Livelihood: Employment Is A Relationship Between Two
Livelihood: Employment Is A Relationship Between Two
Livelihood: Employment Is A Relationship Between Two
paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-
operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.[1] Employees work in
return for payment, which may be in the form of an hourly wage, by piecework or an
annual salary, depending on the type of work an employee does or which sector she or he is
working in. Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock
options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment.
Benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym.
Employment is typically governed by employment laws or regulations or legal contracts.
Employment Type/Status
Livelihood
A person's livelihood refers to their "means of securing the basic necessities -food, water,
shelter and clothing- of life". Livelihood is defined as a set of activities, involving securing
water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing and the capacity to acquire above
necessities working either individually or as a group by using endowments (both human and
material) for meeting the requirements of the self and his/her household on a sustainable
basis with dignity. The activities are usually carried out repeatedly. [1] For instance, a
fisherman's livelihood depends on the availability and accessibility of fish.
The concept of Sustainable Livelihood (SL)[2][3][4][5] is an attempt to go beyond the
conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication.
income distribution
In economics, income distribution is how a nation’s total GDP is distributed amongst its
population.[1]
Income and its distribution have always been a central concern of economic theory
and economic policy. Classical economistssuch as Adam Smith, Thomas
1
Malthus and David Ricardo were mainly concerned with factor income distribution, that is,
the distribution of income between the main factors of production, land, labour and capital.
Modern economists have also addressed this issue, but have been more concerned with
the distribution of income across individuals and households. Important theoretical and
policy concerns include the relationship between income inequality and economic growth.
The distribution of income within a society may be represented by the Lorenz curve. The
Lorenz curve is closely associated with measures of income inequality, such as the Gini
coefficient.
Measurement[edit]
Main article: Income inequality metrics
The concept of inequality is distinct from that of poverty[2] and fairness. Income inequality
metrics (or income distribution metrics) are used by social scientists to measure the
distribution of income, and economic inequality among the participants in a particular
economy, such as that of a specific country or of the world in general. While different
theories may try to explain how income inequality comes about, income
inequality metrics simply provide a system of measurement used to determine the
dispersion of incomes.
Causes[edit]
Main article: Economic inequality
2
physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, religious beliefs, finance and the
environment.[1] QOL has a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international
development, healthcare, politics and employment. It is important not to mix up the concept
of QOL with a more recent growing area of health related QOL (HRQOL[2]). An assessment
of HRQOL is effectively an evaluation of QOL and its relationship with health.
Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of living, which is based
primarily on income. Standard indicators of the quality of life include not only wealth and
employment but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education,
recreation and leisure time, and social belonging.[3][4]According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), quality of life is defined as “the individual’s perception of their position
in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to
their goals.” In comparison to WHO’s definitions, the Wang-Baker Faces scale defines
quality of life as “life quality (in this case, physical pain) at a precise moment in time.” [5]
According to ecological economist Robert Costanza:
While Quality of Life (QOL) has long been an explicit or implicit policy goal, adequate
definition and measurement have been elusive. Diverse "objective" and "subjective"
indicators across a range of disciplines and scales, and recent work on subjective well-
being (SWB) surveys and the psychology of happiness have spurred renewed interest.[6]
One approach, called engaged theory, outlined in the journal of Applied Research in the
Quality of Life, posits four domains in assessing quality of life: ecology, economics, politics
and culture.[7] In the domain of culture, for example, it includes the following subdomains of
quality of life: