Human Settlement and Planning 1 To 5 Units With Question Paper
Human Settlement and Planning 1 To 5 Units With Question Paper
Human Settlement and Planning 1 To 5 Units With Question Paper
planning
Human Settlement
And Planning
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS SETTLEMENT?
EKISTICS
• The term Ekistics was coined by Greek architect and urban planner
Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.
• Applies to the science of human settlements.
• Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.
• This science, termed Ekistics, will take into consideration
• The principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as
well as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of
size and quality.
• The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which
respects human dimensions.
• Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to
accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the
same settlement.
ACCORDING TO DOXIADIS
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• Ekistics aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to
learn from the archaeological and historical record by looking not only at
great cities, but, as much as possible, at the total settlement pattern.
• Homogeneous parts-fields;
• Central parts-built-up villages; •
• Circulatory parts-roads & paths within the fields; and •
• Special parts-i.e., a monastery contained within the homogeneous part.
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• The whole range of human settlements, is a very complex system of five
elements - nature, man, society, shells (that is, buildings), and networks.
• It is a system of natural, social, and man-made elements which can be
seen in many ways - economic, social, political, technological, and cultural.
Nature:
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• And, if the earth is to support 30,000 million people in the future, the
interrelationships and ranges of adaptability of human settlements and
natural processes must be very clearly understood and observed, for
neither can survive without the other.
• At another level we cannot forget man's psychological and physical needs
for contact with the world of nature.
anthropos:
society:
• Comprises all those aspects of the urban or rural scene that are
commonly dealt with by sociologists, economists and administrators:
population trends, social customs, income and occupations, and the
systems of urban government.
• One of the most urgent aspects of society seems to be the problem of
the retention, or reorganization, of values inherent in independent small
communities after these have become incorporated in megalopolis — in
other words, the place of the neighborhood in megalopolis.
shells:
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Networks:
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN BEING SETTLEMENTS
1. physical factors
Nature of terrain:
Altitude:-
Climate:-
Availability of water:
Religion:
3. security factors
SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS:
Area:
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Site:
Population:
Function:
Situation:
Shape:
SITE FACTORS:
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FUNCTION OF A SETTLEMENT:
The function of a Settlement relates to its economic and social development and
refers to its main activities.
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13
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SETTLEMENT FORMS
1. Shapeless cluster:-
2. linear cluster:-
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SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY
i. isolated dwellings
ii. Hamlets
• When many individual units are cluster together they form hamlets.
• The grouping may be due to similar occupational patterns, religion,
cultural factors etc.
• A hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services.
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iii. Villages
iv. Towns
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V. cities
v. Metropolis
vi. Megalopolis
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viii Ecumenopolis
1. size
2. permanency
3. method of creation
4. Function and purpose.
Size:
Permanency:
• This is the second classification that is based upon the degree of their
permanency.
• There are temporary settlements such as tents that belongs to nomads
and huts belonging to shepherds or fishermen.
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• Also, there are semi-permanent settlements such as nomadic camps or
army camps which are not inhabited throughout the year but only during
certain periods.
• Also there are permanent settlements inhabited throughout the year
likewise, the permanency depends on the material for construction.
Method of creation:
• Urban and rural settlements differ in demographics, land area and usage,
population density, transportation networks and economic dependencies.
• These characteristics are the defining differences that geographers and
city planners observe between rural and urban centres. (US Census 2000)
Demographics
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• In contrast, rural settlements are more or less self-contained and may
not use zoning controls or have limited planning and development
regulations.
Population density
• For instance, the U.S. Census Bureau defines urban settlements as areas
with more than 50,000 people and at least 1,000 people per square mile;
including contiguous census tracts or blocks with at least 500 people per
square mile.
• In contrast, rural settlements contain less than 2,500 people, at a density
between one and 999 people per square mile.
• Whereas, in Nigeria context, any settlement with at least 20,000 people
is regarded as an urban settlement, while any settlement below 20,000
people is a rural settlement (according to 1996 population census).
• Also, any settlement that falls within a 10km radius of a local government
headquarters is an urban settlement.
Transportation network
Economy
Urban settlements
Rural settlement
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• They are dominated by primary activities such as agriculture, animal
husbandry, fishing etc.
• The settlements size is relatively small.
Water supply:
• Usually rural settlements are located near water bodies such as rivers,
lakes, and springs where water can be easily obtained.
• The need for water drives people to settle in islands surrounded by
swamps or low lying river banks.
• Water supply is main factor because water is used for drinking, cooking
and washing, rivers and lakes can be used to irrigate farm land, water
bodies also have fish which can be caught for diet and navigable rivers
and lakes can be used for transportation.
Land:
• People choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agriculture. Early
settlers chose plain areas with fertile soils.
• In Europe villages are found near gently sloping land, in south East Asia
villages are near low lying river valleys and coastal plains suited for wet
rice cultivation.
Terrain:
Building material:
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Defence:
a. Plain villages
b. Plateau villages
c. Coastal villages
d. Forest villages
e. Desert villages
a. Farming villages,
b. Fishermen’s villages,
c. Lumberjack villages,
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Linear pattern
• In such settlements houses are located along a road, railway line, river,
canal edge valley or along a levee.
Rectangular pattern:
• Such patterns of rural settlements are found in plain areas or wide inter-
montane valleys.
• The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles.
Circular pattern:
• Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes the village is
planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for
keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.
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double village:
URBAN SETTLEMENTS
Generally, urban settlements are classified around the world on three common
bases as explained earlier. Urban settlements are classified on the basis of the
population size, occupational structure and administration.
Population size:-
Town:
City:
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Conurbation:
• The term conurbation was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and applied
to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of
originally separate towns or cities.
• Greater London, Greater Mumbai, Manchester, Lagos, Chicago and Tokyo
are examples.
Megalopolis:
• This Greek word meaning “great city”, was popularized by Jean Gott man
(1957) and signifies ‘super- metropolitan’ region extending, as union of
conurbations.
• The urban landscape stretching from Boston in the north to south of
Washington in U.S.A. is the best known example of a megalopolis.
Occupational structure: -
Administrative structure: -
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1. administrative towns: -
2. defence towns: -
3. cultural towns: -
4. industrial towns:
• Many old towns were famous as trade centres such as Lahore in Pakistan,
Baghdad in Iraq, Agra in India and Aba in Nigeria.
• Some towns have developed as transport towns such as Rotterdam in the
Netherlands and Aden in Yemen. Also Mumbai in India and Tin Can Island
in Lagos, Nigeria are both port towns.
1. urban settlements:
• These types of settlement are nodal in character and have secondary and
tertiary activities.
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• The chief occupation of the people of urban areas is non-agricultural i.e.
industry, trade and services.
• The major function of an urban area is trades and commerce, transport
and communication, mining and manufacturing, defence, administration,
cultural and recreational activities.
• Population density is high and the settlement size is large.
2. rural settlements:
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abound in the urban areas which invariably is lacking in the rural
communities.
• This factor is particularly obvious in developing countries including
Nigeria, where social amenities/services are not equitably distributed
within the various regions. Consequently, many migrants are attracted to
the urban communities where these essential social
amenities/infrastructural facilities are located and provided without
giving consideration to the maximum population threshold these existing
infrastructures could serve, thereby leading to shortfalls and
overutilization of these infrastructures.
c. Availability Of Transportation Means
• The availability of transportation means plays an important role in the
stimulation of internal migration.
• Virtually, everywhere in the urban centres are well serviced with road
networks.
• These improvements in transportation network are closely associated
with the volume of migration rate in the urban areas.
• This has contributed to the high traffic volume of major urban centres in
the country.
• Conclusively, migration is also stimulated by a variety of reasons in the
rural areas such as marriage, death of family members, presence of
friends and relatives at the prospective new place of residence, etc.
however, studies in Nigeria and other parts of the developing world
indicate the important role of these factors in the migration process at
the local level.
• The location and growth of a settlement depended upon its site and
situation.
• The site factor is the actual place where people decided to locate their
settlement.
• The growth of that settlement then depended upon its situation factor in
relation to accessibility and availability of natural resources to ease the
lives of the settlers.
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Defence
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• Occupations are generally classified as primary (agriculture, mining,
fishing, etc.), secondary (manufacturing industry, building and
construction work, etc.) and tertiary (transport, communications, banking,
etc.).
• 64% of the people in India depend upon agriculture only
• 13% of people depend upon secondary activities
• 20% of people work in tertiary sector.
• The aggregate distribution of occupations in society, classified according
to skill level, economic function, or social status.
• Occupational structure is shaped by factors such as the structure of the
economy, technology, bureaucracy, the labour-market, and by status and
prestige.
• Changes in the occupational structure are explicit in the course of social
and economic development.
• Development gives rise to new occupations and the disappearance of
others because of a shift in emphasis in the field of education and
training.
• The distribution of the population according to different types of
occupation is referred to as the occupational structure.
• In India, about 64 per cent of the population is engaged only in
agriculture.
• The proportion of population dependent on secondary and tertiary
sectors is about 13 and 20 per cent respectively.
• There has been an occupational shift in favour of secondary and tertiary
sectors because of growing industrialisation and urbanisation in recent
times.
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QUESTION BANK
PART-A
1. Define Settlement.
3. Define Ekistics.
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22. Different types of human settlement classified basis of sizes and functions
24. Discuss in the detail hierarical system of settlement based on their sizes
and functions.
PART-B
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UNIT 2
Mankind has been living in towns, big and small, from times immemorial and the
pattern of the town plan has generally been influenced by various factors such as
situation of the site the nature of the terrain, the period of development, the
economic structure, the nature of industry and trade practiced.
The different activities that take place mean that the way which human use land
changes throughout the urban are Due to the complexity of land uses found
throughout a city a number of models have been created to identify patterns of
land use.
The concentric ring model also known as burgess model was the first to explain
distribution of social groups within urban areas.
This concentric ring model depicts urban land use in concentric rings: the central
business district or CBD was in the middle of the model and the City expanded in
dreams with different land uses.
The zones identified for
5. Commuter’s zone
Burgess observed that there was a correlation between the distance from the CBD
and the social economic status of the in inhabitants teacher family standard to life
farther away from the CBD.
the City grew burgess also observed that the CBD would cause it to expand
outwards this in turn forced to the other rings to expand outwards as well.
The model is more detailed than the traditional down Mid uptown divide by which
downtown is the CBD uptown the affluent residential outer ring, and Midtown in
between.
Highland values, tall buildings, busy traffic, converging highways, and mass transit
systems.
The zone of independent workers homes - primarily occupied by the blue collar
(wage earners, manual labourers) labour force.
The computer zone Suburban drink consisting mostly of white collar workers who
could afford to live further from the CBD this model was dynamic.
The sector model also known as the hoyt model was proposed in 1939 by economist,
homer Hoyt.
It is a model of urban land use and modify the concentric zone model of City
development.
The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it follows for an
outwards profession of growth however like all models of urban form its validity is
limited.
while accepting the existence of a central business district, Hoyt suggested that
various socio economic groups expand outward from the city centre along railroads
highways and other transportation arteries using Chicago as a model an upper class
residential sector evolved outward along the desirable Lake Michigan Shoreline
north of the Central business district, while industry extended Southward in
sector that followed railroad lines.
In developing this model Hoyt observed that it was common for low-income
households to be nearly railroad lines, and commercial establishments to be along
business thoroughfares.
Recognizing that the various transportation routes into an urban area, including
railroads, sea ports and tramlines, represented greater access, Hoyt theorized
that cities tended to grow in wedge shaped patterns or sectors emanating from the
central business district and centred on major transportation routes.
higher levels of Access meant higher land values, thus many commercial functions
would remain in the CBD but manufacturing functions would develop in a which
surrounding transportation routes.
residential functions would grow in wedge shape patterns with a sector of low
income housing bordering manufacturing industrial sector (traffic noise and
pollution makes these areas the least desirable) while sectors of middle and high
income households were located furthest away from these functions Hoyt model
attempts to broadly state a principle of urban organization.
Case study
Sector model-Gandhinagar
The sectors are numbered from 1 to 30 and they are formed by seven roads
running in each direction and cutting each other perpendicularly
neighborhood concept in
two phases:
amenities were
constructed.
Second phase -
constructions of capital
complex, sports complex,
institution, cinemas,
cultural centers,
A model of town growth advanced by C.D.harris and E.L.ullman based on the fact
that many towns and nearly all largest cities grow about many nuclear rather than
around a simple CBD.
Some of these nuclei or pre existing settlements others arise from urbanization
and external economics distinctive land use zones develop because some activities
repel each other high quality housing does not generally arise next to industrial
areas, and other activities cannot afford the high cost of the most desirable
locations.
New industrial areas development suburban location since they required easy
access and outlying business districts may develop for the same reason.
The model describes layout of a city. it notes that while city may have started with
a Central business district similar industries with common language and financial
requirements are established near each other.
The grouping influence day immediate neighbourhood hotels and restaurants spring
up Around airports for example.
the number and kinds of nuclei mark a city's growth. the theory was formed based
on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership.
Advantages
terminals ,
good psychological
orientation
adaptability to existing
conditions
Disadvantages
points,
potential accessibility
problems
activities
FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
LINEAR SETTLEMENTS:
CASE STUDY
The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south, east and west. As a
result total land area available for development of Mumbai is limited.
The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much less thancosts in
Mumbai and sub-urban areas.
Many government and corporate offices have been shifted from Mumbai to Navi
Mumbai .
the Talojaand Thane BelapurIndustrial Belt of Navi Mumbaioffer job
opportunities of every conceivable kind -from engineers to mechanics toclerksto
peons.
As a result a large population of service class and middle class population shifted to
Navi Mumbai.
ADVANTAGES:
High accessibility
adaptability to linear growth
useful along the limited edge.
DISADVANTAGES:
In this type, a number of streets converge on one center which may be a source of
water (pond, well), a temple or mosque, a center of commercial activity or simply an
open space.
Thus, the streets seem to be radiating from a common center.
Rural Examples are settlements near Gurushikar, Mount Abu in Rajasthan,
Vindhyachal in Uttar Pradesh, etc. Examples- Amsterdam, Washington DC, etc.
Case study
TheRadiocentric(concentric)city-MASCOW
A direct line of travel for centrally directed flows Economics of a single centralized
terminal or origin point.
Disadvantages:
GRID SETTLEMENTS:
An organization of streets that lie perpendicular to one another, the grid is among
the most controlled of settlement patterns.
The square or rectangular plots which the grid defines exercise a discipline upon
the form of buildings within its compass.
Grid plans are rarely the result of social imperatives within the vernacular cultures,
but are almost invariable imposed.
Uniform ‘modules’ of plots and buildings on grid plans have been traced in the Indus
valley from the 3rd millennium B.C.
Grid plans have extensively adopted by planners to regularized and contains the
world’s squatter settlements of the late-20th century.
Efficiency in the use of public land, minimizing of street lengths, the provision of
sites and services, sewage disposal and electricity supply are among the economic
arguments of modern grid planning policies.
Examples- Chandigarh, New York, etc.
Case study
Advantages
High accessibility,
minimum disruption of flow,
expansion flexibility,
Excellent psychological orientation, adaptability to level or moderately rolling
terrain.
Disadvantages
Primitive man lived in caves, tree-holes and treetops and fed himself on plants,
fruits roots, animals and water, directly collected from nature, without much effort
on his part.
When his number increased and his food requirements became enormous he came
out of the forests to live in the plains, to cultivate and make more food materials.
Availability of water was the main criterion for selecting land for cultivation and
habitation.
This happened according to scientist, about 10,000 years back and that was the
beginning of human settlements, when manmade houses to live in and worked for his
food.
Thus it was a transition from cave to village.
Protection from the vagaries of climate and wild animals was the main purpose of a
house, rightly called a shelter.
He built houses with whatever materials were available near about him, like mud,
wood, reeds boughs, leaves and what not.
For better protection and mutual help he used to live in groups, surrounded by the
cultivated lands, which invariably were selected where water was available
throughout the seasons.
This gave rise to villages or small human settlements, all of them near perennial
fresh water sources like rivers, and lakes.
Villages were also located on sites offering natural protection of elevated hills &
terrains, islands and peninsulas.
Wherever natural protection was lacking barricades and moats surrounded them.
Later, when transportation of men and materials became necessary, seacoasts and
riverbanks were selected for settlements.
As we learn from history, early civilization spread along the fertile valleys of the
Nile, tigres, Euphrates, Indus rivers etc. where water, food and transportation
were at hand.
In all settlements, there were both natural and man-made elements like hills, valleys
– buildings, roads etc.
each settlement had its own definite boundaries.
They were scattered throughout, especially along riverbanks and in plains, fed by
rivers.
Inter – relations and inter -actions between settlements, both near and far off,
developed gradually and it gave rise to social, cultural, political, economic and many
other institutions
Conflict between men and environment started when man began to change the
environment for better convenience and better comfort.
This conflict is a continuous process, and is continuing with all its ramifications
supported by science and technology.
Man being aggressive in nature, did not easily adjust himself to be part of a self-
disciplined community.
Personal and group rivalries flared up within settlements.
Survival of the fittest was the order of the day.
The winner assumed the role of a leader and maintained discipline.
When the leader gained more and more power and strength, several settlements
came under him.
He himself assumed titles of king or emperor.
To protect himself and his kingdom, he wanted an army and a safe place to live.
For this he established non-agricultural settlements, exclusively for himself, his
army and the people around him.
Such settlements were fortified and moats built all around, for additional
protection from attacking enemies.
People from the villages, whose main occupation was agriculture, began to migrate to
such urban centers, to get better employment and better wages.
Further, the developments came out of the forts and moats, to accommodate more
people and this gave rise to bigger settlements, what we call towns and cities.
Socio-economic and socio-cultural changes, as well as developments in science and
technology influenced the life styles of the people and their quality of life.
In the process, some settlements, perished, may be by war, floods or drying up of
water sources and some other prospered becoming larger and larger, like our
present day giant cities which we call metropolis, mega polis etc. this makes human
settlements a part of history and every settlement has a history of its own.
The fundamental human needs, wherever one lives and whichever natural
environment one has, are food, clothing and shelter apart from air & water.
Shelter use to get the lowest priority from the very beginning of man’s existence.
Till the recent past, shelter, especially in small settlements, was not a serious
problem as the shelter requirements were quite simple and limited.
There was no difficulty in getting a piece of land, either owned or rented.
They constructed their own houses with mutual help, making use of locally available.
The harmful impact of intensive urbanization, consequent to the industrial
revolution, accelerated deterioration of the living environment.
But in spite of all the efforts to improve the living environment in human
settlements, the challenge of poverty, congestion and insanitation still remains in
cities throughout the world.
Man had made unprecedented progress during the current century in the fields of
industry, Education, Health, Communication, Transportation etc. as a result of
spectacular achievements in science and technology.
But it is a paradox that the majority of the world’s population still does not have a
shelter providing minimum privacy, and protection against the elements.
The struggle for shelter still continues.
A significant reason, for this lag is the population explosion followed by urban
explosion.
Question bank
Part - a
Part-b
PLANNING CONCEPTS
Garden city :
The garden city is part of urban movement and is a method of urban planning that was ini-
tiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom.
Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by
“greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
Redirecting the urban growth into new towns that would surround existing cities.
These towns were called Garden Cities.
Important years
The concept
THE THREE MAGNETS namely the town magnet, country magnet with their advantages
and disadvantages and the third magnet with attractive features of both town and country
life Natural people preferred the third one namely garden city
Core garden city principles
Strong community
ordered development
environmental quality
Kapyla ( Finland )
Colonel light gardens (Adelaide, Australia)
Orechova (prague, Czech republic)
SOME GARDEN CITY DEVELOPMENTS ALWAYS
INTENDED FOR WEALTHY COMMUTERS
Denenchofu ( Tokyo, japan ) was an example of
this developed by railway company
After 1945, the garden city model was mutated in to satellite or new towns in
many countries Examples in Sweden ,UK or Hong Kong
Application
Letchworth UK
Letchworth UK Welwyn UK
high conjunction
heavy traffic movement through the city
in security to school going children
distant location of shopping and recreation activities etc
to create a safety healthy physical environment in which children we have no traffic
Street to cross on their way to school, schools which are within walking distance from
home
an environment in which women may have any easy to a shopping centre where they may
get the daily household goods
employed people may find convenient
Vision of Neighbourhood
PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD
Updated Neighbourhood
compact in size
mix of uses
network of streets
public open spaces
building typologies
parking strategies
transit opportunities compatibility and predictability
CONURBATION:
An extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of a
central city.
IMPORTANT YEARS
GEDDISIAN TRIAD
Geddes was concerned with the relationship between people and cities and how they affect
one another.
He emphasized that people do not merely needed shelter, but also food and work, the rec-
reation and social life.
This makes the house an inseparable part of the neighbourhood, the city and the surround-
ing open country and the region.
CITY = + + + +
Shelter food work recreation social life
Planning concept
Geddes was the originator of the idea and technique of Regional survey and city survey
Valley section
In his valley section he clearly showed the relationship of folk, place and work.
She believed that an urban planner should be a journalist then specialist knowing
fairly well about all the disciplines.
He showed that all the natures’ occupations have a place.
Starting from the head of the valley section the hunter and miner, the woodman,
the shepherd, the poor and rich peasant and the fisherman have works which are
closely related to their surroundings.
the geographical space shapes the folk and the work and the people with their
work shape the environment
Thus there is a continuous struggle between environment and society.
Diagnostic survey
The city planning must constantly keep in view the old city old and new alike in all
its levels and then the problem of city planning is to improve situation by turning
its difficulties into opportunities.
He stressed about the lack of contact and cooperation between western urban
and rural areas and about the artificial disassociation between man and the uni-
versal nature.
The town planning and city design or not a new science and or but the recovery of
the life and thought that related to our civilization.
He also arrested that while participating in civic survey the life values Wealth
health civilization and art should be considered.
For a town planner local knowledge and understanding are essential together with
consideration and fact.
Highlights:
Conservative surgery
There are always problems in the cities which need immediate attention such as
growing slums increasing traffic urban renewal etc.
To deal with these relatively short term problems geddes developed special
technique described as conservative surgery.
Conservative surgery is more or less a renewal process then a removal from
places.
He did not increase plans with grid iron pattern which expelled large population to
relieve congestion, since it indirectly creates congestion in other quarters.
congestion is always high at the intersections
He wanted to creates more traffic flows by pulling down carefully selected
houses which are old and Dilapidated.
Conservative method demands long and patient study on the spot plans etc.
he insisted that while preparing general design for the improvement of areas it
may be done with or without reference to the old town but it should be either
regular and formal or individual and informal and the latter is to be encouraged
specially for old town which help citizens to think more space for craftsmanship
to continue as was practiced in old cities of India.
Highlights:
Removal/renewal process
Slum removal
Not encourage grid pattern
Smooth traffic
Spot study is necessity
More spacies
Application
Rural development urban planning and city design are not the same and adopting a
common planning process is disastrous
conurbation waves of population in flow to large cities followed by overcrowding
and slum formation and then the wave of backflow the whole process resulting in
amorphous sprawl, waste and unnecessary obsolescence.
Le Corbusier 1887-1965
GRID CONCEPT
He was a French architect whose ideas have greatly influenced the modern town
planning
Corbusier wanted man to live in urban life in truth with security and ease col-
lectively and individually.
The meaning and idea of visual order and relationship and the city as a synthesis
of form embracing verities of structures and systems is the theme repeatedly
proclaimed by him.
He tried to create totally different world from the exiting ones . He wanted to
grow with the machine and take full advantage of its potential for speed and
verticality.
He depended on pure forms.
Corbusier advocated urban centralism and believed that this form can bring en-
ergy to the city.
1.Contemporary city
Contemporary City la villa contemporaries the city of tomorrow
and the vertical city 1924 city for 3 million persons
Radial City la villa radieuse City plan designed for 1.5 million
persons
Concentric plan is considerably revised to allow normal growth of the city.
He comes to the belief that the essence of the city is the dwelling area
Dwelling area occupied the most Central location with possible expansions on the
right and left towards the open country.
The civic centre is on the main access the business area on the top light manufac-
turing freight wards and heavy industries are at the bottom.
Linear City
For industrial production le corbusier espoused the theory of linear industrial city
in 1945.
new industrial communities are located along the main arteries of transportation
water, rail and the highway connecting the existing cities.
Factories the green factories are placed along the main transportation routes
separated from the residential section by the auto Highway and green strips.
The residential area include the horizontal growth of single houses and vertical
apartment buildings with its complements of commercial facilities.
Sports entertainment shopping and office facilities are distributed in the district
and all the facilities of the community or placed within ample open space enhanced
with nature.
These industrial groups are placed at intervals along the highways and railways
linking the existing cities this is an attempt to place the manufacturing plant un-
der conditions of nature such as light, air and greenway.
Chandigarh planning
CHANDIGARH was the first planned city after independence from British rule in
1947.
It is the capital city of the states of Punjab and Haryana.
The city is located at the picturesque junction of foothills of the Himalayas
Mountain range and the Ganges plains.
It houses a population of 1 ,054,600 inhabitants (2001 ) and is one of the ricest
cities of the nation.
American architects Albert Mayerand Mathew Novicki were the first architects
to be appointed for the project.
After the death of Novicki in 1950, Le Corbusier was commissioned.
A Hierarchy of Green Spaces can be observed in the layout ranging from Public
Greens at City Level to Semi-Private to Private Green Areas
The Leisure Valley is a green sprawling space extending North-East to South-
West along a seasonal river let gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the
lungs of the city.
Apart from large Public Parks and special Botanical Gardens, it houses series of
Fitness Trails, amphitheatres and spaces for open-air exhibitions.
QUESTION BANK
2 MARKS
16 MARKS
Scope and Content of Master plan – planning area, land use plan
and Zoning regulations – zonal plan – need, linkage to master plan
and land use plan – planned unit development (PUD) – need,
applicability and development regulations - Urban Renewal Plan –
Meaning, Redevelopment, Rehabilitation and Conservation –
JNNURM – case studies
Urban
URBAN PLANNING
Master plan
A Master Plan is the long term perspective plan for guiding the sustainable planned
development of the city.
For a successful City/town planning there must be a plan, which envisages (predict)
the entire City/town as a single unit.
The development or expansion of a City/town takes a long time, and therefore, the
development requires control at any time on the basis of a plan. such a plan is called
as “Master Plan”
NECESSITY OF THE MASTER PLAN
The period of ‘Industrial revolution’ (1760 –1820) marks an important epoch in the
history of the growth of all the cities.
Between the two world wars and especially after the Second World War (1939 –45),
many towns and cities have been grown up haphazardly without proper planning.
And the over-grown cities became a mess and a muddle with all the evils.
The industries have been set up in the heart of the cities without any consideration
of transport and other utility services.
The migration of rural population has caused housing shortage and increased
congestion.
The rapid development of transport has been found to be inadequate for the growing
needs of the automobiles.
It has caused over-crowding and congestion on the roads resulting road accidents.
Industries have encroached upon the residential areas causing shortage of open and
recreational areas.
In order to eradicate the evils of the ill-planned cities, there is a need of a
comprehensive Master plan for the general welfare of the citizens in respect of
health, convenience and comfort.
The master plan may propose or provide for all or any of the following matters,
namely
The manner in which the land in the planning area shall be used.
The ALLOTMENT OR RESERVATION of land for residential, commercial,
industrial and agricultural purposes and for parks, playfields and open spaces.
The allotment or reservation of land for public buildings, institutions and for civic
amenities.
The making of provision for the national highways, arterial roads, ring roads,
major streets, lines of communication including railways, airports and canals.
The traffic and transportation pattern and traffic circulation pattern.
The major road and street improvements.
The areas reserved for future development, expansion and for new housing.
The provision for the improvement of areas or bad layout or obsolete development
and slum areas and for relocation of population.
The amenities, services and utilities.
The provision for detailed development of specific areas for housing, shopping,
industries and civic amenities and educational and cultural facilities.
The control of architectural features, elevation and frontage of buildings and
structures.
12.The provision for regulating the zone, the location height, number of storeys and
size of buildings and other structures, the size of the yards and other open spaces
and the use of buildings, structures and land.
The stages by which the master plan shall be carried out.
CONTENT OF MASTER PLAN
1. Introduction
2. Demography
3. Economy
4. Land use & structure
5. Infrastructure
water supply
sewage
Electricity
6. Environment and Disaster Management
7. Traffic and Transportation
8. Urban basic services for the poor
slum rehabilitation
schemes
Housing
9. Social facilities
10. Finance patterns
11. Visions and goals
12. Investment plans
The planning authority prepares the interim master plan, also called the outline
development plan.
The statutory time limit is two years.
It shall then be notified for the public comments and suggestions (1 month).
The draft plan may be revised in the light of the public and expert comments and
shall be submitted for Govt’s sanction (4 months from date of publication of the
draft plan to be further extended by the Govt by three months, if required).
The Govt. sanctions the revised plan and appoints an arbitrator (12 months).
The arbitrator after holding proceedings in respect of each plot, publishes the
award and submits the detailed proposals to the higher authority such as the
president of the Tribunal of Arbitration (no fixed time limit but at least 12 months
for small scheme and more for longer schemes).
His tribunal shall make thorough scrutiny of arbitrator’s proposals and convey their
decision (usually 6 months).
The arbitrator prepares the final scheme and submits to Govt. with plans through
the local authority (usually 6 months).
The local authority forwards the final scheme to the Govt. (usually 3 months).
Govt. sanctions the final scheme after the photo zincs Dept., has printed all the
plans (normally 9 months) after which the final scheme of Action plan comes into
force (usually 2 months after the Govt.’s sanction).
The detailed master plan also called the comprehensive development plan is duly
approved and sanctioned by the Govt.
Then made legally bindings on all the authorities concerned, by giving it a legal
status.
Lastly a financial programme is prepared to devise the ways and means for the
implementation of the master plan according to the schedule.
Taking into account the problems of existing planning system of urban development
in India, the UDPFI (Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation)
guidelines were prepared by ITPI (Institute of Town Planners, India) at the behest
of the Ministry of Urban development and poverty alleviation, Government of India
and recommended urban development planning system consisting of a set of four
inter-related plans i.e.
perspective plan
Development plan
ANNUAL PLANS
The purpose of preparation of Annual plan is to identify the new schemes / projects,
which the authority will undertake for implementation, during the year, taking into
account the physical and fiscal performance of the preceding year, keeping in view
the priorities, the policies and the proposals contained in the approved Development
plan.
These plans would also provide the resource requirements during the year and the
sources of funding including those mobilized by the local authorities, i.e. grants, aids
and projects / scheme funds, of the state and central governments.
It is thus, an important document for resource mobilization.
This will also enable the funding agencies to allocate the funds in phased manner.
Conceived within the framework of the Development plan, schemes / projects are
the working layouts, providing all necessary details for execution including finance,
development, administration and management.
These schemes / projects could be for any area, old or new, of any activity or land
use like residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, educational or health
related or infrastructure development, separately or in an integrated manner, by
any agency such as government, semi-government, private or even individuals or for
any agency.
Regional planning
It aims at reducing the disparity in the level of living of the people and the wide gulf
between urban and rural life.
Regional planning can be a tool for balanced development of the nation and co-
ordinate the aims and objectives of the national development planning with the
implementation programmes at the micro-level.
A village is the centre for many of the activities of its countryside, that the town is
the centre for an area within a radius of about 10 to 15kms, and a great city for a
still wider area, which it serves a s a regional centre of economic and social
organization.
Industrial revolution has caused certain towns to grow very rapidly without organic
relation to countryside and the services have tended to concentrate in a few
centres.
Zonal plan
A link between the layout and the Master Plan.
A Zonal Development Plan means a plan for a Zone (Division) of the Union Territory
of Delhi.
The Zonal Plan (Divisional Plan) details out the policy of the Master Plan and acts as a
link between the layout and the Master Plan.
The development schemes/layout plans indicating use premises should conform to the
Master Plan/Zonal (Divisional) Plan.”
STARTING OF ZONING
Indian Master Plan approach was fundamentally guided by the British Town Planning
legislations.
And further integrating the western concept of 'zoning' into the Master planning
lead to the preparation of new lower hierarchy development plans called 'Zonal
development plan' handling more comprehensive and more focused objectives derived
from the Master plan.
DEFINITION OF ZONING
The basic concept of zoning lies in the division of a settlement into zones and
districts according to present and potential uses of land and buildings.
Zoning has to pay particular attention to the character of a place and its suitability.
Thus, ‘zoning’ is establishing ‘districts’ within which certain rights of citizens are
legally curbed.
OBJECTIVES OF ZONING
URBAN RENEWAL
The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of
slums.
Slums
Slums may be broadly defined as an area with untidy and ill ventilated residences
without proper sanitation and water supply.
In slum and blighted areas we can find “submerged humanity” and social
disorganization.
Poor mostly inhabit these areas.
Blight
Obsolescence
It can be defined as an associate of blights and slums, since the basic nature is same
for all.
An area which is unfit for the present use either due to the change in the pattern of
living or due to cultural or economic changes is called “obsolescent area”
Central Area
Generally oldest parts of the city will be the central area. Since from where the city
starts growing to meet the increasing population and to provide fashionable and
luxurious type of buildings coupled with the residences of the poorest city dwellers.
CBD
This term CBD or Central Business District is used to denote the important Central
commercial Zone where the commercial function is the predominant function and
others are mostly negligible.
This is the most accessible area of the town.
This is the most populous area in the daytime.
This areas predominant function is commercial (retail and wholesale)
Capacity of city
1. REDEVELOPMENT:
Before after
It is applicable to areas where the arrangement of the building and general
character of obsolescence and deterioration make it worth less to live and thus
liable the area to be redeveloped.
Main aims of redevelopment policy are:
Removal of existing building
Reuse of cleared land
Use of any open land that was interspersed among the improved buildings and
possibly adjacent land also.
This latter may be required for street widening, commercial uses etc.
2. REHABILITATION:
before after
It is an area where buildings may be good structurally but may not be proper for
habitation purposes and some repairing or remodelling may make them fit for
habitation purposes.
Modernizing and repairing so as to enable them to be at satisfactory standards of
living can restore some neighbourhood.
3. CONSERVATION:
It is most applicable to zones of city which are now generally suited to their
function, zones in which buildings are kept in good condition, zones containing
buildings and areas of historical, cultural or architectural value.
A conservation policy would have as its objectives the protection of such areas by
preventing their falling into a condition requiring redevelopment.
Strict enforcement of zoning regulations i.e., the area is not allowed to disturb the
essence of what is being conserved
Physical benefits
Social benefits
Economic benefits
1. PHYSICAL BENEFITS:
These are the benefits that can be seen and experienced and include
Provision for urgently needed facilities in the urban area or at least land for it (such
as a hospital, school, bus terminal, park etc.)
2. SOCIAL BENEFITS:
These benefits are not as easily evaluated or measured and yet may have more
impact than physical ones.
Broader social benefits include new schools and recreation facilities, a community
centre building with programmes for the poor and aged, a health clinic, or a job-
training programme.
Probably the most impressive social advancement renewal offers is the elimination of
substandard housing and the creation of standard housing in neighbourhood.
Due to renewal programmes there is a chance to uplift the status of the slum
dwellers.
3. ECONOMIC BENEFITS:
If renewed area is used for commercial purposes, or even for residential (for rent)
the returns from them (in terms of economic benefits) are more in addition to
physical and social benefits.
The renewed area may fetch more money than the income, which we can get, from
the un-renewed buildings.
The chances of accidents (fire accidents) are comparatively very less.
This was revealed in a study in United States.
The maintenance cost will be less in renewed area than that of the un-renewed area
in addition to the fear of collapse of these substandard building at any time.
Rebuilding
Redevelopment
Re-habilitation
Renewal
Clearance
Conservation
Preservation
Blight
Infrastructure
Economic up gradation
PUD
A mixture of both land uses and dwelling types with at least one of the land uses
being regional in nature
The clustering of residential land uses providing public and common open space
Increased administrative discretion to a local professional planning staff while
setting aside present land use regulations and rigid plat approval processes
The enhancement of the bargaining process between the developer and government
municipalities.
Which in turn strengthens the municipality’s site plan review and control over
development for potentially increased profits due to land efficiency, multiple land
uses, and increased residential densities?
Frequently, PUDs take on a variety of forms ranging from small clusters of houses
combined with open spaces to new and developing towns with thousands of residents
and various land uses.
However, the definition of a PUD does not take into consideration these types of
developments unless they fit into a category of size ranging from 100 to 200
acres (40 to 81ha).
In a PUD the property owner owns the land the dwelling sits on.
JNNURM
Salient Features
Cities are required to prepare City Development Plans (Vision Documents) as participatory
frameworks for
Infrastructure planning and prioritization, and
Framing urban reform agendas
Cities and State need to enter into Memorandum of Agreement with Government of
India to implement urban reforms in order to access JNNURM funds
Eligible projects
Urban Renewal
Water Supply
Sewerage & Sanitation
Solid Waste Management
Storm Water Drains
Urban Transport
Parking spaces (through PPP)
Development of heritage areas
Preservation of water bodies
Prevention & rehabilitation of soil erosion
The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified
cities.
Focus is to be one efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery
mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs towards citizens.
Other than that selected 63towns/cities, Smaller cities/towns are covered under
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns
(UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP).
Salient features
Projects on water supply, sewerage, drainage, community toilets and baths etc.
Projects for providing houses at affordable cost for slum dwellers, urban poor,
economically weaker sections (EWS) and lower income group (LIG) categories.
Street lighting.
Convergence of health, education and social security schemes for the urban poor
QUESTION BANK
2 MARKS
16 MARKS
1. What is a Master plan? Explain the scope & content of Master Plan/Outline and describe
the salient features of a Master Plan for a settlement.
2. What are Zoning Regulations? Explain the role of Regulations in Planning.
3. Discuss the need and linkage of Master plan and Land use plan.
4. What is Land use Plan? Explain the need of Land use plan.
5. Explain Planned unit Development in detail/Discuss with the help of a case study any one
successful application of Planned Unit Development concept.
6. Explain the following i) DCR ii) CRZ
7. Explain the classification of Coastal Zones according to Regulations/Discuss the various
types of CRZ and the associated planning implications.
UNIT V
The urban form of cities has witnessed a large shift as a result of the industrial
revolution.
Globalization has affected people’s relation through the ―way‖ they communicate in
between in addition to their linkage to places.
As a result of the industrial revolution the meaning of time has changed, space and
distance have been reduced, physical boundaries demolished, and the speed and type
of movement is different.
Furthermore, such meaning was more catalysed by the digital revolution.
The shrinkage of distances and the speed of movement that characterize the
current period find one of its most extreme forms in electronically based
communities of individuals or organizations throughout the whole world.
Cities are the primary spatial framework within which capital, goods, people, and
information are concentrated.
Therefore, globalisation has influenced urban space formation in India.
Before the British came, Indian cities were monocentric—located around central
market places (eg, Delhi's ChandiniChowk, Abid/Kotiin Hyderabad).
After Independence state housing boards and urban development authorities, to
accomplish certain explicit and defined goals, added contrived centres to Indian
cities, which led to the emergence of government-driven polycentric cities.
Market-driven polycentric cities have, in contrast, developed during the late 1990s
and show three spatial patterns —
leapfrog development,
Fractured cities,
Divided cities.
Revenues generated to meet external demands have provided funds to support
production of locally-consumed goods and services in Indian cities.
The market demand for retail products and housing has led to construction of malls,
retail outlets, and apartment complexes, which has transformed the urban space
within the monocentric city.
As a matter of fact, tall buildings, shopping malls, corporate headquarters, prestige
hotels, and hospitals were overlaid on the earlier built environment by a process of
creative destruction, for instance road widening often left buildings unfit for use
and developers would purchase a group of buildings to construct high-rise structures.
Consequently, the core city space has become randomly marked with glass and steel
structures as if development has leapfrogged from one location to another.
At the same time, several economic centres have developed in the periphery leading
to polycentric cities.
In the west these nuclei of economic activity are known by various names —"techno
burbs" (Robert Fishman),
"urban villages" (Kenneth Jackson) .
"middle landscape" (Peter Rowe), and
"edge cities" (Joel Garreau).
In India global capital in search for the cheapest available land honed-in on the peri
urban space surrounding cities.
Peri urban areas in India are the
rural-urban interface and a landing ground for rural residents migrating to cities.
Polynucleation of peri urban areas is spatially manifested in the form of office parks,
malls, and apartments and single-family homes.
Moreover, the core and periphery of Indian cities are now separated as if by a fault
line and construction of expressways, ring-roads, bypasses has accentuated the
fracture.
State governments, by their excessive reliance on public health inspired zoning
based on abstract pattern of standard streets, lots, and setbacks, and commercial
strips, have also contributed to the process of fracturing of Indian cities.
Spatially, this has led to the construction of "gated communities" to wall out
uncertainty, reduce different types of physical risk (e.g. personal safety) and social
interactions (e.g. unwanted social exchanges).
At the same time job creation in cities due to multiplier effects of external
injections has attracted different types of people leading to diverse and plural
cities, called "mongrel cities “by Leonie Sander cock.
Planning has two components —the hard component (built environment) and the soft
component.
In turn, planning for the built environment is possible at two scales.
At the macro-level regional level planning for transport, water supply, sewage
disposal, and environment management is required.
Simultaneously micro-level planning by using tools, such as neo-traditional models, is a
practical possibility to retro-fit neighbourhoods.
Note worthy is the integration of principles of architecture, urban design, and
planning at the neighbourhood level and planning looks at the built form (e.g.
footprints of all structures), land use patterns (e.g. location and density of retail,
office spaces), public open space (e.g. parks, plazas), street design (e.g. circulation
systems), and pedestrian access (e.g. one-quarter mile access from shop)
Self Sustained Communities
Case study – 1
At a time when the country is abuzz with talks about Digital India, and how
technology can be taken to the remotest corners of the country, the Eravipero or
gram panchayat in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala is leading way.
It is the first gram panchayat in Kerala to have free Wi-Fi for the general public.
The village has also launched a free palliative care scheme for the poor and is the
first panchayat in the state to get ISO-9001 certification for its Primary Health
Centre.
It has also been recognised as a Model Hi-tech Green Village, by the Horticulture
Department, for its green initiatives.
Case study – 3
Mawlynnong, Meghalaya
In the tiny hamlet of Mawlynnong, plastic is banned, spotless paths are lined with
flowers, bamboo dustbins stand at every corner, and volunteers sweep the streets
at regular intervals and large signboards warn visitors against littering.
Here, tidying up is a ritual that everyone –from tiny toddlers to toothless
grannies –takes very seriously.
Thanks to the tireless efforts of the village community, this small, 600-odd-
person hamlet in Meghalaya is today renowned as the cleanest village in India and
Asia.
Special Economic Zone means an area that has been specified as an enclave that is
duty free and is treated as a foreign territory for various purposes such as
tariffs, trade operations, and duties.
A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) has economic laws that are more liberal than a
country's typical economic laws.
The category 'SEZ' covers a broad range of specific zone
SEZ includes Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free
Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and
others.
What is a SEZ?
Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is defined as "a specifically delineated duty free
enclave and shall be deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade
operations and duties and tariffs".
Special Economic Zone is one or more areas of a country where the tariffs and
quotas are eliminated and bureaucratic requirements are lowered so that more
companies are attracted to the area.
The companies establishing in the area also get extra incentives for doing
business.
SEZs are an acknowledgement of the potential of export-led development
strategy in accelerating economic growth.
Government of India have notified Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Act 2005 and
notified Special Economic Zone Rules 2006 with a view to augmenting
infrastructure facilities for export production.
Setting up of Special Economic Zones are permitted in the public, private, joint
sector or by the State Governments
To Nation
To Business houses
To People
Employment opportunities
Impact on lifestyle and standard of living
Business infrastructure combined with social facilities
Better work culture , good education, leadership vision
To Business
Land acquisition
Single window actually is not
No strategic planning for electricity, water
To People
To Environment
Mangrove destruction
Destruction of ground water recharge system
Pollution
Land acquisition
Case study
Mahindra City –SEZ, Chennai –Auto Ancillaries M/s. Mahindra Industrial Park
Ltd24, College Road, Chennai 600 096.
About Mahindra Word City Developers Ltd Mahindra World City Developers Ltd
(MWCDL) is a PPP between the US$ 16.5 billion Mahindra Group and TIDCO (a
Govt. of Tamil Nadu undertaking).
Mahindra World City is an Integrated Business City and is fulfilling its endeavour
of creating a ―Sustainable Urban Community
The City has distinct zones for Industrial (SEZs & DTA), Residential, Social,
Retail and Commercial.
62 global companies including BMW, Infosys, Fujitec, NTN Corporation, Lear
Corporation, TVS Group of companies and Ingersoll Rand, have set up their
facilities within Mahindra World City.
The Residential/Social Zone master planned for 6000 homes is co-located in close
proximity to the Industrial Zone with varied social amenities built into the master
plan comprising residential units, school, hospital, business hotel, hostel, multiplex,
retail malls, and recreation and leisure facilities.
Mahindra World City has involved itself, with the support of NGOs, in skill up-
gradation and employability training, over 3000 village youth from the
neighbouring communities have received relevant training
2 Active Transport
Car use and parking policies play an important role in creating a safe, human-
oriented urban environment.
Since the 1980s, cars have dominated Brazilian cities.
Despite individual car trips accounting for 27.4 percent of all urban trips (or 36
percent in cities with over one million residents), car infrastructure is supported
with four times the amount of investment that public transit receives.
A mixture of land uses enhances the local economy by densifying and diversifying
the design of the community.
Mixed-use neighbourhoods favour short trips by foot or bike.
Similarly, buildings should minimize how much energy and water they consume and
require for building and maintenance.
6 Public Spaces
The purpose of public space is not only to enhance public life and social
interaction, but also to provide a safe environment for pedestrians and cyclists.
Public space is the place of encounter, exchange, and circulation within a
community.
All individuals have the right to access public spaces, regardless of personal,
social, or economic condition.
Integrated Townships
Large cities are getting over-crowded under the relentless march of urbanization.
An estimated 160 million people have moved to India’s cities in the last two
decades, and another 230 million are projected to move there within the next 20
years.
The exponential rise in the number of city dwellers is leading to an ever-
increasing demand for housing and urban infrastructure.
At the same time, the massive influx of people has strained India’s urban systems
to the point of breaking down, creating massive slums with inadequate housing,
sanitation, basic services and security.
The 2011 census indicates that there are 14 million households (or approximately
70 million people assuming an average household size of five people) living in slums
in India’s cities.
To cope with this demographic pressure, all our bigger cities are stretching their
boundaries.
The extension of the traditional city limit is spurred in large measure by the
expansion in real estate activity to accommodate the bulge in population.
Even the new master plans for all major cities are being resigned to facilitate the
expansion of city limits.
To ease the pressure on big cities and improve the quality of urban living, town
planners and policymakers are encouraging the setting up of integrated townships
as an effective development tool for building infrastructure in the newly marked
spaces beyond traditional city boundaries.
Setting up of self-contained integrated townships in a decentralized manner
offers a sensible solution to providing a more holistic living environment and
preventing the proliferation of unplanned urban villages.
In fact, integrated townships bring a raft of value propositions such as
affordability, convenience, and a relaxing lifestyle in one very attractive package
to modern urban planning and development
Gated Communities
Islands of world-class infrastructure in the midst of poverty struck city
Parking places for money
Land acquisition
Integrated Townships misunderstood for industrial towns
Missing Umbrella Integrated Township Policy
Fertile Lands being eaten up
Lack of Regional Integration
Case study
BHEL , Trichy.
Facilities
Housing
It is broadly divided into sectors namely A,B,C,D,E, Nehru Nagar, R,P,H and K.
The P,H, Nehru nagar and K are a little away from Kailasapuram and is called
Kamarajapuram.
There are major shopping centres in A,C,B and K sectors.
The quarters are also divided into Type 2, 3,4,5,6 and the Executive Directors
Bungalow.
Mango trees, coconut trees, lemon trees, almond trees, rain trees, flame trees,
tamarind trees and banana trees are very common in most households.
Shopping
Education
Entertainment
Kailasapuram club
Community centre
Millennium park
Roads
Guest Houses
Kailasapuramhas 3 guest houses namely the Kailash guest house, the Rock fort
Guest House (WRI Hostel) and the Kaveri guest house
K C Club
Kailasapuram Club (located within the BHEL Township premises) is an elite Club
that has been serving the entertainment needs of the BHEL Executive fraternity
and its families.
The Library,
The Reading room,
The Restaurant,
The Modern Gymnasium,
Swimming Pool,
Billiards and Snooker,
Table Tennis Room,
Open Air Theatre,
Badminton (Ball) Court,
Skating Rink,
Banquet Halls and Lawns and Children's Park
Banks
Kailasapuram has a SBI and an Employees' Co-Operative bank. It also has 3 SBI
ATM's, one ICICI ATM and one HDFC ATM.
Stadium
Kailasapuram has a huge stadium called the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium where the
1989 Ranji Trophy matches were held.
A vivid sports culture is established through the stadium.
Parade function is organised every year on 26 January and 15 August with full
enthusiasm.
All schools under BHEL trichy unit and security force of BHEL take part in it.
The ED of the unit gives speeches to the audience including company's highlights
with present and future plans associated.
Marriage Halls
2 MARKS
16 MARKS
1. What is Urban Renewal plan? Explain it with a case study / Discuss with a case
study anyone successful story of an Urban Renewal Plan.
2. Explain the following i) Rehabilitation ii) Redevelopment iii) Conservation
3. Explain the following i) Regional Plan ii) Land Utilisation Plan iii)Area Delineation
4. Explain the hierarchical system based on Size and Functions.
ANNA UNIVERSITY
PREVIOUS QUESTION
PAPER FOR
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND
PLANNING