AngularJS Tutorial

AngularJS - Overview
AngularJS is an open-source web application framework. It was originally developed in

2009 by Misko Hevery and Adam Abrons. It is now maintained by Google. Its latest version
is 1.2.21.
Definition of AngularJS as put by its official documentation is as follows −
AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web applications. It lets us use

HTML as the template language and lets us extend HTML's syntax to express the
application components clearly and succinctly. Its data binding and dependency
injection eliminate much of the code we currently have to write. And it all
happens within the browser, making it an ideal partner with any server
technology.
General Features
The general features of AngularJS are as follows −
 AngularJS is a efficient framework that can create Rich Internet Applications (RIA).
 AngularJS provides developers an options to write client side applications using
JavaScript in a clean Model View Controller (MVC) way.
 Applications written in AngularJS are cross-browser compliant. AngularJS

automatically handles JavaScript code suitable for each browser.
 AngularJS is open source, completely free, and used by thousands of developers

around the world. It is licensed under the Apache license version 2.0.
Overall, AngularJS is a framework to build large scale, high-performance, and easyto-

maintain web applications.
Core Features
The core features of AngularJS are as follows −
 Data-binding − It is the automatic synchronization of data between model and

view components.
 Scope − These are objects that refer to the model. They act as a glue between
controller and view.
 Controller − These are JavaScript functions bound to a particular scope.
 Services − AngularJS comes with several built-in services such as $http to make a
XMLHttpRequests. These are singleton objects which are instantiated only once in
app.
 Filters − These select a subset of items from an array and returns a new array.
 Directives − Directives are markers on DOM elements such as elements, attributes,

css, and more. These can be used to create custom HTML tags that serve as new,
custom widgets. AngularJS has built-in directives such as ngBind, ngModel, etc.
 Templates − These are the rendered view with information from the controller and
model. These can be a single file (such as index.html) or multiple views in one page
using partials.
 Routing − It is concept of switching views.
 Model View Whatever − MVW is a design pattern for dividing an application into
different parts called Model, View, and Controller, each with distinct responsibilities.
AngularJS does not implement MVC in the traditional sense, but rather something
closer to MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel). The Angular JS team refers it humorously
as Model View Whatever.
 Deep Linking − Deep linking allows to encode the state of application in the URL so
that it can be bookmarked. The application can then be restored from the URL to
the same state.
 Dependency Injection − AngularJS has a built-in dependency injection subsystem

that helps the developer to create, understand, and test the applications easily.
Concepts
The following diagram depicts some important parts of AngularJS which we will discuss in
detail in the subsequent chapters.
Advantages of AngularJS
The advantages of AngularJS are −
 It provides the capability to create Single Page Application in a very clean and
maintainable way.
 It provides data binding capability to HTML. Thus, it gives user a rich and responsive
experience.
 AngularJS code is unit testable.
 AngularJS uses dependency injection and make use of separation of concerns.
 AngularJS provides reusable components.
 With AngularJS, the developers can achieve more functionality with short code.
 In AngularJS, views are pure html pages, and controllers written in JavaScript do the
business processing.
On the top of everything, AngularJS applications can run on all major browsers and smart
phones, including Android and iOS based phones/tablets.
Disadvantages of AngularJS
Though AngularJS comes with a lot of merits, here are some points of concern −
 Not Secure − Being JavaScript only framework, application written in AngularJS are
not safe. Server side authentication and authorization is must to keep an application
secure.
 Not degradable − If the user of the application disables JavaScript, then nothing
would be visible, except the basic page.
AngularJS Directives
The AngularJS framework can be divided into three major parts −
 ng-app − This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

 ng-model − This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to HTML
input controls.
 ng-bind − This directive binds the AngularJS application data to HTML tags.
AngularJS - Environment Setup

This chapter describes how to set up AngularJS library to be used in web application
development. It also briefly describes the directory structure and its contents.
When we open the link https://angularjs.org/, we will see there are two options to
download AngularJS library −
 View on GitHub − By clicking on this button, we are diverted to GitHub and get all
the latest scripts.
 Download AngularJS 1 − By clicking on this button, a screen we get to see a
dialog box shown as −
This screen gives various options of using Angular JS as follows –
 Downloading and hosting files locally

o There are two different options : Legacy and Latest. The names themselves
are self-descriptive. The Legacy has version less than 1.2.x and the Latest
come with version 1.3.x.
o We can also go with the minimized, uncompressed, or zipped version.
 CDN access − We also have access to a CDN. The CDN gives us access to regional
data centers. In this case, the Google host. The CDN transfers the responsibility of
hosting files from our own servers to a series of external ones. It also offers an
advantage that if the visitor of the web page has already downloaded a copy of
AngularJS from the same CDN, there is no need to re-download it.
We are using the CDN versions of the library throughout this tutorial.
Example
Now let us write a simple example using AngularJS library. Let us create an HTML
file myfirstexample.html shown as below −
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script src = "angular.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body ng-app = "myapp">
<div ng-controller = "HelloController" >
<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Tutorialspoint!</h2>

</div>
<script>
angular.module("myapp", [])
.controller("HelloController", function($scope) {
$scope.helloTo = {};
$scope.helloTo.title = "AngularJS";
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
Let us go through the above code in detail −
Include AngularJS
We include the AngularJS JavaScript file in the HTML page so that we can use it −
<head>
<script src = "angular.min.js">
</script>
</head>
We can check the latest version of AngularJS on its official website.
Point to AngularJS app
Next, it is required to tell which part of HTML contains the AngularJS app. We can do this
by adding the ng-app attribute to the root HTML element of the AngularJS app. We can
either add it to the html element or the body element as shown below −
<body ng-app = "myapp">
</body>
View
The view is this part −
<div ng-controller = "HelloController" >
<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Tutorialspoint!</h2>
</div>
ng-controller tells AngularJS which controller to use with this view. helloTo.title tells
AngularJS to write the model value named helloTo.title in HTML at this location.
Controller
The controller part is −
<script>
angular.module("myapp", [])
.controller("HelloController", function($scope) {
$scope.helloTo = {};
$scope.helloTo.title = "AngularJS";
});
</script>
This code registers a controller function named HelloController in the angular module
named myapp. We will study more about modules and controllers in their respective
chapters. The controller function is registered in angular via the
angular.module(...).controller(...) function call.
The $scope parameter model is passed to the controller function. The controller function
adds a helloTo JavaScript object, and in that object it adds a title field.
Execution
Save the above code as myfirstexample.html and open it in any browser. We get to see the
following output −
Welcome AngularJS to the world of Tutorialspoint!
What happens when the page is loaded in the browser ? Let us see −
 HTML document is loaded into the browser, and evaluated by the browser.
 AngularJS JavaScript file is loaded, the angular global object is created.
 The JavaScript which registers controller functions is executed.
 Next, AngularJS scans through the HTML to search for AngularJS apps as well as
views.
 Once the view is located, it connects that view to the corresponding controller
function.
 Next, AngularJS executes the controller functions.
 It then renders the views with data from the model populated by the controller. The
page is now ready.
AngularJS - MVC Architecture

Model View Controller or MVC as it is popularly called, is a software design pattern for
developing web applications. A Model View Controller pattern is made up of the following
three parts −
 Model − It is the lowest level of the pattern responsible for maintaining data.
 View − It is responsible for displaying all or a portion of the data to the user.
 Controller − It is a software Code that controls the interactions between the Model
and View.
MVC is popular because it isolates the application logic from the user interface layer and
supports separation of concerns. The controller receives all requests for the application and
then works with the model to prepare any data needed by the view. The view then uses
the data prepared by the controller to generate a final presentable response. The MVC
abstraction can be graphically represented as follows.
The Model
The model is responsible for managing application data. It responds to the request from
view and to the instructions from controller to update itself.
The View
A presentation of data in a particular format, triggered by the controller's decision to
present the data. They are script-based template systems such as JSP, ASP, PHP and very
easy to integrate with AJAX technology.
The Controller
The controller responds to user input and performs interactions on the data model objects.
The controller receives input, validates it, and then performs business operations that
modify the state of the data model.
AngularJS is a MVC based framework. In the coming chapters, we will see how AngularJS
uses MVC methodology.
AngularJS - First Application

Before creating actual Hello World ! application using AngularJS, let us see the parts of a
AngularJS application. An AngularJS application consists of following three important parts
−
 ng-app − This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

 ng-model − This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to HTML
input controls.
 ng-bind − This directive binds the AngularJS Application data to HTML tags.
Creating AngularJS Application
Step 1: Load framework
Being a pure JavaScript framework, it can be added using <Script> tag.
<script
src = "angular.min.js">
</script>
Step 2: Define AngularJS application using ng-app directive
<div ng-app = "">
...
</div>
Step 3: Define a model name using ng-model directive
<p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>
Step 4: Bind the value of above model defined using ng-bind directive
<p>Hello <span ng-bind = "name"></span>!</p>
Executing AngularJS Application

Use the above-mentioned three steps in an HTML page.
testAngularJS.htm
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS First Application</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Sample Application</h1>
<div ng-app = "">
</div>
</script>
</body>
</html>
How AngularJS Integrates with HTML

 The ng-app directive indicates the start of AngularJS application.
 The ng-model directive creates a model variable named name, which can be used
with the HTML page and within the div having ng-app directive.
 The ng-bind then uses the name model to be displayed in the HTML <span> tag
whenever user enters input in the text box.
 Closing</div> tag indicates the end of AngularJS application.

AngularJS - Directives
AngularJS directives are used to extend HTML. They are special attributes starting with ng-
prefix. Let us discuss the following directives −
 ng-app − This directive starts an AngularJS Application.

 ng-init − This directive initializes application data.
 ng-model − This directive defines the model that is variable to be used in

AngularJS.
 ng-repeat − This directive repeats HTML elements for each item in a collection.
ng-app directive
The ng-app directive starts an AngularJS Application. It defines the root element. It
automatically initializes or bootstraps the application when the web page containing
AngularJS Application is loaded. It is also used to load various AngularJS modules in
AngularJS Application. In the following example, we define a default AngularJS application
using ng-app attribute of a <div> element.
<div ng-app = "">
...
</div>
ng-init directive
The ng-init directive initializes an AngularJS Application data. It is used to assign values to
the variables. In the following example, we initialize an array of countries. We use JSON
syntax to define the array of countries.
<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "countries = [{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},
{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'}, {locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">
...
</div>
ng-model directive
The ng-model directive defines the model/variable to be used in AngularJS Application. In
the following example, we define a model named name.
<div ng-app = "">
...
</div>
ng-repeat directive
The ng-repeat directive repeats HTML elements for each item in a collection. In the
following example, we iterate over the array of countries.
<div ng-app = "">
...
<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>
<ol>
<li ng-repeat = "country in countries">
{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}
</li>
</ol>
</div>
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS Directives</title>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "countries = [{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},
{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'}, {locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">
<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>
<ol>
<li ng-repeat = "country in countries">
{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Expressions
Expressions are used to bind application data to HTML. Expressions are written inside
double curly braces such as in {{ expression}}. Expressions behave similar to ngbind
directives. AngularJS expressions are pure JavaScript expressions and output the data
where they are used.
Using numbers
<p>Expense on Books : {{cost * quantity}} Rs</p>
Using Strings
<p>Hello {{student.firstname + " " + student.lastname}}!</p>
Using Object
<p>Roll No: {{student.rollno}}</p>
Using Array
<p>Marks(Math): {{marks[3]}}</p>
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS Expressions</title>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "quantity = 1;cost = 30;
student = {firstname:'Mahesh',lastname:'Parashar',rollno:101};
marks = [80,90,75,73,60]">
<p>Hello {{student.firstname + " " + student.lastname}}!</p>
<p>Expense on Books : {{cost * quantity}} Rs</p>
<p>Roll No: {{student.rollno}}</p>

<p>Marks(Math): {{marks[3]}}</p>
</div>
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Controllers
AngularJS application mainly relies on controllers to control the flow of data in the
application. A controller is defined using ng-controller directive. A controller is a JavaScript
object that contains attributes/properties, and functions. Each controller accepts $scope as
a parameter, which refers to the application/module that the controller needs to handle.
<div ng-app = "" ng-controller = "studentController">
...
</div>
Here, we declare a controller named studentController, using the ng-controller directive.

We define it as follows −
<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Mahesh",
lastName: "Parashar",
fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
};
</script>
 The studentController is defined as a JavaScript object with $scope as an argument.

 The $scope refers to application which uses the studentController object.
 The $scope.student is a property of studentController object.
 The firstName and the lastName are two properties of $scope.student object. We
pass the default values to them.
 The property fullName is the function of $scope.student object, which returns the
combined name.
 In the fullName function, we get the student object and then return the combined
name.
 As a note, we can also define the controller object in a separate JS file and refer that
file in the HTML page.
Now we can use studentController's student property using ng-model or using expressions
as follows −
Enter first name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"><br>
Enter last name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName"><br>
<br>
You are entering: {{student.fullName()}}
 We bound student.firstName and student.lastname to two input boxes.

 We bound student.fullName() to HTML.
 Now whenever we type anything in first name and last name input boxes, we can
see the full name getting updated automatically.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Controller</title>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "studentController">
Enter first name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"><br>
<br>
Enter last name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName"><br>
<br>
You are entering: {{student.fullName()}}
</div>
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.controller('studentController', function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
var studentObject;
};
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Filters
Filters are used to modify the data. They can be clubbed in expressions or directives using
pipe (|) character. The following list shows the commonly used filters.
Sr.No. Name & Description
1 uppercase
converts a text to upper case text.
2 lowercase
converts a text to lower case text.
3 currency
formats text in a currency format.
4 filter
filter the array to a subset of it based on provided criteria.

5 orderby
orders the array based on provided criteria.
Uppercase Filter
Add uppercase filter to an expression using pipe character. Here we've added uppercase
filter to print student name in all capital letters.
Enter first name:<input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName">
Enter last name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName">
Name in Upper Case: {{student.fullName() | uppercase}}
Lowercase Filter
Add lowercase filter to an expression using pipe character. Here we've added lowercase
filter to print student name in all lowercase letters.
Enter first name:<input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName">
Enter last name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName">
Name in Lower Case: {{student.fullName() | lowercase}}
Currency Filter
Add currency filter to an expression returning number using pipe character. Here we've
added currency filter to print fees using currency format.
Enter fees: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.fees">
fees: {{student.fees | currency}}
Filter
To display only required subjects, we use subjectName as filter.
Enter subject: <input type = "text" ng-model = "subjectName">
Subject:
<ul>
<li ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects | filter: subjectName">
{{ subject.name + ', marks:' + subject.marks }}
</li>
</ul>
OrderBy Filter
To order subjects by marks, we use orderBy marks.
Subject:
<ul>
<li ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects | orderBy:'marks'">
</li>
</ul>
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Filters</title>
</script>
</head>
<body>

<table border = "0">
<tr>
<td>Enter first name:</td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter last name: </td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter fees: </td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.fees"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter subject: </td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "subjectName"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br/>
<tr>
<td>Name in Upper Case: </td><td>{{student.fullName() | uppercase}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Name in Lower Case: </td><td>{{student.fullName() | lowercase}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fees: </td><td>{{student.fees | currency}}
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subject:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects | filter: subjectName |

orderBy:'marks'">
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<script>
$scope.student = {
fees:500,
subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65}
],
var studentObject;
};
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Tables
Table data is generally repeatable. The ng-repeat directive can be used to draw table
easily. The following example shows the use of ng-repeat directive to draw a table −
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
<tr ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects">
<td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>
Table can be styled using CSS Styling.
<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Table</title>
<style>
table, th , td {
padding: 5px;
</style>
</head>
<body>

<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
<td>{{student.fullName()}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subject:</td>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>.
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<script>
$scope.student = {
fees:500,
subjects:[
{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
],
var studentObject;
};
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - HTML DOM

The following directives are used to bind application data to the attributes of HTML DOM
elements −
Sr.No. Name & Description
1 ng-disabled
disables a given control.
2 ng-show
shows a given control.
3 ng-hide
hides a given control.
4 ng-click
represents a AngularJS click event.
ng-disabled Directive
Add ng-disabled attribute to an HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to a
checkbox and see the variation.
<input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "enableDisableButton">Disable Button
<button ng-disabled = "enableDisableButton">Click Me!</button>
ng-show Directive
Add ng-show attribute to an HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to a
<input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "showHide1">Show Button
<button ng-show = "showHide1">Click Me!</button>
ng-hide Directive
Add ng-hide attribute to an HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to a
<input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "showHide2">Hide Button
<button ng-hide = "showHide2">Click Me!</button>
ng-click Directive
Add ng-click attribute to an HTML button and update a model. Bind the model to HTML and
see the variation.
<p>Total click: {{ clickCounter }}</p>
<button ng-click = "clickCounter = clickCounter + 1">Click Me!</button>
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS HTML DOM</title>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-app = "">
<tr>
<td><input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "enableDisableButton">Disable

Button</td>
<td><button ng-disabled = "enableDisableButton">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "showHide1">Show Button</td>
<td><button ng-show = "showHide1">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "showHide2">Hide Button</td>
<td><button ng-hide = "showHide2">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p>Total click: {{ clickCounter }}</p></td>
<td><button ng-click = "clickCounter = clickCounter + 1">Click Me!

</button></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Modules
AngularJS supports modular approach. Modules are used to separate logic such as services,
controllers, application etc. from the code and maintain the code clean. We define modules
in separate js files and name them as per the module.js file. In the following example, we
are going to create two modules −
 Application Module − used to initialize an application with controller(s).

 Controller Module − used to define the controller.
Application Module
Here is a file named mainApp.js that contains the following code −
Here, we declare an application mainApp module using angular.module function and pass
an empty array to it. This array generally contains dependent modules.
Controller Module
studentController.js
mainApp.controller("studentController", function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
fees:500,
subjects:[
],
var studentObject;
};
});
Here, we declare a controller studentController module using mainApp.controller

function.
Use Modules
...
<script src = "mainApp.js"></script>
<script src = "studentController.js"></script>

</div>
Here, we use application module using ng-app directive, and controller using ngcontroller
directive. We import the mainApp.js and studentController.js in the main HTML page.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Modules</title>
<script src = "/angularjs/src/module/mainApp.js"></script>
<script src = "/angularjs/src/module/studentController.js"></script>
<style>
table, th , td {
padding: 5px;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subject:</td>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
mainApp.js
studentController.js
mainApp.controller("studentController", function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
fees:500,
subjects:[
],
var studentObject;
};
});
AngularJS - Forms
AngularJS enriches form filling and validation. We can use ng-click event to handle the click
button and use $dirty and $invalid flags to do the validation in a seamless way. Use
novalidate with a form declaration to disable any browser-specific validation. The form
controls make heavy use of AngularJS events. Let us have a look at the events first.
Events
AngularJS provides multiple events associated with the HTML controls. For example, ng-
click directive is generally associated with a button. AngularJS supports the following
events −
 ng-click
 ng-dbl-click
 ng-mousedown
 ng-mouseup
 ng-mouseenter
 ng-mouseleave
 ng-mousemove
 ng-mouseover
 ng-keydown
 ng-keyup
 ng-keypress
 ng-change
ng-click
Reset data of a form using on-click directive of a button.
<input name = "firstname" type = "text" ng-model = "firstName" required>
<input name = "lastname" type = "text" ng-model = "lastName" required>
<input name = "email" type = "email" ng-model = "email" required>
<button ng-click = "reset()">Reset</button>
<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.reset = function() {
$scope.firstName = "Mahesh";
$scope.lastName = "Parashar";
$scope.email = "MaheshParashar@tutorialspoint.com";
$scope.reset();
</script>
Validate Data
The following can be used to track error.
 $dirty − states that value has been changed.

 $invalid − states that value entered is invalid.
 $error − states the exact error.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
<style>
table, th , td {
padding: 5px;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<form name = "studentForm" novalidate>
<tr>
<td><input name = "firstname" type = "text" ng-model = "firstName"

required>
<span style = "color:red" ng-show = "studentForm.firstname.$dirty &&

studentForm.firstname.$invalid">
<span ng-show = "studentForm.firstname.$error.required">First Name is

required.</span>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input name = "lastname" type = "text" ng-model = "lastName"

required>
<span style = "color:red" ng-show = "studentForm.lastname.$dirty &&

studentForm.lastname.$invalid">
<span ng-show = "studentForm.lastname.$error.required">Last Name is

required.</span>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Email: </td><td><input name = "email" type = "email" ng-model =

"email" length = "100" required>
<span style = "color:red" ng-show = "studentForm.email.$dirty &&

studentForm.email.$invalid">
<span ng-show = "studentForm.email.$error.required">Email is

required.</span>
<span ng-show = "studentForm.email.$error.email">Invalid email

address.</span>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<button ng-click = "reset()">Reset</button>
</td>
<td>
<button ng-disabled = "studentForm.firstname.$dirty &&
studentForm.firstname.$invalid || studentForm.lastname.$dirty &&
studentForm.lastname.$invalid || studentForm.email.$dirty &&
studentForm.email.$invalid" ng-click="submit()">Submit</button>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</div>
<script>
$scope.reset = function() {
$scope.firstName = "Mahesh";
$scope.lastName = "Parashar";
$scope.email = "MaheshParashar@tutorialspoint.com";
$scope.reset();
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Includes
HTML does not support embedding HTML pages within the HTML page. To achieve this
functionality, we can use one of the following options −
 Using Ajax − Make a server call to get the corresponding HTML page and set it in
the innerHTML of HTML control.
 Using Server Side Includes − JSP, PHP and other web side server technologies
can include HTML pages within a dynamic page.
Using AngularJS, we can embed HTML pages within an HTML page using ng-include
directive.
<div ng-include = "'main.htm'"></div>
<div ng-include = "'subjects.htm'"></div>
</div>
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Includes</title>
</script>
<style>
table, th , td {
padding: 5px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-include = "'/angularjs/src/include/main.htm'"></div>
<div ng-include = "'/angularjs/src/include/subjects.htm'"></div>
</div>
<script>
$scope.student = {
fees:500,
subjects:[
],
var studentObject;
};
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
main.htm
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
</tr>
</table>
subjects.htm
<p>Subjects:</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
Output
To execute this example, we need to deploy testAngularJS.htm, main.htm, and
subjects.htm to a web server. Open the file testAngularJS.htm using the URL of the server
in a web browser and see the result.
AngularJS - Ajax
AngularJS provides $http control which works as a service to read data from the server.
The server makes a database call to get the desired records. AngularJS needs data in JSON
format. Once the data is ready, $http can be used to get the data from server in the
following manner −
function studentController($scope,$https:) {
var url = "data.txt";
$https:.get(url).success( function(response) {
$scope.students = response;
});
Here, the file data.txt contains student records. $http service makes an ajax call and sets
response to its property students. students model can be used to draw tables in HTML.
Example
data.txt
"Name" : "Mahesh Parashar",
"RollNo" : 101,
"Percentage" : "80%"
},
"Name" : "Dinkar Kad",

"RollNo" : 201,
},
"Name" : "Robert",
"RollNo" : 191,
},
"Name" : "Julian Joe",
"RollNo" : 111,
testAngularJS.htm
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Includes</title>
<style>
table, th , td {
padding: 5px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Roll No</th>
<th>Percentage</th>
</tr>
<tr ng-repeat = "student in students">
<td>{{ student.Name }}</td>
<td>{{ student.RollNo }}</td>
<td>{{ student.Percentage }}</td>

</tr>
</table>
</div>
<script>
function studentController($scope,$http) {
var url = "/data.txt";
$http.get(url).then( function(response) {
$scope.students = response.data;
});
</script>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js">
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
To execute this example, we need to deploy testAngularJS.htm and data.txt file to a web
server. Open the file testAngularJS.htm using the URL of the server in a web browser and
see the result.
AngularJS - Views
AngularJS supports Single Page Application via multiple views on a single page. To do this,
AngularJS has provided ng-view and ng-template directives, and $routeProvider services.
ng-view Directive
The ng-view directive simply creates a place holder where a corresponding view (HTML or
ng-template view) can be placed based on the configuration.
Usage
Define a div with ng-view within the main module.
<div ng-app = "mainApp">
...
<div ng-view></div>
</div>
ng-template Directive
The ng-template directive is used to create an HTML view using script tag. It
contains id attribute which is used by $routeProvider to map a view with a controller.
Usage
Define a script block with type as ng-template within the main module.
...
<script type = "text/ng-template" id = "addStudent.htm">
<h2> Add Student </h2>
{{message}}
</script>
</div>
$routeProvider Service
The $routeProvider is a key service which sets the configuration of URLs, maps them with
the corresponding HTML page or ng-template, and attaches a controller with the same.
Usage 1
Define a script block with type as ng-template within the main module.
...
{{message}}
</script>
</div>
Usage 2
Define a script block with main module and set the routing configuration.
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", ['ngRoute']);
mainApp.config(['$routeProvider', function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider
.when('/addStudent', {
templateUrl: 'addStudent.htm', controller: 'AddStudentController'
})
.when('/viewStudents', {
templateUrl: 'viewStudents.htm', controller: 'ViewStudentsController'

})
.otherwise ({
redirectTo: '/addStudent'
});
}]);
The following points are important to be considered in the above example −
 $routeProvider is defined as a function under config of mainApp module using key as

'$routeProvider'.
 $routeProvider.when defines a URL "/addStudent", which is mapped to
"addStudent.htm". addStudent.htm should be present in the same path as main
HTML page. If the HTML page is not defined, then ng-template needs to be used
with id="addStudent.htm". We used ng-template.
 "otherwise" is used to set the default view.
 "controller" is used to set the corresponding controller for the view.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Views</title>
<script src = "angular-route.min.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>

<p><a href = "#addStudent">Add Student</a></p>
<p><a href = "#viewStudents">View Students</a></p>
<div ng-view></div>
{{message}}
</script>
<script type = "text/ng-template" id = "viewStudents.htm">
<h2> View Students </h2>
{{message}}
</script>
</div>
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", ['ngRoute']);
mainApp.config(['$routeProvider', function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider
.when('/addStudent', {
templateUrl: 'addStudent.htm',
controller: 'AddStudentController'
})
.when('/viewStudents', {
templateUrl: 'viewStudents.htm',
controller: 'ViewStudentsController'
})
.otherwise({
redirectTo: '/addStudent'
});
}]);
mainApp.controller('AddStudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.message = "This page will be used to display add student form";
});
mainApp.controller('ViewStudentsController', function($scope) {
$scope.message = "This page will be used to display all the students";
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Scopes
Scope is a special JavaScript object that connects controller with views. Scope contains
model data. In controllers, model data is accessed via $scope object.
<script>
mainApp.controller("shapeController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In shape controller";
$scope.type = "Shape";
});
</script>
The following important points are considered in above example −
 The $scope is passed as first argument to controller during its constructor definition.
 The $scope.message and $scope.type are the models which are used in the HTML
page.
 We assign values to models that are reflected in the application module, whose
controller is shapeController.
 We can define functions in $scope.
Scope Inheritance
Scope is controller-specific. If we define nested controllers, then the child controller inherits
the scope of its parent controller.
<script>
});
mainApp.controller("circleController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In circle controller";
});
</script>
The following important points are considered in above example −
 We assign values to the models in shapeController.

 We override message in child controller named circleController. When message is
used within the module of controller named circleController, the overridden
message is used.
Example
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "shapeController">
<p>{{message}} <br/> {{type}} </p>
<div ng-controller = "circleController">
</div>
<div ng-controller = "squareController">
</div>
</div>
</script>
<script>
});
mainApp.controller("circleController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In circle controller";
});
mainApp.controller("squareController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In square controller";
$scope.type = "Square";
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Services
AngularJS supports the concept of Separation of Concerns using services architecture.
Services are JavaScript functions, which are responsible to perform only specific tasks. This
makes them individual entities which are maintainable and testable. The controllers and
filters can call them on requirement basis. Services are normally injected using the
dependency injection mechanism of AngularJS.
AngularJS provides many inbuilt services. For example, $http, $route, $window, $location,
etc. Each service is responsible for a specific task such as the $http is used to make ajax
call to get the server data, the $route is used to define the routing information, and so on.
The inbuilt services are always prefixed with $ symbol.
There are two ways to create a service −
 Factory
 Service
Using Factory Method

In this method, we first define a factory and then assign method to it.
mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};
factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b
return factory;
});
Using Service Method

In this method, we define a service and then assign method to it. We also inject an already
available service to it.
mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService) {
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
});
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Services</title>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "CalcController">
<p>Enter a number: <input type = "number" ng-model = "number" /></p>
<button ng-click = "square()">X<sup>2</sup></button>
<p>Result: {{result}}</p>
</div>
<script>
var factory = {};
return a * b
return factory;
});
});
mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService) {
$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Dependency Injection

Dependency Injection is a software design in which components are given their
dependencies instead of hard coding them within the component. It relieves a component
from locating the dependency and makes dependencies configurable. It also helps in
making components reusable, maintainable and testable.
AngularJS provides a supreme Dependency Injection mechanism. It provides following core
components which can be injected into each other as dependencies.
 Value
 Factory
 Service
 Provider
 Constant
Value
Value is a simple JavaScript object, which is required to pass values to the controller during
config phase (config phase is when AngularJS bootstraps itself).
//define a module
//create a value object as "defaultInput" and pass it a data.
mainApp.value("defaultInput", 5);
...
//inject the value in the controller using its name "defaultInput"
mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService, defaultInput) {
$scope.number = defaultInput;
});
Factory
Factory is a function which is used to return value. It creates a value on demand whenever
a service or a controller requires it. It generally uses a factory function to calculate and
return the value.
//define a module
//create a factory "MathService" which provides a method multiply to return multiplication

of two numbers
var factory = {};
return a * b
return factory;
});
//inject the factory "MathService" in a service to utilize the multiply method of factory.
});
...
Service
Service is a singleton JavaScript object containing a set of functions to perform certain
tasks. Service is defined using service() function and it is then injected into the controllers.
//define a module
...
//create a service which defines a method square to return square of a number.
});
//inject the service "CalcService" into the controller
});
Provider
Provider is used by AngularJS internally to create services, factory, etc. during the config
phase. The following script can be used to create MathService that we created earlier.
Provider is a special factory method with get() method which is used to return the
value/service/factory.
//define a module
...
//create a service using provider which defines a method square to return square of a
number.
mainApp.config(function($provide) {
$provide.provider('MathService', function() {
this.$get = function() {
var factory = {};
return a * b;
return factory;
};
});
});
Constant
Constants are used to pass values at the config phase considering the fact that value
cannot be used during the config phase.
mainApp.constant("configParam", "constant value");
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS Dependency Injection</title>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "CalcController">
<p>Enter a number: <input type = "number" ng-model = "number" /></p>
<button ng-click = "square()">X<sup>2</sup></button>
<p>Result: {{result}}</p>
</div>
</script>
<script>
mainApp.config(function($provide) {
$provide.provider('MathService', function() {
this.$get = function() {
var factory = {};
return a * b;
}
return factory;
};
});
});
mainApp.value("defaultInput", 5);
var factory = {};
return a * b;
return factory;
});
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Custom Directives

Custom directives are used in AngularJS to extend the functionality of HTML. Custom
directives are defined using "directive" function. A custom directive simply replaces the
element for which it is activated. AngularJS application during bootstrap finds the matching
elements and do one time activity using its compile() method of the custom directive then
process the element using link() method of the custom directive based on the scope of the
directive. AngularJS provides support to create custom directives for following type of
elements.
 Element directives − Directive activates when a matching element is encountered.

 Attribute − Directive activates when a matching attribute is encountered.
 CSS − Directive activates when a matching css style is encountered.
 Comment − Directive activates when a matching comment is encountered.
Understanding Custom Directive

Define custom html tags.
<student name = "Mahesh"></student><br/>
<student name = "Piyush"></student>
Define custom directive to handle above custom html tags.

//Create a directive, first parameter is the html element to be attached.
//We are attaching student html tag.
//This directive will be activated as soon as any student element is encountered in html
mainApp.directive('student', function() {
//define the directive object
var directive = {};
//restrict = E, signifies that directive is Element directive
directive.restrict = 'E';
//template replaces the complete element with its text.
directive.template = "Student: <b>{{student.name}}</b> ,
Roll No: <b>{{student.rollno}}</b>";
//scope is used to distinguish each student element based on criteria.
directive.scope = {
student : "=name"
//compile is called during application initialization. AngularJS calls
it once when html page is loaded.
directive.compile = function(element, attributes) {

element.css("border", "1px solid #cccccc");
//linkFunction is linked with each element with scope to get the element specific data.
var linkFunction = function($scope, element, attributes) {
element.html("Student: <b>"+$scope.student.name +"</b> ,
Roll No: <b>"+$scope.student.rollno+"</b><br/>");
element.css("background-color", "#ff00ff");
return linkFunction;
return directive;
});
Define controller to update the scope for directive. Here we are using name attribute's
value as scope's child.
mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.Mahesh = {};
$scope.Mahesh.name = "Mahesh Parashar";
$scope.Mahesh.rollno = 1;
$scope.Piyush = {};
$scope.Piyush.name = "Piyush Parashar";
$scope.Piyush.rollno = 2;
});
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Custom Directives</title>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "StudentController">
<student name = "Mahesh"></student><br/>
<student name = "Piyush"></student>
</div>
</script>
<script>
mainApp.directive('student', function() {
var directive = {};
directive.restrict = 'E';
directive.template = "Student: <b>{{student.name}}</b> ,
Roll No: <b>{{student.rollno}}</b>";

directive.scope = {
student : "=name"
directive.compile = function(element, attributes) {
element.css("border", "1px solid #cccccc");
var linkFunction = function($scope, element, attributes) {
element.html("Student: <b>"+$scope.student.name +"</b> ,
Roll No: <b>"+$scope.student.rollno+"</b><br/>");
element.css("background-color", "#ff00ff");
return linkFunction;
return directive;
});
$scope.Mahesh = {};
$scope.Mahesh.name = "Mahesh Parashar";
$scope.Mahesh.rollno = 1;
$scope.Piyush = {};
$scope.Piyush.name = "Piyush Parashar";

$scope.Piyush.rollno = 2;
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
AngularJS - Internationalization
AngularJS supports inbuilt internationalization for three types of filters : Currency, Date,
and Numbers. We only need to incorporate corresponding java script according to locale of
the country. By default, it considers the locale of the browser. For example, for Danish
locale, use the following script −
<script src = "https://code.angularjs.org/1.2.5/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js">
</script>
Example Using Danish Locale
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
{{fees | currency }} <br/><br/>
{{admissiondate | date }} <br/><br/>

{{rollno | number }}
</div>
</script>
<script src = "https://code.angularjs.org/1.3.14/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js">
</script>
<script>
$scope.fees = 100;
$scope.admissiondate = new Date();
$scope.rollno = 123.45;
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
Example Using Browser Locale
testAngularJS.htm
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
{{fees | currency }} <br/><br/>
{{admissiondate | date }} <br/><br/>
{{rollno | number }}
</div>
</script>

<script>
$scope.fees = 100;
$scope.admissiondate = new Date();
$scope.rollno = 123.45;
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

AngularJS Tutorial

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AngularJS Tutorial

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AngularJS - Overview

AngularJS is an open-source web application framework. It was originally developed in

Definition of AngularJS as put by its official documentation is as follows −

AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web applications. It lets us use

 Applications written in AngularJS are cross-browser compliant. AngularJS

 AngularJS is open source, completely free, and used by thousands of developers

Overall, AngularJS is a framework to build large scale, high-performance, and easyto-

 Data-binding − It is the automatic synchronization of data between model and

 Controller − These are JavaScript functions bound to a particular scope.

 Directives − Directives are markers on DOM elements such as elements, attributes,

 Routing − It is concept of switching views.

 Dependency Injection − AngularJS has a built-in dependency injection subsystem

 AngularJS code is unit testable.

 AngularJS uses dependency injection and make use of separation of concerns.

 AngularJS provides reusable components.

 ng-app − This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

AngularJS - Environment Setup

This screen gives various options of using Angular JS as follows –

 Downloading and hosting files locally

o We can also go with the minimized, uncompressed, or zipped version.

<script src = "angular.min.js"></script>

<body ng-app = "myapp">

<div ng-controller = "HelloController" >

<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Tutorialspoint!</h2>

Let us go through the above code in detail −

<script src = "angular.min.js">

We can check the latest version of AngularJS on its official website.

Point to AngularJS app

The view is this part −

<div ng-controller = "HelloController" >

<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Tutorialspoint!</h2>

The controller part is −

Welcome AngularJS to the world of Tutorialspoint!

 The JavaScript which registers controller functions is executed.

 Next, AngularJS executes the controller functions.

AngularJS - MVC Architecture

AngularJS - First Application

 ng-app − This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

Creating AngularJS Application

Step 1: Load framework

Being a pure JavaScript framework, it can be added using <Script> tag.

Step 2: Define AngularJS application using ng-app directive

<div ng-app = "">

Step 3: Define a model name using ng-model directive

<p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>

<p>Hello <span ng-bind = "name"></span>!</p>

Executing AngularJS Application

<title>AngularJS First Application</title>

<div ng-app = "">

<p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>

<p>Hello <span ng-bind = "name"></span>!</p>

<script src = "angular.min.js">

How AngularJS Integrates with HTML

 Closing</div> tag indicates the end of AngularJS application.

 ng-app − This directive starts an AngularJS Application.

 ng-model − This directive defines the model that is variable to be used in

<div ng-app = "">

<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "countries = [{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},

{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'}, {locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">

<p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>

<div ng-app = "">

<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>

<li ng-repeat = "country in countries">

{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}

<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "countries = [{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},

{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'}, {locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">

<p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>

<p>Hello <span ng-bind = "name"></span>!</p>

<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>

<li ng-repeat = "country in countries">

{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}

<script src = "angular.min.js">

<p>Hello {{student.firstname + " " + student.lastname}}!</p>

<p>Roll No: {{student.rollno}}</p>

<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "quantity = 1;cost = 30;

<p>Hello {{student.firstname + " " + student.lastname}}!</p>