x230x373 =30.02KN

Calculation: Vus =230.02 =0.89KN/cm D(cm) 37.3 From sp-16

table no 62 we will get dia & spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia @ 15cm c/c spacing.

Check for spacing:

Spacing should be provided min of the following.

(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373 =279.75 mm

(b) Asv fy =2x(6^2xp/4)x250 =153.2mm 0.4b 0.4x230

(c) design spacing 45cm c/c

Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c

DESIGN OF BEAMS:

Mu at Left span = 11.577 KN-m

Mu at Mid span = 19.18 KN-m

Mu at Right span = 20.36KN-m

Check:-

Calculation limiting moment of resistances:

Mu = 11.577 KN-m

Mulimt =0.138 fck bd2

= 0.138x20x230x305^2

= 59.05 KN-m

Mu < Mulimit

Hence it is designed as simply reinforcement beam using sp-16

Mu =11.577x10^6 =1.39

bd^2 230x305^2

Refer table no.2 at sp-16 and read out the value of percentage of reinforcement

Corresponding to fy = 415 N/mm^2 and fck = 20N/mm^2

For Mu = 1.39 Pt = ? bd^2

1.35 0.409

1.40 0.426

1.39 ?

Mu = 1.39 Pt = 0.422

bd^2

Pt = 0.422 %

Area of reinforcement

Pt = Astx100

Bd

=0.422x230x405

100

= 393.093 mm^2

Ast required = 393.093 mm^2

Ast provided:

Hence provide 3 bars & 12 mmdia

Ast provide =400 mm^2

Reinforcement of mid span:-

Calculate limiting moment of resistances

Mu =19.18 KN-m

Mulimt = 0.138 fck bd^2

=0.138x20x230x305^2

= 59.05 KN-m

Mu < Mulimit

Hence it is designed as singly reinforcement.

BY USING SP-16

Mu =19.18x10^6

Bd^2 230x305^2

= 0.66

Refer table no.2 at sp-16and read out the value of percentage of reinforcement
Corresponding to fy = 415N/mm^2 and fck = 20 N/mm2

Mu pt

Bd^2

0.65 0.187

0.70 0.203

0.66 ?

Pt =0.190%

Reinforcement

Pt = Astx100

Bd

=0.19x230x305

100

=133.285mm2

Ast provided

Hence provided 2mm bars & 12mm dia

Ast provided = 155.2mm2

Reinforcement of right span:-

Check:

Calculate limiting moment of resistance:-

Mu =20.36 KN-m

Mulimi = 0.138 fck bd^2

=0.138x20x230x305^2

= 59.05KN-m

Mu < Mulimit

Hence it is designed as singly reinforcement.

BY USING SP-16
Mu =20.36x10^6

Bd^2 230x305^2

=1.39

Mu Pt

Bd^2

1.35 0.409 0.426 0.426

1.39 ?

Pt = 0.422%

Reinforcement =

Pt = Ast x100

bd

Ast =0.422x230x305

100

296.033mm2

Ast provided

Hence provide 3 bars and 12mm dia

Ast provided =300mm^2.

DESIGN OF COLUMNS

• Columns are compression members.

• Larger spacing columns cause stocking columns in lower stores of multi storied buildings.

• Columns are transmitted loads which are coming from slabs to foundations. Larger spans of beams
shall also be avoided from the consideration of controlling the deflection & cracking.

COLUMNS:

The column which takes load are: (a) Slab loads (b) Beam loads (c) Wall loads
(d) Self. Wt of column

S.NO TYPE OF LOAD

ROOF LOAD FLOOR LOAD

1. Wall load (5.8+7.62)x0.115x 0.91x19 2 =12.09KN

(5.8+7.62)x0.23x3x19 2 =29.32KN

2. Slab load (5.8+7.62)x6 2 = 40.26KN

(5.8+7.62)x6 2 =40.26KN

3. Self wt. of beam 0.23x0.406x(5.5+7.62)x25 2 =25KN

0.23x0.406x(5.5+7.62)x25 2 =25KN

Total load 77.35KN

94.58KN

Total loads on column: Loads from roof = 77.35KN

Loads from floor = 94.58KN

Self wt. of column = 0.23x0.23x3x25

= 34.5KN

total loads = 167KN

Column Axial load:

Pu = 167 KN Cross section--- 230x230mm calculation: Pu = 167x10^3 = 0.15

fck*b*d 20x230x230

Calculation of Eccentricity: e= 1 + b 500 30 = 4640 + 230 = 16.94m

500 30 e≤20 mm

Mue = Pu*e = 167*0.020 = 3.34 Kn-m

Mue = 3.34x10^6 = 0.0112 fck bd^2 20x230x230^2

d’ = 0.2 D P = 0.02 fck

P =0.02*fck =0.02x20 =0.4% minimum 0.8% area of steel =

0.8 Bd = 0.8x230x230 = 423.2 mm 100 100 No. of bars
for 12mm dia

= 423.2 = 4 bars p/4x12^2

STIRRUPS SPACING:

LEAST OF THE FOLLOWING:

a) 16dia of main reinforcement=16x12 =192 mm.

b) 48dia = 48x12 = 576 mm. Provide 6 mm dia. @ 192 mm c/c when main bars size is 12 mm

DESIGN OF FOOTING

Size of column (b) 230x380(a)

Load = 400.69KN

Self wt. of footing = 10%

Bearing capacity of soil = 250 Kn/m2

Area of footing

Total load = 440.76KN

Area of footing = 440.76/250 = 1.76m2

the side of the footing be in the same ratio of column

=0.23x*0.38x =1.76

= 0.0874x^2=1.76

x=4.48m

Short side of footing = 0.23*4.48

= 1.0 m

Long side of footing = 0.38*4.48

= 1.70 m

Proved a rectangle footing 1mx1.7m

Up ward soil pressure = 440.76 = 259.27 Kn/m2 = 260 KN/m2

(1*1.7)
BENDING MOMENT CALCULATION:

Maximum bending moment along y- direction longer direction Mxx = q x1/8 (B-b)^2
=260x1.7/8 (1-6023)^2 = 32.75 KN-m

Maximum bending moment along x- direction shorter direction Myy = q-b/8 (B-b)2
= 260x1/8(1.7-0.38)62 = 56.62 KN-m

Depth of footing:

Depth of footing form moment consideration d = v Myy/Qb = v 56.62x10^6/0.91x1000 d =249.43

say 250 mm check for shear (two- way shear) V= q[Lxb-(a+d)(b+d)]
=250[1.7x1-(0.38+250)(230+250)] =363.37 KN

Normal shear stress:

V = 363.37x1063 = 654.72 N/mm^2

[2(a+d)(b+d)d] [2(0.38+0.25)(0.23+0.25)0.25]

Tc = 0.65 N/mm2.

Allowable shear stress:

Tv = k x Tc where k = 0.5+ 0.23 0.38 =1.10 k>1.1 Ka =

1.0 x 16 x fck Ka = 0.78 N/ mm2 Tv < Tc safe to compute normal shear stress due to one way
action area of tensile steel required. Ast(yy) = Myy = 56.62x10^6
0.91X bd 0.91x 250x 0.23 Ast = 1082.08 mm2 Ast x 100 = 1082.08x100 =0.43% bd
100x250x0.23 From table 23 Tc = allowable shear stress 0.27 N/ mm2

One way shear:

The critical section along (1-1) L – a – d =17200 - 380 - 250 2 2 2 2 =410

mm

Shear force:

Upward pressure on the hatched area V= 260X1X0.410 =106.6

Normal shear: Tv = V = 106.6 x10^3 Bd 1x1000x250 =0.42
N/mm2 Tv >Tc in case of one way shear The effective depth to be increase

Let the eff. Depth be 350 mm Tv = V = 2[(a+d)+(b+d)]d V =260 [1.7x1-

(0.38-0.350)+(0.23+0.35)] V =101.4KN Norminal shear Tv = 101.4x103

2[(0.38+0.35)+(0.23+0.35)0.35] = 0.110N/mm2 Tc >Tc

0.6054 > 0.110 Hence safe Adopt eff depth = 35 mm Eff cover = 50
mm ------------- Overall depth = 400 mm -------------
--

Reinforcement in longitudinal direction:

Ast = 32.75 x106 0.87x230x350

=447.08 mm Spacing of 12 mm mid steel leaving a clearance of 250mm on the either side S
= 950*p*122 447.684 =239.99 mm Provide 12mm bars at 230 mm c/c

Reinforcement in shorter direction:

Ast = Myy = 56.62x10^6 bd 230x350x0.90

= 781.50 mm2 The reinforcement in the central band width 1.7 provide in accordance with =
Reinforcement in central band width / total reinforcement in shorter direction. = 1.7/1 = 1.7
Reinforcement in central band =Ast x 2 = 2 =578.94 mm2
B+1 (1.7+1) Spacing of 10 mm dia bars at 190mmc/c The steel for the remaining width =
781.50 -578.94 =202.56 mm2 Provide 4 bars of 12mm dia on
either of the central ban width

Developed length:

From IS 456-2000 Ld = dia vs 4Tbd =0.87xfyx dia

=0.87x415xdia =47 dia =47x12 =528mm 4x Tbd 4x(1.6x1.2) Available
length from face of column = (1000 – 230) -50 2
=8035 mm>528 mm

Load transfer from column to footing: Nominal bearing stress in column concrete. Vbt = p
= 440.76x10^3 = 5.04 N/ mm2 Ac 230x380

Bearing stress un M15 concrete =0.25x20 =5N/ mm2

Allowable bearing stress =5V A1 A2 =v A1 >2 A2

 = 5v 1697400 230x380 = 4.40 limited 2 Allowable bearing stress = 2x5 =10 N/ mm2
>6067 The minimum steel required for dowel bars or loa transferring bar is 0.5% of column
As = 0.5 x230x380 100 =437 mm2 No.of 12mm dia = 437x12^2 =3.86
p/4 Provide 4 nos of bars of 12mmbars development length of dowel bars Ld =vs x dia 44 dia
4T bd for 12 mm dia Ld =528 mm The dowel is to be extended by 528mm into column. Available
depth in footing Effective to the centre of 20 mm dia 350mm Deduct ½ x 20 =10 mm Deduct 12
mm dia

Net available distance =[350-10-12] =328 Provide bent of bars to [528-328]

=200 mm.
DRAWINGS
 CONCLUSION
We can conclude that there is difference between the
theoretical and practical work done. As the scope of
understanding will be much more when practical work is done.
As we get more knowledge in such a situation where we have
great experience doing the practical work.
Knowing the loads, we have designed the slabs depending
upon the ratio of longer to shorter span of panel. In this
project we have designed slabs as two-way slabs depending
upon the end condition, corresponding bending moment. The
coefficients have been calculated as per I.S. code methods for
corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for
loads on beams and columns and designed frame analysis by
moment distribution method. Here we have a very low
bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated footing done.