COPYRIGHTS LAW

RESEARCH PAPER

COPYRIGHT IN DIGITAL ERA : EMERGING TRENDS IN INDIAN REGIME

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Epil Moushmi Bodra Dr. M R Sreenivasa Murthy,
Roll No.: 620 Faculty of Law,
Sem: VII ‘A’ NUSRL, Ranchi

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF STUDY AND RESEARCH IN LAW,

RANCHI, JHARKHAND

2019
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND COPYRIGHT ISSUES ...................................................................... 4

COPYRIGHT IN DIGITAL MEDIA- POSITION UNDER INDIAN LAW ........................................... 6

COPYRIGHT PROTECTION: EMERGING TRENDS ...................................................................... 7

INDIAN COPYRIGHT LAW AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO IN DIGITAL DOMAIN................ 10

INTERNET TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS ................................................................................ 11

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 15

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 INTRODUCTION

Copyright is an important intellectual property (IP) right for protection of expressions of the
creator of literary, artistic, musical work, cinematograph film and sound recordings etc. and
plays an important role in promoting innovation and creativity. Copyright is a leading global
intellectual property right for controlling the reproduction of work and also grants IP rights to
a person, group of individuals, or organizing parties who are involved in presenting their
work in public like broadcaster or performers. Copyright comprises a set of exclusive rights
granted to authors, producers, creators, or performers depending upon the type of original
work which includes the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work.1In twentieth century,
protection of work by copyright has become a major challenge because of the emergence of
new category and kind of work such as software, digital music and videos, etc. The related
issues in the digital domain are associated with the distribution and amount of content that
has to be distributed. In the digital domain, copyright infringement can be carried out at a
low cost, with an ease and also without compromising with the quality of work. Besides this,
serious issues that are coming up include fake websites and e-commerce, illegal downloading
of songs and videos are some of the biggest concern of this era. The increase importance of
electronic and digital media needs a special looks for copyright owners. The idea to pay
greater attention to electronic and digital rights issues is arises due to the changing scenario
of the provision of the Copyright Act (amended) 2012. This leads to the changes to the
ownership of copyright and the economic intellectual profit making strata. The utilization of
the digital work are being taken into account for the assignment of contract. The
technological advancement is no doubt changing, so the medium of such intellectual property
are also developed and the relation with the economic are also fetter. Thus, most of the
copyrightable work are stands in the contract which are to be exploited by the legal corner as
well as the technological advancement. Now the existing laws of India are also provide some
new facet for the purpose of tackling this technological advancement to the digital world.
This exploitation of the digital copyright also analyse the language of existing statutes or case
law and individuals licensing or distribution contract to determine who control the various
rights. This paper will try to study the laws that deal with copyright issues and emerging
technologies with special indication to the digital exploitation in copyright. The concern
study tries to emphasis on few emerging areas of copyright laws on digital environment.

1
Indian Copyright act 1957 as amended in 2012.
 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND COPYRIGHT ISSUES
The decentralized nature of Internet makes it possible for any user to disseminate a work
endlessly in the cyberspace through an end number of outlets, thereby giving rise to global
piracy. Estimates of global losses from pirated books, music and entertainment software
range into billions of dollars. The Internet in a way presents a troublesome situation for
copyright holders as the users become mass disseminators of others copyright material and
creates disequilibrium between the authors and users. The advent of digital technology,
therefore presents legislators with a choice of either expand or modify existing ‘old media
notions’ or redefine the catalogue of restricted acts, taking into account the peculiarities of
the new environment in multiple facets discussed herein under.

THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION

Since the adoption of the Statute of Anne, the mother of modern copyright law, the
reproduction right has been at the heart of copyright law for more than three hundred years.
Though recognized as a seminal right accorded to authors, the reproduction right per se has
not been unambiguously delimited by the international instruments for copyright protection.
Due to the lack of agreement on the right's scope and content, the original text for the Berne
Convention did not include any provision that expressly protected the reproduction right.
Under Article 9(1) of the Berne Convention, copyright owners are granted “the exclusive
right of authorizing the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form”. However, the
ambivalence of Article 9(1) of the Berne Convention, particularly the phrase “in any manner
or form”, has resulted in an international rift over the scope of the reproduction right.

The advent of the Internet makes the delimitation of the reproduction right more problematic
in the digital age. Given that any transmission of protected works over the Internet involves
the reproductions transitorily stored in the connected computers' RAM, the question of
whether right owners should be granted with the control over all temporary reproductions
looms large amid the dematerialized and decentralized nature of the Internet.

THE RIGHT OF COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC

Digital technology blurs the line between different categories of copyrightable works and the
means of communication to the public as well. On the other hand, in the middle of fast
development in digital technology, the computer networks, in particular the Internet, brings
forth a point-to-point way of transmitting works on an ondemand and interactive basis. The
interactivity and individuality afforded by this new method of exploiting works, makes it

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possible for any member of the public to have the full discretion in determining the place and
the time one is intended to access and use works in digital form. Against this backdrop, a new
form of unitary, technology-neutral right of communication to the public is suggested to be
accompanying in to replace the fragmentary, technology-specific protection to this right.

LACUNAS IN BERNE CONVENTION (RIGHT OF COMMUNICATION TO PUBLIC)

The Berne Convention has become an incomplete and out dated international instrument for
the protection of the right of communication to the public, unable to respond to the challenges
posed by the shift in the ways of exploiting works. First and foremost, the Berne Convention
has lagged behind the trend in the digital conversions of the telecommunications, media and
information technology. The right of communication to the public is regulated in a
fragmented manner by the Berne Convention in terms of the means of communication.
Second, the scope of the right of communication to the public does not cover all the
categories of copyrightable subject-matter, including computer programs, photographic
works, works of pictorial art, graphic works. These works however, have been and are being
widely disseminated over the Internet yet are vulnerable to the unauthorized access and use.2
Further, it remains ambiguous under Berne Convention as to whether the traditional right of
communication to the public would regulate interactive, on-demand transmission of works
over the computer networks. Concern has been expressed that the Berne Convention may
only be able to squarely regulate the point-to-multipoint communication of works, leaving
right owners in the grey area where they probably do not have the right to exclude others
from communicating their works to the public on a point-to-point basis with the interactive,
on-demand nature. The perceived loopholes or ambiguities within the Berne Convention,
therefore, make it evident that relevant obligations need to be clarified by providing a unitary,
technologically neutral right of communication to the public.

After rigorous debate on the WIPO Diplomatic Conference 1996, a broad right of
communication to the public was eventually established by the WIPO Treaties 1996. Article
8 of the WCT provides that:

“Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 11(1) (ii),11 bis (1)(i) and (ii), 11 ter (1)(ii),
14(1)(ii) and 14 bis (i) of the Berne Convention, authors of literary and artistic works shall
enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing any communication to the public of their works, by

2
WIPO. (1996). Basic Proposal for the Substantive Provisions of the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
to Be Considered by the Diplomatic Conference. WIPO, Geneva.
wire or wireless means, including the making available to the public of their works in such a
way that members of the public may access these works from a place and at a time
individually chosen by them.”

COPYRIGHT IN DIGITAL MEDIA- POSITION UNDER INDIAN LAW

The Indian Copyright Law mainly consists of the Copyright Act 1957(The latest amendment
being, Act 27 of 2012 that came into force on 21 June, 2012). The amendments in 1994 were
a response to technological changes in the means of communication like broadcasting and
telecasting and the emergence of new technology like computer software. The 1999
Amendments have made the copyright fully compatible with Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. The Amendments introduced by the
Copyright Amendment Act, 2012 are significant in terms of range as they address the
challenges posed by the Internet and goes beyond these challenges in their scope. The latest
Amendment harmonizes the Copyright Act, 1957 with WCT and WPPT. With these
amendments, the Indian Copyright law has become a forward-looking piece of legislation and
the general opinion is that, barring a few aspects, the amended Act is capable of facing
copyright challenges of digital technologies including those of Internet.

According to the Indian Act, ‘publication’ for purposes of copyright means, “making a work
available to the public by issue of copies or by communicating the work to the public”. This
definition, by virtue of its non-restrictiveness, can be construed as covering electron
publishing and, thereby, ‘publication’ on the Internet. Under the 2012 Amendment the
definition of the term “communication to the public” has been amended. The erstwhile
definition was applicable only to “works”. If the work or performance made available,
whether simultaneously or at places and times chosen individually, this would also be
considered as communication to “public”. Thus, on demand services (video on demand,
music on demand) will clearly be considered as “communication to public”. Section 57 of the
Act recognizes special rights of the author of the work, also known as “moral rights” viz.,

(i) Right to claim authorship of the work; and

(ii) Right to restrain or claim damages in respect of any distortion, mutilation,
modification or other act in relation to the said work if such distortion, mutilation,

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 modification or other act would be prejudicial to his honour or reputation (“Right
Against Distortion”).

The said section also provided that such moral rights (except the right to claim authorship)
could be exercised by legal representatives of the author Pursuant to the 2012 Amendment,
the exclusion has been removed and the right to claim authorship can now be exercised by
legal representatives of the author as well. Therefore, post death of the author, if he is not
given credit for his work, then legal representatives, may take necessary action to remedy
such breach. As per the Amendment, the right against distortion is available even after the
expiry of the term of copyright. Earlier, it was available only against distortion, mutilation
etc. one during the term of copyright of the work. Section 52 of the Copyright Act, 1957
includes in itself the principle of limitation and exception as envisaged under Article 10 of
WCT. The acts expressly allowed under Indian law include fair dealing with a literary,
dramatic, musical or artistic work (not including a computer program) for the purpose of
private and personal use including research, criticism or review, the making of copies or
adaptation of a computer programme by the lawful possessor of a cop of such computer
programme, from such copy in order to-

(1) utilize the computer programme for the purposes for which it was supplied; or

(2) make back-up copies purely as a temporary protection against loss, destruction or damage
in order only to utilize the computer programme for the purpose for which it was supplied.

COPYRIGHT PROTECTION: EMERGING TRENDS

The latest Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012 has introduced the vital changes to prepare
ground for copyright protection in the emerging digital environment briefly stated as under:

I. Some of the exceptions (such as fair dealing, use for education purpose) which were earlier
applicable only in relation to certain types of work (e.g. literary, dramatic and musical
works), have been made applicable to all types of work;

II. A fair dealing exception has been extended to the reporting of current events, including the
reporting of a lecture delivered in public. Earlier, fair dealing exception was limited for-

(i) private or personal use, including research, and

(ii) criticism or review, whether of that work or of any other work.
Further, it has been clarified that the storing of any work in any electronic medium for the
purposes mentioned in this clause, including the incidental storage of any computer
programme which is not an infringing copy, does not constitute infringement.

III. The transient and incidental storage of a work or performance purely in the technical
process of electronic transmission or communication to the public;

IV. The transient and incidental storage of a work performance for the purpose of providing
electronic links, access or integration, where such links, access or integration has not been
expressly prohibited by the right holder, unless the person responsible is aware or has
reasonable grounds for believing that such storage of an infringing copy: Provided that if the
person responsible for the storage of a copy, on a complaint from which any person has been
prevented, he may require such person to produce an order within fourteen days from the
competent court for the continued prevention of such storage;

V. The storing of a work in any medium by electronic means by a non‐commercial public

library, for preservation if the library already possesses a non‐digital copy of the work;

VI. The making of a three‐dimensional object from a two‐dimension artistic work, such as a
technical drawing, for the purposes of industrial application of any purely functional part of a
useful device.

VII. The adaptation, reproduction, issue of copies or communication to the public of any
work in a format, including sign language, specially designed only for the use of persons
suffering from a visual, aural or other disability that prevents their enjoyment of such works
in their normal format;

VIII. The importation of copies of any literary or artistic work, such as labels, company logos
or promotional or explanatory material, that is purely incidental to other lawfully. As noted
above digital technology has created host of issues which needed an immediate answer. In
India a comprehensive process of reformulating copyright law was made recently by a major
overhaul of copyright law. It provided for punishment for those who in any way circumvent a
technological measure applied for the purpose of protecting any of the rights conferred by the
Copyright Act. However, few exceptions were carved out pave for legitimate use of
copyright material while encountering technology, which can be summed up as under
(Section 65A of the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012):

(i) Doing of anything not expressly prohibited by this Act,

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 (ii) Doing anything necessary to conduct encryption research using a lawfully
obtained encrypted copy or
(iii) Conducting any lawful investigation or
(iv) Doing anything necessary for the purpose of testing the security of a computer
system or a computer network with the authorization of its owner or operator or
(v) Doing anything necessary to circumvent technological measures intended for
identification or surveillance of a user or
(vi) Taking measures necessary in the interest of national security.

The scope of the exemption under this section should be restricted to owners or operators
who are specially authorized by the owners to perform the task and should not be so wide so
as to cover any operation in general. One of the major breakthroughs made by India through
these amendments was compliance with WIPO mandate without formally ratifying the WIPO
Treaty. New provisions have been inserted in relation to Right Management Information
(RMI). RMI is defined to mean:

(i) the title or other information identifying the work or performance;

(ii) the name of the author or performer;
(iii) the name and address of owners of rights;
(iv) terms and conditions regarding the use of rights; and
(v) any number or code that represents the information referred to in sub-clauses (a)
to (d), but does not include any device or procedure intended to identify the user.

Under the Amendment many acts are considered as offences and are punishable with
imprisonment which may extend to two years, as well as, fine. The owner of copyright may
also avail of civil remedies provided under Chapter XII against the persons indulging in such
acts. When comparing this section with the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act, we find
that there are numerous differences. For instance, there is ambiguity as to how the term
“authority” is construe under the amended section.

The present provision appears to be an aid to the copyright owner to prevent import of
infringing copies into India. However, the Customs authorities have limited right to detain the
goods till the copyright owner obtains court order. The right holders will face difficulties to
convince the authorities about their ownership of unregistered copyright and therefore, there
is a need for guidelines to be issued in respect of unregistered copyright for better
implementation of the object of this provision. Further, in the case of the Gramophone Co. of
India Ltd. v. B B Pandey3, the Supreme Court of India conclude that the word ‘import’ in
Sections 51 and 53 of the Act means ‘bringing into India from outside India’ and is not
limited to importation for commerce only but includes importation for transit across the
country. The moment goods enter India, even if it is on transit it is prone to violation of
copyright. However, the Amendment has carved out “good in transit” from the “prohibited
goods” for the purpose of this Section.

INDIAN COPYRIGHT LAW AND INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO IN DIGITAL DOMAIN

To solve the issue and to limit the usage of copyrighted material, Indian Copyright Act was
established in 1957 and became operative since 21 January 1958. Several amendments have
been incorporated since then and recently in the year 2012 to meet the national and
international requirements. Copyright, an important IP right, protects only the expression but
not an idea, methods of operation, procedure or mathematical concepts as such (Article 9.2 of
Berne Convention). Computer programs are protected under category of literary work (Article
10.1 of Berne Convention), compilation of data or material whether machine readable form or
in some other form are protected as such (Article 10.2 of Berne Convention). Term of
copyright depends on the type of work sought to be protected.4 With the technological
developments and revolution in digital technology, various digital issues have cropped up.

To regulate the usage of a copyrighted material, several international treaties have been
framed comprising the extent of use of copyrighted work, limitations and exceptions. World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) governs these international copyright treaties
besides many other organizations. Sometimes it is required to reproduce or present the same
original work for specific non-profitable purposes. For such reasons, there are some
exceptions which exist in the Indian Copyright Act for specific work such as, for review or
criticism, for research and study (Section 52 of Indian Copyright Act), for reporting current
events, in jurisdiction proceedings, etc. In the Indian Copyright Law, there are exceptions on
usage of the content such as, for education and for research purposes, which is permissible,
but not for the purposes of entertainment and commercial benefits. Since the material on the
internet is downloadable easily and quickly at a low cost which results in a quick distribution

3
(1984 (2) SCC 534 SC)
4
Cole A T, International Copyright Law, Part I: The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works, 1886, 1-34

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of the copyrighted material. Consequently, owners of copyright have a fear of unauthorized
distribution of their work as this causes decline in the economic returns. Various international
copyright treaties have been framed such as Berne Convention, Rome Convention, Beijing
Treaty, Geneva Convention, Brussels Convention, Marrakesh Treaty, etc. The IP issues
became too complicated with the advancements in the digital technology and digital
revolution. Protection of copyrighted material on the web has become a serious issue of the
digitization. Distribution of digital content is attributed as serious cause of infringement. With
the advent of technology, the existing WIPO treaties were found to be inadequate to cover all
the new issues coming up in the digital domain and as there were no serious judgments and
safety measures in then existing treaties to stop the infringement hence a need for
modifications in treaties was felt. This resulted into introduction of new treaties such as
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and WIPO Phonogram and Performance Treaty (WPPT).

INTERNET TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS

World Copyright treaty (WCT) is a special agreement which clearly explains the meaning of
Article 20 (entry into force of the treaty) of the Berne Convention which explains the
protection of original literary, artistic works, computer programs, writings, databases, musical
work, audio visual work, work of fine art, and photographs.5 WIPO Performances and
Phonogram Treaty (WPPT) particularly deal with the rights of the performers (musicians,
singers, actor, etc.) and the producers of the phonogram (sign or symbol which represents
vocal sounds).6 The purpose of Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), a multi-
lateral treaty, is to establish international standards and intellectual property rights
enforcement. ACTA was drafted on 15 November 2010 and was signed by more than 22
countries in the year 2012 in Japan. This agreement aimed to establish an international legal
framework for targeting counterfeit goods, genetic medicine and copyright infringement on
the internet.7 With the advancement in the technology; it has become a challenge to protect
today’s social, economic, cultural development in the digital domain and to provide solutions
to the problem arising by the advancement,8 particularly in the distribution of protected
material on internet by earlier available treaties. With the advent of internet, strong need was

5
http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/summary_wppt.html (accessed on 1st November 2019)
6
http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/pdfs/acta1105_en.pdf (accessed on 1st November 2019)
7
http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=295166. (accessed on 1st November 2019)
8
Facelift for the Indian Copyright Act, 14 (2010)
felt to introduce new international rules and revision of the existing laws hence WCT and
WPPT came into force. WCT & WPPT specially deal with the issues, technological and
exceptions in the digital domain hence WCT and WPPT are collectively named as measures
‘Internet’ treaties.9 Both the treaties aim to revise and supplement the already existing WIPO
administered treaties such as Berne Convention and Rome Convention on copyright and other
related issues. Most importantly in order to aim at the new developments in the technology
and market area, WCT and WPPT came into existence to meet challenges posed by new
problems arising with advancement of technology.10 Approximately, more than 100 countries
have signed WCT and WPPT. Both these treaties provide an equal balance between public
and the owner of rights. These treaties also comprise the exemptions and limitations to the
rights in the digital environment.11 WPPT and WCT both allow four different kinds of
economic rights to performers for their performances: the right of distribution, the right of
reproduction, the right of making available, and the right of rental. WCT has some special
provisions for the rights of the creator and also has much advancement with respect to the
field of information technology as compared to the treaties already existing. WCT and WPPT
deal with the rights of the owner, author, creator, performers and also neighbouring rights, to
authorize the owners for making their work available in the public domain on the internet.
These treaties also contain several technological measures that can be used by the authors or
owners to prevent their copyrighted material from unauthorized use.12 However, India is not
signatory to these treaties. There are several advantages of WCT & WPPT that provide
important economic incentives and Intellectual Property Rights to the creative individuals or
a company which operates in the digital environment. These treaties provide a legal platform
for the healthy E-commerce and also protect the creativity within the country and outside the
country and are beneficial for both developing as well as developed countries.13 They also
maintain the balance between rights of the authors and larger public interest, especially
education, research etc.14 WCT and WPPT provide protection measures and techniques to
copyright owner and performers to protect their material/work from illegal downloading and

9
http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/activities/pdf/advantages_wct_wppt.pdf (accessed on 1st
November 2019)
10
http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/activities/pdf/advantages_wct_wppt.pdf (accessed on 1st
November 2019)
11
Dean S M & Bruce H T, Workshop on implementation issues of the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), Law and Commercial Licenses, 1999, 6-7.
12
The advantages of adherence to the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and
Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), document prepared by the International Bureau of WIPO.
13
Rafiqi F A & Bhat I H, “Copyright protection in digital environment: Emerging issues,” International Journal
of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2 (4) (2013) 2319-7722
14
Facelift for the Indian Copyright Act, 14 (2010).

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unfair use. WCT and WPPT make it clear that Article 9 of Berne Convention shall be
applicable mutatis mutandis to the protection of reproduction rights in the digital
environment. According to Article 9 of Berne Convention the owners have exclusive rights of
authorizing indirect or direct reproduction of their work in any form or manner. With the
advancement in the digital technology, reproduction rights became problematic as the
distribution of protected work over the web is associated with the reproduction of work as the
matter gets instantly stored in locally connected computer’s Random-Access Memory
(RAM). India is a signatory to Berne Convention, but there is a deficiency of the agreement
that are related to scope and content of rights since the original content of the Berne
Convention does not contain any provision for the reproduction rights.15 Berne Convention
was found to be incompetent to explain the protection of reproduction of content. The
provisions of WCT and WPPT make it clear that the information or content stored
permanently in the ‘read only memory’16 or floppy disk is protected under WCT and WPPT
as ‘right to reproduction’. The signatory countries (members) have a right to restrict the usage
and can apply limitations or exception over the copyrighted work. The other issue is related
with the misuse or unauthorized access of some works like photographic work, pictorial
work, computer program etc. which not more prone to unfair use on the internet, Berne
Convention was not capable enough to resolve these issues. The issues, rights and
management associated with broadcast organizations are dealt under Rome Convention.
Rome Convention has minimum standards and rights for the protection of broadcast signals
and new amendments have not being added since its framing. TRIPS Agreement also has the
same provisions as in Rome Convention and did not have any other special rights.

15
James T C, Digital technology and Libraries: A Copyright approach, Annals of Library and Information
Studies, 52 (1) (2005) 1-7.
16
Zingales N, Digital copyright, “Fair access” and the problem of DRM misuse, Boston College Intellectual
property & Technology Forum, 2012, 1-36.
 CONCLUSION

The evolution of copyright has been closely linked to technological development. Whereas,
most of the technologies made copyright protection more difficult, digital computers
managed to alter the fundamental concepts behind copyright. These challenges to copyright
industry have emerged at a time when the share of copyright in national economies is
reaching unprecedented levels. It becomes critical to adjust the legal system to respond to the
new technological developments in an effective and appropriate way, keeping in view the
speed and pace of these developments. This will maintain balance between the stakeholders
be it uses or creators for the public interest. In order to do so the focus of the anti-
circumvention regulation should be to target at the technologically sophisticated persons who
have the potential to become circumventors, and the manufacturers and distributors of
circumvention-enabling devices. In most circumstances, technologically sophisticated
persons, relatively small in number, have the technological know-how to bypass
technological measures. On the contrary, ordinary users are by no means equipped with the
sufficient technological know-how to make protection-defeating devices in order to
circumvent technological measures. Digital technology has made copyright enforcement
difficult to achieve. It is necessary to balance between easy infringement and expensive
enforcement, and to address the uncertainties involved in international litigation. As
technology allows copyrighted materials to be transmitted easily around the globe without the
authorization of the copyright owner, there is an increased need for protection without
borders.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Articles

1. Fareed Ahmad Rafiqi & Iftikhar Hussian Bhat, “Copyright Protection in Digital
Environment: Emerging Issues”,International Journal of Humanities and Social
Science Invention, Volume 2 Issue 4 | April. 2013| PP.06-15
2. T C James, “Indian Copyright Law and Digital Technologies”, Journal of Intellectual
Property Rights, Vol 7, September 2002, pp 423-435
3. Frederick Abbott, Thomas Cottier and Francis Gurry, “The International Intellectual
Property System, Commentary and Materials, Part one,” Kluwer law International,
1999.
4. Ghosh, Dr. Jayanta. “Emerging Trends in ‘Digital Environment’ Under The Indian
Copyright Regime,” Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Centre for Intellectual
Property Rights, Nirma University, (2015).