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Chmlab Exp 3

This document describes an experiment on calorimetry. Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in physical and chemical changes. The experiment has three parts: determining the calorimeter constant, measuring heats of solution of salts, and measuring heats of reaction between acids and bases. Results show that dissolution of ammonium chloride is exothermic while calcium chloride is endothermic. Neutralization reactions between acids and bases are also exothermic. The experiment successfully measured important thermodynamic values and demonstrated the principles and applications of calorimetry.

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Nikko San Quimio
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63 views5 pages

Chmlab Exp 3

This document describes an experiment on calorimetry. Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in physical and chemical changes. The experiment has three parts: determining the calorimeter constant, measuring heats of solution of salts, and measuring heats of reaction between acids and bases. Results show that dissolution of ammonium chloride is exothermic while calcium chloride is endothermic. Neutralization reactions between acids and bases are also exothermic. The experiment successfully measured important thermodynamic values and demonstrated the principles and applications of calorimetry.

Uploaded by

Nikko San Quimio
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I.

INTRODUCTION

Heat, whether if it is exothermic (generated) or endothermic (absorbed) is usually observed as a flow that
enters or exits a certain system. These are the objects that may undergo specific transformations by
transition (physical change) or by reaction (chemical change). For example, the melting of metals and the
reaction between acids and bases that absorbs or releases a certain amount of heat. While knowing some
of these concepts, you’ll stumble upon some questions concerning this experiment. Some of those might
be, “How can we measure the heat transfer? or “Is there any device to find out?” This is answered by
performing the following experiment, namely, Calorimetry. This is a technique to measure the amount of
heat and the device used in this measurement is called a calorimeter.

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the experiment, the student should be able to:

1. Describe experiments that exhibit the principles of calorimetry and the measurement of enthalpy
changes;
2. Determine the calorimeter constant for a particular calorimeter;
3. Calculate the heats of solution of chloride salts; and
4. Calculate the heats of reaction between acids and bases.

1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. THE CALORIMETER CONSTANT

Table 3.1 Determination of Ccal.

Trial 1

Temperature of cold water, °C Ti = 18 °C


Tf = 36 °C

Temperature of hot water, °C Ti = 60 °C


Tf = 36 °C

Final temperature after mixing, 36 °C


°C

Heat lost by the warm water, J -3012.48 J

Heat gained by the cold water, 2259.36 J


J

Calorimeter Constant, J/°C 41.84 J/ °C

Calorimeter Constant 41.84 J/ °C


(Average), J/°C

2
In order to determine the calorimetry constant, we used the formula : Ccsl = Qcal/∆T
And we derive it by the aid of these calculations:

Calculations:
Heat Capacity of liquid water: ___________________

Heat Lost (Qwarm) = mwarm Cp ΔT


ΔT = Tf – Ti = 36 °C – 60 °C = 24 °C

Mwarm = 30g

Cp = 4.18 J/ g °C

Qwarm = 30g (4.18 J/ g °C) (36 °C – 60 °C)


= (125.52 J/ g °C)(-24 °C)
Qwarm = -3012.48 J

Qcal = - ( Qcold + Qwarm)


= - ( 2259.36 J) + (-3012.498 J)
= - (-753.12 J)
= 753.12 J

Ccal = Qcal / Tf – Ti Heat lost (Qcold) = mcold Cp ΔT


= 753.12 J / 36 °C - 18°C = 30g (4.18 J/ g °C)(36 °C – 18 °C)
= 753.12 J / 18 °C = 2259.36 J
Ccal = 41.84 J/ °C

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B. HEATS OF SOLUTION
Table 3.2 Determination of the heats of dissolution of NH4Cl and CaCl2.

NH4Cl CaCl2
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Initial temperature of water, 30°C 28 °C
°C
Final temperature of solution, 18 °C 30.1 °C
°C
Amount of salt used, moles 0.0374 0.018
Heat of solution J/ mol -69808.0214 J/ 25358.89
mol

As we could see here, The Ti of NH4Cl is greater than its Tf while on CaCl2, on the other hand,
increased its temperature after mixing to form a solution. Perhaps, obviously, as the calculations
were performed, the resulting Heat of solution for the two of it will also be different. Hence,
NH4Cl undergone exothermic process for it gives off heat while CaCl2 go through endothermic
process in which it absorbed energy from its surrounding.

C. HEAT OF REACTION
TABLE 3.3 Determination of the heat of neutralization of acids and bases.
NaOH and HCl KOH ang HNO3
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Initial temperature, °C 25°C 28 °C
Final temperature of solution, 30 °C 34 °C
°C
Amount of water produced, 0.75004 0.54
moles
Heat of reaction J/ mol H2O -2342 J/ -2786.67 J/ mol
mol H2O H2O

This is particularly a neutralization reaction in which strong acids were added with strong bases
and yields to salt and water.

NaOH + HCL NaCl + H2O


KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O

As a part of it, strong acids releases heat from its system to its surroundings and therefore called
exothermic process. Because both of them are strong acids, hence, both of them give off thermal
energy. In the case of finding the amount of water produced, since the equation is basically 1:1,
then the moles of water can be attained using simple stoichiometry.

4
III. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The whole experiment is divided into three procedures: Calorimeter constant determination, Heat of
solution and Heat of reaction. The first procedure talks about assembling a coffee cup calorimeter and
determining the temperature of water (cold and warm) inside the device. The next procedure revolved
with the solution of water and chloride salts (calcium chloride) and their respective heat of solution. The
last procedure instructed us to neutralize the given acid and base. Using the same cleaned calorimeter, we
dealt with Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and with Nitric acid (HNO3) while computing for the heat of
reaction. After performing the experiment, we found out that most of the solutions that were used
undergone exothermic process i.e. transfers thermal energy to the surroundings. This type of reaction is
much pertinent in neutralization reactions of strong acids and bases just like what we had done to HCl and
NaOH. We also got the principle of calorimetry constant and its value. Hence, we actually met the
objectives for this experiment.

Reference: Chang, Raymond. 2007. Chemistry. (10th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.

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