Questions 301

TUTORIAL 1: Overview of a Digital Logic

1. Fill in the terms for the definition.

Term Definition

i) Being continuous or having continuous values.

A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs only when all
ii)
the input conditions are true (HIGH).

iii) The basic timing signal in digital system.

iv) Related to digits or discrete quantities.

A sudden change from one level to another, followed after a time, called the
v)
pulse width, by a sudden change back to the original level.

The time interval on the leading edge of a pulse between 10% and 90% of the
vi)
amplitude

2. Find the duty cycle of a digital waveform if the period is twice the pulse width.

3. Name the device that is use for

i. converting a binary number to 7-segment display format.

ii. data storage.

4. A basic 2-input logic circuit has a HIGH on one input and a LOW on the other input, and
the output is LOW. Identify the circuit.

5. Name the logic function of each of the block below based on your observation of the
inputs and outputs.

i) ii) iii)

5" 8" 2" HIGH"

LOW
6"
LOW"
W"
3" 0" 3" "
HIGH"

6. A pulse waveform with a frequency of 10 kHz is applied to the input of a counter.

During 100ms, how many pulses are counted?

7. A periodic digital waveform has a pulse width of 25 µs and a period of 150 µs.
Determine the frequency and the duty cycle.

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8. i) List 3 main advantages of a digital system compared to an analog system.

ii) An _______________________________________________ is required to convert

an analog signal to a digital signal, and a system that consist of both analog and
digital circuits is called a ________________________ system

iii) The smallest unit in a digital systems is called _________

iv) Determine wheter the following is an analog or a digital quantities, circle the right
answer
1) A person weight Analog / Digital
2) Number of cars at the parking lot Analog / Digital
3) Storage capacity of a memory Analog / Digital
4) Tyre pressure Analog / Digital

9 i) Determine the frequency of a waveform in Fig 1 if T is 10ms.

Fig 1

ii) Draw a digital waveform to represent the following digital value 1000101110 (left
value first),if the pulse width is 1µs, determine the duration of each bit before it
change to a new bit.

10. How many times the digital logic level changed in 1 second if the signal is a square
wave with a frequency of 1MHz.

11. Draw a square wave with 25% duty cycle and clearly label the positive edge and the
trailing edge
12. List the suitable logical function for the following problems

i) sending multiple input to a destination using a single cable : ____________

ii) converting a key press on a keypad to a BCD code : ____________________

iii) determine the number of visitors to an expo : _________________________

iv) determine whether a car exceed the speed limit : ______________________

v) routing a different packet for a designated destination : _________________

vi) memorize characters type on a keyboard : ___________________________

13. What is the difference between a fixed function IC compared to programmable IC

14. Determine which gate has the following property, assume FALSE = 0 and TRUE = 1
a. Output is opposite of the input
b. If both input FALSE then the output will be FALSE
c. If one of the input FALSE the output will be FALSE

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TUTORIAL 2: Number Systems

1. Convert the binary numbers to its decimal equivalent.

a. 101102
b. 100101012
c. 11010112
d. 1001000010012
e. 1001011002

2. Convert the decimal numbers to its binary equivalent using repetitive division
method.
a. 7710
b. 9610
c. 20510
d. 104010
e. 321610
3. Convert the decimal numbers in Question (2) to its binary equivalent using weighted
summation method.
4. Convert the decimal numbers to its binary equivalent (to four radix point)
a. 1305.37510
b. 111.3310
c. 301.1210
d. 164.87510
e. 1000.0110

5. Convert the hexadecimal numbers to its decimal equivalent.

a. 74316
b. 200016
c. 7FF16
d. ABCD16
e. 16516
6. Convert the decimal numbers to its hexadecimal equivalent.
a. 5910
b. 102410
c. 231310
d. 65,53610
e. 91910

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7. Convert the octal numbers to its decimal equivalent.

a. 568
b. 4678
c. 10008
d. 23418
e. 314568
8. Convert the decimal numbers to its octal equivalent.
a. 5910
b. 102410
c. 231310
d. 6553610
e. 91910
9. When a large decimal number is to be converted to binary, it is sometimes easier to
convert it to hex and then from hex to binary. Try this procedure for 321610 and
compare it with the procedure used in Question (2).
10. Convert the binary numbers in Question (1) to
a. hexadecimal
b. octal
11. Convert the binary numbers to its equivalent hexadecimal and octal values.
a. 10111010100.101
b. 1000001101111.01
12. Encode the decimal numbers in BCD.
a. 7710
b. 9610
c. 20510
d. 104010
e. 321610
13. The following numbers are in BCD. Convert them to decimal.
a. 100101110101010010
b. 010101010101
c. 0111011101110101
14. Which of the following numbers are valid BCD values?
a. 0110101100110001
b. 1001110000001000
c. 00000000000

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15. What is the largest BCD-encoded decimal value that can be represented in three
bytes?
16. For the question below please refer to the ASCII table.
a. What is the most significant nibble of the ASCII code for letter E?
b. Represent the statement “X = 3 × Y” in ASCII code. Attach each character
values with even parity bit.
c. The following bytes (shown in hex) represent a person’s name as it would be
stored in the computer’s memory. Determine the name of each person.
i. 42 72 61 64 20 50 69 74 74
ii. 41 6E 67 65 6C 69 6E 61

17. Calculate the lower and upper bound of signed number for 7-bit number system using
the representation of
a. sign and magnitude
b. 1’s complement
c. 2’s complement
18. Calculate the binary signed values in the representation format of (i) sign and
magnitude, (ii) 1’s complement and 2’s complement using 8-bit number system.
a. + 5510
b. + 12710
b. - 8710
c. - 12810
19. Given a number system specification: size of a number is 6 bit, including the sign
bit AND signed numbers using 2’s complement
Calculate and show your working for the arithmetic operations below.
a. 18 + 3
b. -18 + 3
c. 18 – 3
d. -18 - 3

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TUTORIAL 3: Basic Gates

1. For a 2-input NOR gate functioning as a negative-AND gate, output X is HIGH if both
inputs A and B are HIGH.

TRUE / FALSE

2. A two-input XNOR gate will produce a HIGH output when both inputs are equal.

TRUE / FALSE

3. A NOR gate with inverters at the inputs has the same logic function as an AND

gate.

TRUE / FALSE

4. A 2-input NAND gate and a 2-input NOR gate produces the same output when both
inputs are HIGH.

TRUE / FALSE

5. The _________ gate produces a HIGH output when all inputs are LOW.

a. NOR

b. NAND

c. XOR

d. AND

6. A 2-input logic gate X produces a HIGH output when input A is LOW and input B is
HIGH. Which of the following is NOT logic gate X?

a. OR

b. NOR

c. NAND

d. XOR

7. Complete the following questions:

i) Draw the logic symbol of an XOR gate.

ii) Give appropriate labels to the inputs and output.

iii) Write its truth table.

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8. Write the Boolean expressions of output P and Q.

P=?

Q=?

9. Complete the timing diagram based on the given input for the following logic diagram.

10. Draw symbol for the following gates:

i) 2-input AND gate

ii) 2-input OR gate

iii) Inverter

iv) 2-input NAND gate

v) 2-input NOR gate

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11. Given an AND gate with 3 inputs, what should the input values be to get an output of 1
(HIGH)?

12. Given an OR gate with 3 inputs, what should the input values be to get an output of 1
(HIGH)?

13. Fill in the table below, follow the example given.

Input
Gate Output
A B C

AND 1 0 1

OR 0 1 0

AND 1 1 1

OR 0 0 0 X=A+B+C=0+0+0=0

NOR 1 1 1

AND 1 0 0

14. Given the input waveform(s) below, show the appropriate output waveform, X, with a
timing diagram.

i) XNOR

ii) XOR

iii) NAND

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8

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15. Identify the following devices according to logic function:

i) 74LS04

ii) 74ALS10

iii) 74HC00

16. Given the logic gates below, write the logic expression for it.

X
Y T
i) Z

X
Y T
Z
ii)

X W
iii)

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TUTORIAL 4: Digital Techniques

1. Using any logic gates, draw the logic diagram of the given function. Do NOT simplify the
function

2. Directly apply DeMorgan’s law to the following expressions. You do NOT have to
simplify the expressions.

i)

ii)

3. Simplify the function using Boolean Algebra

4. Develop a truth table for the following expression. From the truth table derive a standard
product-of-sums (POS) expression.

5. Use a Karnaugh map to reduce the expression to a minimum sum-of-products (SOP)

form

6. For the truth table given below,

i) Express the output function, f in Standard Sum-of-Products (SOP) form.

ii) Express the output function, f in Standard Product-of-Sums (POS) form.
iii) If the following waveforms are applied to the inputs, A, B, and C of the logic
circuit, draw the output waveform for the function, f.

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7. Below is the truth table of a three-input XOR gate.

i) Express Y in standard sum-of-product (SOP) variable form.

ii) Express Y in standard product-of-sum (POS) variable form

8. Construct the truth table for

9. Using any logic gates, draw the logic diagram of

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10. Using Karnaugh Map,find the minimum SOP expression for the following function

i)

ii)

11. Implement using any type of logic devices

12. Using Karnaugh Map, find the minimum SOP of the given m-notation

13. Prove that

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TUTORIAL 5: Combinational Circuit

1. Draw the logic circuit for the following using only 2-input AND gates, 2-
input OR gates and inverters.
a. ( A BC + D E )

b. ( D E F + A B )C

c. ( A + B + C )( D + E + F )

d. A B (C + D)

e. ( A B + C + D) E F
2. Convert the circuits in Question 1a, 1b,and 1d, using only NAND gates.
3. Convert the circuits in Question 1c and 1e, using only NOR gates.
4. Convert the following circuit to NAND only then prove that the converted
circuit is the same as the original circuit.

5. Referring to truth table below, draw the circuit to implement the function
using
i) AND-OR
ii) AND-OR-Invert
Inputs Output
A B C X
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

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DESIGN EXERCISE

For each of the given problems, do the following:

a. Determine the input, output and the relationship between output and
the input
b. Create the truth table or Boolean expression
c. From the truth table or Boolean expression, gets the simplified
expression using a Karnaugh map(s) or Boolean Algebra.
d. Draw a logic circuit for the simplified expression using only 2-input
AND gates, 2-input OR gates and inverters.
e. Re-draw the simplified logic circuit using only NAND gates for POS
and NOR only for SOP.
f. Re-draw the simplified logic circuit using dual symbol

1. Car Safety Alarm

• Design a car safety alarm considering four inputs
o Door closed (D)
o Key in (K)
o Seat pressure (S)
o Seat belt closed (B)
• The alarm (A) should sound if
o The key is in and the door is not closed, or
o The door is closed and the key is in and the driver is in the seat and
the seat belt is not closed

2. A Majority High
• Design a circuit that will give a HIGH output (F), when the majority of the
3 inputs are HIGH

3. Elevator Door Control

• Design a logic circuit that controls an elevator door in a three-story
building, considering the following inputs
o Elevator moving (M)
! M = 1 : elevator is moving
! M = 0 : elevator has stopped
o F1, F2, F3 :- floor indicator
! HIGH when elevator is positioned at the level of the
particular floor
! F2 = 1 : elevator at level with floor 2. F1 = F3 = 0.
• The circuit output is the OPEN signal.
o OPEN = 1 : elevator door will open.
4. Sound the Horn
• A manufacturing plant needs to have a horn sound to signal quitting time.
The horn should be activated when either of the following conditions is
met:
o It is after 5 p.m. and all machines are shut down.

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o It is Friday, the production run for the day is complete, and all the
machines are shut down.
• Design a logic circuit that will control the horn. (Hint: use four logic input
variables to represent various conditions; for example, input A will be
HIGH only when the time of day is 5 p.m. or later.)
•
5. BCD Counter
• A BCD counter that produces 4 bits output, representing the BCD code for
the number of pulses that have been applied to the counter input. For
example, after 4 pulses have occurred, the counter outputs are DCBA =
01002 = 410. The counter resets to zero on the tenth pulse and starts
counting over again. In other words, the DBCA outputs will be never
represents a number greater than 10012 = 910.
• Design the logic circuit that produces a HIGH output whenever the count
output is 2, 3 or 9

6. Conditional Output

The circuit has 4 inputs, labelled as ABCD, where A is the MSB and D is the
LSB. The inputs represent a number in a 2’s complement form. You are
required to design a circuit that has the following characteristic

a) When B = C = 0, the output will be LOW

b) Other than condition a), when the input value is positive odd or negative
even, the output will be HIGH.
Positive odd is positive numbers that are odd and negative even is negative
numbers that are even.
c) The condition where all input 1’s does not exist in the system

7. Count numbers of 1’s at the input

Input to the system is a binary number that can have a value of 0 to 7. Count
the number of 1 at the input and display it at as a two bit binary number. For
example if the input is 5 it will be input as 101, and the number 1’s at the input
are 2 therefore the output is 10 (two in binary)

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TUTORIAL 6: Functional Circuit

1. What are the equations to retrieve the sum (Σ) and the carry output (Cout) of a full
adder?
2. How many full adders are needed to complete these additions?
a. 101 and 010
b. 1100 and 0101
c. 111 and 001
d. 1010 and 1101
e. 010 and 011
f. 11001 and 10101

3. For Question 3 (Show your workings):

a. Draw the block diagram of parallel adders for Question 3
b. Get every instance of sum (Σ) and carry output (Cout) for each full adder.
c. Get the results.

4. Use the parallel adder truth table (Table 1) to find the sum and output carry for the
addition of the following two 4 bit number if the input carry (Cn-1) is 0. Show the
diagram.
X4 X3 X2 X1 = 1101 Y4Y 3Y2Y 1 = 0101

Table&1&

Xn Yn Cn-1 Cn ∑n

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1

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5. Determine the outputs of Sum and Output Carry for the inputs given for Full Adder
as shown below.

6. Implement the function f(A,B,C) = Σ(0, 2, 4, 7) using a 4 x 1 multiplexer.

7. Convert the following:

a. 98 in BCD to binary
b. 01110101 in BCD to binary

8. A DEMUX has 4 outputs D0, D1, D2 and D3. Given the information below, draw the
appropriate waveforms for the outputs.

Data

S0

S1

"

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9. a) What type of multiplexer shown in a figure below :

b) Develop the truth table for multiplexer in figure below.

"

10. What is the difference between decoder and multiplexer.

11. Design :
a. BCD-to-decimal decoder using the minimal number of 2-input AND gates
b. Repeat, using two 2-to-4-line decoders and a few interconnecting AND gates

12. Using a full-adder, determine the logic state (1 or 0) at each gate output for the
following inputs:
(a) A = 1, B = 1, Cin = 1
(b) A = 0, B = 1, Cin = 1
(c) A = 0, B = 1, Cin = 0

13. What the full-adder inputs that will produce each of the following outputs:
(a) Σ = 0, Cout = 0
(b) Σ = 1, Cout = 0
(c) Σ = 1, Cout = 1
(d) Σ = 0, Cout = 1

14. Determine the outputs of a full-adder for each of the following inputs:
(a) A = 1, B = 0, Cin = 0
(b) A = 0, B = 0, Cin = 0
(c) A = 0, B = 1, Cin = 1
(d) A = 1, B = 1, Cin = 1

15. For the parallel-adder, determine the complete sum by analysis of the logical
operation of the circuit. Verify your result by longhand addition of the two input
numbers.

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16. For the 4-bit comparator, plot each output waveform for the inputs shown. The
outputs are active-HIGH.

17. Show the decoding logic for each of the following codes if an active-HIGH (1) output
is required:

(a) 1101

(b) 1000

(c) 11011

(d) 11100

(e) 101010

(f) 111110

(g) 000101

(h) 1110110

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18. For the decimal-to-BCD encoder logic, assume that the 9 input and the 3 input are
both HIGH. What is the output code? Is it a valid BCD code?

19. Convert the following decimal numbers to BCD and then to binary.

(a) 2

(b) 8

(c) 13

(d) 26

(e) 33

20. For the multiplexer given, determine the output for the following input states:
D0 = 0, D1 = 1, D2 = 1, D3 = 0, S0 = 1, S1 = 0.

21. Draw a logic circuit for 2-to-1 multiplexer (MUX) using gates.

22. (a) Show how two 2-to-1 MUX (with no added gates) could be connected to form a
3-to-1 MUX. Input selection should be as follows:
If AB = 00, select I0
If AB = 00, select I1
If AB = 1 – (B is a don’t care), select I2

(b) Show how two 4-to-1 and one 2-to-1 MUX could be connected to form an 8-to-1
MUX with three control inputs.

(c) Show how four 2-to-1 and one 4-to-1 MUX could be connected to form an 8-to-1
MUX with three control inputs.

23. Design a circuit which will either subtract X form Y or Y from X, depending on the
value of A. If A = 1, the output should be X - Y, and if A = 0, the output should be Y –
X. Use a 4 bit subtracter and two 4-bit 2-to-1 MUX.

24. Realize a full adder using 3-to-8 line decoder and

(a) two OR gates

(b) two NOR gates

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TUTORIAL 7 : Flip-Flop and Latches

A) Objective Question

i. What advantage does a J-K flip-flop have over an S-R FF?

a. It has fewer gates.
b. It has only one output.
c. It has no invalid states.
d. It does not require a clock input.

ii. If both inputs of an S-R flip-flop are low, what will happen when the clock goes high?
a. An invalid state will exist.
b. No change will occur in the output.
c. The output will toggle.
d. The output will reset.

iii. The asynchronous inputs are normally labelled ___________ and ___________, and are
normally active ___________ inputs.
a. PRE, CLR, low
b. ON, OFF, high
c. START, STOP, low
d. SET, RESET, high

iv. When both inputs of a J-K pulse-triggered FF are high, and the clock cycles, the output
will
a. be invalid.
b. not change.
c. remain unchanged.
d. toggle.

v. Flip-flops are normally used for all of the following applications, except
a. counting.
b. logic gates.
c. frequency division.
d. data storage.

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vi. When a flip-flop is used to divide the clock frequency,

a. the J and K inputs are connected to ground.
b. the J and K inputs are connected to Vcc.
c. the reset is tied to the clock.
d. all the inputs are connected to the preset.

vii. The invalid state of an S-R latch occurs when

a. S = 1, R = 0
b. S = 0, R = 1
c. S = 1, R = 1
d. S = 0, R = 0

viii. Which of the following best describes the action of pulse-triggered FF's?
a. The clock and R-S inputs must be pulse shaped.
b. The data is entered on the leading edge of the clock, and transferred out on the
trailing edge of the clock.
c. A pulse on the clock transfers data from input to output.
d. The synchronous inputs must be pulsed.

ix. Like the latch, the flip-flop belongs to a category of logic circuits known as
a. Monostable multivibrators
b. Bistable multivibrators
c. Astable multivibrators
d. One-shots

B) Subjective Question

1) Answer the following questions:

a. List three types of latches.
b. What is the Q output of a D latch when EN = 1 and D = 1?
c. How does a J-K flip-flop differ from an S-R flip-flop in its basic operation?

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2) For a gated S-R active high latch,

a. Determine the Q output for the input shown in Figure 1. Show them in proper
relation to enable (EN) input. Assume that Q starts LOW.

Figure 1

b) Determine the Q waveform relative to the clock if the signals shown in Figure 2 are
applied to the inputs of the J-K flip-flop. Assume that Q is initially LOW.

Figure 2

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TUTORIAL 8: Counter

I. Answer True or False for the following statement.

1. Sequential circuits can be synchronous and asynchronous. True/ False

2. A synchronous sequential circuit changes its states at discrete instants of time. True/ False

3. Asynchronous sequential circuits can have state transitions at discrete instants True/ False
of time.
4. Synchronous sequential circuits are also known as clocked sequential circuits. True/ False

5. A transition of a clock from 0 to 1 is called the falling edge. True/ False

6. The clock period is the time when the clock signal is equal to 1. True/ False

7. The memory used in synchronous sequential circuits are flip-flops. True/ False

II. Design and Analysis Problems

1. Design a 4-bit synchronous binary counter using T flip-flops by following the

procedure:
a. Create the state table.
b. Identify the input of T flip-flops.
c. Draw K-maps to identify the Boolean expression for the T flip-flops.
d. Draw the circuit diagram.

2. Design the 3-bit Gray code counter based on the state diagram of Figure 1 using JK
flip-flops.

Figure 1

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3. Design a 3-bit up/down counter of Gray code sequence as shown in Figure 2 using D
flip-flops.

Figure 2

4. Design a synchronous counter of the sequence in Figure"3"using"T"flip8flop."

"

Figure 3

5. Design a 3-bit counter which counts in the sequence:

000, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100, (repeat) 000, …..

a. Use D flip-flops
b. Use T flip-flops
c. Use JK flip-flops
"

6." An M-N flip-flop works as follows:

If MN = 00, the next state of the flip-flop is 0.

If MN = 01, the next state of the flip-flop is the same as the present state.

If MN = 10, the next state of the flip-flop is the complement of the present state.

If MN = 11, the next state of the flip-flop is 1.

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a. Complete Table 1 (use don’t care when possible).

Table 1: Excitation Table for MN Flip-Flop

Present State Next State M N

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

b. Using MN flip-flops, design a counter which counts in the following

sequence:
000, 001, 011, 111, 101, 100, (repeat) 000, …

"

7." Use JK flip-flops to design a 3-bit synchronous up/down counter that starts at 001 and
cycles through Prime numbers only (i.e. numbers divisible by only themselves or 1).
Assume that M=0 counts down, M=1 counts up.

8. Design a synchronous counter to count backwards from 9 down to 0 using JK flip-

flops. (Procedure: determine the number of flip-flops required, sketch the state
transition table, use K-maps to simplify each J,K signal, sketch the circuit).
Note: Ensure that if an unused state is encountered the counter will return to state 9
on receipt of the next clock pulse.

9. Answer True or False based on the state diagram in Figure 5.

"

Figure 5

a. When the circuit is in state 00, the label 1/0 means that the circuit will go to
the next state 10.

b. If the present state is 01, and the input is 0, the next state would be 10.

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c. If the circuit is presently in state 11, it will remain in its present state 11 if the
input is 0 and the output is 0.

10. Consider a sequential circuit shown in Figure 4. It has one input X, one output Z and
two state variables Q1Q2 (thus having four possible present states 00, 01, 10, 11).
Based on the circuit, derive:

a. the Boolean expression for D1, D2 and Z.

b. the state table and FF transition table.

c. the state diagram.

Figure 4

11. Derive the next state, the output table and the state diagram for the sequential circuit
shown in

a. Figure 5 b. Figure 6

Figure 5

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Figure 6

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TUTORIAL 9: Shift Register

1. a) What are the two properties of a shift register?

b) For a 5-bit SISO with a clock of 1MHz, how long does it takes to transfer a data
entered at the input to the output?

2. Referring to IC 74HC164, answer the following questions

a) Input A and B of the IC held HIGH and its Q7 output is connected to the pin
via an inverter. Determine the output sequence of the IC for every clock cycle.
b) An 8-bit digital word is applied to a 74HC164 8-bit SIPO shift register. The word
is to be applied to three different circuits after a time delays of 3µs, 6µs and 8µs.
Show the connection to the IC to satisfy the requirement.

3. Initially an 8-bit SISO shift register is loaded with the data word 11101001. The data
word 15610 is then entered serially from right to left. After 7 clock pulses the circuit is
disabled. Write down a table that shows the bits stored after 7 clock pulses.

4. An 8-bit binary counter, a 6-bit ring counter and a 10-bit Johnson counter are
connected in cascade. A clock frequency of 10MHz is applied to the input of the first
counter. Calculate the frequency of the output waveform.

5. a) Describe the operation of a shift register in Figure 1.

Figure 1

b) If a nibble data 1101 is to be loaded and shifted by the circuit,

i) Determine the logic value at the inputs.
ii) Draw a timing diagram to show the operation of the shift register.

6. a) Which shift-register counter requires the most flip-flops for a given MOD number?
b) Which shift-register counter requires the most decoding circuitry?

7. a) Design a 3-bit ring counter using D flip-flop.

b) How to set the most significant output of the 3-bit ring counter that you design?
c) By using table, show the output of the ring counter for 6 clock cycles.
d) Draw the state diagram of the designed ring counter and determine its MOD.

8. Redo all Questions 7 but change the circuit to 5-bits Johnson counter.

Department of Computer Science

330 Tutorial

Faculty of Computing