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    Cayley Hamilton

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    SHASWAT SRIVASTAVA IET Lucknow Student
    1. The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem states that every square matrix is a root of its characteristic polynomial. 2. The proof shows that the theorem holds for diagonalizable matrices, as the characteristic polynomial of a similar matrix is the same. 3. For any square matrix, the characteristic polynomial is shown to have n distinct roots by treating the matrix entries as variables, thereby reducing the problem to the diagonalizable case. Therefore, the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem holds for all square matrices.

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    Cayley Hamilton

    Uploaded by

    SHASWAT SRIVASTAVA IET Lucknow Student
    97 views2 pages
    1. The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem states that every square matrix is a root of its characteristic polynomial. 2. The proof shows that the theorem holds for diagonalizable matrices, as the characteristic polynomial of a similar matrix is the same. 3. For any square matrix, the characteristic polynomial is shown to have n distinct roots by treating the matrix entries as variables, thereby reducing the problem to the diagonalizable case. Therefore, the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem holds for all square matrices.

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    1. The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem states that every square matrix is a root of its characteristic polynomial. 2. The proof shows that the theorem holds for diagonalizable matrices, as the characteristic polynomial of a similar matrix is the same. 3. For any square matrix, the characteristic polynomial is shown to have n distinct roots by treating the matrix entries as variables, thereby reducing the problem to the diagonalizable case. Therefore, the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem holds for all square matrices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    97 views2 pages

    Cayley Hamilton

    Uploaded by

    SHASWAT SRIVASTAVA IET Lucknow Student
    1. The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem states that every square matrix is a root of its characteristic polynomial. 2. The proof shows that the theorem holds for diagonalizable matrices, as the characteristic polynomial of a similar matrix is the same. 3. For any square matrix, the characteristic polynomial is shown to have n distinct roots by treating the matrix entries as variables, thereby reducing the problem to the diagonalizable case. Therefore, the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem holds for all square matrices.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    MA322

    Sp12 The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Use of similarity


    We give an outline of one of the most striking theorems of Linear Algebra.
    1. Recall that a square matrix G is said to be similar to H if G = P HP −1
    for some invertible P . In symbols, we write G ≈ H.
    By taking powers of the similarity equation, we see that for any positive
    integer m, we have:

    Gm = P HP −1 P HP −1 · · · P HP −1 where we have written m terms


    and by multiplying out, we see that Gm = P H m P −1 .
    2. Now, if f (X) = a0 + a1 X + · · · + an X n is any polynomial and A is any
    square matrix, then we define
    f (A) = a0 I + a1 A + · · · + an An .

    Thus, it makes sense to define A to be a root of the polynomial


    f (X) if f (A) = 0.
    3. The Cayley Hamilton Theorem states that:
    If A is a square matrix and if f (X) is its characteristic polynomial,
    then f (A) = 0. In other words, every square matrix is a root of its
    characteristic polynomial!!
    4. Idea of the proof.
    The theorem is easily seen to be true for a diagonal matrix diag(a1 , a2 , · · · , an ).
    We note that the characteristic polynomial is simply f (X) = (a1 −
    X)(a2 − X) · · · (an − X). Then we see that
    f (A) = (a1 I − A)(a2 I − A) · · · (an I − A)
    = diag(0, a2 , · · · , an )diag(a1 , 0, a3 , · · · , an ) · · · diag(a1 , a2 , · · · , an−1 , 0)
    = diag(0, 0, · · · , 0) = 0

    Next we observe that the theorem must be true for any matrix similar to
    a diagonal matrix, i.e. for a diagonalizable matrix.. To see this, note
    that If G = P AP −1 , then
    (G − λI) = (P AP −1 − λI) = P (A − λI)P −1
    and so taking determinants, G and A have the same characteristic polyno-
    mials, say f (λ).
    Then
    f (G) = f (P AP −1 ) = P f (A)p−1 = P 0P −1 = 0.
    Thus the theorem is proved for all diagonalizable matrices.
    Now we finish the proof for any square matrix. However, this depends on
    some general ideas which, at first, may seem too abstract. They will become
    clear after some thought.

    1
    • In this part, we may find it easier to replace λ by a variable X,
    so that the results seem more natural. These ideas are standard
    in a course in theory of equations.
    Suppose a square matrix A has characteristic polynomial f (X) =
    det(A − XI) and suppose that f (X) and its derivative f 0 (X) have
    no common factors. Then all roots of f (X) are simple (i.e. of
    multiplicity 1).
    Moreover, if we replace our ground field by its algebraic closure,
    then f (X) would have exactly n distinct roots, if A is n × n.
    • Thus, we may assume that our f (X) has n distinct linear factors
    X − a1 , X − a2 , · · · X − an , so that A has n distinct eigenvalues
    a1 , a2 , · · · , an .
    • Then we know that A is diagonalizable and hence f (A) = 0 as
    required.
    • Now assume that A is a matrix with n2 different variable entries
    {yij } so that

    y11 y12 · · · ynn


     
     y21 y22 · · · y2n 
    A= .
     
     ··· ··· ··· ··· 
    yn1 yn2 · · · ynn
    We shall prove that the theorem is true for such a matrix A and
    then it will follow for all special n × n matrices by specializing the
    variables to desired special values.
    • We only have to prove that the characteristic polynomial f (X) =
    det(A − XI) has only simple roots. But the condition for this is
    that GCD(f (X), f 0 (X)) is not identically zero.
    But we note that this GCD is not zero when we specialize A to
    a diagonal matrix with distinct entries, so the GCD cannot be
    identically zero as a polynomial in {yij }. This proves our claim.

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