Why do you need to use array?

(Jan 2012)

In many cases, we need to declare a set of variables that are of the same data type. Instead of
declaring each variable separately, we can declare all variable collectively in the format of an
array. Each variable, as an element of the array, can be accessed either through the array elements
references or through a pointer that references the array.

Differentiate between data type and data structures.

Data Type: Data Type of a variable is a set of values the variable may assume. Eg. int, char & real

Data Structures: Data structure mean the way of organizing data values with the help of existing data
types. Eg. Array, stack queue, & tree.

List down any four applications of data structures?

Ø Compiler design

Ø Operating System

Ø Database Management system

Ø Network analysis

Convert the expression ((A + B) * C – (D – E) ^ (F + G))

to equivalent Postfix notations.
Postfix Notation: AB + C * DE - - FG + ^

Mention the advantages of representing stacks using linked lists than arrays.

• It is not necessary to specify the number of elements to be stored in a stack during its
declaration, since memory is allocated dynamically at run time when an element is added to the
stack • Insertions and deletions can be handled easily and efficiently • Linked list representation
of stacks can grow and shrink in size without wasting memory space, depending upon the
insertion and deletion that occurs in the list • Multiple stacks can be represented efficiently using
a chain for each stack

Show the result of inserting 3,1,4,6,9,2,5,7 into an

initially empty binary search tree.

Differentiate cyclic and acyclic graph

A cyclic graph is a directed graph which contains a path from at least one node back
to itself. In simple terms cyclic graphs contain a cycle. An acyclic graph is a
directed graph which contains absolutely no cycle, that is no node can be traversed
back to itself.

What do you mean by internal and external sorting?

An internal sort is any data sorting process that takes place entirely within the main
memory of a computer. This is possible whenever the data to be sorted is small enough to all be
held in the main memory. External sorting is a term for a class of sorting algorithms that can
handle massive amounts of data. External sorting is required when the data being sorted do not
fit into the main memory of a computing device (usually RAM) and instead they must reside in
the slower external memory (usually a hard drive)

Define separate chaining.

It is an open hashing technique. A pointer field is added to each record location, when an
overflow occurs, this pointer is set to point to overflow blocks making a linked list. In this
method, the table can never overflow, since the linked lists are only extended upon the arrival of
new keys
Write the limitations of using getchar() and scanf() functions for reading strings. (Jan 2009)

getchar(): It is written in standard I/O library. It reads a single character only from a standard
input device. This function is not use for reading strings. Scanf: It is use for reading single string
at a time. When there is a blank was typed, the scanf() assumes that it is an end.

Explain in detail about the constants, expressions and

statements in ‘C’.

1. Constants: (with examples)

1. Numeric constants
a. Integer Constants
b. Real Constants
2. Character constants
a. Single character Constants b. String Constants
2. Expressions:
An expression represents a single data item, such as number or a
character. Logical conditions that are true or false are represented
by expressions.
Example: a = p – q / 3 + r * 2 - 1
3. Statements
· Assignment Statements – Definition and examples
· Null Statements – Definition and examples
· Block of statements – Definition and examples
· Expression statements – Definition and examples
· Declaration statements – Definition and examples

Explain the types of functions in detail with an example

program for each type.

A function is a self contained block or a sub program of one or more

statements
that performs a special task when called.
Types:
· Library Functions
· User Defined functions
(a) Function Declaration
returntype function-name(Parameters);
Example:
int square(int, int);
(b) Function calling
function-name(actual parameters);
Example:
int square(a,b);
(c) Function Definition:
returntype function-name(formal parameters)
{
}
Example:
local variable declaration;
statement 1; statement 2; return(value);
void square(int a, int b)
{
printf(“%d”,(a*b));
}
Example for functions:
· Addition of two numbers where addition is a separate function
· Program using function for evaluating Fibonacci series.

Explain the array types with an example program for

each type.
Arrays are data structures which hold multiple variables of
the same data type. Consider the case where a programmer
needs to keep track of a number of people within an
organization. So far, our initial attempt will be to create a
specific variable for each user.
This might look like,
int name1 = 101; int name2 = 232; int name3 = 231;
It becomes increasingly more difficult to keep track of this as
the number of variables increase. Arrays offer a solution to
this problem. An array is a multi-element box, a bit like a
filing cabinet, and uses an indexing system to find each
variable stored within it. In C, indexing starts at zero. Arrays,
like other variables in C, must be declared before they can be
used. The replacement of the above example using arrays
looks like,
int names[4]; names[0] = 101; names[1] = 232; names[2] =
231; names[3] = 0;
We created an array called names, which has space for four
integer variables. You may also see that we stored 0 in the
last space of the array. This is a common technique used by C
programmers to signify the end of an array. Arrays have the
following syntax, using square brackets to access each
indexed value (called an element).
x[i]
so that x[5] refers to the sixth element in an array called x. In
C, array elements start with 0. Assigning values to array
elements is done by,
x[10] = g; and assigning array elements to a variable is done
by, g = x[10];
In the following example, a character based array named
word is declared, and each element is assigned a character.
The last element is filled with a zero value, to signify the end
of the character string (in C, there is no string type, so
character based arrays are used to hold strings). A printf
statement is then used to print out all elements of the array.
/* Introducing array's, 2 */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char word[20]; word[0] = 'H'; word[1] = 'e'; word[2] = 'l';
word[3] = 'l'; word[4] = 'o'; word[5] = 0;
printf("The contents of word[] is -->%s\n", word );
}
DECLARING ARRAYS
Arrays may consist of any of the valid data types. Arrays are
declared along with all other variables in the declaration
section of the program.
/* Introducing array's */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int numbers[100]; float averages[20]; numbers[2] = 10;
--numbers[2];
printf("The 3rd element of array numbers is %d\n",
numbers[2]);
}
The above program declares two arrays, assigns 10 to the
value of the 3rd element of array numbers, decrements this
value ( --numbers[2] ), and finally prints the value. The
number of elements that each array is to have is included
inside the square brackets
ASSIGNING INITIAL VALUES TO ARRAYS
The declaration is preceded by the word static. The initial
values are enclosed in braces,
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int x;
static int values[] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
static char word[] = { 'H','e','l','l','o' };
for( x = 0; x < 9; ++x )
printf("Values [%d] is %d\n", x, values[x]);
}
MULTI DIMENSIONED ARRAYS
Multi-dimensioned arrays have two or more index values
which specify the element in the array.
multi[i][j];
In the above example, the first index value i specifies a row
index, whilst j specifies a column index.
DECLARATION
int m1[10][10];
static int m2[2][2] = { {0,1}, {2,3} };
sum = m1[i][j] + m2[k][l];
NOTE the strange way that the initial values have been
assigned to the two-dimensional array m2. Inside the braces
are,
{ 0, 1 },
{ 2, 3 }
Remember that arrays are split up into row and columns. The
first is the row, the second is the column. Looking at the
initial values assigned to m2, they are,
m2[0][0] = 0 m2[0][1] = 1 m2[1][0] = 2 m2[1][1] = 3
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
static int m[][] = { {10,5,-3}, {9, 0, 0}, {32,20,1}, {0,0,8} };
int row, column, sum;
sum = 0;
for( row = 0; row < 4; row++ )
for( column = 0; column < 3; column++ ) sum = sum +
m[row][column]; printf("The total is %d\n", sum );
}
CHARACTER ARRAYS [STRINGS]
Consider the following program,
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
static char name1[] = {'H','e','l','l','o'}; static char name2[] =
"Hello"; printf("%s\n", name1);
printf("%s\n", name2);
}
The difference between the two arrays is that name2 has a
null placed at the end of the string, ie, in name2[5], whilst
name1 has not. To insert a null at the end of the name1
array, the initialization can be changed to,
static char name1[] = {'H','e','l','l','o','\0'};
Consider the following program, which initialises the contents
of the character based array word during the program, using
the function strcpy, which necessitates using the include file
string.h
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
main()
{
char word[20];
strcpy( word, "hi there." );
printf("%s\n", word );
}

Describe structures with an example.

A structure is a collection of one or more variables of different data
types grouped together under a single name. It contains different
data types.
Syntax:
struct struct-name
{
type variable 1; type variable 2; type variable n;
} structure_variables;
Example:
struct student
{
char name[25];
int rollno;
int m1,m2,m3,total;
float avg;
}s1,s2;
· Structure within structure
· Array of structures
· Pointers to structures
· Structures and functions
Example program:
· To define a structure and read the member variable values from
user.
· To copy structure elements from one object to another object.

Write a C Program to Check String is Palindrome using stack data structure.

This is a C Program to identify whether the string is palindrome or not using stack.

Problem Description
This program takes a string and checks whether the string is palindrome or not using stack.
Problem Solution
1. Take a string as input.
2. Store the string in the stack array.
3. Check whether the string is palindrome or not.

Program/Source Code
Here is source code of the C Program to identify whether the string is palindrome or not using stack.
The C program is successfully compiled and run on a Linux system. The program output is also
shown below.

1. /*
2. * C Program to Identify whether the String is Palindrome or not using Stack
3. */
4. #include <stdio.h>
5. #include <stdlib.h>
6. #include <string.h>
7. #define MAX 50
8.
9. int top = -1, front = 0;
10. int stack[MAX];
11. void push(char);
12. void pop();
13.
14. void main()
15. {
16. int i, choice;
17. char s[MAX], b;
18. while (1)
19. {
20. printf("1-enter string\n2-exit\n");
21. printf("enter your choice\n");
22. scanf("%d", &choice);
23. switch (choice)
24. {
25. case 1:
26. printf("Enter the String\n");
27. scanf("%s", s);
28. for (i = 0;s[i] != '\0';i++)
29. {
30. b = s[i];
31. push(b);
 32. }
33. for (i = 0;i < (strlen(s) / 2);i++)
34. {
35. if (stack[top] == stack[front])
36. {
37. pop();
38. front++;
39. }
40. else
41. {
42. printf("%s is not a palindrome\n", s);
43. break;
44. }
45. }
46. if ((strlen(s) / 2) = = front)
47. printf("%s is palindrome\n", s);
48. front = 0;
49. top = -1;
50. break;
51. case 2:
52. exit(0);
53. default:
54. printf("enter correct choice\n");
55. }
56. }
57. }
58.
59. /* to push a character into stack */
60. void push(char a)
61. {
62. top++;
63. stack[top] = a;
64. }
65.
66. /* to delete an element in stack */
67. void pop()
68. {
69. top--;
70. }

Program Explanation
1. Take a string as input and store it in the array s[].
2. Load each character of the array s[] into the array stack[].
3. Use variables front and top to represent the last and top element of the array stack[].
4. Using for loop compare the top and last element of the array stack[]. If they are equal, then delete
the top element, increment the variable front by 1 and compare again.
5. If they are not equal, then print the output as “It is not a palindrome”.
6. Compare the elements in the steps 4-5 upto the middle element of the array stack[].
7. If every characters of the array is equal, then it is a paliandrome.