Football: Rules Book

2008 NFHS
FOOTBALL
® RULES BOOK
ROBERT F. KANABY, Publisher

Bob Colgate, Editor
NFHS Publications
To maintain the sound traditions of this sport, encourage sportsmanship and minimize
the inherent risk of injury, the National Federation of State High School Associations
writes playing rules for varsity competition among student-athletes of high school age.
High school coaches, officials and administrators who have knowledge and experience
regarding this particular sport and age group volunteer their time to serve on the rules
committee. Member associations of the NFHS independently make decisions regarding
compliance with or modification of these playing rules for the student-athletes in their
respective states.
NFHS rules are used by education-based and non-education-based organizations serving
children of varying skill levels who are of high school age and younger. In order to make
NFHS rules skill-level and age-level appropriate, the rules may be modified by any orga-
nization that chooses to use them. Except as may be specifically noted in this rules book,
the NFHS makes no recommendation about the nature or extent of the modifications that
may be appropriate for children who are younger or less skilled than high school varsity
athletes.
Every individual using these rules is responsible for prudent judgment with respect to
each contest, athlete and facility, and each athlete is responsible for exercising caution
and good sportsmanship. These rules should be interpreted and applied so as to make
reasonable accommodations for disabled athletes, coaches and officials.
© 2008, This rules book has been copyrighted by the National Federation of State
High School Associations with the United States Copyright Office. No one may
republish any material contained herein without the prior written consent of the NFHS.
Republication of all or any portion of this rules book on the Internet is expressly prohibited.
Published by the NATIONAL FEDERATION OF STATE HIGH SCHOOL ASSOCIATIONS,
PO Box 690, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206; Phone: 317-972-6900, Fax: 317.822.5700,
www.nfhs.org. Cover photos courtesy of 20/20 Photographic, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan.
2008 NFHS Football Rules Changes
1-2-3a White is the recommended color for all field markings. The rule continues to allow the use
of other colors for field markings, when appropriate.
1-2-3d; The restraining line can now be either solid or broken. It is recommended that a broken line
NEW 2-26-8 be used and marked by placing 12-inch-long lines separated at 24-inch intervals. Only
game officials are allowed in the area marked by the restraining line.
1-5-1b,d,h Hip pads, tailbone protector, knee pads and thigh guards must not be altered from the manu-
facturer’s original design/production. Shinguards, if worn, must meet NOCSAE specifications.
1-5-2b, A hand pad is now defined as a covering for the hand which may have separate openings for
NOTE each finger and thumb, is absent of any web-like material between the fingers and/or
thumb, and not covering each finger and thumb. The implementation date for a mandatory
securely attached label or stamp has been changed from 2008 to 2012.
2-16-2e; Four changes in the playing rules were refined regarding the penalty options for teams that
3-3-4b; score but were fouled during the play. Rule 2-16-2e was clarified (along with Rule 10-2-4)
8-2-2; to revise the definition of a multiple foul to stipulate that a team must foul twice during the
8-2-3; same down to commit multiple fouls. Rule 3-3-4b was amended to clarify issues at the end
10-2-4 of the half, and along with amendments to Rules 8-2-2 and 8-2-3, clearly stipulate that fouls
by the opponent of the scoring team on the last timed down of the first half can carry over
to the second-half kickoff, however fouls by the opponent of the scoring team on the last
timed down of the second half cannot carry over to overtime.
3-5-1 The option to carry over unused second-half time-outs into overtime has been removed.
The NFHS-recommended Resolving Tied Games procedure continues to provide for one
time-out per overtime period with the revisions stipulating that unused time-outs do not
carry to subsequent overtime periods.
3-5-2a, The head coach can now designate another coach for the purpose of requesting time-outs.
NOTE The designee shall remain in place for the entire game except in case of emergency.
4-2-3 The inadvertent whistle rule has been clarified. The new wording indicates the options avail-
able in a simpler form and makes the choosing of an option an easier process to under-
stand.
9-9 PENALTY Hiding the ball under the jersey will now be enforced as a basic spot foul using the all-but-
one principle.
New 9-9-4; No player shall use a kicking tee in violation of Rule 1-3-4. The use of an illegal kicking tee
9-9 PENALTY will now be penalized as an unfair act committed by the player. Acceptance of this foul on a
try or field goal will nullify any points scored, with the penalty enforced as a basic spot foul
using the all-but-one principle.
10-4-6; The change to Rule 10-4-6 allows the same enforcement for either team by defining the
10-4-7 basic spot as the 20-yard line for this type of foul (15-yard line in nine-, eight-, and six-
player). A change to Rule 10-4-7 helps clarify the basic spot on running plays for fouls by
the opponent of the team in possession when the team in possession puts the ball in the
end zone and, subsequently, possession is lost.
Editorial and Other Changes
1-5-1a; 1-5-1f-1b; 1-5-1f2; 1-5-3b; 1-5-3c; 1-5-3l-3; 1-5-4; 1-6-1, 2; 2-13-1; 2-16-2h5; 2-22; 2-29-1,
2, 3; NEW 2-34-3; 3-3-3a; 3-4-2; 3-5-10c; 6-1 PENALTY; 7-2-5; 7-3-2b; 7-5-13; Table 7-5 #4; 8-3-5b;
9-4 PENALTY; 9-9-1; 10-2-1, 2, 3, 4; 10-5-1g, h, i; FUNDAMENTALS X-8; 9-, 8-, and 6-player NEW
Rule 10; Penalty Summary; OFFICIAL FOOTBALL SIGNALS – 10, 47
Points of Emphasis
1. MRSA and Communicable Skin Conditions

2. Purpose of a Football Helmet
3. Altering Legal Football Equipment
4. Sideline Management and Control
5. False Starts, Shifts and Motion
2008 NFHS Football
Rules Committee
State ........................Member State ........................Member
Alabama................Greg Brewer Nebraska ..............Tom Millsap
Alaska ................Andy Klingbeil Nevada ....................Terry Tait
Arizona ............Harold Slemmer New Hampshire ............Steve Hall
Arkansas ................Don Brodell New Jersey ................Bob Baly
California ............Steve Stearns New Mexico ........Mario Martinez
Colorado ............Tom Robinson New York ..........Richard Cerone
Connecticut ........Leroy Williams North Carolina ....Mark Dreibelbis
Delaware ..........Tom Ziemianski North Dakota ........Dave Carlsrud
District of Columbia ..Alfred Forman Ohio ......................Hank Zaborniak
Florida ..................Gary Pigott Oklahoma............David Jackson
Georgia ..........Ralph Swearngin Oregon ..................Brad Garrett
Hawaii ..................Don Botelho Pennsylvania........Brad Cashman
Idaho ....................John Billetz Rhode Island...........Bob Cooney
Illinois ..............Dave Gannaway South Carolina........Bruce Hulion
Indiana ..................Bobby Cox South Dakota ..........Bob Lowery
Iowa ......................Todd Tharp Tennessee ................Gene Beck
Kansas ................Rick Bowden Utah ........................Rob Cuff
Kentucky ..............Julian Tackett Vermont ..................Bob Davis
Louisiana ..............Mac Chauvin Virginia ..............Tom Zimorski
Maine ................Ralph Damren Washington..........Jim Meyerhoff
Maryland ..............W. Lynn Carr West Virginia ..........Mike Webb
Michigan ............Nate Hampton Wisconsin ..........Dave Anderson
Minnesota ............Kevin Merkle Wyoming ............Trevor Wilson
Mississippi ..........Larry Thomas NFHS-CA ....................Bill Tate
Missouri..............Dale Pleimann NFHS-OA ........William Riccio Jr.
Montana ............Brian Michelotti NFHS SMAC ....Vito Perriello, M.D.
Chair: Brad Cashman, Pennsylvania

1st Vice Chair: Julian Tackett, Kentucky
2nd Vice Chair: Brad Garrett, Oregon
2008 NFHS FOOTBALL EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Brad Cashman Robert F. Kanaby Bob Colgate

Mechanicsburg, PA NFHS NFHS
Chair — 2008 Publisher Editor
Julian Tackett Leroy Williams

Lexington, KY New Haven, CT
1st Vice Chair — 2008 Section 1 — 2011
Brad Garrett Tom Robinson Dave Carlsrud Greg Brewer

Wilsonville, OR Aurora, CO Valley City, ND Montgomery, AL
2nd Vice Chair — 2008 Section 6 — 2008 Section 5 — 2009 Section 3 — 2010
Mission Statement
The National Federation of State High School Associations serves
its members, related professional organizations and students by
providing leadership for the administration of education-based inter-
scholastic activities, which support academic achievement, good cit-
izenship and equitable opportunities.
We believe:
• the NFHS is the recognized national authority on interscholastic activ-
ity programs.
• interscholastic activity programs enrich each student's educational
experience.
• participation in education-based activity programs promotes student
academic achievement.
• student participation in interscholastic activity programs is a privilege.
• interscholastic participation develops good citizenship and healthy
lifestyles.
• interscholastic activity programs foster involvement of a diverse pop-
ulation.
• interscholastic activity programs promote positive school/community
relations.
• the NFHS is the pre-eminent authority on competition rules for inter-
scholastic activity programs.
• national competition rules promote fair play and minimize risks for
student participants.
• cooperation among state associations advances their individual and
collective well-being.
• properly trained administrators/coaches/directors promote the educa-
tional mission of the interscholastic experience.
• properly trained officials/judges enhance interscholastic competition.
Equipment Guidelines
1. Each NFHS sports rules committee is responsible for recommending
the official playing rules to the NFHS Board of Directors for adoption.
The committee is not responsible for testing or approving playing
equipment for use in interscholastic sports. Equipment manufacturers
have undertaken the responsibility for the development of playing
equipment that meets the specifications established by the committee.
The NFHS urges manufacturers to work with the various independent
testing agencies to ensure the production of safe products. Neither the
NFHS nor the applicable NFHS sport rules committee certifies the safe-
ty of any sport equipment. Only equipment that meets the dimensions
and specifications in the NFHS sport rules may be used in inter-
scholastic competition. While the committee does not regulate the
development of new equipment and does not set technical or scientific
standards for testing equipment, the committee may, from time to
time, provide manufacturers with guidance as to the equipment-per-
formance levels it considers consistent with the integrity of the game.
The committee reserves the right to intercede to protect and maintain
that integrity.
2. Each NFHS sport rules committee suggests that manufacturers plan-

ning innovative changes in sports equipment submit the equipment to
the applicable NFHS sport rules committee for review before produc-
tion.
Guidelines on Handling Contests
During Lightning Disturbances
The purpose of these guidelines is to provide a default policy to those
responsible for making decisions concerning the suspension and restart-
ing of contests based on the presence of lightning. The preferred sources
from which to request such a policy for your facility would include your state
high school association and the nearest office of the National Weather
Service.
Proactive Planning
1. Assign staff to monitor local weather conditions before and during
events.
2. Develop an evacuation plan, including identification of appropriate
nearby shelters.
3. Develop criteria for suspension and resumption of play:
a. When thunder is heard, or a cloud-to-ground lightning bolt is
seen, the thunderstorm is close enough to strike your location
with lightning. Suspend play and take shelter immediately.
b. Thirty-minute rule. Once play has been suspended, wait at least
30 minutes after the last thunder is heard or flash of lightning is
witnessed prior to resuming play.
c. Any subsequent thunder or lightning after the beginning of the 30-
minute count, reset the clock and another 30-minute count should
begin.
4. Hold periodic reviews for appropriate personnel.
For more detailed information, refer to the "Guidelines for Lightning
Safety" contained in the NFHS Sports Medicine Handbook.
Revised October 2007
Communicable Disease and Skin
Infection Procedures
The risk for blood-borne infectious diseases, such as HIV and Hepatitis B, remains low in sports
and too date has not been reported. However, proper precautions are needed to minimize the poten-
tial risk of spreading these diseases. In addition to these diseases that can be spread through trans-
mission of bodily fluids only, skin infections that occur due to skin contact with competitors and equip-
ment deserve close oversight, especially considering the emergence of the potentially more serious
infection with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). (See position statement on this
on NFHS web site and in the third edition of the NFHS Sports Medicine Handbook)
Universal Hygiene Protocol for All Sports

• Shower immediately after all competition and practice
• Wash all workout clothing after practice
• Wash personal gear, such as knee pads, periodically
• Don't share towels or personal hygiene products with others
• Refrain from (full body) cosmetic shaving
Infectious Skin Diseases
Means of reducing the potential exposure to these agents include:

• Notify guardian, athletic trainer and coach of any lesion before competition or practice. Athlete
must have a health-care provider evaluate lesion before returning to competition.
• If an outbreak occurs on a team, especially in a contact sport, consider evaluating other team
members for potential spread of the infectious agent.
• Follow NFHS or state/local guidelines on “time until return to competition.” Allowance of partici-
pation with a covered lesion can occur if in accordance with NFHS, state or local guidelines and is no
longer considered contagious.
Blood-Borne Infectious Diseases
Means of reducing the potential exposure to these agents include:

• An athlete who is bleeding, has an open wound, has any amount of blood on his/her uniform, or
has blood on his/her person, shall be directed to leave the activity until the bleeding is stopped,
the wound is covered, the uniform and/or body is appropriately cleaned, and/or the uniform is
changed before returning to competition.
• Certified Athletic trainers or caregivers need to wear gloves and take other precautions to prevent
blood-splash from contaminating themselves or others.
• Immediately wash contaminated skin or mucous membranes with soap and water.
• Clean all contaminated surfaces and equipment with disinfectant before returning to competition.
Be sure to use gloves with cleaning.
• Any blood exposure or bites to the skin that break the surface must be reported and evaluated by
a medical provider immediately.
For more detailed information, refer to the "Infectious Disease" and “Skin Disorders” sections con-
tained in the NFHS Sports Medicine Handbook.
Revised October 2007

2008 NFHS Football Rules Page 10
SHARED RESPONSIBILITY AND FOOTBALL

HELMET WARNING STATEMENT
Athletes who participate in the sport of football accept the risk of injuries.
However, athletes also have the right to assume that those who are responsible
for the conduct of the sport, i.e., administrators, coaches and trainers, have taken
reasonable precautions to minimize the risk of significant injury. Refinements in
the playing rules, the development of risk minimization guidelines and the estab-
lishment of equipment standards have helped to reduce significant injuries.
However, to legislate safety via the rules book and equipment standards is never
a complete answer. All who are involved with participation in the sport of football
share in the responsibility of minimizing the sport’s inherent risks.
The coach is responsible for pregame verification that in addition to other
required equipment, each player has a helmet which meet National Operating
Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) standards when man-
ufactured and that each helmet has an exterior warning label. While important,
the fact the athletes are wearing certified helmets is only the first step. The ath-
letes involved must be aware of all the basic principles of head and neck injury
prevention.
Helmet Warning Statement

Therefore, during a January 1980 meeting, the NOCSAE Board of Directors
developed the NOCSAE Football Helmet Warning Statement which should be
attached to all certified helmets. In January of 1985 the warning label became
part of the NOCSAE standard. The standard requires a warning similar to the fol-
lowing:
WARNING
Do not strike an opponent with any part of
this helmet or face mask. This is a violation of
football rules and may cause you to suffer severe
brain or neck injury, including paralysis or death.
Severe brain or neck injury may also occur
accidentally while playing football.
NO HELMET CAN PREVENT ALL SUCH INJURIES.
YOU USE THIS HELMET AT YOUR OWN RISK.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Equipment Guidelines........................................................................................ 7
Lightning Guidelines.......................................................................................... 8
Communicable Disease Procedures .................................................................. 9
Helmet Warning Information .............................................................................10
Rule 1. The Game, Field, Players and Equipment ..............................................15
Rule 2. Definitions of Playing Terms .................................................................27
Rule 3. Periods, Time Factors and Substitutions...............................................41
Rule 4. Ball in Play, Dead Ball and Out of Bounds.............................................48
Rule 5. Series of Downs, Number of Down and
Team Possession After Penalty...................................................................51
Rule 6. Kicking the Ball and Fair Catch..............................................................54
Rule 7. Snapping, Handing and Passing the Ball ..............................................59
Rule 8. Scoring Plays and Touchback ...............................................................66
Rule 9. Conduct of Players and Others .............................................................69
Rule 10. Enforcement of Penalties ....................................................................75
Football Fundamentals.......................................................................................81
Points of Emphasis............................................................................................83
Comments on the Rules ....................................................................................91
Resolving Tied Games .......................................................................................92
Nine-, Eight-, and Six-Player Rules Differences ................................................95
Penalty Summary ..............................................................................................97
Official Signals .................................................................................................100
Index ................................................................................................................111
Each state high school association adopting these rules is the sole
and exclusive source of binding rules interpretations for contests
involving its member schools. Any person having questions about the
interpretation of NFHS rules should contact the rules interpreter
designated by his or her state high school association.
The NFHS is the sole and exclusive source of model interpretations
of NFHS rules. State rules interpreters may contact the NFHS for model
rules interpretations. No other model rules interpretations should be
considered.
11-player Football Field Diagram
Page 15 2008 NFHS Football Rules Rule 1-1
Rule 1 ❒ The Game, Field, Players

and Equipment
SECTION 1 THE GAME
ART. 1 . . . It is the object of the game for one team to carry or pass the ball
across the opponent’s goal line or to kick the ball through the opponent’s goal by
a place kick or drop kick. The game is won by the team which accumulates the
most points.
ART. 2 . . . The game of football is played with an inflated ball by two teams on
a rectangular field 360 by 160 feet. While the ball is live, an interval called a down
is in progress and the team in possession attempts to advance the ball by carry-
ing, kicking or passing it. If a foul occurs, the penalty loss, if not declined, is
enforced during the interval between downs. The team in possession has a series
of four downs numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 to advance the ball to the line to gain,
which is usually 10 yards in advance of the spot where the series begins. Points
are scored by touchdown, successful try, field goal or safety.
ART. 3 . . . Each team shall begin the game with 11 players, but if it has no
substitutes to replace injured or disqualified players, it may continue with fewer.
ART. 4 . . . The game is administered by game officials whose title and duties
are stated in the officials’ manual.
NOTE: Each state association may determine the number of game officials to be used.
ART. 5 . . . Prior to the game, the referee shall meet with the head coach(es)
and captain(s) and explain that everyone is expected to exhibit good sportsman-
ship throughout the game.
ART. 6 . . . The referee has authority to rule promptly, and in the spirit of good
sportsmanship, on any situation not specifically covered in the rules. The ref-
eree’s decisions are final in all matters pertaining to the game.
ART. 7 . . . The game officials shall assume authority for the contest, including
penalizing unsportsmanlike acts, 30 minutes prior to the scheduled game time or
as soon thereafter as they are able to be present.
ART. 8 . . . The officials’ jurisdiction extends through the referee’s declaration
of the end of the fourth period or overtime.
ART. 9 . . . The officials shall have the authority to make decisions for infrac-
tions of the rules. The use of any replay or television monitoring equipment by
the officials in making any decision relating to the game is prohibited.
ART. 10 . . . The referee’s decision to forfeit a game is final.
ART. 11 . . . Protests of NFHS rules are not recognized.
Rule 1-2 2008 NFHS Football Rules Page 16
SECTION 2 THE FIELD AND MARKINGS
ART. 1 . . . The field shall be a rectangular area with dimensions, lines, zones,
goals and markers as shown on the accompanying diagram. It is recommended
there be a slope of ¼ inch per foot from the center of the field to each sideline.
The field of play is the area within the boundary lines, and the goal lines.
NOTE: The rise from each sideline to the center of the field is 20 inches when the
recommended slope is used.
ART. 2 . . . Yard-line markers, constructed of soft, pliable materials, if placed
on the ground, should be no closer than 5 yards to the sideline.
ART. 3 . . . Lines and other markings:
a. Lines shall be marked with a noncaustic, nontoxic material designed for
marking fields such as powdered gypsum, calcium carbonate and liquid
aersol paint. It is recommended that these lines be white. Neither lime,
hydrated lime or other chemical derivatives of lime, nor caustic material of
any kind may be used for marking football fields.
b. Yard lines shall be marked with a continuous line every 5 yards beginning
and ending 4 inches from each sideline.
NOTE: Game administration may place on the field of play, 4 inches from each side-
line, yard-line extensions that should be 24 inches in length and 4 inches in width.
c. End lines and sidelines shall be continuous lines at least 4 inches wide. All
other field dimension lines should be marked 4 inches in width.
d. A 4-inch-wide restraining line shall be placed around the outside of the
field, at least 2 yards from the sidelines and end lines, as an extension of
the line limiting the team box area, except in stadiums where the total play-
ing enclosure does not permit. It is recommended that the restraining line
be marked by placing 12-inch-long lines, separated at 24-inch intervals.
NOTE: Game administration may place 4-inch wide and 12-inch long bisecting marks
along the restraining line at each 5-yard line between the goal lines.
e. Inbounds lines “a series of hash marks” should be 24 inches in length and
4 inches in width and shall be located 53 feet, 4 inches from and parallel
with each sideline dividing the field of play longitudinally in thirds. The
inbounds lines shall be marked so that each 5-yard line bisects the hash
mark.
NOTES:
1. Game administration may place on the field of play, at the inbounds lines, yard-
line extensions that should be 24 inches in length and 4 inches in width.
2. It is permissible to use college or professional fields with inbounds lines marked
at the distance specified by their respective codes.
f. Nine-yard marks, 12 inches in length and 4 inches in width, shall be locat-
ed 9 yards from each sideline. The 9-yard marks shall be marked so that at
least each successive 10-yard line bisects the 9-yard marks. These marks
shall not be required if the field of play is visibly numbered. If on-the-field
numbers are used, the tops of those numbers shall be 9 yards from the
sideline, should be 6 feet in height and 4 feet in width and may include
directional arrows next to the yard-line numbers indicating the direction
toward the nearest goal line.
g. Team boxes shall be marked on each side of the field outside the coaches’
area between the 25-yard lines for use of coaches, substitutes, trainers,
etc., affiliated with the team. The coaches’ area is a minimum of a 2-yard
belt between the front of the team box and the sideline.
NOTES:
1. It is permissible for both team boxes to be on the same side of the field, provid-
ed each team box is marked between respective 20- and 45-yard lines.
2. It is recommended goal lines and the team box boundaries be marked in a color
which contrasts with other field markings and the area between the sidelines and the
team box boundaries be solid white or marked with diagonal lines.
h. Decorative markings in the end zones shall be no closer than 2 feet to the
boundary and the goal lines. Advertising and/or commercial markings on
the field of play are prohibited.
i. Measurements shall be from the inside edges of the boundary marks, such
marks being out of bounds.
j. Each goal-line mark shall be entirely in its end zone so the edge toward the
field of play and its vertical plane is the actual goal line. The goal line shall
extend from sideline to sideline.
k. A line, 4 inches wide and a minimum of 24 inches in length, shall be cen-
tered in the field of play, three yards from each goal line.
ART. 4 . . . A soft, flexible pylon, which is 4 inches square, 18 inches high,
either orange, red or yellow in color, and does not constitute a safety hazard, shall
be placed at the inside corner of each of the intersections of the sidelines with the
goal lines and the end lines, as well as with each intersection of the inbounds
lines extended and shall be placed either 3 feet beyond the end lines or on the
end lines. When properly placed, the goal line pylon is out of bounds at the inter-
section of the sideline and the goal line extended.
ART. 5 . . . The goal:
a . The goal is the vertical plane midway between the sidelines extending
indefinitely above the inside of the uprights and the front edge of the cross-
bar and in the same vertical plane as the inside edge of the end line.
b. The top of the crossbar shall be 10 feet above the ground, measured from
the base of each upright to the top of the crossbar at the intersection, or at
each end of the crossbar perpendicular to the ground when a single
pedestal is used.
c. The crossbar shall be 23 feet, 4 inches long.
d. The uprights shall be 23 feet, 4 inches apart inside to inside and each
upright may not exceed 4 inches in width.
NOTE: It is permissible to use college or professional fields with goal post uprights
set at the width specified by their respective codes.
e. The uprights shall extend a minimum of 10 feet above the crossbar.
f. The goal posts shall be padded with resilient, shock absorbing material to
a height of at least 6 feet above the ground.
g. The horizontal crossbar and the uprights above it shall be free from any
decorative material except paint which is recommended to be either silver,
white or yellow in color. One wind directional streamer may be attached to
the top of each upright. Wind directional streamers shall be 4 inches in
width, 42 inches in length and either red, orange, or yellow in color.
SECTION 3 GAME EQUIPMENT
The NFHS does not perform scientific tests on any specific items of equipment to deter-
mine if the equipment poses undue risks to student-athletes, coaches, officials or spec-
tators. Such determinations are the responsibility of equipment manufacturers. For addi-
tional information on equipment guidelines, see page 7.
ART. 1 . . . The ball shall meet the following specifications:

a. A tan-colored cover consisting of either pebbled-grain, cowhide or
approved composition (leather or rubber) case without corrugations other
than those formed by the natural seam grooves and the lace on one of the
grooves.
b. One set of either eight or 12 evenly spaced laces. The length of the lace
shall be confined to within 3¾ inches from each end of the ball.
c. A 1-inch white or yellow stripe centered 3 to 3¼ inches from each end of
the ball. The stripes shall be located
only on the two panels adjacent to the
laces, or continuous solid white or yel-
low stripes 3/8 inch wide running par-
allel to and ¼ inch from each side of
each seam to 1 inch from the laces.
d. Conforms to the shape and dimen-
sions as shown in the diagram.
e. Weighs between 14 and 15 ounces.
f. Inflated to a pressure of 12½ to 13½ Figure 1-3-1
pounds or 878.8 to 949.1 grams per FOOTBALL DIMENSIONS
square centimeter.
g. The ball shall include the NFHS Authenticating Mark.
The mark can be displayed in either format:
A current list of NFHS authenticated products
can be found on the Web site, www.nfhs.org.
NOTE: By state high school association adoption, the ball to be used in games involving
only players below the 9th grade may have dimensions as found in the following table:
Table 1-3-1
BALL SPECIFICATIONS
9th grade and above 8th grade and below
Weight 14 to 15 ounces 12 to 14 ounces
Long circumference 273/4 to 281/2 inches 26 to 27 inches
Long Axis 107/8 to 117/16 inches 10 to 11 inches
Short circumference 203/4 to 211/4 inches 19 to 20 inches
Inflation pressure 121/2 to 131/2 pounds 121/2 to 131/2 pounds
METHOD OF MEASURING
1. All measurements shall be made after the ball is inflated to 13 pounds.
2. The long circumference should be measured 90 degrees from lace around
the ends of the ball, over the groove but not in the groove.
3. The long axis should be measured from end to end but not in the nose
indentation.
4. The short circumference should be measured around the ball, over the
valve, over the lace, but not over a cross lace.
ART. 2 . . . Each team shall provide at least one legal game ball to the referee
at the time the game officials assume authority for the contest. Only legal game
balls approved by the referee may be used during the contest.
Each team may use any referee-approved ball of its choice to free kick or start
a new series of downs. If a touchdown occurs following a change of possession
and the scoring team did not put the ball in play, any referee-approved ball may
be used for the try.
NOTE: By state association adoption, a specific ball which meets specifications may be
mandated for postseason or state playoff competition.
ART. 3 . . . The referee shall decide whether the ball meets specifications. If the
field is wet, the referee may order the ball changed between downs.
ART. 4 . . . A kicking tee shall be made of pliable material which elevates the
lowest point of the ball no more than 2 inches above the ground.
ART. 5 . . . Either a yardage chain which joins two rods exactly 10 yards apart
or any other 10-yard indicator with a visible line-to-gain indicator shall be used
as the official line-to-gain equipment. This equipment and a down indicator shall
be provided by game management.
a. The line-to-gain indicator shall be used to fix the line to gain, and the down
indicator shall be used to mark the spot of the ball and indicate the number
of the down in a series. The game officials shall check the line-to-gain indi-
cator for accuracy prior to the start of the game.
b. The official line-to-gain and down indicators shall be operated approxi-
mately 2 yards outside the sideline opposite the press box, except in stadi-
ums where the total playing enclosure does not permit. If there is no press
box, the location will be specified by game management at the request of
the linesman. The line-to-gain indicator shall be removed from the sideline
when the line to gain is the goal line.
c. Unofficial auxiliary line-to-gain and down indicators may be used on the
sideline opposite the official line-to-gain and down indicators, and shall be
operated approximately 2 yards outside the sideline, except in stadiums
where the total playing enclosure does not permit.
d. All line-to-gain and down-indicator rods shall have flat lower ends covered
by protective caps.
NOTE: It is recommended that the members of the crew wear distinctive vests or jackets
furnished by home or game management.
ART. 6 . . . A timing device referred to as “the game clock” or “the clock” shall
be provided by the game management. The operator(s) shall be approved by the
referee.
ART. 7 . . . Supplementary equipment to aid in game administration may be
used if authorized by the state association.
SECTION 4 PLAYER DESIGNATIONS
ART. 1 . . . Each team shall designate a player as field captain and only he may-
communicate with officials. His first choice of any offered decision is final, except
as in 6-5-4. Decisions involving penalties shall be made before any charged time-
out is granted either team.
ART. 2 . . . For convenience, a player is designated by his position on offense
during the snap. Figure 1-4-3 shows one of the offensive formations and the
recommended numbering of players according to position.
ART. 3 . . . Each player shall be numbered 1 through 99 inclusive. See 7-2-5.
NEUTRAL ZONE
O
END
O
TACKLE
O
GUARD
O
SNAPPER
O
GUARD
O
TACKLE
O
END
1-49 50-79 50-79 50-79 50-79 50-79 1-49
80-99 80-99
O
BACK
O
QUARTERBACK
O
BACK
1-49 1-49 1-49
80-99 80-99 80-99
O
BACK
1-49
80-99
Figure 1-4-3
RECOMMENDED NUMBERING OF OFFENSIVE TEAM PLAYERS
SECTION 5 PLAYER EQUIPMENT

The NFHS does not perform scientific tests on any specific items of equipment to deter-
mine if the equipment poses undue risks to student-athletes, coaches, officials or spec-
tators. Such determinations are the responsibility of equipment manufacturers. For addi-
tional information on equipment guidelines, see page 7.
NOTE: As mentioned in Section 5, under Player Equipment, NOCSAE refers to the
National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, while SGMA refers
to the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association.
ART. 1 . . . Mandatory equipment. Each player shall participate while wearing
the following pieces of properly fitted equipment, which shall be professionally
manufactured and not altered to decrease protection:
a. A helmet and face mask which met the NOCSAE test standard at the time
of manufacture. The face mask shall have a surface covered with resilient
material designed to prevent chipping, burrs or abrasiveness and be prop-
erly secured to the helmet as designed by the manufacturer. The helmet
shall be secured by a properly fastened chin strap with at least four attach-
ment points.
NOTE: All players shall wear helmets that carry a warning label regarding the risk of
injury and a manufacturer’s or reconditioner’s certification indicating satisfaction of
NOCSAE test standards. All such reconditioned helmets shall show recertification to
indicate satisfaction with the NOCSAE test standard. The coach’s pregame verifica-
tion to the referee and umpire that all players are properly equipped in compliance
with the rules includes the exterior warning label.
b. Hip pads and tailbone protector, neither of which is altered from the man-
ufacturer’s original design/production.
c. A jersey with clearly visible and legible Arabic numbers 1-99 inclusive on
the front and back which shall be long enough to reach the top of the pants
and shall be tucked in if longer.
1. The numbers shall be centered horizontally at least 8 inches and 10
inches high on front and back, respectively, and with bars or strokes
approximately 1½ inches wide.
2. The color and style of the number shall be the same on the front and
back.
3. The body of the number shall be either a color(s) contrasting with the
jersey color, or the same solid color(s) as the jersey with a minimum
of one border that is at least ¼-inch in width of a single solid contrast-
ing color.
4. Players of the opposing teams shall wear jerseys of contrasting colors.
Players of the home team shall wear dark jerseys and players of the vis-
iting team shall wear light color jerseys. The visiting team is responsi-
ble for avoidance of similarity of colors, but if there is doubt, the refer-
ee may require players of the home team to change jerseys.
NOTE: An American flag, not to exceed 2 by 3 inches, and either a commemorative or
memorial patch, not to exceed 4 square inches and with written state association
approval, may be worn on the jersey provided neither the flag nor the patch interferes
with the visibility of the number.
Beginning in 2012, players of the visiting team shall wear jerseys that
meet the following criteria:
The body of the jersey (inside the shoulders, inclusive of the yoke of
the jersey or the shoulders, below the collar, and to the bottom of the
jersey) shall be white and shall contain only the listed allowable adorn-
ments and accessory patterns in a color(s) that contrasts to white:
(a) as the jersey number(s) required in 1-5-1-c or as the team and/or
player name within the body and/or on the shoulders,
(b) either as a decorative stripe placed during production that follows
the curve of the raglan sleeve not to exceed 1 inch at any point
within the body of the jersey; or as decorative stripe(s) added in the
shoulder area after production, not to exceed 1 inch per stripe and
total size of combined stripes not to exceed 3.5 inches,
(c) within the collar, a maximum of 1 inch in width, and/or
(d) as a side seam (insert connecting the back of the jersey to the
front), a maximum of 4 inches in width but any non-white color
may not appear within the body of the jersey (inside the shoulders,
inclusive of the yoke of the jersey or the shoulders, below the col-
lar, and to the bottom of the jersey). The exception to (d) would be
what is stated in (b) above.
Beginning in 2012, players of the home team shall wear jerseys that
meet the following criteria:
The body of the jersey (inside the shoulders, inclusive of the yoke of
the jersey or the shoulders, below the collar, and to the bottom of the
jersey) may not include white, except as stated below. If white appears
in the body of the jersey of the home team, it may only appear:
(a) as the jersey number(s) required in 1-5-1-c or as the team and/or
player name within the body and/or on the shoulders,
(b) either as a decorative stripe placed during production that follows
the curve of the raglan sleeve not to exceed 1 inch at any point
within the body of the jersey; or as decorative stripe(s) added in the
shoulder area after production, not to exceed 1 inch per stripe and
total size of combined stripes not to exceed 3.5 inches,
(c) within the collar, a maximum of 1 inch in width, and/or
(d) as a side seam (insert connecting the back of the jersey to the
front), a maximum of 4 inches in width but any white color may not
appear within the body of the jersey (inside the shoulders, inclusive
of the yoke of the jersey or the shoulders, below the collar, and to
the bottom of the jersey). The exception to (d) would be what is
stated in (b) above.
d. Knee pads, unaltered from the manufacturer’s original design/production,
which are worn over the knee and under the pants and at least ½ inch thick
or 3/8 inch thick if made of shock absorbing material.
e. Pants which cover the knees and knee pads.
f. Shoes shall be made of a material which covers the foot (canvas, leather or
synthetic) attached to a firm sole of leather, rubber or composition material
which may have cleats or which may be cleatless. Among the items which
do not meet these requirements are gymnastic slippers, tennis shoes cut
so protection is reduced, ski and logger boots and other apparel not
intended for football use:
1. Removable cleats shall conform to the following specifications:
(a) Constructed of a material which does not chip or develop a cutting
edge. Legal material includes leather, nylon, certain plastics and
rubber. Cleats may be tipped with low carbon steel of 1006 mater-
ial, case hardened to .005-.008 depth and drawn to Rockwell hard-
ness of approximately C55; the use of aluminum or ceramics is not
permissible.
(b) The base and the tip of the cleat shall be parallel. The free end may
be rounded in an arc with a radius of not less than 7/16 inch
provided the overall length is not more than ½ inch measured from
the tip of the cleat to the sole of the shoe. The cleat may be
attached to a raised platform which is molded to the shoe. The plat-
form may be no more than 5/32 inch in height and must be wider
than the base of the cleat. The widest part of the cleat must be in
direct contact with the platform.
The 5/32-inch raised platform must be wider than the base of the
cleat and must extend across the width of the sole to within ¼ inch
or less of the outer edges of the sole. A single toe cleat does not
require a raised platform that extends across the width of the sole.
The raised platform of the toe cleat is limited to 5/32 inch or less.
The 5/32-inch platform is measured from the lowest point of the
platform to the sole of the shoe.
(c) An effective locking device which prevents the exposure of metal
posts shall be incorporated.
(d) The cleat wall shall be at least 3/16 inch in diameter.
(e) The sides of the cleat shall taper uniformly from a minimum base
of ¾ inch in diameter to a minimum tip of 3/8 inch in diameter.
2. Nonremovable cleats are limited to studs or projections that do not
exceed ½ inch in length measured from the sole of the shoe to the tip
of the cleat and which are made with nonabrasive rubber or rubber-
type synthetic material that does not have or develop a cutting edge.
g. Shoulder pads and hard surface auxiliary attachments, which shall be fully
covered by a jersey.
h. Thigh guards, unaltered from the manufactuer’s original design/production,
which shall have any hard surface covered with material such as closed-
cell vinyl foam which has a minimum compression resistance of 4-8
pounds for 25-percent compression or other material with equivalent spec-
ifications and is at least ¼ inch thick on the outside surface and at least 3/8
inch thick on the inside surface and the overlap of the edge. Shinguards, if
worn, must meet NOCSAE specifications.
i. A tooth and mouth protector (intraoral) which shall include an occlusal
(protecting and separating the biting surfaces) and a labial (protecting the
teeth and supporting structures) portion and covers the posterior teeth
with adequate thickness. It is recommended the protector be properly fit-
ted and:
1. Constructed from a model made from an impression of the individual’s
teeth, or
2. Constructed and fitted to the individual by impressing the teeth into the
tooth and mouth protector itself.
The tooth and mouth protector shall be of any readily visible color, other
than completely white or completely clear.
ART. 2 . . . The following auxiliary equipment may be worn if sanctioned by the
umpire as being soft, nonabrasive, nonhardening material:
a. Gloves, which may be anchored with athletic tape; and, even though mod-
ified, must have a securely attached label or stamp (NFHS/NCAA specifica-
tions) indicating compliance with test specifications on file with the SGMA
as of January 1, 1994, unless made of unaltered plain cloth.
NOTE: A glove is a covering for the hand having separate sections for each finger and
thumb, absent of any web-like material between the fingers and/or thumb, and com-
pletely covering each finger and thumb.
b. Hand pads, which may be anchored with athletic tape. Beginning in 2012,
hand pads must have a securely attached label or stamp indicating compli-
ance with test specifications on file with the SGMA as of January 1, 1994,
unless made of unaltered plain cloth.
NOTE: A hand pad is a covering for the hand, which may have separate openings for
each finger and thumb, is absent of any web-like material between the fingers and/or
thumb, and not covering each finger and thumb.
c. Forearm pads, which may be anchored on each end with athletic tape.
d. Tape, bandage or support wrap on the hand or forearm to protect an exist-
ing injury.
EXCEPTION: Tape, bandage or support wrap not to exceed three thicknesses are
legal without inspection or approval.
e. Each state association may authorize the use of artificial limbs which in its
opinion are no more dangerous to players than the corresponding human
limb and do not place an opponent at a disadvantage.
ART. 3 . . . Illegal equipment. No player shall participate while wearing illegal
equipment. This applies to any equipment, which in the opinion of the umpire is
dangerous, confusing or inappropriate. Illegal equipment shall always include but
is not limited to:
a. Ball-colored helmets, jerseys, patches, pads or gloves, penalty-marker col-
ored pads or gloves. Any transverse stripe on the sleeve below the elbow.
b. Communication devices, other than those permitted in Rule 1-6-1 and Rule
1-6-2.
NOTES:
1. Each state association may authorize the use of a drum by a team composed of deaf
or partially deaf players, in order to establish a rhythmic cadence following the ready-for-
play signal.
2. Each state association may authorize the use of a hearing instrument to enhance the
efficiency of a required hearing aid prescribed by a licensed medical physician
(M.D./D.O.), provided it is not dangerous to the wearer or any other player.
3. Such prohibition does not include the use of computers and/or other electronic
devices, which produce reports for the purpose of compiling statistics, including those
listed in the NFHS Statisticians Manual. However, the use of computers and/or other elec-
tronic devices shall be considered illegal if they are used at any time during the game and
can be used to produce play tendencies and other scouting information and such infor-
mation is given to any member of any team prior to the conclusion of the game.
c. Hard substance in its final form such as leather, rubber, plastic, plaster or
fiberglass when worn on the hand, wrist, forearm or elbow unless covered
on all exterior surfaces with no less than ½ inch thick, high-density, closed-
cell polyurethane or an alternate material of the same minimum thickness
and with similar physical properties to protect an injury as directed in writ-
ing by a licensed medical physician (M.D./D.O.). Such written direction
shall be provided to the umpire prior to the start of the game.
d. Knee braces made of hard unyielding material, unless all parts of the brace
made of hard material and extending below the pants are covered. Any
other hard substance across the front of the leg are covered with at least ½
inch of closed-cell, slow-recovery rubber or other material of the same
minimum thickness and having similar physical properties.
e. Metal which is projecting or other hard substance on clothes or person.
f. Plastic material covering protective pads whose edges are not rounded
with a radius equal to half the thickness of the plastic.
g. Rib pads and back protectors unless fully covered by a jersey.
h. Jerseys, undershirts or exterior arm covers/pads manufactured to enhance
contact with the football or opponent.
i. Slippery or sticky substance of a foreign nature on equipment, towel, uni-
form, opponent or on an exposed part of the body which affects the ball or
an opponent.
j. Tear-away jerseys or jerseys that have been altered in any manner which
produces a knot-like protrusion or creates a tear-away jersey.
k. Uniform adornments, with the exception of one unmarked moisture-
absorbing white towel, which shall be no less than 4 inches in width and
12 inches in length and no greater than 18 inches in width and 36 inches
in length and/or moisture-absorbing sweatbands, when worn on the wrist
beginning at the base of the thumb and extending no more than 3 inches
toward the elbow.
l. Jerseys and pants that have:
1. More than one manufacturer’s logo/trademark on the outside of each
item.
2. A visible logo/trademark exceeding 2¼ square inches and exceeding
2¼ inches in any dimension.
3. More than one manufacturer’s logo/trademark or reference on the out-
side of each item. (The same size restriction shall apply to either the
manufacturer’s logo/trademark or reference).
4. Sizing, garment care or other nonlogo labels on the outside of either
item.
m. Jewelry shall not be worn. Religious and medical alert medals are not con-
sidered jewelry. A religious medal must be taped and worn under the uni-
form. A medical alert medal must be taped and may be visible.
n. If worn attached to the helmet, an eye shield is illegal unless it is con-
structed of a molded, rigid material that is clear and permits 100 percent
(no tint) allowable light transmission.
ART. 4 . . . Prior to the start of the game, the head coach shall be responsible
for verifying to the referee and umpire that all of his players are legally equipped
and in compliance with these rules. Any questions regarding legality of a player’s
equipment shall be resolved by the umpire.
ART. 5 . . . When any required player equipment is missing or when illegal
equipment is found, correction shall be made before participation. An official’s
time-out shall be declared to permit prompt repair of equipment which becomes
illegal or defective through use. (See 3-5-2b, 5b and 7f)
ART. 6 . . . Each player shall properly wear the mandatory equipment while the
ball is live.
PENALTY: Unsportsmanlike conduct (Arts. 2, 3, 5) – (S27) — 15 yards. See 9-
8-1h. Failure to properly wear required equipment during a down (Art. 6) –
(S27, S23) – 5 yards. See 3-6-2d for failure to properly wear required
equipment when the ball is about to become live.
SECTION 6 COACHES FIELD EQUIPMENT
ART. 1 . . . Communication devices, other than audio recorder, Local Area
Network (LAN) phones and/or headsets, including but not limited to cellular
phones, still photograph(s), film, analog or digital video(s) and/or Internet depic-
tions, shall not be used for coaching purposes during the game or between peri-
ods.
ART. 2 . . . LAN phones and/or headsets may be used by coaches, other non-
players and players; however, players may use LAN phones and/or headsets only
during authorized sideline conferences.
PENALTY: Unsportsmanlike conduct (Arts. 1, 2) – (S27) – 15 yards. See 9-8-1e.
SECTION 7 STATE ASSOCIATION ADOPTIONS
Each state association has the authority to make decisions and provide cover-
age relative to a number of specific rules and may individually adopt specific
coverage relative to the following:
Table 1-7 — Table of State Association Adoptions
1. Determining the number of game officials tied following the fourth quarter. (3-1-1)
to be used in the game. (1-1-4 NOTE) 10. Establishing a point differential to termi-
2. Determining the size of ball to be used nate games at halftime or thereafter and
for games with players below 9th grade. establishing guidelines to use a running
(1-3-1 NOTE) clock when the point differential is
3. Mandating the use of a specific ball reached. (3-1-2)
for postseason or playoff competition. 11. Establishing rules regarding continua-
(1-3-2 NOTE) tion of interrupted games. (3-1-4)
4. Authorizing the use of supplementary 12. Authorizing the use of 10-minute periods
equipment to aid in game administration. for games involving combinations of 9th,
(1-3-7) 8th and/or 7th grade students. (3-1-5
5. Authorizing the wearing of a commemo- NOTE 1)
rative/memorial patch. (1-5-1c4 NOTE) 13. Determining the length of halftimes, pro-
6. Authorizing the use of artificial limbs. vided it is not less than 10 minutes and
(1-5-2e) not more than 20 minutes. (3-1-5 NOTE
7. Authorizing the use of a drum for rhyth- 2)
mic cadence for deaf or partially deaf 14. Determining when the coin toss is to be
teams. (1-5-3b NOTE 1) held. (3-2-1)
8. Authorizing the use of a device to 15. Authorizing the use of TV/radio time-out
enhance a required hearing aid through a (3-5-7l)
licensed medical physician (M.D./D.O.). 16. Designating the 11-player field dimen-
(1-5-3b NOTE 2) sions as official for nine-, eight- or six-
9. Establishing a procedure to resolve games player competition. (Pages 95-96)
Rule 2 ❒ Definitions of Playing Terms
SECTION 1 BALL – DEAD, LIVE, LOOSE

ART. 1 . . . A dead ball is a ball not in play. The ball is dead during the interval
between downs.
ART. 2 . . . A live ball is a ball in play. A ball becomes live when the ball has
been legally snapped or free kicked and a down is in progress.
ART. 3 . . . A loose ball is a pass, fumble or a kick. The terms “pass,” “fumble”
and “kick” are sometimes used as abbreviations when the ball is loose following
the acts of passing, fumbling or kicking the ball. A loose ball which has not yet
touched the ground is in flight. A grounded loose ball is one which has touched
the ground. Any loose ball continues to be a loose ball until a player secures
possession of it or until it becomes dead by rule, whichever comes first.
SECTION 2 BATTING
Batting is intentionally slapping or striking the ball with the arm or hand.
SECTION 3 BLOCKING
ART. 1 . . . Blocking is obstructing an opponent by contacting him with any
part of the blocker’s body.
ART. 2 . . . In blocking, a player may contact opponents with the arms or hands
provided the technique is legal. The legal techniques are as follows:
a. Closed or cupped hand technique:
1. The elbows may be inside or outside the shoulders.
2. The hands must be closed or cupped with the palms not facing the
opponent.
3. The forearms are extended no more than 45 degrees from the body.
b. Open hand technique. The hand(s) shall be:
1. In advance of the elbow.
2. Inside the frame of the blocker’s body; the frame of the blocker’s body
is the front of the body at or below the shoulders.
3. Inside the frame of the opponent’s body, except when the opponent
turns his back to the blocker during the block or after the blocker is
committed to his charge. The frame of the opponent’s body is at the
shoulders or below other than the back.
4. At or below the shoulders of the blocker and the opponent, except
when the opponent squats, ducks or submarines during the block or
after the blocker is committed to his charge.
5. Open, when the palm(s) are facing the frame of the opponent or when
the forearms are extended beyond the 45 degree angle from the body.
ART. 3 . . . The blocker’s hand(s) may not be locked nor may he swing, throw
or flip the elbow or forearm so that it is moving faster than the blocker’s shoul-
ders at the time the elbow, forearm or shoulder contacts the opponent. The
blocker may not initiate contact with his arm or hand against an opponent above
the opponent’s shoulder, but he may use his hand or arm to break a fall or
maintain his balance.
ART. 4 . . . An offensive player may also use his hands or arms:
a. When he is a runner, to ward off or push any player.
b. During a kick, to ward off an opponent who is attempting to block him.
c. To push, pull or ward off an opponent when the ball is loose if he may legal-
ly touch or possess the ball if such contact is not pass interference, a per-
sonal foul or illegal use of hands.
ART. 5 . . . A defensive player may also:
a. Use unlocked hands, hand or arm to ward off an opponent who is blocking
him or is attempting to block him.
b. Push, pull or ward off an opponent in an actual attempt to get at the run-
ner or a loose ball if such contact is not pass interference, a personal foul
or illegal use of hands.
NOTE: When a player simulates possession of the ball, reasonable allowance may be
made for failure of the defense to discover the deception. This does not cancel the
responsibility of any defensive player to exercise reasonable caution in avoiding any
unnecessary contact.
ART. 6 . . . When a player on defense uses a hand or arm, the hand must be in
advance of the elbow at the time of the contact and at the shoulder or below
unless the opponent squats, ducks or submarines.
ART. 7 . . . Blocking below the waist is making initial contact below the waist
from the front or side against an opponent other than a runner. Blocking below
the waist applies only when the opponent has one or both feet on the ground.
ART. 8 . . . Chop block is a delayed block at the knees or below against an
opponent who is in contact with a teammate of the blocker in the free-blocking
zone.
ART. 9 . . . Interlocked blocking occurs when one player grasps or encircles a
teammate just prior to or while blocking an opponent.
SECTION 4 CATCH
ART. 1 . . . A catch is the act of establishing player possession of a live ball
which is in flight, and first contacting the ground inbounds or being contacted by
an opponent in such a way that he is prevented from returning to the ground
inbounds while maintaining possession of the ball.
ART. 2 . . . Catching is always preceded by touching the ball; thus, if touching
causes the ball to become dead, securing possession of the ball has no signif-
icance.
ART. 3 . . . A simultaneous catch or recovery is a catch or recovery in which
there is joint possession of a live ball by opposing players who are inbounds.
SECTION 5 CLIPPING/BLOCKING IN THE BACK
ART. 1 . . . Clipping is a block against an opponent when the initial contact is
from behind, at or below the waist, and not against a player who is a runner or
pretending to be a runner.
ART. 2 . . . Blocking in the back is a block against an opponent when the initial
contact is in the opponent’s back, inside the shoulders and below the helmet and
above the waist, and not against a player who is a runner or pretending to be a
runner.
ART. 3 . . . Such cases shall not be ruled clipping and/or blocking in the back
unless the official sees the initial contact. When in doubt, the contact is legal and
not from behind. When the contact is ruled to be from behind, and the official has
question as to the initial point of contact, it shall be ruled clipping.
SECTION 6 CONFERENCES
ART. 1 . . . Two types of authorized conferences are permitted.
ART. 2 . . . Teams may choose between:
a. One or more team members and one or more coaches directly in front of
the team box within 9 yards of the sideline OR
b. One coach on the field to confer with no more than 11 players at his team’s
huddle between the inbounds marks.
SECTION 7 DOWN – LOSS OF DOWN
ART. 1 . . . A down is action which starts with a legal snap (beginning a
scrimmage down) or when the ball is kicked on a free kick (beginning a free-kick
down). A down ends when the ball next becomes dead.
ART. 2 . . . Loss of a down is the loss of the right to replay a down.
SECTION 8 ENCROACHMENT
Encroachment occurs when a player is illegally in the neutral zone during the
time interval starting when the ball is marked ready for play and until the ball is
snapped or free kicked. For the purposes of enforcing encroachment restrictions,
an entering substitute is not considered to be a player until he is on his team’s
side of the neutral zone.
SECTION 9 FAIR CATCH
ART. 1 . . . A fair catch is a catch by a receiver of a free kick in or beyond the
neutral zone to the receiver’s goal line, or of a scrimmage kick beyond the neutral
zone to the receiver’s goal line, after a valid signal, under conditions in which the
receiver forfeits the right to advance the ball in return for protection from being
blocked or tackled by an opponent.
ART. 2 . . . An awarded fair catch occurs when the offended team chooses to
take the ball at the spot of the kick-catching interference rather than accepting the
distance penalty from the previous spot and replaying the down.
ART. 3 . . . A valid fair-catch signal is the extending and lateral waving of one
arm, at full arm’s length above the head, by any member of the receiving team.
ART. 4 . . . An invalid fair-catch signal is any signal by a receiver before the kick
is caught or recovered:
a. That does not meet the requirements of a valid signal.
b. After the kick has touched a receiver.
c. After the kick has touched the ground.
ART. 5 . . . An illegal fair-catch signal is any signal by a runner:
a. After the kick has been caught.
b. After the kick has been recovered.
SECTION 10 FIELD AREAS
ART. 1 . . . The field is the area within the boundary lines and the endlines.
ART. 2 . . . The field of play is the area within the boundary lines and the goal
lines.
ART. 3 . . . The side zones are the areas bounded by the sidelines, the inbounds
lines and the goal lines.
ART. 4 . . . The end zones are 10 yards in depth and are located at each end of
the field between the goal line and the end line. The goal line is in the end zone
and a team’s end zone is the one it is defending.
SECTION 11 FIGHTING
Fighting is any attempt by a player or nonplayer to strike or engage an
opponent in a combative manner unrelated to football. Such acts include, but are
not limited to, attempts to strike an opponent(s) with the arm(s), hand(s), leg(s)
or foot (feet), whether or not there is contact.
SECTION 12 FIRST TOUCHING
ART. 1 . . . During a free kick it is first touching if the ball is touched in the field
of play by any K player before it crosses R’s free-kick line and before it is touched
there by any R player.
ART. 2 . . . During a scrimmage kick it is first touching if the ball is touched by
any K player in the field of play and beyond the expanded neutral zone before it
is touched there by R and before the ball has come to rest.
SECTION 13 FORCE
ART. 1 . . . Force is the result of energy exerted by a player which provides
movement of the ball. The term force is used only in connection with the goal line
and in only one direction, i.e., from the field of play into the end zone. Initial force
results from a carry, fumble, kick, pass or snap. After a fumble, kick or backward
pass has been grounded, a new force may result from a bat, an illegal kick or a
muff.
ART. 2 . . . Responsibility for forcing the ball from the field of play across a
goal line is attributed to the player who carries, snaps, passes, fumbles or kicks
the ball, unless a new force is applied to either a backward pass, kick or fumble
that has been grounded.
ART. 3 . . . The muffing or batting of a pass, kick or fumble in flight is not
considered a new force.
ART. 4 . . . Force is not a factor:
a. On kicks going into R’s end zone, since these kicks are always a touchback
regardless of who supplied the force.
b. When a backward pass or fumble is declared dead in the end zone of the
opponent of the player who passed or fumbled, with no player possession.
SECTION 14 FORMATIONS
ART. 1 . . . A scrimmage formation requires a minimum of seven A players
legally on their line at the snap.
ART. 2 . . . A scrimmage-kick formation is a formation with at least one play-
er 7 yards or more behind the neutral zone and in position to receive the long
snap. No player may be in position to receive a hand-to-hand snap from between
the snapper’s legs.
ART. 3 . . . A free-kick formation is a formation used for a free-kick down.
Following the ready-for-play for a free-kick down and until the ball is kicked:
a. All R players must be behind their free-kick line.
b. All K players, other than the kicker and holder, must be behind their free-
kick line.
SECTION 15 FORWARD PROGRESS
ART. 1 . . . Forward progress is the end of advancement of the ball in a run-
ner’s possession or the forward-most point of the ball when it is fumbled out of
bounds toward the opponent’s goal and it determines the dead-ball spot.
ART. 2 . . . When an airborne player makes a catch, forward progress is the
furthest point of advancement after he possesses the ball if contacted by a
defender.
SECTION 16 FOULS AND PENALTIES
ART. 1 . . . A foul is a rule infraction for which a penalty is prescribed.
ART. 2 . . . Types of fouls are:
a. Dead ball—a foul which occurs in the time interval after a down has ended
and before the ball is next snapped or free kicked.
b. Double—one or more live-ball fouls (other than nonplayer or unsports-
manlike) committed by each team at such a time that the penalties offset.
c. Flagrant — a foul so severe or extreme that it places an opponent in dan-
ger of serious injury, and/or involves violations that are extremely or per-
sistently vulgar or abusive conduct.
d. Live ball—a foul which occurs during a down.
e. Multiple—two or more live-ball fouls (other than nonplayer or unsports-
manlike) committed during the same down by the same team at such a
time that the offended team is permitted a choice of penalties.
f. Nonplayer or unsportsmanlike—a noncontact foul while the ball is dead or
during the down which is not illegal participation and does not influence the
play in progress.
g. Player—a foul (other than nonplayer or unsportsmanlike) by a player in the
game hereafter referred to as a foul.
h. Post-scrimmage kick — a foul by R when the foul occurs:
1. During scrimmage kick plays, other than a try or successful field goal.
2. During a scrimmage kick play in which the ball crosses the expanded
neutral zone.
3. Beyond the expanded neutral zone.
4. Before the end of a kick.
5. And K will not be next to put the ball in play.
i. Simultaneous with the snap—an act which becomes a foul when the ball is
snapped or free kicked.
ART. 3 . . . No foul causes loss of the ball.
ART. 4 . . . No foul causes a live ball to become dead.
ART. 5 . . . A penalty is a result imposed by rule against a team or team mem-
ber that has committed a foul.
ART. 6 . . . Game situations which produce results somewhat similar to pen-
alties, but which are not classified as fouls are: disqualification of a player, first
touching of a kick by K and forfeiture of a game.
SECTION 17 FREE-BLOCKING ZONE — LEGAL BLOCKING BELOW
THE WAIST, LEGAL CLIPPING, LEGAL BLOCK IN THE BACK
ART. 1 . . . The free-blocking zone is a rectangular area extending laterally 4
yards either side of the spot of the snap and 3 yards behind each line of
scrimmage. A player is in the free-blocking zone when any part of his body is in
the zone at the snap.
ART. 2 . . . Blocking below the waist is permitted in the free-blocking zone
when the following conditions are met:
a. All players involved in the blocking are on the line of scrimmage and in the
zone at the snap.
b. The contact is in the zone.
ART. 3 . . . Clipping is permitted in the free-blocking zone when the following
conditions are met:
a. By offensive linemen who are on the line of scrimmage and in the zone at
the snap.
b. Against defensive players who are on the line of scrimmage and in the zone
at the snap.
c. The contact is in the zone.
ART. 4 . . . Blocking in the back is permitted in the free-blocking zone when the
following conditions are met:
a. By offensive linemen who are on the line of scrimmage and in the zone at
the snap.
b. Against defensive players who are in the zone at the snap.
c. The contact is in the zone.
ART. 5 . . . The free-blocking zone disintegrates and the exception for a player
to block below the waist and/or the exception for an offensive lineman to clip
and/or block in the back is not to continue after the ball has left the zone.
SECTION 18 FUMBLE
A fumble is any loss of player possession other than by handing, passing or
legal kick.
SECTION 19 HANDING
ART. 1 . . . Handing the ball is transferring player possession from one player
to a teammate in such a way that the ball is still in contact with the first player
when it is touched by the teammate. Handing the ball is not a pass. Loss of play-
er possession by unsuccessful execution of attempted handing is a fumble.
ART. 2 . . . Forward handing occurs when the runner releases the ball when the
entire ball is beyond the yard line where the runner is positioned.
ART. 3 . . . Backward handing occurs when the runner releases the ball when
any part of the ball is on or behind the yard line where the runner is positioned.
SECTION 20 HELMET CONTACT – ILLEGAL
ART. 1 . . . Illegal helmet contact is an act of initiating contact with the helmet
against an opponent. There are several types of illegal helmet contact:
a. Butt Blocking is an act by an offensive or defensive player who initiates
contact against an opponent who is not a ball carrier with the front of his
helmet.
b. Face Tackling is an act by a defensive player who initiates contact with a
ball carrier with the front of his helmet.
c. Spearing is an act by an offensive or defensive player who initiates contact
against any opponent with the top of his helmet.
SECTION 21 HUDDLE
A huddle is two or more players of the same team grouped together before a
down.
SECTION 22 HURDLING
Hurdling is an attempt by a player to jump (hurdle) with one or both feet or
knees foremost over an opponent who is contacting the ground with no part of
his body except one or both feet.
SECTION 23 INTERCEPTION
An interception is the catch of an opponent’s fumble or pass.
SECTION 24 KICKS
ART. 1 . . . A kick is the intentional striking of the ball with the knee, lower leg
or foot.
ART. 2 . . . A kick ends when a player gains possession or when the ball
becomes dead while not in player possession.
ART. 3 . . . A free kick is any legal kick which puts the ball in play to start a
free-kick down. After the ready-for-play signal and before the kick, each player
other than the kicker and holder for a place kick must be behind his free-kick line.
A free kick is used for a kickoff, for a kick following a safety, and is used if a free
kick is chosen following a fair catch or awarded fair catch.
ART. 4 . . . A scrimmage kick is any legal kick from in or behind the neutral
zone. Either a place kick, punt, or drop kick may be used. For a place kick, the ball
must be controlled on the ground or on a legal kicking tee by a teammate.
ART. 5 . . . A kickoff is a free kick which puts the ball in play at the beginning
of each half of the game, after a successful field goal and after any try. A place
kick or a drop kick shall be used for the kickoff.
ART. 6 . . . A drop kick is a legal kick by a player who drops the ball and kicks
it when it touches the ground or as it is rising from the ground. A drop kick may
be used for a scrimmage kick, a kickoff, a free kick following a safety or for a free
kick following a fair catch or awarded fair catch.
ART. 7 . . . A place kick is a legal kick made while the ball is in a fixed position
on the ground or on a kicking tee. No material or device may be placed on the
ground to improve the kicker’s footing. The ball also may be held in position on
the ground or on a kicking tee by a place-kick holder who shall be a teammate of
the kicker. A place kick may be used for a scrimmage kick, a kickoff, a free kick
following a safety or for a free kick following a fair catch or awarded fair catch.
ART. 8 . . . A punt is a legal kick by a player who drops the ball and kicks it
before it has touched the ground. A punt may be used for a free kick following a
safety or for a scrimmage kick.
ART. 9 . . . An illegal kick is any intentional striking of the ball with the knee,
lower leg or foot which does not comply with Articles 3 and 4. When the ball is
loose following an illegal kick, it is treated as a fumble.
SECTION 25 LINE OF SCRIMMAGE
ART. 1 . . . The line of scrimmage for each team is a vertical plane through the
point of the ball nearest the team’s goal line. It is determined when the ball is
marked ready for play and remains until the next ready-for-play signal.
ART. 2 . . . An offensive player is on his line of scrimmage when he complies
with the position requirements of a lineman.
ART. 3 . . . A defensive player is on his line of scrimmage when he is within 1
yard of his scrimmage line at the snap.
SECTION 26 LINES
ART. 1 . . . The boundary lines are the end lines and sidelines and are out of
bounds.
ART. 2 . . . The end line is the outer limit of each end zone.
ART. 3 . . . The goal line is the vertical plane which separates the field of play
from the end zone. When related to a live ball in a runner’s possession (touching
inbounds) while the ball is over the out-of-bounds area, the goal line includes the
extension beyond the sidelines. A team’s own goal line is the one it is defending.
ART. 4 . . . The inbounds lines are a series of hash marks parallel with the side-
lines which divide the field of play longitudinally into thirds. The inbounds lines
shall be marked so that the yard lines bisect the hash marks.
ART. 5 . . . The line to gain is the yard line established when a new series (first
down) is awarded. Unless there is a penalty following the ready-for-play signal,
the line to gain is 10 yards in advance of the foremost point of the ball when
placed for the first down of the series. If the line to gain extends into the end zone,
the goal line is the line to gain.
ART. 6 . . . The sideline is the lateral limit of the field of play and the end zones.
It extends from one end line to the other.
ART. 7 . . . A yard line is any line and its vertical plane parallel to the end lines.
The yard lines, marked or unmarked, in the field of play are numbered in yards
from a team’s own goal line to the middle of the field.
ART. 8 . . . A restraining line is a line placed around the outside of the field. No
person, including but not limited to, spectators, game administrators or mem-
bers of the media, shall be allowed within the restraining line. A maximum of
three coaches as well as permitted nonplayers are allowed within the restraining
line in front of the team box, as provided for in Rule 9-8-3.
SECTION 27 MUFF
A muff is the touching of a loose ball by a player in an unsuccessful attempt to
secure possession.
SECTION 28 NEUTRAL ZONE
ART. 1 . . . The neutral zone is the space between the two free-kick lines during
a free-kick down and between the two scrimmage lines during a scrimmage
down. For a free-kick down, the neutral zone is 10 yards wide and for a
scrimmage down it is as wide as the length of the football. It is established when
the ball is marked ready for play.
ART. 2 . . . The neutral zone may be expanded following the snap up to a
maximum of 2 yards behind the defensive line of scrimmage, in the field of play,
during any scrimmage down.
SECTION 29 OUT OF BOUNDS
ART. 1 . . . A player or other person is out of bounds when any part of the
person is touching anything, other than another player or game official that is on
or outside the sideline or end line.
ART. 2 . . . A ball in player possession is out of bounds when the runner or the
ball touches anything, other than another player or game official that is on or out-
side a sideline or end line.
ART. 3 . . . A loose ball is out of bounds when it touches anything, including a
player or game official that is out of bounds.
SECTION 30 PARTICIPATION
Participation is any act or action by a player or non-player that has an influence
on play.
SECTION 31 PASSING
ART. 1 . . . Passing the ball is throwing a ball that is in player possession. In a
pass, the ball travels in flight.
ART. 2 . . . A forward pass is a pass thrown with its initial direction toward the
opponent’s end line.
NOTE: Prior to releasing the ball on a pass, if the potential passer is contacted, and the
ball is released, it is a forward pass if his arm was moving forward on contact.
ART. 3 . . . A forward pass has gone beyond the neutral zone if at any time
during the pass, the entire ball is beyond the neutral zone.
ART. 4 . . . A forward pass ends when it is caught, touches the ground or is
out of bounds.
ART. 5 . . . A backward pass is a pass thrown with its initial direction parallel
with or toward the runner’s end line.
ART. 6 . . . A backward pass ends when it is caught or recovered or is out of
bounds.
SECTION 32 PLAYER DESIGNATIONS
ART. 1 . . . A player is one of the 22 team members who is designated to start
either half of the game or who subsequently replaces another player. A player
continues to be a player until a substitute enters the field and indicates to the
player that he is replaced, or when the substitute otherwise becomes a player.
ART. 2 . . . A player of A is A1 and teammates are A2 and A3. Other abbrev-
iations are B1 for a player of B, K1 for a player of the kickers and R1 for one of
the receivers.
ART. 3 . . . A back is any A player who has no part of his body breaking the
plane of an imaginary line drawn parallel to the line of scrimmage through the
waist of the nearest teammate who is legally on the line, except for the player
under the snapper, who is also considered a back.
ART. 4 . . . An offensive blocker is a player who is blocking or in position to
block by being between the potential tackler and the runner.
ART. 5 . . . A captain of a team is a player designated to represent his team
during:
a. The pregame and overtime coin toss.
b. The selection of second half options.
c. Penalty decisions following a foul.
d. Ball placement on a try, a kickoff, after a safety, after a fair catch or award-
ed fair catch, after a touchback and to start an overtime.
ART. 6 . . . A disqualified player is a player barred from further participation in
a game.
ART. 7 . . . A holder is a player who controls the ball on the ground or on a
kicking tee.
ART. 8 . . . A kicker is any player who legally punts, drop kicks or place kicks.
A player becomes a kicker when his knee, lower leg or foot makes contact with
the ball. He continues to be the kicker until he has had reasonable opportunity to
regain his balance or until after a free kick, he has advanced 5 yards beyond his
free-kick line or the kick has touched the ground or any other player.
ART. 9 . . . A lineman is any A player who is facing his opponent’s goal line
with the line of his shoulders approximately parallel thereto and with his head or
foot breaking an imaginary plane drawn parallel to the line of scrimmage through
the waist of the snapper when the ball is snapped.
ART. 10 . . . A nonplayer is a coach, trainer, other attendant, a substitute or a
replaced player who does not participate by touching the ball, hindering an
opponent or influencing the play. See 9-6 for illegal participation.
ART. 11 . . . A passer is a player who throws a legal forward pass. He contin-
ues to be a passer until the legal forward pass ends or until he moves to partici-
pate in the play.
ART. 12 . . . A replaced player is one who has been notified by a substitute that
he is to leave the field. A player is also replaced when the entering substitute
becomes a player.
ART. 13 . . . A runner is a player who is in possession of a live ball or is
simulating possession of a live ball.
ART. 14 . . . A snapper is the player who is facing his opponent’s goal line with
his shoulders approximately parallel thereto and who snaps the ball. In a scrim-
mage-kick formation, the snapper remains a snapper until he has had a reason-
able opportunity to regain his balance and protect himself or until he blocks or
moves to otherwise participate in the play.
ART. 15 . . . A substitute is a team member who may replace a player or fill a
player vacancy. A substitute becomes a player when he enters the field and
communicates with a teammate or an official, enters the huddle, is positioned in
a formation or participates in the play. An entering substitute is not considered to
be a player for encroachment restrictions until he is on his team’s side of the
neutral zone. A team member entering the field to fill a player vacancy remains a
substitute until he is on his team’s side of the neutral zone.
SECTION 33 PLAYS – FOR PENALTY ENFORCEMENT
ART. 1 . . . A loose-ball play is action during:
a. A free kick or scrimmage kick other than post-scrimmage kick fouls.
b. A legal forward pass.
c. A backward pass (including the snap), an illegal kick or fumble made by A
from in or behind the neutral zone prior to a change of team possession.
d. The run or runs which precedes such legal or illegal kick, legal forward
pass, backward pass or fumble.
ART. 2 . . . A running play is any action not included in Article 1.
SECTION 34 POSSESSION
ART. 1 . . . A ball in player possession is a live ball held or controlled by a player
after it has been handed or snapped to him, or after he has caught or recovered
it.
ART. 2 . . . A ball in team possession is a live ball which is in player posses-
sion or one which is loose following loss of such player possession. A live ball is
always in possession of a team.
ART. 3 . . . A change of possession occurs when the opponent gains player
possession during the down.
SECTION 35 READY FOR PLAY
Ready for play signifies the referee has signaled the ball may be put in play by
a snap or free kick and the 25-second count has begun.
SECTION 36 RECOVERY
ART. 1 . . . A recovery is gaining possession of a live ball after it strikes the
ground. An airborne player has completed a recovery when he first contacts the
ground inbounds with the ball in his possession.
ART. 2 . . . A simultaneous recovery is a recovery where there is joint
possession of a live ball by opposing inbounds players.
SECTION 37 RULE
A rule is one of the groups of regulations which govern the game. A rule
sometimes states what a player may do, but if there is no such statement for a
given act (such as faking a kick), it is assumed that he may do what is not
prohibited. In like manner, a rule sometimes states or implies that the ball is dead
or that a foul is involved. If it does not, it is assumed that the ball is live and that
no foul has occurred. If a foul is mentioned, it is assumed that it is not part of a
double or multiple foul unless so stated or implied.
SECTION 38 SCRIMMAGE
Scrimmage is the action of the two teams during a down which begins with a
snap.
SECTION 39 SHIFT
A shift is the action of one or more offensive players who, after a huddle or after
taking set positions, move to a new set position before the ensuing snap.
SECTION 40 SNAP
ART. 1 . . . A snap is the legal act of passing or handing the ball backward from
its position on the ground.
ART. 2 . . . The snap begins when the snapper first moves the ball legally other
than in adjustment. In a snap, the movement must be a quick and continuous
backward motion of the ball during which the ball immediately leaves the hand(s)
of the snapper and touches a back or the ground before it touches an A lineman.
ART. 3 . . . The snap ends when the ball touches the ground or any player.
SECTION 41 SPOTS
ART. 1 . . . The basic spot is a point of reference for penalty enforcement. It is
the previous spot for a loose-ball play unless the only accepted fouls meet the
requirements of a post-scrimmage kick foul (2-16-2h) and the end of the run for
a running play. See 10-4-2b; 10-4-3.
ART. 2 . . . The enforcement spot is the point from which a penalty is enforced.
ART. 3 . . . The dead-ball spot is the spot under the foremost point of the ball
when it becomes dead by rule.
EXCEPTION: See 5-3-4.
ART. 4 . . . The inbounds spot is the intersection of the inbounds line and the
yard line:
a. Through the foremost point of the ball when the ball becomes dead in a
side zone.
b. Through the foremost point of the ball on the sideline between the goal
lines when a loose ball goes out of bounds.
c. Through the spot under the foremost point of the ball in possession of a
runner when he crosses the plane of the sideline and goes out of bounds.
NOTE: If a penalty measurement leaves the ball in a side zone, the new inbounds spot is
fixed by the yard line through the foremost point of the ball after measurement.
ART. 5 . . . The out-of-bounds spot is where the ball becomes dead because of
going out of bounds, as in 4-3-1,2,3.
ART. 6 . . . The post-scrimmage kick spot is the spot where the kick ends. R
retains the ball after penalty enforcement from the post-scrimmage kick spot
when a post-scrimmage foul occurs. Fouls by R behind the post-scrimmage kick
spot are spot fouls.
ART. 7 . . . The previous spot is where the ball was last snapped or free kicked.
ART. 8 . . . The spot of a foul is where the foul occurs. If a foul occurs out of
bounds, the spot of the foul is at the intersection of the nearer inbounds line and
the yard line extended on which the foul occurs.
ART. 9 . . . The spot where a run ends is where the runner loses player
possession or where the ball becomes dead in his possession.
ART. 10 . . . The succeeding spot is where the ball would next be snapped or
free kicked if a foul had not occurred.
SECTION 42 TACKLING
Tackling is the use of hands, arms, legs or body by a defensive player in his
attempt to hold a runner or to bring him to the ground.
SECTION 43 TEAM DESIGNATIONS
ART. 1 . . . The offense is the team which is in possession of the ball. The
opponent is the defense.
ART. 2 . . . A is the team which puts the ball in play. The opponent is B.
ART. 3 . . . K is the team which legally kicks the ball during the down. The
opponent is R.
ART. 4 . . . Team designations (A and B, K and R) are retained until the ball is
next marked ready for play.
SECTION 44 TOUCHING
Touching refers to any contact with the ball, i.e., either by touching or being
touched by it. Touching by an official in the field of play or end zone is ignored.
SECTION 45 TRIPPING
Tripping is the use of the lower leg or foot to obstruct an opponent, who is not
the runner, below the knee.
Rule 3 ❒ Periods, Time Factors and

Substitutions
SECTION 1 LENGTH OF PERIODS
ART. 1 . . . The clock running time for a game shall be 48 minutes for high
schools with periods and intermissions as indicated in Table 3-1.
NOTE: By state association adoption, if, at the end of the fourth period, the teams have
identical scores, the tie may be resolved if a method has been approved by the state high
school association. This may include extending playing time. The overtime is considered
part of the fourth period. An example of an overtime procedure is located in a supple-
mentary section following the rules.
ART. 2 . . . By state association adoption, a point differential may be estab-
lished whereby at the end of the first half if one team has gained the established
point differential or if it secures such differential during the second half, the game
shall be terminated. A state association may also establish guidelines to use a
running clock when the point differential is reached.
ART. 3 . . . A period or periods may be shortened in any emergency by agree-
ment of the opposing coaches and the referee. By mutual agreement of the
opposing coaches and the referee, any remaining period may be shortened at any
time or the game terminated.
ART. 4 . . . Games interrupted because of events beyond the control of the
responsible administrative authority shall be continued from the point of inter-
ruption, unless the teams agree to terminate the game with the existing score, or
as otherwise provided for by state association adoption.
ART. 5 . . . When weather conditions are construed to be hazardous to life or
limb of the participants, the crew of officials is authorized to delay or suspend the
game.
Table 3-1
TABLE OF GAME CLOCK TIMES
PERIOD OF TIMING CLOCK TIME
First Half:
First period 12 minutes
Intermission for changing goals 1 minute
Second period 12 minutes
Intermission:
When Teams Leave the Field 10 to 20 minutes
15 minutes is normal. It may be increased to a maximum
of 20 minutes, provided opponents have been notified
no later than five minutes prior to the game.
By mutual agreement of the opposing coaches,
the intermission may be reduced to a minimum of 10 minutes.
Mandatory Warm-up Activity Following Intermission: 3 minutes

(The game officials are responsible for ensuring that there is a
three-minute warm-up period posted on the clock for use by the
coaches immediately after the halftime intermission expires.
The head coach is responsible for his team being on the field for
mandatory warm-up time at the end of the scheduled
halftime intermission.)
Second Half:
Third period 12 minutes
Intermission for changing goals 1 minute
Fourth period 12 minutes
Charged Time-outs 1 minute

NOTES:
1. Games involving only students below the 9th grade shall be played in eight-minute
periods. By state high school association adoption, games involving combinations of 9th
grade students with students in the 8th and/or 7th grades may be played in 10-minute
periods.
2. State high school associations may determine the length of halftimes, provided it is
not less than 10 minutes and not more than 20 minutes.
SECTION 2 STARTING A PERIOD — HALF
ART. 1 . . . Each half of the game shall be started by a kickoff. Before the
scheduled game starting time, the referee, in the presence of the field captains,
shall instruct the visiting captain to give a “heads” or “tails” choice before the
coin toss. If the coin toss, or simulated coin toss, is held on the playing field, it
shall be held three minutes prior to the scheduled game starting time, or as oth-
erwise specified by individual state associations.
ART. 2 . . . Not more than four captains from each team may be present at the
coin toss and only one from each team shall be designated as its spokesman. All
team personnel on the playing field, other than the team captains involved in the
coin toss ceremony, shall be restricted to their respective team box areas or well
away from the vicinity of the toss.
ART. 3 . . . The winner of the toss shall have first choice of options for the first
half or to defer and have first choice for the second half. The loser shall have the
first choice of options for the half the winner of the toss did not select. The
options for each half shall be:
a. To choose whether his team will kick or receive.
b. To choose the goal his team will defend.
The captain not having the first choice of options for a half shall exercise the
remaining option.
ART. 4 . . . Between the first and second and between the third and fourth
periods, the teams shall change goals. Team possession, number of the next
down, the relative position of the ball and the line to gain remain unchanged.
SECTION 3 ENDING A PERIOD — HALF
ART. 1 . . . Approximately four minutes before the end of each half, the referee
shall notify the field captains and their coaches of the time remaining. If time is
not out, the referee shall order the clock stopped while he does this. If an electric
field clock is the official timepiece, no notification nor stoppage of the clock is
required.
ART. 2 . . . If time for any period expires during a down (clock indicates 0:00),
play shall continue until the down ends, even though a mechanical signal is
allowed to sound.
ART. 3 . . . A period must be extended by an untimed down if during the last
timed down of the period, one of the following occured:
a. There was a foul by either team and the penalty is accepted, except for
those fouls listed in 3-3-4b.
b. There was a double foul.
c. There was an inadvertent whistle.
d. If a touchdown was scored, the try is attempted unless the touchdown is
scored during the last down of the fourth period and the point(s) would not
affect the outcome of the game or playoff qualifying.
If (a), (b), (c) or (d) occurs during the untimed down, the procedure is repeat-
ed.
ART. 4 . . . A period shall not be extended by an untimed down if during the
last timed down of the period, one of the following occurs:
a. When the defense fouls during a successful try/field goal and the offended
team accepts the results of the play with enforcement of the penalty from
the succeeding spot.
b. There was a foul by either team and the penalty is accepted for:
1. unsportsmanlike fouls,
2. non-player fouls,
3. fouls that specify a loss of down, or
4. fouls that are enforced on the subsequent kickoff as in Rule 8-2-2.
NOTE: The score is cancelled in the event of an accepted foul that specifies a loss of
down.
ART. 5 . . . At the end of each period the referee shall hold the ball in one hand
overhead to indicate the period has officially ended, after delaying momentarily to
ensure that:
a. No foul has occurred.
b. No obvious timing error has occurred.
c. No request for a coach-referee conference has occurred.
d. No other irregularity has occurred.
ART. 6 . . . If a dead-ball foul occurs after time expires for any period, the
penalty shall be measured from the succeeding spot.
SECTION 4 STARTING AND STOPPING THE CLOCK
ART. 1 . . . The clock shall start for a period:
a. If a period begins with a free kick when the kick is touched, other than first
touching by K.
b. If a period begins with a snap, when the ball is legally snapped.
ART. 2 . . . The clock shall start with the ready-for-play signal on a down begin-
ning with a snap if the clock was stopped for any reason other than specified in
Rule 3-4-3 or an untimed down:
a. For an official’s time-out, other than when B is awarded a new series or
either team is awarded a new series following a legal kick.
b. Because the ball has become dead following any foul provided:
1. There has been no charged time-out during the dead-ball interval.
2. The down is not an extension of a period or a try.
3. The action which caused the down to end did not also cause the clock
to be stopped.
c. Because of an inadvertent whistle.
ART. 3 . . . The clock shall start with the snap or when any free kick is touched,
other than first touching by K, if the clock was stopped because:
a. The ball goes out of bounds.
b. B is awarded a new series.
c. Either team is awarded a new series following a legal kick.
d. The ball becomes dead behind the goal line.
e. A legal or illegal forward pass is incomplete.
f. A request for a charged or TV/radio time-out is granted.
g. A period ends.
h. A team attempts to consume time illegally.
i. The penalty for a delay of game foul is accepted.
ART. 4 . . . The clock shall be stopped when:
a. The down ends following a foul.
b. An official’s time-out is taken.
c. A charged or TV/radio time-out is granted.
d. The period ends.
e. The ball is out of bounds.
f. A legal or illegal forward pass is incomplete.
g. A score or touchback occurs.
h. A fair catch is made.
i. An inadvertent whistle is sounded.
ART. 5 . . . The clock shall not start on first touching by K.
ART. 6 . . . When a team attempts to conserve or consume time illegally, the
referee shall order the clock started or stopped.
ART. 7 . . . The referee shall have authority to correct obvious errors in timing
if discovery is prior to the second live ball following the error, unless the period
has officially ended as in 3-3-5.
SECTION 5 CHARGED AND OFFICIAL’S TIME-OUTS — INTERMISSIONS
ART. 1 . . . Each team is entitled to three charged team timeouts during each
half. Unused first half time-outs cannot be used in the second half. Unused sec-
ond half time-outs cannot be used in overtime.
ART. 2 . . . A charged team time-out occurs when the ball is dead and:
a. The request of either a player or the head coach (or head coach’s designee)
is legally granted. When a decision on a penalty is pending, a time-out shall
not be granted to either team until the captain makes his choice.
NOTE: The head coach’s designee shall remain in place for the entire game except in
case of emergency.
b. The repair of faulty player equipment requires the assistance of a team
attendant or attendants, or which, without the assistance of a team
attendant delays the ready-for-play signal for more than 25 seconds.
c. A time-out is requested and granted for the purpose of reviewing an
official’s application of a rule which may have been misapplied or misinter-
preted. The time-out remains charged to the requesting team, if no change
in the ruling results.
ART. 3 . . . A single charged time-out shall not exceed one minute. The referee
shall notify the teams within five seconds after the time-out expires and shall
mark the ball ready for play. Charged time-outs shall be reduced in length only if
both teams are ready to play prior to the 25-second ready-for-play signal by the
referee.
ART. 4 . . . Successive charged time-outs may be granted during the same
dead-ball period. An official’s time-out may follow a charged time-out if it is for
the continuance of a coach-official conference, or if safety is involved. When a
team’s permissible charged time-outs for the half have been used, its captain and
coach should be notified.
ART. 5 . . . After a team has used its permissible charged time-outs for the half,
any subsequent request shall be denied unless it is for:
a. An apparently injured player who is so designated when the request is
made.
b. Necessary repair to player equipment.
c. The review of a possible misapplication or misinterpretation of a rule.
ART. 6 . . . If repair of equipment without the assistance of a team attendant
delays the ready-for-play signal for more than 25 seconds, or requires the assis-
tance of a team attendant(s) and the player’s team has used all permissible time-
outs, the player shall be replaced for at least one down.
ART. 7 . . . An official’s time-out occurs during a dead ball without a time-out
being charged to either team:
a. For measurement of a possible first down.
b. When a first down is declared.
c. Following a change of team possession.
d. When captains and coaches are notified of the time remaining.
e. For a player who appears to be injured.
f. For a player in need of equipment repair.
g. To dry or change the game ball.
h. For unusual heat or humidity which may create a health risk to the players.
i. When a coach-referee conference concerning the misapplication of a rule
results in the referee altering his ruling. (See 3-5-11)
j. After a foul, to administer the penalty.
k. For any unusual delay in getting the ball marked ready for play.
l. For a TV/radio time-out that is permitted and granted as authorized by state
association policy.
m. For a one-minute intermission between the first and second and the third
and fourth periods and following a try, successful field goal or safety and
prior to the succeeding free kick.
ART. 8 . . . An authorized conference may be held during a charged time-out
or an official’s time-out (7h, 7l and 7m only). Only one type of conference may be
used by a team during any one time-out.
ART. 9 . . . Unless the clock is already stopped, an official’s time-out shall be
taken as soon as the ball becomes dead following a change of team possession
or whenever the covering official declares the ball dead, and it appears to him the
ball has reached the line to gain.
ART. 10 . . . A time-out occurs when:
a. An apparently injured player is discovered by the official while the ball is
dead and the clock is stopped and for whom the ready-for-play signal is
delayed, or for whom the clock is stopped. The player shall be replaced for
at least one down, unless the halftime or an overtime intermission occurs.
This time-out, if not charged, is an official’s time-out.
b. An apparently unconscious player is determined by the game officials. The
player may not return to play in the game without written authorization
from a physician (M.D./D.O.). This time-out, if not charged, is an official’s
time-out.
c. The official discovers a player who is bleeding, has an open wound, has any
amount of blood on his/her uniform, or has blood on his/her person, shall
be directed to leave the game until the bleeding is stopped, the wound is
covered, the uniform and/or body is appropriately cleaned, and/or the uni-
form is changed before returning to competition. Such player shall be con-
sidered an apparently injured player as in Rule 3-5-10a (See NFHS
Communicable Disease Procedure).
ART. 11 . . . A player, directed by his coach or the head coach, may request and
be granted a time-out for the purpose of the coach and the referee reviewing a
decision which may have resulted from misapplication or misinterpretation of a
rule, provided the request is made prior to the time the ball becomes live follow-
ing the play to be reviewed, unless the period has officially ended. When a time-
out is so granted, the referee will confer with the coach at the sideline in front of
his team box in the field of play. If the conference results in the referee altering
his ruling, the opposing coach will be notified, the revision made, and the time-
out shall be an official’s time-out. If the referee’s ruling prevails, the time-out
remains charged to the team requesting the time-out for the conference.
SECTION 6 BALL READY FOR PLAY AND DELAY
ART. 1 . . . The ball is marked ready for play when, after it has been placed for
a down, the referee gives the ready-for-play signal. The 25-second count shall
then begin.
ART. 2 . . . Action or inaction which prevents promptness in putting the ball in
play is delay of game. This includes:
a. Failure to snap or free kick within 25 seconds after the ball is marked ready
for play.
b. Unnecessarily carrying the ball after it has become dead or consuming time
in failing to unpile at the end of a down.
c. A coach-referee conference after all the permissible charged time-outs for
the coach’s team have been used, and during which the referee is requested
to reconsider the application of a rule and no change in the ruling results.
d. Failure to properly wear legal or required player equipment when the ball is
about to become live.
e. Snapping or free kicking the ball before it is marked ready for play.
f. Any other conduct which unduly prolongs the game.
ART. 3 . . . Failure of a team to play within two minutes after being ordered to
do so by the referee.
ART. 4 . . . Game management is responsible for clearing the field of play and
the end zones at the beginning of each half so play may begin at the scheduled
time.
PENALTY: Delay of game – (Arts. 2a,b,c,e,f; 4) – (S7-21); (Art. 2d) – (S7-21-
23) – 5 yards; (Art. 3) – forfeiture.
SECTION 7 SUBSTITUTIONS
ART. 1 . . . Between downs any number of eligible substitutes may replace
players. Replaced players shall leave the field immediately.
ART. 2 . . . A player, replaced player or a substitute is required to leave the field
at the side on which his team box is located and go directly to his team box.
ART. 3 . . . During the same dead-ball interval, no substitute shall become a
player and then withdraw and no player shall withdraw and re-enter as a sub-
stitute unless a penalty is accepted, a dead-ball foul occurs, there is a charged
time-out or the period ends.
ART. 4 . . . During a down a replaced player or substitute who attempts unsuc-
cessfully to leave the field and who does not participate in or affect the play,
constitutes an illegal substitution.
NOTE: Participation by a replaced player or substitute is illegal participation as in 9-6.
ART. 5 . . . An entering substitute shall be on his team’s side of the neutral zone
when the ball is snapped or free kicked.
ART. 6 . . . During a down, a replaced player or substitute who enters the field,
but does not participate, constitutes illegal substitution.
PENALTY: Illegal substitution (Arts. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) – (S22); (Arts. 1, 2, 3)
dead-ball foul – (S7-22); (Arts. 4, 5) live-ball foul – 5 yards; (Art. 6) non-play-
er foul – 5 yards (S22)
Rule 4 ❒ Ball in Play, Dead Ball

and Out of Bounds
SECTION 1 PUTTING THE BALL IN PLAY
ART. 1 . . . To start each half and to resume play after a field goal or after a try,
the ball shall be put in play by a kickoff.
ART. 2 . . . A free kick shall also put the ball in play:
a. After a safety.
b. When a free-kick down is replayed.
c. When a free kick is chosen following a fair catch, an awarded fair catch, the
replay of a down which follows a fair catch or an awarded fair catch.
ART. 3 . . . A snap shall, if elected, put the ball in play when a free kick is not
specified.
ART. 4 . . . A snap or free kick shall be made between the inbounds lines.
ART. 5 . . . After being put in play, the ball remains live until the down ends.
ART. 6 . . . The ball remains dead and a down is not begun if a snap or free
kick is attempted before the ball is marked ready for play, or there is an illegal
snap, other snap infraction or a dead-ball foul occurs.
SECTION 2 DEAD BALL AND END OF THE DOWN
ART. 1 . . . An official shall indicate the ball remains dead by sounding his
whistle immediately when a foul occurs before a snap or free kick.
ART. 2 . . . The ball becomes dead and the down is ended:
a. When a runner goes out of bounds, is held so his forward progress is
stopped or allows any part of his person other than hand or foot to touch
the ground.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. The ball remains live if, at the snap, a place-kick holder with his knee(s) on the
ground and with a teammate in kicking position catches or recovers the snap while
his knee(s) is on the ground and places the ball for a kick, or if he rises to advance,
hand, kick or pass; or
2. The ball remains live if, at the snap, a place-kick holder with his knee(s) on the
ground and with a teammate in kicking position rises and catches or recovers an
errant snap and immediately returns his knee(s) to the ground and places the ball for
a kick or again rises to advance, hand, kick or pass.
NOTE: The ball becomes dead if the place-kick holder muffs the snap or fumbles and
recovers after his knees have been off the ground, and he then touches the ground
with other than hand or foot while in possession of the ball.
b. When a live ball goes out of bounds.
c. When any forward pass (legal or illegal) is incomplete or is simultaneously
caught by opposing players.
d. When any legal free kick or scrimmage kick:
1. Which is not a scoring attempt or which is a grounded scoring attempt,
breaks the plane of R’s goal line.
2. Which is a scoring attempt, while in flight touches a K player in R’s end
zone, or after breaking the plane of R’s goal line has apparently failed.
EXCEPTION: If a scoring attempt kick touches an upright, crossbar, an official
or R player in the end zone and caroms through the goal, the touching is ignored
and the attempt is successful.
e. When any loose ball:
1. Is simultaneously caught or recovered by opposing players.
2. Is on the ground motionless and no player attempts to secure posses-
sion.
3. Touches, or is touched by, anything inbounds other than a player, sub-
stitute, replaced player, an official, the ground or authorized equipment.
In this case the ball will be put in play in accordance with the procedure
for an inadvertent whistle as in 4-2-3b.
f. When the kickers catch or recover any free kick anywhere, and when the
kickers catch or recover a scrimmage kick beyond the neutral zone and
when the kickers are first (i.e., before any touching by the receivers) to
touch a scrimmage kick after it has come to rest beyond the neutral zone
and between the goal lines.
g. Following a valid or invalid fair-catch signal given by any member of the
receiving team when a scrimmage kick or free kick is caught or recovered
by any member of the receiving team beyond, in or behind the neutral zone.
h. When any score occurs.
i. During a try if B secures possession or as soon as it is apparent that a kick
has failed to score.
j. When an official sounds his whistle inadvertently.
k. When the helmet comes completely off a player who is in possession of the
ball.
ART. 3 . . . An inadvertent whistle ends the down. Inadvertent whistles are
administered as follows:
a. The down shall be replayed if, during a down or during a down in which the
penalty for a foul is declined, an inadvertent whistle is sounded while a legal
forward pass or snap is in flight, or during a legal kick.
b. The team last in possession may choose to either put the ball in play where
possession was lost or replay the down if, during a down or during a down
in which the penalty for a foul is declined, an inadvertent whistle is sound-
ed while the ball is loose following a backward pass, fumble, illegal forward
pass or illegal kick.
c. The team in possession may choose to either accept the results of the play
at the dead-ball spot or replay the down if, during a down or during a down
in which the penalty for a foul is declined, an inadvertent whistle is sound-
ed while the ball is in player possession.
d. The penalty shall be administered as determined by the basic spot and
takes precedence over inadvertent whistle administration if, during a down
a live-ball foul occurs prior to the inadvertent whistle and the penalty is
accepted.
SECTION 3 OUT-OF-BOUNDS AND INBOUNDS SPOTS
ART. 1 . . . When a loose ball goes out of bounds, the out-of-bounds spot is
fixed by the yard line where the foremost point of the ball crossed the sideline.
When the ball becomes dead in the field of play because of touching a person
who is out of bounds, the out-of-bounds spot is fixed by the yard line through the
foremost point of the ball.
ART. 2 . . . When the out-of-bounds spot is between the goal lines, the ball
shall be put in play at the inbounds spot unless a forward pass is involved. If the
out-of-bounds spot is behind a goal line, it is a safety, field goal or touchback. If
the ball touches a pylon, it is out of bounds behind the goal line.
ART. 3 . . . When a runner goes out of bounds, the inbounds spot is fixed by
the yard line through the foremost point of the ball at the time the runner crosses
the plane of the sideline.
ART. 4 . . . When the ball becomes dead between the inbounds lines, play is
resumed at the dead-ball spot, unless it is a legal forward-pass incompletion in
which case the ball is returned to the previous spot.
ART. 5 . . . When the ball becomes dead in a side zone or is awarded to a team
there or is left there by a penalty, play is resumed at the inbounds spot. This does
not apply to:
a. A legal forward-pass incompletion.
b. A replay due to an inadvertent whistle.
c. A replayed try.
d. A free kick or snap which follows a fair catch or awarded fair catch in a side
zone.
In (a) and (b), the ball is returned to the previous spot.
ART. 6 . . . Before the ready-for-play signal, A may designate the spot from
which the ball is put in play anywhere between the inbounds lines:
a. For a try.
b. For a kickoff.
c. Following a safety.
d. Following a fair catch.
e. Following an awarded fair catch.
f. Following a touchback.
g. For the start of each series using an overtime procedure.
ART. 7 . . . When a team may designate the spot along the proper yard line
from which the ball is to be put in play, it shall have the same privilege if the down
is to be replayed or a dead-ball foul occurs.
Rule 5 ❒ Series of Downs, Number of Down

and Team Possession After Penalty
SECTION 1 SERIES OF DOWNS
ART. 1 . . . The team which next puts the ball in play by scrimmage following
a free kick, touchback or fair catch is awarded a series of four consecutively
numbered downs in which to advance the ball to the line to gain. Each awarded
first down starts a new series of four downs.
ART. 2 . . . A new series of downs is awarded:
a. After a first, second or third down, a new series of downs shall be awarded
only after considering the effect of any act during the down other than non-
player or unsportsmanlike conduct fouls by A, and any dead-ball foul by B.
b. After a fourth down, a new series of downs shall be awarded only after
considering the effect of any act during the down, except a non-player or
unsportsmanlike foul.
ART. 3 . . . When a scrimmage down ends with the ball in the field of play or
out of bounds between the goal lines, a new series is awarded to:
a. A, if the ball belongs to A on or beyond the line to gain.
b. B, if the ball belongs to B at the end of any down.
c. B, if at the end of the fourth down, the ball belongs to A behind the line to
gain.
d. The team in possession at the end of the down, if there is a change of team
possession during the down, unless the penalty is accepted for a non post-
scrimmage kick foul which occurred before the change of possession.
e. R, if K legally kicks during any scrimmage down and the ball is recovered
by R, is in joint possession of opponents, goes out of bounds or becomes
dead with no player in possession.
f. The team in possession at the end of the down, if R is the first to touch a
scrimmage kick while it is beyond the expanded neutral zone, unless the
penalty is accepted for a non post-scrimmage kick foul which occurred
before the kick ended.
g. R at the spot of first touching by K, if K is first to touch the kicked ball
beyond the expanded neutral zone before it is touched beyond this zone by
R and before it has come to rest.
ART. 4 . . . Unless first touched by R beyond the neutral zone, if the kickers
recover a scrimmage kick in or behind the neutral zone, the ball remains live and
belongs to K and the down counts.
ART. 5 . . . When a free-kick down ends with the ball in the field of play or out
of bounds between the goal lines, a new series is awarded to:
a. R at the inbounds spot if R touches the kicked ball before it goes out of
bounds.
b. The team in possession of the ball when the down ends if the ball is
recovered beyond R’s free-kick line with no first touching by K.
c. R at the spot of recovery if K recovers the kicked ball before it travels the
10 yards to R’s free-kick line and before R has touched the ball.
d. R if there is joint possession by R and K of a recovered kick.
e. R at the spot of first touching by K if K is the first to touch the kicked ball
before it has gone 10 yards.
ART. 6 . . . In Articles 3g and 5e, the right of R to take the ball at the spot of
the first touching by K is canceled if R touches the kick and thereafter during the
down commits a foul or if the penalty is accepted for any foul committed during
the down.
SECTION 2 DOWN AND POSSESSION AFTER PENALTY
ART. 1 . . . When a penalty is declined, the number of the next down is the
same as if the foul had not occurred. If a double foul occurs during a down, the
number of the next down is the same as that of the down in which the foul
occurred. After a distance penalty, the ball belongs to the team in possession at
the time of the foul unless it is a 2-16-2h (post-scrimmage kick) foul. Team pos-
session may then change if a new series is awarded.
ART. 2 . . . When a foul occurs during a scrimmage down and before any
change of team possession, and before a receiver is first to touch a scrimmage
kick while it is beyond the neutral zone, the ball belongs to A or K after enforce-
ment unless it is a 2-16-2h (post-scrimmage kick) foul. The number of the next
down is the same as that of the down during which the foul occurred unless
penalty acceptance includes a first down or loss of down, or the enforcement or
the advance results in a first down. The loss of down aspect of a penalty has no
significance following a change of possession or if the line to gain is reached after
enforcement.
ART. 3 . . . When a foul occurs prior to a scrimmage down, or simultaneously
with the snap, the number of the next down after enforcement is the same as the
number established before the foul occurred, unless enforcement for a foul by B
results in a first down.
ART. 4 . . . When a foul occurs prior to or during a free-kick down and before
any change of team possession, the down which follows enforcement is a free-
kick down, unless following a fair catch or an awarded fair catch, a scrimmage
down is chosen for the replay.
ART. 5 . . . Following a foul, a series of downs ends when:
a. The acceptance of the penalty includes the award of a first down.
b. Acceptance or declination of any penalty leaves A in possession beyond the
line-to-gain.
c. Declination of any penalty leaves A in possession behind the line to gain
after fourth down.
d. Declination of any penalty leaves B in possession.
e. There is acceptance or declination of the penalty for any foul which occurs
after team possession changes during the down.
f. R is first to touch a scrimmage kick while it is beyond the neutral zone,
unless a non-post-scrimmage kick foul occurs before the kick ends and the
penalty is accepted.
g. Acceptance of a penalty on fourth down which carries a loss of down leaves
A in possession behind the line to gain.
ART. 6 . . . After a series of downs ends, a new series with first and 10 yards to
gain is awarded unless one of the following is involved: a try; a field goal; or a free
kick after a safety, fair catch or awarded fair catch. The first down is awarded to
the team in possession when the foul occurs unless, declining the penalty leaves
the other team in possession, or as in (c) and (f), accepting or declining the penal-
ty leaves the other team in possession after fourth down. (See 5-2-5c, f)
SECTION 3 THE LINE TO GAIN AND MEASUREMENTS
ART. 1 . . . The line to gain is 10 yards in advance of the ball’s foremost point
when a new series of downs is awarded. When a new series of downs is awarded,
the penalties for all fouls (including nonplayer and unsportsmanlike) committed
prior to the ready-for-play signal shall be administered before the line to gain is
established. The line to gain then remains fixed until the series ends and a new
line to gain is established.
ART. 2 . . . The referee may call for the linesman to bring the official line-to-
gain equipment on the field for a measurement. Measurement shall be parallel
with the sideline and from a convenient yard line to the yard line through the fore-
most point of the ball when it became dead. The ball shall be placed with its long
axis parallel with the sideline before measurement. The inside edge of the fore-
most rod marks the line to gain when the traditional yardage chain is used.
NOTE: A measurement may be requested by the captain prior to the ball being marked
ready for play, but it may be denied if, in the referee’s opinion, it is obvious the line to
gain has or has not been reached.
ART. 3 . . . To start a new series of downs, the inside edge of the rod nearest
the goal of the team which is to snap the ball is set on the yard line through the
ball’s foremost point. To start a new series of downs after:
a. A change of team possession, which does not involve a fourth-down
incomplete forward pass, a safety or touchback, the foremost point of the
ball at the time it became dead becomes the rear point when the direction
of the offense is changed.
b. A fourth-down incomplete forward pass, the ball is placed at the previous
spot so the rear point becomes the foremost point.
c. A safety or touchback, the foremost point of the ball is placed on the 20-
yard line.
ART. 4 . . . A ball touching the goal-line plane, when it becomes dead is in the
end zone, even though it is moving away from the nearer end line and has its
foremost point in the field of play.
Rule 6 ❒ Kicking the Ball and Fair Catch

SECTION 1 THE KICKOFF AND OTHER FREE KICKS
ART. 1 . . . For any free kick, a free-kick line, corresponding to a scrimmage
line, is established for each team. These lines are always 10 yards apart. Unless
moved by a penalty, K’s free-kick line is:
a. Its 40-yard line for a kickoff.
b. Its 20-yard line after a safety.
c. The yard line through the spot of the catch after a fair catch.
d. The yard line through the spot of an awarded fair catch.
ART. 2 . . . A free kick shall be made from any point between the inbounds lines
and on K’s free-kick line. A punt may not be used for a free kick other than after
a safety. Once designated, K must kick from that spot. When a punt is used fol-
lowing a safety, the ball must be kicked within one step behind K’s free-kick line.
In an emergency, such as a pool of water on K’s free-kick line, the referee has
authority to move the ball to a playable line. in which case, both free-kick lines are
moved to compensate.
ART. 3 . . . After the ball is marked ready for play and until it is kicked, no play-
er, other than the kicker and the holder for a place kick may be beyond his free-
kick line.
ART. 4 . . . Any receiver may catch or recover a free kick in the field of play and
advance, unless any member of the receiving team has given a valid or invalid
fair-catch signal. R may catch or recover a free kick in K’s end zone.
ART. 5 . . . If any K player recovers or catches a free kick, the ball becomes
dead. It belongs to him unless it is kick-catching interference and R chooses an
awarded fair catch or unless it is first touching. Any K player may recover the ball
before it goes beyond R’s free-kick line if it is touched first by any receiver. Such
touching in the neutral zone by R is ignored if it is caused by K pushing or block-
ing R into contact with the ball or if K muffs the ball into contact with R. Any K
player may recover a free kick if it has both touched the ground and goes beyond
the plane of R’s free-kick line. The two requirements may occur in any order. If a
free kick becomes dead inbounds between the goal lines while no player is in pos-
session, or inbounds anywhere while opponents are in joint possession, the ball
is awarded to R.
ART. 6 . . . If any K player touches a free kick before it crosses R’s free-kick
line and before it is touched there by any R player, it is referred to as “first touch-
ing of the kick.” R may take the ball at the spot of first touching, or any spot if
there is more than one spot of first touching, or they may choose to have the ball
put in play as determined by the action which follows first touching. Such touch-
ing is ignored if it is caused by R pushing or blocking K into contact with the ball.
The right of R to take the ball at the spot of first touching by K is canceled if R
touches the kick and thereafter during the down commits a foul or if the penalty
is accepted for any foul committed during the down.
ART. 7 . . . A free kick is not repeated unless:
a. A foul occurs prior to a change of possession and the penalty acceptance
requires a replay of the down.
b. There is a double foul.
c. There is an inadvertent whistle during the kick.
ART. 8 . . . A free kick shall not be kicked out of bounds between the goal lines
untouched inbounds by R. If it is, R has the following choices:
a. Accept a 5-yard penalty from the previous spot and have K rekick.
b. Put the ball in play at the inbounds spot 25 yards beyond the previous spot.
c. Decline the penalty and put the ball in play at the inbounds spot.
ART. 9 . . . If a free kick goes out of bounds between the goal lines touched
inbounds by R, the ball is put in play by R at the inbounds spot.
PENALTY: Free-kick infraction (Art. 2) – (S7-19) – 5 yards; encroachment (Art.
3) – (S7-18) – 5 yards; free kick out of bounds (Art. 8) – (S19) – 5 yards and re-
kick, or put it in play at the inbounds spot 25 yards beyond the previous spot.
SECTION 2 SCRIMMAGE KICKS
ART. 1 . . . A may punt, drop kick or place kick from in or behind the neutral
zone before team possession has changed.
ART. 2 . . . Any receiver may catch or recover a scrimmage kick in the field of
play and advance, unless it is during a try, or unless any member of the receiving
team has given a valid or invalid fair-catch signal. R may catch or recover a
scrimmage kick in K’s end zone.
ART. 3 . . . Any K player may catch or recover a scrimmage kick while it is in
or behind the neutral zone and advance, unless it is during a try.
ART. 4 . . . Any K player may catch or recover a scrimmage kick while it is
beyond the neutral zone or the expanded neutral zone, provided such kick has
been touched by a receiver who was clearly beyond the neutral zone at the time
of touching. Such touching is ignored if it is caused by K pushing or blocking R
into contact with the ball or it is caused by K legally batting or muffing the ball
into R. Such catch or recovery by K beyond the neutral zone causes the ball to
become dead. (See 6-5-6 EXCEPTION)
ART. 5 . . . When any K player touches a scrimmage kick beyond the expand-
ed neutral zone to R’s goal line before it is touched beyond the neutral zone by R
and before the ball has come to rest, it is referred to as “first touching of the kick”
and the place is the “spot of first touching.” Such touching is ignored if it is
caused by R pushing or blocking K into contact with the ball.
If any K player touches a scrimmage kick in this manner, R may take the ball at
the spot of first touching, or any spot if there is more than one spot of first touching,
or they may choose to have the ball put in play as determined by the action which
follows first touching. The right of R to take the ball at spot of first touching by K is
canceled if R touches the kick and thereafter during the down commits a foul or if
the penalty is accepted for any foul committed during the down.
ART. 6 . . . The touching of a low scrimmage kick by any player is ignored if
the touching is in or behind the expanded neutral zone. The neutral zone shall not
be expanded into the end zone.
ART. 7 . . . When any scrimmage kick is out of bounds between the goal lines
or becomes dead inbounds between the goal lines while no player is in posses-
sion, or inbounds anywhere while opponents are in joint possession, the ball is
awarded to R. Following an out-of-bounds kick, the ball is put in play at the
inbounds spot unless R chooses a spot of first touching.
PENALTY: Illegal kick (Art. 1) – (S31) – 15 yards.
SECTION 3 TOUCHBACK
ART. 1 . . . It is a touchback if any free kick or scrimmage kick:
a. Which is not a scoring attempt or which is a grounded three-point field-
goal attempt, breaks the plane of R’s goal line, unless R chooses a spot of
first touching by K.
b. Which is a three-point field-goal attempt, in flight touches a K player in R’s
end zone, or after breaking the plane of R’s goal line is unsuccessful.
ART. 2 . . . If any free kick or scrimmage kick becomes dead in the kicker’s end
zone while no player has possession, it is a safety or touchback, as in 8-5-2 and 3.
SECTION 4 SUMMARY OF SCRIMMAGE KICK AND FREE-KICK ACTIVITIES
Table 6-4
RESULT OF ACTIVITIES DURING SCRIMMAGE KICKS AND FREE KICKS
Scrimmage Kick Free Kick
1. Kick recovered beyond the neutral 1. A kickoff including the kick following
zone may be advanced only by R. a safety, cannot score a field goal.
2. Kick recovered in or behind the neutral 2. Kick following a fair catch or awarded
zone may be advanced by either team. fair catch may score a field goal.
3. Kick not recovered by either team 3. Kick may not be advanced
belongs to R. by K.
4. Kick jointly recovered by R and K 4. Kick not recovered by either team
belongs to R. belongs to R.
5. Kick jointly recovered by R and K
belongs to R.
NOTE: K is in team possession during a kick. A kick ends when a player gains possession
or when the ball becomes dead by rule. R gains possession of the ball when a player of
R catches or recovers the live ball.
IF THE KICK BECOMES DEAD IN R’S END ZONE
Touchback in all cases unless a field goal is scored.
IF THE KICK BECOMES DEAD IN K’S END ZONE

If the force is: Then the ruling is:
1. The kick or any other new force by K. 1. Safety, if the kick is out of bounds or K has
possession, including when the ball is loose
or
Touchdown if R is in possession.
2. A new force by R. 2. Touchback, if the kick is out of bounds,
or K has possession, including when the
ball is loose, or
Touchdown if R is in possession.
SECTION 5 FAIR CATCH
ART. 1 . . . Any receiver may signal for a fair catch while any legal kick is in
flight. Any receiver who has given a valid or invalid fair-catch signal is prohibited
from blocking until the kick has ended.
ART. 2 . . . It is a fair catch and the ball is dead if any receiver gives a valid fair-
catch signal, as in Article 1, and he catches a free kick in or beyond the neutral
zone to R’s goal line, or a scrimmage kick beyond the neutral zone to R’s goal line.
ART. 3 . . . Only the receiver who gives a valid signal is afforded protection. If,
after a receiver signals, the catch is made by a teammate, it is not a fair catch but
the ball becomes dead.
ART. 4 . . . The captain may choose to free kick or snap anywhere between the
inbounds lines on the yard line through the spot of the catch when a fair catch is
made or through the spot of interference, when a fair catch is awarded. These
choices remain if a dead-ball foul occurs prior to the down, or a foul or an
inadvertent whistle occurs during the down and the down is replayed.
ART. 5 . . . No receiver may advance the ball after a valid or invalid fair-catch
signal has been given by any member of the receiving team.
ART. 6 . . . While any free kick is in flight in or beyond the neutral zone to the
receiver’s goal line or any scrimmage kick is in flight beyond the neutral zone to
the receiver’s goal line, K shall not:
a. Touch the ball or R, unless blocked into the ball or R, or to ward off a block-
er; or
b. Obstruct R’s path to the ball.
This prohibition applies even when no fair-catch signal is given, but it does not
apply after a free kick has been touched by a receiver, or after a scrimmage kick
has been touched by a receiver who was clearly beyond the neutral zone at the
time of touching.
EXCEPTION: K may catch, touch, muff or bat a scrimmage kick in flight beyond the neu-
tral zone if no player of R is in position to catch the ball.
ART. 7 . . . A receiver shall not give an invalid fair-catch signal.
ART. 8 . . . The runner shall not give an illegal fair-catch signal.
PENALTY: Blocking after giving a valid or invalid signal (Art. 1) – (S40) – 15
yards; delay of game (Art. 5) – (S21) – 5 yards; kick-catching interference (Art.
6) – (S33) – 15 yards. For interference, R may accept a 15-yard penalty from
the previous spot and a replay of the down or choose to accept the penalty of
an awarded fair catch at the spot of the foul. Invalid or illegal fair-catch signal
(Arts. 7, 8) – (S32) – 5 yards.
Rule 7 ❒ Snapping, Handing and

Passing the Ball
SECTION 1 BEFORE THE SNAP
ART. 1 . . . The snapper may be over the ball but his feet must be behind the
neutral zone and no part of his person, other than a hand(s) on the ball, may be
beyond the foremost point of the ball.
ART. 2 . . . The snapper may lift the ball for lateral rotation but may not rotate
end-for-end or change the location or fail to keep the long axis of the ball at right
angles to the line of scrimmage.
ART. 3 . . . Following the ready-for-play and after touching the ball, the snapper
shall not:
a. Remove both hands from the ball.
b. Make any movement that simulates a snap.
c. Fail to clearly pause before the snap.
d. Following adjustment, lift or move the ball other than in a legal snap.
ART. 4 . . . An illegal snap or other snap infraction causes the ball to remain
dead.
ART. 5 . . . No player, other than the snapper, shall encroach on the neutral
zone after the ball is marked ready for play by touching the ball or an opponent
or by being in the neutral zone to give defensive signals.
ART. 6 . . . Following the ready-for-play and after the snapper has placed his
hand(s) on the ball, encroachment occurs if any other player breaks the plane of
the neutral zone.
ART. 7 . . . After the ball is marked ready for play and before the snap begins,
no false start shall be made by any A player. It is a false start if:
a. A shift or feigned charge simulates action at the snap.
b. Any act is clearly intended to cause B to encroach.
c. Any A player on his line between the snapper and the player on the end of
his line, after having placed a hand(s) on or near the ground, moves his
hand(s) or makes any quick movement.
ART. 8 . . . If a false start causes B to encroach, only the false start is penalized.
PENALTY: Encroachment (Arts. 1, 5, 6) – (S7-18); snap infraction (Arts. 2, 3);
false start (Art. 7) – (S7-19) – 5 yards.
SECTION 2 FORMATION/POSITION, NUMBERING AND ACTION AT THE SNAP
ART. 1 . . . After the ball is marked ready for play, each player of A who partic-
ipated in the previous down and each substitute for A must have been, momen-
tarily, between the 9-yard marks, before the snap.
ART. 2 . . . The players on each side of and next to the snapper may lock legs
with the snapper, but any other A lineman must have each foot outside the closest
foot of the player next to him at the snap. A’s players may stand, crouch or kneel.
ART. 3 . . . Of the players of A who are not on their line at the snap only one
may penetrate the vertical plane through the waistline of his nearest teammate
who is on his line. He must have his hands in position to receive the ball if it is
snapped between the snapper’s legs but he is not required to receive the snap.
Any other player(s) must be in legal position as a back. (See 2-32-3)
ART. 4 . . . A snap shall be such that the ball immediately leaves the hand or
hands of the snapper and touches a backfield player or the ground before it
touches an A lineman. A scrimmage down must start with a legal snap. An illegal
snap causes the ball to remain dead.
ART. 5 . . . Player formation and numbering requirements include:
a. At the snap, at least seven A players shall be on their line of scrimmage.
b. At the snap, at least five A players on the line of scrimmage must be num-
bered 50-79. B players may be anywhere on or behind the line.
EXCEPTION: When A sets or shifts into a scrimmage-kick formation any A player
numbered 1 to 49 or 80 to 99 may take the position of any A player numbered 50 to
79. A player in the game under this exception must assume an initial position on his
line of scrimmage between the ends and he remains an ineligible forward-pass
receiver during that down unless the pass is touched by B (7-5-6b).
c. Players of the same team shall not participate during the same down while
wearing identical numbers.
ART. 6 . . . After a huddle or shift all 11 players of A shall come to an absolute
stop and shall remain stationary simultaneously without movement of hands,
feet, head or body for at least one second before the snap.
ART. 7 . . . Only one A player may be in motion at the snap and then only if
such motion is not toward his opponent’s goal line. Except for the player “under
the snapper,” as outlined in Article 3, the player in motion shall be at least 5 yards
behind his line of scrimmage at the snap if he started from any position not clear-
ly behind the line and did not establish himself as a back by stopping for at least
one full second while no part of his body is breaking the vertical plane through
the waistline of his nearest teammate who is on the line of scrimmage.
ART. 8 . . . Any A player on his line of scrimmage may not advance a planned
loose ball in the vicinity of the snapper.
PENALTY: Illegal formation (Arts. 1, 2, 3) – (S19); illegal snap (Art. 4) – (S7-
19); illegal numbering (Art. 5) – (S19); illegal shift (Art. 6) – (S20); illegal
motion (Art. 7) – (S20); planned loose-ball infraction (Art. 8) – (S19) – 5 yards.
SECTION 3 HANDING THE BALL
ART. 1 . . . Any player may hand the ball backward at any time.
ART. 2 . . . No player may hand the ball forward except during a scrimmage
down before a change of possession, provided both players are in or behind the
neutral zone and it is to:
a. A lineman who has clearly faced his goal line by moving both feet in a half-
turn and is at least 1 yard behind his line when he receives the ball.
b. A back or a teammate who, at the snap, was on an end of his line and was
not the snapper nor adjacent to the snapper.
ART. 3 . . . During a scrimmage down after a change of team possession, no
player may hand the ball forward to a teammate.
PENALTY: Illegal handing (Arts. 2, 3) – (S35-9) – 5 yards – and loss of down.
The loss-of-down penalty does not apply when there has been a change of
team possession.
SECTION 4 FUMBLE AND BACKWARD PASS
ART. 1 . . . During any down, any player in possession may make a backward
pass or may lose player possession through a fumble.
ART. 2 . . . If a fumble or a backward pass is caught or recovered by any player,
he may advance.
ART. 3 . . . The ball belongs to the passing or fumbling team unless lost after
fourth down if a fumble or a backward pass:
a. Goes out of bounds between the goal lines; or
b. Becomes dead inbounds while no player is in possession; or
c. Becomes dead inbounds while opponents are in joint possession.
ART. 4 . . . If a fumble or a backward pass is out of bounds behind a goal line,
the ball belongs to the team defending that goal and the result is either a touch-
back or a safety.
SECTION 5 FORWARD-PASS CLASSIFICATION
ART. 1 . . . It is a legal forward pass, if during a scrimmage down and before
team possession has changed, a player of A throws the ball with both feet of the
passer in or behind the neutral zone when the ball is released. Only one forward
pass may be thrown during the down.
ART. 2 . . . An illegal forward pass is a foul. The illegal forward passes are:
a. A pass after team possession has changed during the down.
b. A pass from beyond the neutral zone.
c. A pass intentionally thrown into an area not occupied by an eligible offen-
sive receiver.
d. A pass intentionally thrown incomplete to save loss of yardage or to con-
serve time.
EXCEPTION: It is legal to conserve time by intentionally throwing the ball forward to
the ground immediately after receiving a direct hand-to-hand snap.
e. A second or subsequent forward pass thrown during a down.
Table 7-5-2
SUMMARY OF LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FORWARD PASSES
LEGAL FORWARD PASSES ILLEGAL FORWARD PASSES

From in or behind the neutral zone. a. After team possession has changed dur-
ing the down.
b. A pass from beyond the neutral zone.
c. A pass intentionally thrown into an area
not occupied by an eligible offensive
receiver.
d. A pass intentionally thrown to save loss
of yardage or to conserve time.
EXCEPTION: It is legal to conserve time
by intentionally throwing the ball forward
to the ground immediately after receiving
a direct hand-to-hand snap.
e. A second or subsequent forward pass
thrown during a down.
ART. 3 . . . If the penalty for an illegal forward pass is accepted, measurement
is from the spot of such forward pass. If the offended team declines the distance
penalty, it has the choice of having the down counted at the spot of the illegal
incomplete forward pass or (if the illegal forward pass is caught or intercepted)
of having the ball put in play as determined by the action which followed the
catch.
ART. 4 . . . A forward pass, legal or illegal, is complete and the ball may be
advanced when caught by any player of A or B. If a forward pass is caught simul-
taneously by two opponents, the ball becomes dead and belongs to the passing
team.
ART. 5 . . . A forward pass, legal or illegal, is incomplete and the ball becomes
dead when the pass touches the ground or goes out of bounds. It is also
incomplete when a player in the air possesses the pass and alights so that his
first contact with the ground or with anything other than a player or game official
is on or outside a boundary. When an incompletion occurs the down counts
unless the pass is after a change of possession. If the pass is legal, the passing
team next snaps the ball at the previous spot, unless lost after fourth down.
Table 7-5-4, 5
SUMMARY OF COMPLETED AND INCOMPLETED FORWARD PASSES
COMPLETED FORWARD PASS INCOMPLETED FORWARD PASS
a. Pass caught by the passer’s eligible a. Pass which touches the ground.
receiver; ball remains live. b. Pass which goes out of bounds.
b. Pass caught by the passer’s ineligible c. Pass possessed by a player who is
receiver; ball remains live. in the air but first touches the
c. Any intercepted pass; ball remains live. ground out of bounds
d. Pass simultaneously caught by (Ball becomes dead in all of
opponents; ball becomes dead. these cases.)
ART. 6 . . . Pass eligibility rules apply only to a legal forward pass. The
following players are eligible pass receivers:
a. All A players eligible by position and number include those who, at the time
of the snap, are on the ends of their scrimmage line or legally behind the
line (possible total of six) and are numbered 1-49 or 80-99. (See 7-2-5a
EXCEPTION)
b. All A players become eligible when B touches a legal forward pass.
c. All B players are eligible.
d. A player who is eligible at the start of the down remains eligible through-
out the down.
ART. 7 . . . Pass interference restrictions only apply beyond the neutral zone
and only if the legal forward pass, untouched by B in or behind the neutral zone,
crosses the neutral zone.
ART. 8 . . . Pass interference restrictions are in effect for all A and B players
until the ball is touched or the pass is incomplete. Pass interference restrictions
on a legal forward pass begin for:
a. A with the snap.
b. B when the ball leaves the passer’s hand.
ART. 9 . . . Pass interference restrictions on a legal forward pass end for all:
a. A players, when B touches a legal forward pass.
b. Eligible A players when A touches a legal forward pass. Ineligible A players
may not touch the pass, but can use hands or arms in a legal block to ward
off an opponent.
c. B players when a legal forward pass has been touched by A or B.
ART. 10 . . . It is forward-pass interference if:
a. Any player of A or B who is beyond the neutral zone interferes with an
eligible opponent’s opportunity to move toward, catch or bat the pass.
b. Any player hinders an opponent’s vision without making an attempt to
catch, intercept or bat the ball, even though no contact was made.
ART. 11 . . . It is not forward-pass interference if:
a. Unavoidable contact occurs when two or more eligibles are making a
simultaneous, bona fide attempt to move toward, catch or bat the pass.
b. Contact by A is immediately made on a B lineman and the contact does not
continue beyond the expanded neutral zone.
c. Contact by B is obviously away from the direction of the pass.
ART. 12 . . . Ineligible A players may not advance beyond the expanded neu-
tral zone on a legal forward pass play before a legal forward pass that crosses the
neutral zone is in flight. If B touches the pass in or behind the neutral zone, this
restriction is terminated. An ineligible is not illegally downfield if, at the snap, he
immediately contacts a B lineman and the contact does not continue beyond the
expanded neutral zone.
ART. 13 . . . An ineligible A player has illegally touched a forward pass if he
bats, muffs or catches a legal forward pass, unless the pass has first been
touched by B.
PENALTY: Illegal forward pass (Arts. 2a,b) – (S35); intentional grounding
(Arts. 2c,d) –(S36) – 5 yards plus loss of down for (Art. 2b, c, d, e) – (S9). Pass
interference (Art. 10) – (S33) – 15 yards plus loss of down if by A – (S9) – if
by B, it is first down for A. If the pass interference by either player is inten-
tional, his team shall be penalized an additional 15 yards (S27). Ineligible
downfield (Art. 12) – (S37) – 5 yards. Illegal touching (Art. 13) – (S16) – 5
yards plus loss of down.
Table 7-5
SUMMARY OF FOULS THAT CAN OCCUR DURING FORWARD PASS
PLAYS AND THEIR PENALTIES AND ENFORCEMENT SPOTS
ENFORCEMENT
FOUL PENALTY SPOT
1. ILLEGAL FORWARD PASS
a. Pass after team possession has changed a: END
during the down. Loss of 5 Yards OF
b. Pass from beyond the neutral zone. RUN
c. Pass intentionally thrown into an area not b, c, d and e:
occupied by eligible offensive receiver. Loss of 5 yards
d. Pass intentionally thrown to save loss of and
yardage or conserve time. Loss of Down
EXCEPTION: It is legal to conserve time by
intentionally throwing the ball forward to
the ground immediately after receiving a
direct hand-to-hand snap.
e. A second or subsequent forward pass
during the down
2. FORWARD PASS INTERFERENCE
Restrictions apply only to a legal pass, a: PREVIOUS
untouched by B in or behind the neutral zone Loss of 15 Yards SPOT
which crosses the neutral zone and interference and
may occur only beyond the neutral zone. Loss of Down
b:
a. A hinders B. (Restriction begins with the Loss of 15 Yards
snap.) and
b. B hinders A. (Restriction begins when the First Down “Automatic”
pass is thrown.)
c. Intentional pass interference. c: SUCCEEDING
An Additional SPOT
15 Yards
3. INELIGIBLE RECEIVER DOWNFIELD. Loss of 5 Yards PREVIOUS
Ineligible A players may not advance across the SPOT
expanded neutral zone before a legal forward
pass which crosses the neutral zone is in flight
unless touched by B in or behind the neutral
zone.
4. ILLEGAL TOUCHING BY INELIGIBLE Loss of 5 Yards BASIC
A forward pass, batted, muffed or caught by and SPOT
an ineligible A player who is behind, in or Loss of Down
beyond the neutral zone.
Rule 8 ❒
SECTION 1 POINT VALUES
Scoring Plays and Touchback
The game is won by the team which accumulates the most points. Points are
scored as follows for:
POINT VALUES
TOUCHDOWN 6 points
FIELD GOAL 3 points
SAFETY Points awarded to the opponent 2 points
SUCCESSFUL TRY
a. Touchdown 2 points
b. Field Goal or Safety 1 point
FORFEITED GAME:
Game score is:
Offended Team: 1, Opponent: 0.
But if offended team is ahead,
the score stands.
SECTION 2 TOUCHDOWN
ART. 1 . . . Possession of a live ball in the opponent’s end zone is always a
touchdown.
a. It is a touchdown when a runner advances from the field of play so that the
ball penetrates the vertical plane of the opponent’s goal line.
b. It is a touchdown when a loose ball is caught or recovered by a player while
the ball is on or behind his opponent’s goal line.
c. It is a touchdown when a backward pass or fumble is declared dead in the
end zone of the opponent of the player who threw the backward pass or
fumbled while no player is in possession (other than because of an inad-
vertent whistle).
ART. 2 . . . If during a touchdown-scoring play in which there is no change of
possession, the opponent of the scoring team commit a foul other than nonplay-
er or unsportsmanlike, the scoring team may accept the results of the play and
have a penalty enforced from the succeeding spot or may choose to have the foul
enforced on the subsequent kickoff.
ART. 3 . . . If during a touchdown-scoring play in which there is a change of
possession, the opponent of the scoring team commit a foul other than nonplay-
er or unsportsmanlike after the change of possession, the scoring team may
accept the results of the play and have the penalty enforced from the succeeding
spot or may choose to have the foul enforced on the subsequent kickoff
SECTION 3 TRY
ART. 1 . . . After a touchdown, the scoring team shall attempt a try during
which the ball is snapped from a spot designated by A anywhere between the
inbounds lines on B’s 3-yard line, unless moved by penalty. This involves a scrim-
mage down which is neither numbered nor timed.
EXCEPTION: If a touchdown is scored during the last down of the fourth period, the try
shall not be attempted unless the point(s) would affect the outcome of the game or play-
off qualifying.
ART. 2 . . . The try begins when the ball is marked ready for play. It ends when:
a. B secures possession.
b. It is apparent a drop kick or place kick will not score.
c. The try is successful.
d. The ball becomes dead for any other reason.
ART. 3 . . . During a try, A may score two points from what would be a
touchdown or one point for a field goal or safety by B under rules governing play
at other times during the game.
ART. 4 . . . If during a successful try, a loss of down foul by A occurs, there is
no score and no replay.
ART. 5 . . . If during a successful try, a foul by B occurs, A is given the choice
of:
a. Accepting the penalty and replaying the down following enforcement; or
b. Accepting the result of the play and enforcement of the penalty from the
succeeding spot, unless in conflict with other rules.
ART. 6 . . . If during an unsuccessful try, a foul by A occurs, the penalty is obvi-
ously declined, the results of the play stand and there is no replay. If B fouls, the
down is replayed after enforcement.
ART. 7 . . . If a double foul occurs, the down shall be replayed.
ART. 8 . . . When a try is replayed, the snap may be from any point between
the inbounds lines on the yard line through the spot of the ball.
ART. 9 . . . After a try, the opponent of the scoring team shall designate which
team will kick off.
SECTION 4 FIELD GOAL
ART. 1 . . . A field goal is scored as follows:
a. The field-goal attempt shall be a place kick or a drop kick from scrimmage,
or from a free kick following a fair catch, or an awarded fair catch.
b. The kicked ball shall not touch any player of K beyond the expanded neu-
tral zone or the ground before passing through the goal.
c. The kicked ball shall pass between the vertical uprights or the inside of the
uprights extended and above the crossbar of the opponent’s goal.
ART. 2 . . . After a field goal, the opponent of the scoring team shall designate
which team will kick off.
ART. 3 . . . If during a successful field goal, a foul by R occurs, K is given the
choice of:
a. Accepting the penalty and replaying the down following enforcement; or
b. Accepting the result of the play and enforcement of the penalty from the
succeeding spot.
SECTION 5 FORCE, SAFETY AND TOUCHBACK
ART. 1 . . . Responsibility for forcing the ball from the field of play across a
goal line is attributed to the player who carries, snaps, passes, fumbles or kicks
the ball, unless a new force is applied to a grounded backward pass, kick or fum-
ble. The muffing or batting of a pass, kick or fumble in flight is not considered a
new force.
ART. 2 . . . It is a safety when:
a. A runner carries the ball from the field of play to or across his own goal
line, and it becomes dead there in his team’s possession.
EXCEPTION: When a defensive player intercepts an opponent’s forward pass; inter-
cepts or recovers an opponent’s fumble or backward pass; or an R player catches or
recovers a scrimmage kick or free kick between his 5-yard line and the goal line, and
his original momentum carries him into the end zone where the ball is declared dead
in his team’s possession or it goes out of bounds in the end zone, the ball belongs
to B at the spot where the pass or fumble was intercepted or recovered or the kick
was caught or recovered.
b. A player who is either in the field of play or in his end zone, forces a loose
ball from the field of play to or across his goal line by his kick, pass,
fumble, snap or by a new force to a grounded loose ball with his muff or
bat or illegal kick (when the penalty is declined), provided the ball becomes
dead there in his team’s possession (including when the ball is declared
dead with no player in possession), or the ball is out of bounds when it
becomes dead on or behind their goal line. This does not apply to a legal
forward pass which becomes incomplete.
c. A player on offense commits any foul for which the penalty is accepted and
enforcement is from a spot in his end zone; or throws an illegal forward
pass from his end zone and the penalty is declined in a situation which
leaves him in possession at the spot of the illegal pass and with the ball
having been forced into the end zone by the passing team.
ART. 3 . . . It is a touchback when:
a. Any free kick or scrimmage kick:
1. Which is not a scoring attempt or which is a grounded three-point
field-goal attempt, breaks the plane of R’s goal line unless R chooses a
spot of first touching by K.
2. Which is a three-point field-goal attempt, in flight touches a K player in
R’s end zone, or after breaking the plane of R’s goal line is unsuccess-
ful.
b. Any scrimmage kick or free kick becomes dead on or behind K’s goal line
with the ball in possession of K (including when the ball is declared dead
with no player in possession) and the new force is R’s muff or bat of the
kick after it has touched the ground.
c. A fumble is the force, or a muff or bat of a backward pass or a fumble after
either has touched the ground is the new force, which sends the ball to or
across the opponent’s goal line and provided such opponent is in team pos-
session or the ball is out of bounds when it becomes dead on or behind its
goal line.
d. A forward pass is intercepted in B’s end zone and becomes dead there in
B’s possession.
ART. 4 . . . The team whose goal line is involved shall put the ball in play
anywhere between the inbounds lines on its 20-yard line by a snap after a
touchback and by a free kick after a safety.
Rule 9 ❒ Conduct of Players and Others

SECTION 1 HELPING THE RUNNER
An offensive player shall not push, pull or lift the runner to assist his forward
progress.
PENALTY: Helping the runner (S44) – 5 yards.
SECTION 2 ILLEGAL USE OF HANDS AND HOLDING
ART. 1 . . . An offensive player (except the runner) shall not:
a. Use a blocking technique which is not permissible by rule. (See 2-3-2, 3)
b. Grasp or encircle any teammate to form interlocked blocking.
c. Use his hands, arms or legs to hook, lock, clamp, grasp, encircle or hold in
an effort to restrain an opponent.
ART. 2 . . . The runner may not grasp a teammate.
ART. 3 . . . A defensive player shall not:
a. Use a technique that is not permissible by rule. (See 2-3-2, 4)
b. Use his hands to add momentum to the charge of a teammate who is on
the line of scrimmage.
c. Use his hands or arms to hook, lock, clamp, grasp, encircle or hold in an
effort to restrain an opponent other than the runner.
d. Contact an eligible receiver who is no longer a potential blocker.
PENALTY: Illegal use of hands or arms (Arts. 1a, 2, 3a, b, d) – (S42); inter-
locked blocking (Art. 1b) – (S44); holding (Arts. 1c; 3c) – (S42) – 10 yards.
SECTION 3 ILLEGAL BLOCKING
ART. 1 . . . Blocking by a player either on offense or defense is illegal when it
is:
a. Kick-catching interference.
b. Forward-pass interference.
c. A personal foul.
ART. 2 . . . A player shall not block an opponent below the waist except:
a. In the free-blocking zone when the contact meets the requirements of 2-17.
b. To tackle a runner or player pretending to be a runner.
ART. 3 . . . A receiver who has given a valid or invalid fair-catch signal shall not
block an opponent until the kick has ended.
ART. 4 . . . The kicker or place-kick holder of a free kick may not be blocked
before:
a. He has advanced 5 yards beyond his free-kick line; or
b. The kick has touched the ground or any other player.
ART. 5 . . . A player shall not clip or block an opponent in the back except:
a. In the free-blocking zone when the contact meets the requirements of 2-17.
b. Using hands and arms to contact an opponent above the waist in warding
off a blocker, or when attempting to reach a runner, or catch or recover a
loose ball which he may legally touch or possess.
c. To tackle a runner or player pretending to be a runner.
ART. 6 . . . A player shall not chop block.
Simultaneous Blocks (9-3-6)
BLOCKER 1 BLOCKER 2 RULING
High Low Legal Block
Low Low Legal Block
High High Legal Block
Delayed Blocks
FIRST BLOCK SECOND BLOCK RULING

Low High Legal Block
High High Legal Block
High Low Chop Block
Low Low Chop Block
ART. 7 . . . A player shall not trip an opponent who is not a runner.
PENALTY: Kick Catching Interference (Art. 1a, penalize in accordance with 6-
5-6); Forward Pass Interference (Art. 1b, penalize in accordance with 7-5-10);
Personal Foul (Art. 1c, penalize in accordance with 9-4); Blocking Below the
Waist (Art. 2, S40, 15 yards); Blocking After Signal (Art. 3, S40, 15 yards);
Blocking Kicker or Place-Kick Holder (Art. 4, S40, 15 yards); Clipping (Art. 5,
S39, 15 yards); Blocking in the Back (Art. 5, S43, 10 yards); Chop Block (Art.
6, S41, 15 yards); Tripping (Art. 7, S46, 15 yards).
SECTION 4 ILLEGAL PERSONAL CONTACT
ART. 1 . . . No player or nonplayer shall fight.
ART. 2 . . . No player or nonplayer shall intentionally contact an official.
ART. 3 . . . No player or nonplayer shall:
a. Swing the foot, shin or knee into an opponent, nor extend the knee to meet
a blocker.
b. Charge into or throw an opponent to the ground after he is obviously out
of the play, or after the ball is clearly dead either in or out of bounds.
c. Pile on any player who is lying on the ground.
d. Hurdle an opponent.
e. Position himself on the shoulders or body of a teammate or opponent to
gain an advantage.
f. Throw a helmet to trip an opponent.
g. Make any other contact with an opponent which is deemed unnecessary
and which incites roughness.
h. Grasp an opponent’s face mask or any edge of a helmet opening.
i. Initiate illegal helmet contact. (butt block, face tackle or spear)
NOTE: Illegal helmet contact may be considered a flagrant act. Acts to be considered
flagrant include, but are not limited to:
1. Illegal helmet contact against an opponent lying on the ground,
2. Illegal helmet contact against an opponent being held up by other players,
and/or
3. Illegal helmet-to-helmet contact against a defenseless opponent.
j. Strike an opponent with his fist, locked hands, forearm or elbow, nor kick
or knee him.
ART. 4 . . . Roughing the passer. Defensive players must make a definite effort
to avoid charging into a passer, who has thrown the ball from in or behind the
neutral zone, after it is clear the ball has been thrown. No defensive player shall
charge into the passer who is standing still or fading back, because he is con-
sidered out of the play after the pass.
ART. 5 . . . Running into or roughing the kicker or holder. A defensive player
shall neither run into the kicker nor holder, which is contact that displaces the
kicker or holder without roughing; nor block, tackle or charge into the kicker of a
scrimmage kick, or the place-kick holder, other than when:
a. Contact is unavoidable because it is not reasonably certain that a kick will
be made.
b. The defense touches the kick near the kicker and contact is unavoidable.
c. Contact is slight and is partially caused by movement of the kicker.
d. Contact is caused by R being blocked into the kicker or holder by K.
ART. 6 . . . Roughing the snapper. A defensive player shall not charge directly
into the snapper when the offensive team is in a scrimmage-kick formation.
ART. 7 . . . No defensive player may use the hand(s) to slap the blocker’s head.
PENALTY: Fighting, intentionally contacting an official, striking, kicking or
kneeing. (Arts. 1, 2, 3j) – (S38-47) – 15 yards and disqualification. If a coach
is the offender in Article 2, see 9-8 Penalty for disqualification procedure.
Other personal fouls (Arts. 3a through g) – (S38) – 15 yards; incidental grasp-
ing (Art. 3h) – (S45) – 5 yards; grasping and twisting, turning or pulling the
face mask or helmet opening (Art. 3h) – (S38, 45) – 15 yards; illegal helmet
contact (Art. 3i) – (S24) – 15 yards. Roughing passer (Art. 4) – (S34) – 15
yards and a first down from end of last run when last run ends beyond the neu-
tral zone and there has been no change of team possession, or otherwise 15
yards and first down from previous spot; running into kicker/holder (Art. 5) –
(S30) – 5 yards from the previous spot; roughing kicker or holder (Art. 5) –
(S38, S30) – 15 yards and first down from the previous spot; roughing snapper
(Art. 6). – (S38) – 15 yards and first down from the previous spot. Slap to the
head (Art. 7) – (S38) – 15 yards. Disqualification also if any foul is flagrant –
(S47).
SECTION 5 NONCONTACT UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT BY PLAYERS
ART. 1 . . . No player shall act in an unsportsmanlike manner once the officials
assume authority for the contest. Examples are, but not limited to:
a. Baiting or taunting acts or words or insignia worn which engenders ill will.
NOTE: The NFHS disapproves of any form of taunting which is intended or designed
to embarrass, ridicule or demean others under any circumstances including on the
basis of race, religion, gender or national origin.
b. Using profanity, insulting or vulgar language or gestures.
c. Any delayed, excessive or prolonged act by which a player attempts to
focus attention upon himself.
d. Using disconcerting acts or words prior to the snap in an attempt to
interfere with A’s signals or movements.
e. Kicking at the ball, other than during a legal kick.
f. Leaving the field between downs to gain an advantage unless replaced or
unless with permission of an official.
g. Refusing to comply with an official’s request.
h. Using tobacco or smokeless tobacco.
ART. 2 . . . When the ball becomes dead in possession of a player, he shall not:
a. Intentionally kick the ball.
b. Spike the ball into the ground.
c. Throw the ball high into the air or from the field of play or end zone.
d. Intentionally fail to place the ball on the ground or immediately return it to
a nearby official.
PENALTY: Unsportsmanlike conduct (Arts. 1, 2) – (S27) – (S7-27) – if dead
ball, 15 yards. Also disqualification if flagrant – (S47). In Article 1a, the player
must remove the offending item before he is allowed to participate. The
second unsportsmanlike foul results in disqualification. (See 9-8 PENALTY)
SECTION 6 ILLEGAL PARTICIPATION
ART. 1 . . . Prior to a change of possession, or when there is no change of
possession, no player of A or K shall go out of bounds and return during the
down unless blocked out of bounds by an opponent. If a player is blocked out of
bounds by an opponent and returns inbounds during the down, he shall return at
the first opportunity.
ART. 2 . . . During the down, no player shall intentionally go out of bounds and
return.
ART. 3 . . . No replaced player, substitute, coach, trainer or other attendant
shall hinder an opponent, touch the ball, influence the play or otherwise partici-
pate.
ART. 4 . . . It is illegal participation:
a. When any player, replaced player, substitute, coach, trainer or other atten-
dant enters and participates during a down.
b. If an injured player is not replaced for at least one down; unless the half-
time or overtime intermission occurs.
c. To have 12 or more players participating at the snap or free kick.
d. To use a player, replaced player, substitute, coach, trainer or other attendant
in a substitution or pretended substitution to deceive opponents at or
immediately before the snap or free kick.
e. For a player to be lying on the ground to deceive opponents at or immedi-
ately before the snap or free kick.
f. For a disqualified player to re-enter the game.
PENALTY: Illegal participation (Arts. 1, 2, 3, 4a [live-ball, basic spot]) – (Arts.
4b-f [live-ball, previous spot]) – (S28) – 15 yards.
SECTION 7 ILLEGAL KICKING AND BATTING
ART. 1 . . . No player shall intentionally kick the ball other than as a free or
scrimmage kick.
ART. 2 . . . No player shall bat a loose ball other than a pass or a fumble in
flight, or a low scrimmage kick in flight which he is attempting to block in or
behind the expanded neutral zone.
EXCEPTION: A K player may bat toward his own goal line a grounded scrimmage kick
which is beyond the neutral zone and may also bat a scrimmage kick in flight beyond the
neutral zone, if no R player is in position to catch the ball.
ART. 3 . . . Any pass in flight may be batted in any direction, by an eligible
receiver unless it is a backward pass batted forward by the passing team.
ART. 4 . . . A ball in player possession shall not be batted forward by a player
of the team in possession.
PENALTY: Illegal kicking or batting (Arts. 1, 2, 3, 4) – (S31) – 15 yards.
SECTION 8 NONCONTACT UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT BY NONPLAYERS
ART. 1 . . . No coach, substitute, trainer or other team attendant shall act in an
unsportsmanlike manner once the officials assume authority for the contest.
Examples are, but not limited to:
a. Using profanity, insulting or vulgar language or gestures.
NOTE: The NFHS disapproves of any form of taunting which is intended or designed
to embarrass, ridicule or demean others under any circumstances including on the
basis of race, religion, gender or national origin.
b. Attempting to influence a decision by an official.
c. Disrespectfully addressing an official.
d. Indicating objections to an official’s decision.
e. Using any illegal communication equipment as outlined in 1-5-3b and 1-6.
f. Holding an unauthorized conference.
NOTE: Between downs, communications between players and coaches near the
sideline are not an unauthorized conference.
g. The failure of a team to be ready to start either half.
h. Failure of the head coach, following verification, to have his player(s) wear
or use legal and/or required equipment.
i. Being on the field except as a substitute or replaced player. (See 3-7-6; 9-
6-4a)
j. Using tobacco or smokeless tobacco.
k. Being outside the team box, but not on the field. (See 9-8-3)
l. A substitute who leaves the team box during a fight.
ART. 2 . . . Three attendants, none of whom is a coach, may enter the field to
attend their team during a charged time-out or a TV/radio time-out, during the
one-minute following a try, a successful field goal or safety, and prior to the suc-
ceeding free kick, between periods and during an official’s time-out for unusual
heat and humidity. During a time-out for injury, the coach and/or such attendants
as may be deemed necessary by the referee may, with permission, enter to attend
the injured player(s). In no other case, except as in 2-6, shall any nonplayer other
than an entering substitute enter without the referee’s permission.
ART. 3 . . . A nonplayer shall not be outside his team box unless to become a
player or to return as a replaced player. A maximum of three coaches may be in
the coaches’ area.
PENALTY: Nonplayer fouls (Art. 1a through j) – (S27), (S7-27 if dead ball) – 15
yards. Nonplayer foul (Art. 2) – (S19) – 5 yards, unless repeated – or unsports-
manlike – (S27) – 15 yards. (Arts. 1k, 3) – (S15) – First offense-warning. (S7-
29) – Second offense – 5 yards, each subsequent offense – (S7-29-27) – 15
yards. (Art. 1l) –(S27-47) – 15 yards and disqualification. (Arts. 1, 2, 3) Any
single flagrant foul is disqualification. A second unsportsmanlike foul with a
15-yard penalty results in disqualification. (See 9-5 PENALTY) A disqualified
member of the coaching staff shall be removed from the stadium area and be
prohibited from any further contact, direct or indirect, with his team during the
remainder of the game. For failure to comply, the referee may forfeit the
game.
SECTION 9 UNFAIR ACTS
ART. 1 . . . A player or nonplayer or person(s) not subject to the rules shall not
hinder play by an unfair act which has no specific rule coverage.
ART. 2 . . . No team shall repeatedly commit fouls which halve the distance to
the goal line.
ART. 3 . . . No player shall hide the ball under a jersey.
ART. 4 . . . No player shall use a kicking tee in violation of Rule 1-3-4.
ART. 5 . . . Neither team shall commit any act which, in the opinion of the
referee, tends to make a travesty of the game.
PENALTY: Unfair act – the referee enforces any penalty he considers equitable,
including the award of a score – (S27). Repeated fouls (Art. 2) – the game may
be forfeited. Hiding the ball under a jersey, (Art. 3)(S27) – 15 yards basic spot.
Using illegal kicking tee, (Art. 4), (S27) – 15 yards basic spot.
NOTE: The fouls in Rules 9-9-3 and 9-9-4 are not charged to the coach or player for the
purpose of unsportsmanlike conduct ejections.
Rule 10 ❒ Enforcement of Penalties
SECTION 1 PROCEDURE AFTER A FOUL

ART. 1 . . . When a foul occurs during a live ball, the referee shall, at the end
of the down, notify both captains. He shall inform the captain of the offended
team regarding the rights of penalty acceptance or declination and shall indicate
to him the number of the ensuing down, distance to be gained, and status of the
ball for each available choice. The distance penalty for any foul may be declined.
If the penalty is declined or if there is a double foul, there is no loss of distance.
In case of a double foul, the captains are not consulted since the penalties offset.
The captain’s choice of options may not be revoked. Decisions involving penalties
shall be made before any charged time-out is granted either team.
ART. 2 . . . When a foul occurs during a dead ball between downs or prior to a
free kick or snap, the official shall not permit the ball to become alive. The referee
shall notify the captains, and the captain of the offended team will be presented
with the options and the effect of acceptance or declination on the down and
distance to be gained. The captain may accept or decline the penalty.
ART. 3 . . . When a live-ball foul by one team is followed by a dead-ball foul by
the opponent, the penalties are administered separately and in the order of
occurrence.
ART. 4 . . . When the same team commits a live-ball foul followed by one or
more dead-ball fouls, all fouls may be penalized.
ART. 5 . . . Enforcement of a penalty cannot take the ball more than half the
distance from the enforcement spot to the offending team’s goal line. If the
prescribed penalty is greater than this, the ball is placed halfway from the spot of
enforcement to the goal line.
ART. 6 . . . The following fouls by A include loss of the right to replay a down:
a. Illegally handing the ball forward.
b. Illegal forward pass.
c. Forward pass interference.
d. Illegal touching of forward pass by an ineligible.
ART. 7 . . . The following fouls by B give A an automatic first down:
a. Roughing the kicker or holder.
b. Roughing the passer.
c. Roughing the snapper.
d. Forward pass interference.
SECTION 2 DOUBLE AND MULTIPLE FOULS
ART. 1 . . . It is a double foul if both teams commit fouls, other than unsports-
manlike or nonplayer, during the same live-ball period in which:
a. There is no change of team possession, unless all fouls committed by R
are post-scrimmage kick fouls, or
b. There is a change of team possession, and the team in possession at the
end of the down fouls prior to final change of possession unless all fouls
committed by R are post-scrimmage kick fouls, or
c. There is a change of possession and the team in final possession accepts
the penalty for its opponent’s foul at any time during the down.
In (a), (b) or (c), the penalties cancel and the down is replayed.
ART. 2 . . . If each team fouls during a down in which there is a change of team
possession and the play does not have a post-scrimmage kick foul, the team last
gaining possession may retain the ball, provided:
a. the foul by the team last gaining possession is not prior to the final change
of possession, and
b. the team last gaining possession declines the penalty for its opponent’s
foul(s), other than a nonplayer or unsportsmanlike foul.
In this case, the team that was not last in possession has no penalty options
until the team last in possession has made its penalty decision on the fouls prior
to the change of possession. After that decision by the team last in possession,
the team not last in possession may decline or accept the foul by the team last in
possession or choose which foul to have enforced in the case that the team last
in possession committed more than one foul following the change.
ART. 3 . . . If each team fouls during a down in which there is a change of pos-
session and all R fouls are post-scrimmage kick fouls, then R may retain the ball,
provided R declines the penalty for K’s foul(s), other than a nonplayer or
unsportsmanlike foul. In this case, the team that was not last in possession has
no penalty options until the team last in possession has made its penalty deci-
sion. After that decision by the team last in possession, the team not last in pos-
session may decline or accept the foul by the team last in possession or choose
which foul to have enforced in the case that the team last in possession commit-
ted more than one foul following the change.
ART. 4 . . . When two or more live-ball fouls (other than nonplayer or unsports-
manlike) are committed during the same down by the same team (multiple fouls),
only one penalty may be enforced. The offended captain may choose which one
shall be administered, or the captain may decline all penalties. When a team com-
mits a nonplayer or unsportsmanlike foul during that same down, it is adminis-
tered from the succeeding spot as established by the acceptance or declination
of the penalty for the other foul.
ART. 5 . . . Penalties for dead-ball fouls are administered separately and in the
order of their occurrence. A dead-ball foul is not coupled with a live-ball foul or
another dead-ball foul to create a double or multiple foul.
ART. 6 . . . A foul during a try is not paired with a dead-ball foul to create a
double or multiple foul.
SECTION 3 TYPES OF PLAY
ART. 1 . . . A loose-ball play is action during:
a. A free kick or scrimmage kick, other than those defined in 2-33-1a.
b. A legal forward pass.
c. A backward pass (including the snap), illegal kick or fumble made by A
from in or behind the neutral zone and prior to a change of team posses-
sion.
NOTE: The run(s) which precedes such legal or illegal kick, legal forward pass, backward
pass or fumble is (are) considered part of the action during a loose-ball play.
ART. 2 . . . A running play is any action not included under Article 1, other than
those defined in 2-33-1a.
ART. 3 . . . The end of the run is:
a. Where the ball becomes dead in the runner’s possession.
b. Where the runner loses possession if his run is followed by a loose ball.
c. The spot of the catch or recovery when the momentum rule is in effect.
SECTION 4 BASIC SPOTS
ART. 1 . . . If a foul occurs during a down, the basic spot is determined by the
action that occurs during the down. This is the basic spot for penalty enforce-
ment.
ART. 2 . . . The basic spot is the previous spot:
a. For a foul which occurs simultaneously with the snap or free kick.
b. For a foul which occurs during a loose ball play, as defined in 10-3-1. See
10-5-5 for special enforcement on roughing the passer.
ART. 3 . . . The basic spot is the spot where the kick ends when R commits a
post-scrimmage kick foul (2-16-2h). R fouls behind the post-scrimmage kick
spot are spot fouls.
ART. 4 . . . The basic spot is the spot where the related run ends for a foul
which occurs during a running play as defined in 10-3-2.
ART. 5 . . . The basic spot is the succeeding spot:
a. For an unsportsmanlike foul.
b. For a dead-ball foul.
c. For a nonplayer foul.
d. When the final result is a touchback.
ART 6 . . . The basic spot is the 20-yard line for fouls by either team when the
opponent of the team in possession at the time of the foul is responsible for forc-
ing the ball across the goal line of the team in possession, and the related run
ends in the end zone and is followed by a loose ball, regardless of where the loose
ball becomes dead.
ART 7 . . . The basic spot is the goal line for fouls, which are committed dur-
ing running plays by the opponent of the team in possession at the time of the
foul when the team in possession is responsible for forcing the ball across its
own goal line, and the related run ends in the end zone and is followed by a loose
ball, regardless of where the loose ball becomes dead.
SECTION 5 SPECIAL ENFORCEMENT RULES
ART. 1 . . . The following fouls have special enforcement provisions and
options for the offended team:
a. Free kick out of bounds untouched by R. (see 6-1-8)
b. Kick-catching interference. (see 6-5-6)
c. Unfair acts. (see 9-9)
d. A foul by the opponent of the scoring team on a successful try. (see 8-3-5)
e. A foul by the opponents of the scoring team on a successful field goal. (see
8-4-3)
f. A foul by the opponents of the scoring team on a touchdown. (see 8-2-2)
g. Roughing the passer. (See 9-4-4)
h. Roughing the kicker or holder (See 9-4-5)
i. Roughing the snapper (See 9-4-6)
ART. 2 . . . The enforcement spot for any foul by the defense is the goal line
when the run ends in the end zone and would result in a safety.
ART. 3 . . . The score is nullified if the penalty is accepted for a foul, other than
nonplayer or unsportsmanlike, by A which occurs during a down resulting in a
successful try, field goal or touchdown.
ART. 4 . . . If the offensive team throws an illegal forward pass from its end
zone or commits any other foul for which the penalty is accepted and measure-
ment is from on or behind its goal line, it is a safety.
ART. 5 . . . The enforcement spot is the end of the last run for roughing the
passer when the last run ends beyond the neutral zone and there has been no
change of team possession.
ART. 6 . . . A disqualified player shall be removed.
SECTION 6 ENFORCEMENT SPOTS, ALL-BUT-ONE PRINCIPLE
Unless otherwise listed in Section 4 and 5, a penalty for a foul occurring during
a play is enforced from the basic spot with the exception of a foul by the offense
which occurs behind the basic spot during a loose ball play or running play. This
particular foul is enforced from the spot of the foul.
FOOTBALL PENALTY
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement provisions apply to all player fouls.
These provisions are not complicated by excep-
tions or special penalties. By learning a few funda-
mentals, officials will master the principles of
penalty enforcement quickly and without difficulty.
Enforcement philosophy is based on the fact
that a team is given the advantage of the distance
which is gained without assistance of a foul. It is
assumed that the only foul which would give this
aid is a foul by the offense behind the basic spot.
Therefore, all fouls but this one, that is a foul by
the offense behind the basic spot, are penalized
from the basic spot unless the spot is otherwise
specified by rule. This one foul is penalized from
the spot of the foul. Whenever the ball is live, one
of two types of plays is in progress, that is, either
a loose-ball play (Fig. 2) or a running play (Figs. 3
and 4). The type of play has no significance unless
a foul occurs. If a foul does occur, the officials
must know whether it was during a loose-ball play
or during a running play, because this immediately
determines the basic spot of enforcement unless
the spot is otherwise specified by rule.
A loose-ball play is action during:
1. A free kick or scrimmage kick other than
those defined in 2-33-1a.
2. A legal forward pass.
3. A backward pass (including the snap), ille-
gal kick or fumble made by A from in or behind the
neutral zone prior to a change of team possession.
It includes the run(s) which precede such legal
or illegal kick, legal forward pass, backward pass or fumble.
If a foul occurs during a loose-ball play, the basic spot is the post-scrimmage kick spot
as defined in 2-41-6 if a PSK foul (2-16-2h) occurs, or the previous spot if PSK does not
apply. Play: K1 punts and between the time of the snap and the time the kick ends, there is a
foul by R or K. Ruling: The foul is during a loose-ball play, and the previous spot (the same
as the spot of the snap) is the basic spot for K’s fouls. For R’s foul, PSK rules may apply.
A running play is any action which is not a loose-ball play.
1. In or behind the neutral zone in either of the following:
a. It includes a run not followed by a loose ball.
b. A run followed by an illegal forward pass.
2. Beyond the neutral zone:
a. It includes a run.
b. A run followed by a loose ball, including an illegal forward pass or illegal kick. A
run ends when a runner loses possession but the related running play continues
until the ball becomes dead or some player again gets possession.
If a foul occurs during a running play, the basic
spot is the spot where the run ended. If the runner
does not lose possession, the ball becomes dead
when the run ends. Play: A1 runs to B’s 30 where
he is downed. During the run there is a foul by A.
Ruling: The foul is during a running play and the
basic spot for enforcement is the spot where the
run ended unless the spot is otherwise specified by
rule. All fouls except one are penalized from this
spot. The foul illustrated is enforced from the spot
of the foul, since it is behind the basic spot.
A loose ball may be part of a running play and
should not be confused with a loose-ball play. If a
foul were to occur (during a running play) while
the ball was loose, the basic enforcement spot is
the spot where the related run ended, as for any
running play. Play: A1 receives the snap and runs
to B’s 30. His run ends when he fumbles, throws
an illegal forward pass, or throws a backward
pass. Between the time A1 gets possession and
the time the loose ball ends, there is a foul by B or
A. Ruling: The backward pass, fumble or illegal
pass by A are not part of the run itself. However,
they are part of the entire play, which is a running
play. The basic enforcement spot for a foul which
occurs during any part of the running play, includ-
ing the run or while the ball was loose during the
play, is the spot where the run ended. When the
foul is by the offensive team during the run and
the spot of the foul is behind the basic spot, the
penalty is from the spot of the foul.
Page 81 2008 NFHS Football Rules
FOOTBALL FUNDAMENTALS
I. POSSESSION
1. A live ball is always in possession of a team.
2. A live ball is in player possession or is loose.
3. A loose ball is in possession of the team whose player was last in possession.
4. A player in possession of a live ball is a runner.
5. A player cannot fumble before gaining possession.
6. No foul causes loss of the ball.
7. After a distance penalty, the ball belongs to the team which was in possession at the time of the foul
according to applicable rules. Team possession may then change if a new series is awarded.
8. Possession of a live ball in the opponent’s end zone is always a touchdown.
II. DOWNS
1. A down begins when the ball becomes live and ends when it becomes dead.
2. Whether the next down will be first is determined at the time the ball becomes dead and after con-
sidering the effect of any act, except a nonplayer or unsportsmanlike foul, which occurred during the
down.
3. If R is first to touch a scrimmage kick beyond the neutral zone, a new series will be awarded the
team in possession at end of the down, unless there was a foul before the kick and the penalty was
accepted, or there was a double foul or there was an inadvertent whistle during the kick following
the touching by R.
4. The only defensive fouls which automatically cause a first down are pass interference, roughing the
kicker or place-kick holder, roughing the passer and roughing the snapper.
5. If the penalty is accepted for any live ball foul by either team during the last timed down of a period,
the period must be extended by an untimed down, except for unsportsmanlike fouls, non-player
fouls and fouls that specify a loss of down.
III. DEAD BALL
1. An official’s whistle seldom kills the ball. It is already dead by rule.
2. No live-ball foul causes the ball to become dead.
3. A dead ball may become live only by a legal snap or free kick.
4. Catching is always preceded by touching of the ball; thus, if touching causes the ball to become
dead, securing possession of the ball has no significance.
IV. KICKS - GENERAL
1. A kick always ends as soon as any player secures possession.
2. Receivers may catch or recover a kick and advance unless a valid or invalid fair-catch signal has been
given by any member of the receiving team.
3. If a legal kick is caught in or beyond the neutral zone to R’s goal line on a free kick and beyond the
neutral zone to R’s goal line on a scrimmage kick by a receiver after he has signaled for a fair catch,
it is a fair catch and the ball becomes dead as soon as it is caught.
4. A fair catch may be made of any free kick which is in or beyond the neutral zone to R’s goal line or
a scrimmage kick which is beyond the neutral zone to R’s goal.
5. Any kick which is not a scoring attempt becomes dead when it breaks the plane of R’s goal line.
6. No kick may legally be batted unless it is an attempt to block the kick in or behind the neutral zone,
or if a grounded scrimmage kick which is beyond the neutral zone is batted by K toward his own
goal line, or if a scrimmage kick in flight beyond the neutral zone is batted by K or caught by K when
no player of R is in position to catch the ball.
7. First touching of a kick by K is always ignored if the penalty is accepted for a foul during the down.
V. FREE KICKS
1. The rules for the three free kicks are the same. Exception: a kickoff or a free kick following a safety
cannot score a field goal.
2. Free-kick lines are always 10 yards apart.
3. A free kick is not repeated unless a foul occurs prior to change of possession and the penalty accep-
tance requires a replay of the down or there was a double foul.
VI. SCRIMMAGE KICKS
1. Touching of a low scrimmage kick by any player is ignored if it occurs in or behind the expanded
neutral zone. Such touching may cause the ball to go out of bounds.
2. A scrimmage kick recovered in or behind the neutral zone may be advanced by K or R.
VII. PASSES
1. A player who is eligible at the start of the down remains eligible throughout the down.
2. Offensive interior linemen are prohibited from advancing beyond the neutral zone only during a
forward pass which crosses the neutral zone, but may advance after the pass is in flight.
3. A handed ball is not a pass.
4. Any pass in flight may be batted in any direction by an eligible receiver unless it is a backward pass
batted forward by the passing team.
5. A forward-pass interference foul can occur only beyond the neutral zone.
VIII. BLOCKING
1. Blocking by either team is permissible, unless it is kick-catching interference or pass interference,
a personal foul or an illegal block.
IX. FOULS
1. No live-ball foul causes the official to sound his whistle immediately.
2. A live-ball foul followed by a foul by the opponents after the ball becomes dead is not paired as a
double foul.
3. It is a foul to bat any loose ball which has touched the ground, except K may bat a grounded scrim-
mage kick which is beyond the neutral zone toward his own goal line and may bat a scrimmage kick
in flight beyond the neutral zone when no player of R is in position to catch the ball.
4. A foul during a try is not paired with a dead-ball foul to make a double or multiple foul.
5. A double foul results only when both teams commit fouls, other than unsportsmanlike or nonplay-
er, during the same live-ball period or if team possession changed during the down and the foul by
the team in final possession was prior to the change or if there were a change of possession and
the team in final possession accepted the penalty for its opponent’s foul.
X. PENALTY MEASUREMENT
1. The distance penalty for any foul may be declined.
2. Penalties are either 5, 10 or 15 yards.
3. Any live-ball foul is penalized according to the all-but-one enforcement principle except:
a. Fouls which occur simultaneously with the snap.
b. A foul by the opponents of the scoring team during a successful try, field goal or touchdown
when the score is accepted.
c. A nonplayer or unsportsmanlike foul.
d. Roughing the passer when the last run ends beyond the neutral zone and there has been no
change of team possession.
4. Penalty enforcement for any dead ball, nonplayer or unsportsmanlike foul is from the succeeding
spot.
5. The penalty for any one of the five illegal passes is a loss of 5 yards and the down is counted except
for a forward pass following change of team possession.
6. The penalty for offensive pass interference includes the loss of down.
7. No penalty directly results in a safety, but if a distance penalty is enforced from behind the offender’s
goal line toward his end line, it is a safety.
8. The penalty for a live-ball foul by the defensive team is administered from the basic spot, except
when that spot is in the end zone or in conflict with other rules.
9. The loss of down aspect of a penalty has no significance following a change of possession or if the
line to gain is reached after enforcement.
POINTS OF EMPHASIS
MRSA AND COMMUNICABLE SKIN CONDITIONS
Methecillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aurues (MRSA) is a relatively new problem in our
communities and in the sports world. However, it is an increasingly more common prob-
lem with potentially serious consequences. The risk to athletes can be reduced dramatical-
ly by proper preventive measures, early identification, precautions to minimize spread to
team members and opponents, and quick and appropriate treatment. The NFHS Sports
Medicine Advisory Committee (SMAC) has developed multiple position and policy state-
ments on this topic and that of communicable skin diseases in general over the past few
years. These can be found on the NFHS Web site under Sports Medicine. One of the very
first pages in this NFHS rules book deals with this issue.
MRSA represents the evolution of a common bacteria, “Staph” to an aggressive and
resistant bacteria. This has occurred, in part, because of the widespread use of antibiotics.
As the sensitive or “easy staph” is killed, the stronger more virulent ones that are resistant
to penicillin and standard antibiotics grow stronger and more aggressive. Scientists con-
tinue to develop new antibiotics to attack these stubborn bacteria, but it is a race in which
scientists need help to stay ahead of the resistant bacteria. Judicious use of antibiotics, as
well as measures discussed in this point of emphasis, can help everyone be safer from
communicable diseases of all types, especially the more dangerous ones like MRSA.
Most skin infections are transmitted by skin-to-skin contact or by contact with equipment
that has the “germ” present. Skin is a very strong protective organ in the body, but the risk
of transmission of bacteria, fungus and viruses is greater if the integrity of the skin is weak-
ened by a scrape, scratch or other open place. Football, because of the equipment, and
wrestling, because of the extensive skin-to-skin contact and the wrestling mat, are consid-
ered the highest risk sports for MRSA and other skin diseases like ringworm (tinea cor-
poris), herpes simplex and herpes gladiatorum, and impetigo.
PREVENTION OF CONTRACTING SKIN INFECTIONS

In medicine, prevention is always considered the best treatment for any disorder, when
possible. Basic hygienic principles are the foundation to help reduce/prevent the develop-
ment and spread of these infectious diseases. Individual athletes need to shower after each
event or practice, use their own soap or use a liquid soap from a dispenser and not com-
munity bar soap to shower, avoid sharing towels and other items, have all open wounds or
abrasions evaluated by the coach or certified athletic trainer before each practice or com-
petition, and use clean undergarments with each practice or contest.
PREVENTION OF SPREAD OF SKIN INFECTIONS

The only thing worse for a coach and a team than having one player out of action because
of a skin infection is to have multiple players coming down with infections that lead to loss
of playing time and/or serious health issues for the individuals and the team. Therefore,
early identification of the illness, quick removal from exposure of teammates, proper clean-
ing of individual equipment and shared equipment as well as appropriate treatment of the
infected individuals is critical. It is impossible to know exactly when a lesion is no longer
contagious to others, but minimal treatment regimens have been suggested before allow-
ing athletes to return to play. (See next page) Universal precautions, which are described
below should be used by all concerned to minimize the likelihood of skin infection spread-
ing.
TREATMENT
The appropriate use of antibiotics is the mainstay for treating MRSA and other bacterial
infections of the skin. Topical and/or oral anti-fungal medications can be helpful in treating
ringworm. In certain situations, anti-viral medications may be used for such viral infections
as herpes gladiatorum and herpes simplex. Even then, wounds and lesions should be cov-
ered to protect all involved. If lesions do not respond as suggested by the physician, a
return visit for further evaluation should be considered as this might suggest resistant
infections such as MRSA.
HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES THAT SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY ALL COACHES AND ATHLETES

Following these guidelines will help reduce the occurrences and outbreaks of infectious
diseases. This will take active participation of the coach, parent and athlete. Together this
will create a healthy environment that will allow the athlete to compete and reduce the risk
of being sidelined.
INDIVIDUAL ATHLETES:
• Any lesion, scrape or wound on the skin should be evaluated by a certified athletic train-
er or physician.
• Seek medical care as soon as possible for personal safety and to protect teammates.
• Don’t return to action until advised to do so by a physician.
• If lesion is not clearing as expected, return for additional medical consultation as failure
to respond can be a sign of MRSA.
• Coach should be made aware of any lesion considered infectious.
• Shower after every practice or contest, as soon as possible.
• Use clean gear and undergarments for every practice or contest.
• Avoid cosmetic shaving (genital area, chest, legs).
• Use soap from a container, not bar soap.
• Don’t share toiletries, towels or other equipment.
• Don’t use a whirlpool or cold tub with any open wounds, scrapes or scratches.
• Shower before using whirlpools or common tubs.
• All abrasions or cuts must be properly cleansed and covered before prac-
tice/competition.
COACHES, CERTIFIED ATHLETIC TRAINERS, AND OTHER PERSONNEL:

• Monitor athletes for possible infected lesions through reporting by the athlete or med-
ical personnel.
• Withdraw any athlete with a suspicious skin lesion until evaluated by a physician.
• Clean mats, and equipment on a regular basis with appropriate disinfectants (1;100
solution of bleach like Clorox made up fresh daily).
• If an infection has occurred in a team member, check other athletes daily before prac-
tice.
• If several athletes develop infection with the same organism, seek consultation with
physician or health department as soon as possible to eradicate spread. They may sug-
gest special techniques to eradicate the bacteria from the skin and/or nose of team
members or other epidemiological studies with cultures, etc.
• Make sure athletes are cleared by physician before returning them to practice or games.
This protects everyone, including team members.
• Even after medical clearance, keep lesions covered until skin is covered over and wound
is healed.
• Always use “universal precautions” when dealing with a skin lesion as one would with
blood and other bodily fluids. This means gloves, hand washing, proper disposal of
contaminated equipment in plastic and/or bio-hazard bags.
• If lesions are detected in your team, notify appropriate personnel at opposing school(s)
within a 2-3 day period of a previous contest with that school(s).
PURPOSE OF A FOOTBALL HELMET

In almost all articles and publications regarding the proper use and fit of the football hel-
met, the focus has been on the coach and his/her obligation to inform players of the risks
of serious and sometimes catastrophic injury when a player leads with the head during con-
tact. The rules against a player butting, ramming or spearing an opponent with the football
helmet are there to protect that player, as well as the opponent. A ball carrier using the hel-
met as a weapon to punish a tackler is seldom penalized but should be addressed just as
most officials address the act of a tackler using the football helmet as a weapon to punish
a ball carrier. It is critical that officials penalize a player that uses the helmet as a weapon,
whether a player is in the capacity of either a tackler or a ball carrier. Coaches and officials
must collaborate to protect the player by teaching proper techniques and penalizing
improper use of the football helmet.
ALTERING LEGAL FOOTBALL EQUIPMENT

Greater emphasis must be placed on the role coaches, officials and players have in not
only wearing mandatory equipment as specified in the NFHS Football Rules Book, but in
wearing it properly. Safety is everyone’s responsibility. Football equipment, such as knee
pads, thigh pads and hip pads with tailbone protector should be worn as manufactured and
may not be modified. Similarly, coaches, officials and players must be aware of illegal
equipment or adornments, as specified in the rules.
Officials should observe players during the game in an attempt to verify mandatory
equipment is being properly worn. Prior to any snap or free kick, players having illegal or
improperly worn equipment shall be required to immediately rectify the problem or leave
the game and not return until they are compliant. Officials who cannot verify compliance by
participating players prior to the snap or free kick, must call a foul and penalize it, accord-
ingly, if they see a violation during a down.
SIDELINE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

The NFHS Football Rules Committee feels that a review of the team box, the coaches’
box, sideline control and management issues is necessary. Reports from the nation’s play-
ing fields suggest that sideline control needs continued improvement. Not only are coach-
es and others violating the rules, but officials are not consistently enforcing the rules!
Congestion by non-players on the sidelines is also a problem as the media, boosters and
others crowd, not only the sideline, but onto the playing field as well.
It is reported that team members and coaches are encroaching on the playing field dur-
ing play resulting in more collisions between coaches and officials as well as team mem-
bers obstructing officials’ space on the sideline. Certainly, this is a safety concern for ALL!
A number of coaches have had collisions resulting in serious injuries because non-players
were so close the coaches couldn’t get away from the play. It also is a logistical problem
for officials who must have free access to the sidelines to effectively officiate their areas.
Rule 1-2 clearly offers complete parameters of the playing field, outside the field of play
and surrounding area. Rule 9-8-3 emphatically specifies that only three coaches are allowed
in the coaches’ box, which is the two-yard belt between the 25-yard lines.
Consequences and penalties for team box and sideline violations are prescribed in the
penalty section of Rule 9-8. There is a progressive component to the penalties for these vio-
lations, but they must be consistently enforced to be effective. It seems that all too often,
officials look the other way and disregard these violations and that simply makes the prob-
lem worse. Officials need to communicate their expectations with the coaches before the
game and early in the contest, but when said expectations are not met, they must be penal-
ized.
Another related problem, as noted above, is the growing number of media, photogra-
phers, statisticians and school boosters populating the sidelines. This is a game manage-
ment problem that game administrators should address, but game officials must alert game
management immediately when the situation is noticed. Game administrators and school
officials are reminded that the 4-inch-wide restraining line around the outside of the play-
ing area is MANDATORY and that no one other than officials is to be inside the line. Properly
marking this line will help everyone involved more easily manage the area around the field.
Coaches and players must recognize and be aware of team and coaching box rules that
are in effect during the contest. The burden is on the head coach to remind coaches and
players of these rules. Authorized conferences must be conducted properly and within the
limits of the rule. Officials must be more vigilant and enforce the rules applicable to side-
line management. Game management must do its part to clearly mark and maintain the field
throughout the season. These efforts will minimize risk, lead to more effective officiating,
and can prevent unfortunate incidents, which may result in serious injury.
FALSE STARTS, SHIFTS AND MOTION

Offensive football alignments have become so diversified that more emphasis has to be
placed upon legally starting a free kick down and a scrimmage down. There is not much
that officials can do once a down is in progress except to call and penalize fouls that occur.
It should be a point of emphasis for all officials to make sure that a team starts a down
legally. The areas that need to be given special attention are encroachment, illegal shifts,
false starts and illegal motion.
ENCROACHMENT
Encroachment is a foul for being illegally in the neutral zone. The neutral zone, free kick
lines and scrimmage lines are all established when the ball is marked ready for play. The
neutral zone is that 10-yard space between the two free-kick lines during a free-kick down,
and the length of a football space between the two scrimmage lines during a scrimmage
down.
The neutral zone is established and encroachment restrictions are in effect when the
ready-for-play signal has been sounded. Once the ready-for-play signal has been sounded,
no player shall encroach on the neutral zone by touching the ball, an opponent, or by being
in the neutral zone to give defensive signals.
The neutral zone, that space the length of a football, is established once the ready-for-
play signal has been sounded, but the planes of the neutral zone lines are not established
until the snapper has placed his or her hand(s) on the ball. Following the ready-for-play sig-
nal and after the snapper has placed his or her hand(s) on the ball, no player may break the
plane of the neutral zone lines other than the snapper. During a scrimmage down, the snap-
per is the only player who may have any part of his or her person in the neutral zone. The
snapper’s hand(s) on the ball may be beyond the foremost point of the ball.
After the ball is ready for play for a scrimmage down, but prior to the snapper placing his
or her hand(s) on the ball, it is encroachment if a defender enters the neutral zone to give
defensive signals or places his or her hand(s) on the ground so that contact is made with
the ball or an opponent.
After the ball is ready for play for a scrimmage down, but prior to the snapper placing his
or her hand(s) on the ball, it is not encroachment if either an offensive player or a defend-
er breaks the plane of the neutral zone. Both players may adjust their positions and get back
behind the neutral zone except for the defender as mentioned above, because the planes of
the neutral zone lines are not established until after the ready-for-play signal has sounded
and the snapper has placed his or her hand(s) on the ball.
Either an offensive player or a defender, who was on the opponent’s side of the neutral
zone conferring with his or her coach at the sideline, may cross through the neutral zone to
his or her team’s huddle without encroaching prior to the snapper placing his or her hand(s)
on the ball after the ready-for-play signal. But once the snapper has placed his or her
hand(s) on the ball following the ready-for-play signal for a scrimmage down, it is a foul for
encroachment if any player breaks the plane of the neutral zone or any player, who was con-
ferring with his or her coach at the sideline on the opponent’s side of the neutral zone pass-
es through the neutral zone to his or her huddle.
During a free-kick down after the ball has been marked ready for play, it is permissible
for the place-kick holder or the kicker to be beyond his or her free-kick line prior to the time
the ball is kicked. It is encroachment for any other player to be beyond his or her free-kick
line prior to the ball being kicked.
It is not encroachment for a substitute or a replaced player to cross through the neutral
zone. A substitute cannot encroach until after he or she is established as a player on his or
her team’s side of the neutral zone.
Encroachment is a dead-ball foul resulting in a 5-yard penalty from the succeeding spot.
SHIFTS
A shift is a maneuver employed by the offensive team to take new set positions, and some
type of shift is employed by the offense on almost every down. The offensive players who
are most frequently involved in a shift are the backfield players and the players on the ends
of the line of scrimmage. But what about interior linemen, those players on the line posi-
tioned between the snapper and the player on the end of the line who have placed a hand(s)
on or near the ground. Can they legally be involved in a shift?
Let’s take a thorough look at the shift Rule 2-39 and that aspect of the false start Rule 7-
1-7c which has complicated the enforcement of the shift rule. This shouldn’t be the case
because these are two separate rules.
The shift Rule of 2-39 plainly states that a shift is the action of one or more offensive
players, who after a huddle or after taking set positions, move to a new set position before
the ensuing snap. Nowhere do the rules define a set position, so the necessary inference is
that a set position may be either a two-, three-, or a four-point stance. The shift rule says
that after a huddle or after assuming a set position, which may be either a two-, three-, or
a four-point stance, one or more offensive players may move to a new set position(s) and
remain absolutely stationary for at least one second prior to the snap.
Another aspect of enforcing the shift rule is Rule 7-1-7c. This rule deals with a false start.
It says that any offensive player on the line of scrimmage between the snapper and the play-
er on the end of the line who, after placing a hand(s) on or near the ground, moves or lifts
the hand(s) or makes any quick movement, commits a false start.
Rule 7-1-7c does not prevent a shift. It is referring to that final set position assumed
either without a shift or following a shift(s) that occurred. After assuming this final set posi-
tion whether a shift(s) have occurred or not, a false start occurs if any player on the offen-
sive line between the snapper and the player on the end of the line were to move or lift a
hand(s) after placing the hand(s) on or near the ground.
There is no limit on the number of shifts that the offensive team may execute prior to the
snap. The only factor that makes a shift illegal is the element of time. All shifts must be con-
cluded and all 11 offensive players must be stationary for at least one full second prior to
the snap. The only shift that can be illegal is the one just prior to the snap.
A shift occurs whenever the offensive team breaks the huddle and assumes a pre-snap
position; when linemen or backs move from an upright position to a position with hands on
knees or thighs; when linemen or backs move from a position with hands on knees or
thighs to a three- or four-point down position; when a player who is positioned on the end
of the line moves along the line or to a position in the backfield; when a backfield player
moves from one position in the backfield to another or moves from a position in the back-
field to a position on the line; and when the quarterback moves from an upright position to
a position with hands under the snapper. If the quarterback were to shift in this manner
while another player is moving, a foul for illegal motion occurs if the ball were to be
snapped before both players had stopped and were motionless for at least one second prior
to the snap.
All shifts must be done in a manner that does not simulate action at the snap. Remember,
no shift is illegal unless all offensive players fail to be simultaneously stationary as required
for at least one full second prior to the snap. The manner in which players shift can be false
starts, but it cannot be an illegal shift.
Following a shift, if a player were to go in motion before all 11 players are set for at least
one second, an illegal shift occurs if this player is still moving at the snap. Anytime there is
more than one player moving before the snap, all 11 players must be motionless simulta-
neously for at least one second prior to the snap.
An illegal shift is always a live-ball foul occurring at the snap, resulting in a 5-yard penal-
ty from the previous spot.
FALSE STARTS
Rule 7-1-7 is clear as to what constitutes a false start. A false start occurs if a player com-
mits a shift or feigned charge simulating action at the snap, if any player’s act is clearly
intended to cause the defender(s) to encroach, or when any offensive player(s) on the line
between the snapper and the player on the end of the line, after placing his or her hand(s)
on or near the ground, moves his or her hand(s) or makes any quick movement. This last
statement is referring to that final set position prior to the snap that is assumed without a
previous shift occurring or after a previous shift has occurred.
The major problem in dealing with false starts is the inconsistency in administration.
Whether or not a false start has occurred, or not, is not predicated upon whether the
defender encroaches or not, or by the down and/or distance. The false start act has to be
judged on its own. The offensive team is obligated to move, shift, or go in motion in such
a manner that does not simulate action at the snap. Whenever the false start causes a
defender to encroach, only the false start is penalized.
After the ready-for-play signal has sounded and all offensive players have assumed their
final set position for the snap, no player shall make a quick and/or jerky movement before
the snap. The purpose for restricting such movement is to discourage action designed to
cause defenders to encroach.
If the offensive team executes a shift in such a manner that simulates action at the snap,
the foul is a false start and not an illegal shift. The manner in which offensive players exe-
cute shifts or go in motion can be fouls for a false start, but never for illegal shifts.
When linemen or backs initially set in an upright position or hands-on-knees position and
then drop into a three- or four-point stance for their final position, the action results in a
false start if it is done in a manner that simulates action at the snap. Such action must be
slow and deliberate.
When the quarterback drops from an upright position to a position under the snapper, his
or her action must not simulate action at the snap or a false start has occurred. When the
quarterback withdraws his or her hands from underneath the snapper to go in motion, their
action must be deliberate and done in a manner not simulating the start of a down, and is
considered a shift. When the quarterback, while having his or her hands underneath the
snapper uses jerky movements of their head, arms or body while verbally sounding his sig-
nals commits a foul. This action simulating a snap is a foul for a false start. Once the inte-
rior linemen have assumed their final pre-snap set position on the line between the snap-
per and the player on the end of the line and having placed their hand(s) on or near the
ground, they are locked into that position and may not move their hand(s) or make any
quick movement without committing a false start.
Remember the snapper is not restricted as are the interior linemen in regard to the lift-
ing of a hand(s) placed on or near the ground. A false start is always a dead-ball foul occur-
ring before the snap and resulting in a 5-yard penalty from the succeeding spot.
MOTION
Legal motion at the snap is allowed by rule as an offensive maneuver. Only one offensive
player – either a back or a player on the end of the line, but no interior linemen – may be in
motion at the snap, and then, only if such motion is not toward his opponent’s goal line.
Except for the quarterback under the snapper, the player in motion who started from a
position not clearly behind the line of scrimmage and did not establish himself as a back by
stopping for at least one full second, must be at least 5 yards behind the line of scrimmage
at the snap. Either a player legally in the backfield or a player legally on the end of the line
of scrimmage may go in motion if these previous requirements are satisfied.
Illegal motion occurs whenever the quarterback steps forward placing his or her hands
under the snapper at the instant the snap is made. If the quarterback places his or her
hands under the snapper without stepping forward, it will be a shift and not motion. If the
quarterback steps forward and places their hands under the snapper and the snap is made
after they are motionless for one second, the action is legal. If the quarterback with his
hands under the snapper were to step backward with one foot as the snap is made, this
action would be legal provided no teammate is also moving at the snap. Illegal motion
occurs when any player in motion is moving toward the opponent’s goal line at the snap. It
is also illegal motion if an end goes in motion and is not at least 5-yards behind the line at
the snap unless he or she stops and positions himself or herself as a back for at least one
full second prior to the snap.
A player’s motion movement can be such that his or her head and body are facing the
sideline to which he or she is moving, or a sliding movement while he or she is facing the
opponent’s goal line, or the direction of his or her motion may change several times before
the snap. Illegal motion is always a live ball foul occurring at the snap resulting in a 5-yard
penalty from the previous spot.
COMMENTS ON THE 2008 RULES REVISIONS
FIELD MARKINGS CLARIFIED (1-2-3a) The committee clarified that white is the recom-
mended color for all field markings. The rule continues to allow the use of other colors for
field markings, when appropriate.
RESTRAINING LINE DEFINED (1-2-3d; NEW 2-26-8) In an effort to aid game officials, a rule
was passed last year requiring the use of a restraining line. It has now been determined by
the committee that this line can either be solid or broken. It is recommended that a broken
line be used and marked by placing 12-inch-long lines separated at 24-inch intervals. Only
game officials are allowed in the area marked by the restraining line. No other individuals,
including but not limited to, spectators, game administrators and members of the media,
are allowed within the area marked by the restraining line.
MANDATORY EQUIPMENT RULES CLARIFIED (1-5-1b, d, h) Hip pads, tailbone protector,

knee pads and thigh guards must not be altered from the manufacturer’s original
design/production. Shinguards, if worn, must meet NOCSAE specifications. There are con-
cerns that players and coaches are altering mandatory equipment and, therefore, sacrific-
ing safety by changing the original design of the manufacturer to protect the player.
HAND PAD DEFINED AND IMPLEMENTATION DEADLINE EXTENDED (1-5-2b, NOTE) A

hand pad is now defined by the committee as a covering for the hand which may have sep-
arate openings for each finger and thumb, is absent of any web-like material between the
fingers and /or thumb, and not covering each finger and thumb. Though the definition clear-
ly describes a hand pad, the implementation date for a mandatory securely attached label
or stamp has been changed from 2008 to 2012.
PENALTY OPTIONS FOR TEAMS THAT SCORE BUT WERE FOULED DURING THE PLAY
WERE REFINED (2-16-2e; 3-3-4b; 8-2-2; 8-2-3; 10-2-4) With four changes in the playing
rules, the committee has further refined rules regarding the penalty options for teams that
score but were fouled during the play. Rule 2-16-2e was clarified (along with Rule 10-2-4)
to revise the definition of a multiple foul to stipulate that a team must foul twice during the
same down to commit multiple fouls. These changes allow for enforcement of both fouls
when the opponent of the scoring team commits a foul on both a touchdown-scoring play
and the subsequent try. Rule 3-3-4b was amended to clarify issues at the end of the half,
and along with amendments to Rules 8-2-2 and 8-2-3, clearly stipulate that fouls by the
opponent of the scoring team on the last timed down of the first half can carry over to the
second-half kickoff, however fouls by the opponent of the scoring team on the last timed
down of the second half cannot carry over to overtime.
UNUSED SECOND-HALF TIME-OUTS DO NOT CARRY OVER TO OVERTIME (3-5-1) This revi-
sion by the committee removes the option to carry over unused second-half time-outs into
overtime. The NFHS-recommended Resolving Tied Games procedure continues to provide for
one time-out per overtime period with the revisions stipulating that unused time-outs do not
carry to subsequent overtime periods. State associations have the option to accept, amend or
reject any part of the NFHS-recommended Resolving Tied Games procedure.
HEAD COACH CAN NOW DESIGNATE ANOTHER COACH TO REQUEST TIME-OUTS (3-5-2a,
NOTE) The head coach can now designate another coach for the purpose of requesting
time-outs. The designee shall remain in place for the entire game, except in case of emer-
gency.
INADVERTENT WHISTLE CLARIFIED (4-2-3) This revision by the committee clarifies the
previous rule concerning the inadvertent whistle. The new wording indicates the options
available in a simpler form and makes the choosing of an option an easier process to under-
stand.
ENFORCEMENT FOR HIDING THE BALL UNDER THE JERSEY IS REVISED (9-9 Penalty)
Hiding the ball under the jersey will be enforced as a basic spot foul. This change by the
committee makes this enforcement consistent with the all-but-one principle.
USE OF AN ILLEGAL KICKING TEE IS NOW PENALIZED AS AN UNFAIR ACT (New 9-9-4;
9-9 Penalty) No player shall use a kicking tee in violation of Rule 1-3-4. With this change
by the committee, the use of an illegal kicking tee will now be penalized as an unfair act
committed by the player. Acceptance of this foul on a try or field goal will nullify any points
scored, with the penalty enforced as a basic spot foul using the all-but-one principle.
BASIC SPOT CLARIFIED FOR SPECIFIC FOULS (10-4-6; 10-4-7) A change was made in
Rule 10-4-6 to close a gap in the current rule that refers to the team without the ball and,
in 2007, applied this provision only to one team. The change allows the same enforcement
for either team by defining the basic spot as the 20-yard line for this type of foul (15-yard
line in nine-, eight- and six- player). A change to Rule 10-4-7 helps clarify the basic spot on
running plays for fouls by the opponent of the team in possession when the team in pos-
session puts the ball in the end zone and subsequently, possession is lost.
RESOLVING TIED GAMES

Each state association, in accordance with Rule 3-1-1, may adopt a procedure by which
it allows games tied after the fourth quarter to be resolved. The following is one possible
procedure which would allow for ties to be broken. This procedure may be accepted as writ-
ten, amended, or rejected, in whole or part, by each member state association.
An overtime period is untimed play after a regulation game has ended with the score tied. During an over-
time period each team has an opportunity for an offensive series of downs. However, an overtime period may
include only one offensive series of downs if the defensive team scores a safety or touchdown.
3-1: When the score is tied at the end of the fourth period, the referee will instruct both teams to return
to their respective team boxes. There will be a three-minute intermission during which both teams may
confer with their coaches. All officials will assemble at the 50-yard line, review the overtime procedure, and
discuss how penalties, if any, including any carry-over penalties from the regulation contest will be assessed
to start the overtime procedure. (See 8-3-5,6) At the end of the intermission, the linesman will go to the team
on the side of the field where the line to gain equipment is located and the line judge will go to the other
team. They will inform the coaches of any special penalty enforcements that apply.
3-2-1: At the coin toss in the center of the field the visiting-team’s captain shall be given the privilege of
choosing “heads” or “tails” before the coin is tossed. The winner of the toss shall be given his choice of
defense or offense first, or of designating the end of the field at which the ball will be put in play for this set
of downs. The loser will have his choice of the other options. The referee will indicate the winner of the toss
by placing a hand on his shoulder. To indicate which team will go on offense, the referee will have that cap-
tain face the goal toward which his team will advance and indicate this with the first-down signal. The other
team captain will face the offensive captain with his back toward the goal he will defend.
3-5-1: Each team shall be permitted one time-out during each overtime period (a series for A and a series
for B). The team scoring the greater number of points in the overtime shall be declared the winner. The final
score shall be determined by totaling all points scored by each team during both regulation time and over-
time periods.
5-1-1: To start the overtime, the offensive team shall put the ball in play, first and goal, on the defensive
team’s 10-yard line or succeeding spot if carry-over penalty has been administered (15-yard line for six-play-
er football) anywhere between the inbounds lines. The first offensive team shall have a series of four downs.
That series shall be terminated by any score by the offensive team or if the defensive team has possession
of the ball.
If the team on offense scores a touchdown, it is entitled to the opportunity for a try unless the points
would not affect the outcome of the game or playoff qualifying.
A field-goal attempt is permitted during any down.
If the defensive team gains possession, the ball becomes dead immediately and the offensive team’s
series of downs is ended.
After the first team on offense has completed its series of downs, the first team on defense will become
the offensive team with the ball in its possession at the same 10-yard line anywhere between the inbounds
lines. The same end of the field will be used for possessions by both teams during the two sets of downs to
ensure equal game conditions and conserve time.
If the score remains tied after each team has been given one series of downs in an overtime period, then
the procedure shall be repeated with other overtime periods until a game winner is determined. In this case,
there shall be an intermission of two minutes. At the subsequent meeting of team captains, the loser of the
overtime coin toss will be given first choice of the options. If additional overtime periods are required, then
first options will be alternated with no coin toss.
5-1-2: If a safety is scored by the offensive team, the succeeding spot will be the 10-yard line in
possession of the team that was on defense, provided the defensive team has not had its series of downs
(the temporary overtime score is: Team A-2; Team B-0).
When the defensive team gains possession of the ball, the down and series immediately end for the
offensive team.
5-2-1: The offensive team shall be awarded a new series of downs when any one of the following occurs:
a. Penalty for defensive pass interference is accepted.
b. Offensive team recovers a scrimmage kick (field-goal attempt) between the goal lines after it
has been touched first by the defensive team beyond the neutral zone.
c. Defensive team is guilty of roughing the kicker, place-kick holder, snapper or passer.
5-3-1: The line to gain is always the goal line.
8-1: If the defensive team scores a safety or touchdown, the game is ended.
8-3: No try will be attempted if the winner of the game has been determined.
10-4-3a: Post scrimmage kick enforcement is not applicable in this procedure.
RESOLVING TIED GAMES INTERPRETATIONS
(For those state associations utilizing the procedure as written)
3.1.1 SITUATION A: On fourth down in overtime play, A scores a touchdown. After the score, but before
the try, B1 commits an unsportsmanlike foul. Ruling: The penalty is enforced from the succeeding spot on
the try. Nonplayer fouls, nonplayer unsportsmanlike fouls and dead-ball fouls are penalized on the
succeeding spot.
3.1.1 SITUATION B: During the last timed down of the fourth period A1 advances for a touchdown mak-
ing the score B-22 and A-20. On the try A2 passes complete to A3 in the end zone. Following the try B1 com-
mits an unsportsmanlike foul. Ruling: The penalty for the foul by B1 after the successful try will be admin-
istered from the succeeding spot to begin overtime play.
3.1.1 Comment: In this situation the referee should explain to the captains at the time of the coin toss the
fact the penalty will be administered on the first series of downs in the overtime. The place from which the
ball will be put in play for each team could have an effect on the choice made by the winner of the toss.
3.1.1 SITUATION D: When the regulation game ends in a tie, the teams use the recommended tie-break-
ing procedure. A wins the toss and elects to take the ball. A1 scores on the third down. After A1 crosses the
goal line: (a) A2 clips B1; or (b) B1 strikes A2. Ruling: Dead-ball fouls in both (a) and (b). The score counts
and the penalties in both (a) and (b) are enforced on the try, because that is the succeeding spot.
3.1.1 SITUATION E: On third and 4 in overtime play, B recovers a fumble or intercepts a pass. Ruling:
The down ends as soon as B1 recovers or intercepts. In both cases the series of downs is ended for A.
3.1.1 SITUATION F: On third and 6 in overtime play Team A attempts a field goal. The attempt is not suc-
cessful and B recovers on the 1-yard line. Ruling: The down ends when B1 recovers. The series is ended for
A.
3.1.1 SITUATION G: The fourth quarter ends during a scoring play. During the successful 2-point try, B9
is called for pass interference. A accepts the result of the play, which ties the score and chooses to have the
penalty assessed at the succeeding spot. Ruling: This is correct. Since A, by rule, can choose succeeding
spot enforcement, and the try was successful, A will likely take enforcement at the succeeding spot to begin
overtime. Game officials must be certain to explain the options clearly, not only during penalty administra-
tion, but also during the overtime coin toss.
3.1.1 SITUATION H: In overtime play with third and goal from B’s 4-yard line, B1 interferes during a for-
ward pass. Ruling: If the penalty is accepted it will be first and goal for A on B’s 2-yard line.
3.1.1 SITUATION I: In overtime play on second down from the 8-yard line, B1 commits pass interference.
Ruling: First down for A on the 4-yard line if the penalty is accepted.
3.1.1 SITUATION J: (a) On second; or (b) fourth down and 9, A1 interferes on an incomplete forward
pass. Ruling: In (a) it is A’s ball third down from its 24-yard line. In (b) B will decline the penalty and take
the ball on the 10-yard line.
3.1.1 SITUATION K: At the end of the regulation game the score is tied, 7-7. It was previously announced
that the recommended tie-breaking procedure would be followed. Immediately after the last down of the
fourth period A1 strikes B1. Ruling: A1 will be disqualified and may not participate during the overtime peri-
od. The penalty for A1 ‘s foul will be administered from the succeeding spot. If B is the first to put the ball
in play it will be from the 5-yard line. If A is the first to put the ball in play it will be from the 25-yard line.
3.1.1 SITUATION L: At the beginning of the overtime, A wins the toss and elects to go on offense. On first
down, B1 intercepts a pass, but then fumbles and A1 recovers. RULING: The ball became dead and A’s series
ended immediately when B1 intercepted. A1 recovered a dead ball. B will put the ball in play to start its series
of four downs, first and goal from anywhere between the inbound lines on the 10-yard line.
3.1.1 SITUATION M: During the last timed down of the fourth period, A scores a touchdown to make the
score 14-13. During the successful kick try, B1 roughs the kicker/holder. RULING: If A accepts the score, the
penalty is enforced to start the overtime, if an overtime is played. If A accepts the penalty, the try will be
replayed from the 1½-yard line. (2-41-10; 8-3-5)
3.1.1 SITUATION N: During an overtime period, it is fourth and goal from the 6-yard line. During A’s
unsuccessful field-goal attempt, B1 charges into the place-kick holder. RULING: It will be first and goal for
A at the 3-yard line following enforcement of the roughing penalty which also includes an automatic first
down.
3.1.1 SITUATION O: Following a scoreless first overtime period, the captain of B chooses to play the sec-
ond overtime period at the opposite end of the field. RULING: This is permissible, as it is one of the options
to begin each overtime period.
3.1.1 SITUATION P: During the first overtime period, A chooses to go on offense first and scores a touch-
down on the third play of the series. During the successful kick try, the holder is roughed by B1. A accepts
the successful kick try. RULING: Since A accepted the result of the play, B will be penalized from the suc-
ceeding spot. B will start its overtime series from the 25-yard line after the penalty for roughing the holder
is enforced. (10-5-2)
3.1.1 SITUATION Q: In overtime play with fourth and goal from B’s 24-yard line, BI interferes during a
legal forward pass. RULING: First down and goal for A on the 12-yard line if the penalty is accepted.
NINE-, EIGHT-, AND SIX-PLAYER RULES DIFFERENCES

PREFACE: When “11 players” is used in the rules book it should be understood 11 would be replaced with
the number of players participating (six, eight, nine).
NOTE: Applies to nine-player, eight-player and six-player Rule 3 and 8. When one team is 45 or more points
ahead at the end of the first half or if it secures such a lead during the second half, the game is ended
immediately or state associations may establish guidelines to use a running clock when the point differential
is reached.
NINE-PLAYER
RULE 1: Each team has nine players. The field is 80 yards between goal lines and 40 yards wide with 48
feet 4 inches side zones. Seven-yard marks, 12 inches in length and 4 inches in width, shall be located 7
yards from each sideline. The 7-yard marks shall be marked so that at least each 10-yard line bisects the 7-
yard marks. These marks shall not be required if the field is visibly numbered. If on-the-field numbers are
used, the tops of those numbers shall be 7 yards from the sideline. By state association adoption, the 11-
player field may be designated as official, and the dimensions of the field may be altered.
RULE 2: The free-blocking zone is a square area extending laterally 3 yards either side of the spot of the
snap and 3 yards behind each line of scrimmage.
RULE 6: K’s free-kick line is its 30-yard line and R’s free-kick line is the 40.
RULE 7: a. At least five A players shall be on the line at the snap and may have any legal jersey number.
b. After the ball is ready and before the snap, each A player must momentarily be within 12
yards of the spot of the snap,
c. Each A player (regardless of jersey number) who at the snap was on the end of the
scrimmage line (total of two) and each A player who was at the snap was legally behind the
scrimmage line (possible total of four) is eligible. There are no numbering requirements.
RULE 10: The basic spot for a foul as in 10-4-6 shall be the 15-yard line.
EIGHT-PLAYER
GENERAL: Eleven-player rules are used for eight-player football with the following modifications.
RULE 1: Each team has 8 players. The field is 80 yards between goal lines and 40 yards wide with 15-
yard side zones. Seven-yard marks, 12 inches in length and 4 inches in width, shall be located 7 yards from
each sideline. The 7-yard marks shall be marked so that at least each 10-yard line bisects the 7-yard marks.
These marks shall not be required if the field is visibly numbered. If on-the-field numbers are used, the tops
of those numbers shall be 7 yards from the sideline. By state association adoption, the 11-player field may
be designated as official, and the dimensions of the field may be altered.
RULE 7: a. At least five A players shall be on their line at the snap and may have any legal jersey number.
b. After the ball is ready and before the snap, each player of A must momentarily be within 12
yards of the spot where the ball is to be snapped.
c. Each A player (regardless of jersey number) who at the snap was on an end of the
scrimmage line (total of two) and each A player who at the snap was legally behind the
scrimmage line (possible total of three) is eligible.
RULE 8: On the eight-player field, the ball is snapped after a touchback and is free kicked after a safety
from the 15-yard line.
SIX-PLAYER
GENERAL: Most six-player football rules are the same as for the 11-player game.
RULE 1 and 2: Offense must advance 15 yards instead of 10 in four downs.
RULE 1: Each team has 6 players. The field is 80 yards between goal lines and 40 yards wide with 15-
yard side zones. Seven-yard marks, 12 inches in length and 4 inches in width, shall be located 7 yards from
each sideline. The 7-yard marks shall be marked so that at least each 10-yard line bisects the 7-yard marks.
These marks shall not be required if the field is visibly numbered. If on-the-field numbers are used, the tops
of those numbers shall be 7 yards from the sideline. By state association adoption, the 11-player field may
be designated as official, and the dimensions of the field may be altered.
RULE 2 and 7: Unless the ball is kicked or forward passed, it may not be advanced across the line of
scrimmage until after a direct handoff or clear pass has been made by the snap receiver (If a violation occurs,
ball is returned to previous spot and the down counts). If a forward pass is thrown to the snapper, it must
travel at least 1 yard in flight.
RULE 3: Length of quarters—10 minutes; between quarters—2 minutes; between halves—15 minutes.
RULE 7: At least three A players shall be on their line of scrimmage at the snap and may have any legal
jersey number.
RULE 7: After the ready and before the snap, each player of A must momentarily be within 12 yards of the
spot of the snap.
RULE 7: Ball may be handed in any direction during a kickoff down and during a scrimmage down after
a direct handoff, clear pass, a legal forward pass or kick has been made.
RULE 7: If a fumble occurs before there has been a direct handoff or clear pass and if a player of A
recovers it, he may not carry it beyond the line.
RULE 7: When a passer catches his own pass it is ruled as incomplete unless it was touched by any B player.
RULE 7: All players are eligible to catch a forward pass, except that a pass is ruled incomplete when
caught by the passer (7-5-4).
RULE 8: Field goal counts 4 points. Try for point 2 points if successful through place or drop kick and 1
point if successful by pass or scrimmage.
RULE 8: On the six-player field, the ball is snapped after a touchback and is free kicked after a safety from
the 15-yard line. Overtime: To start an overtime the ball will be put in play first and goal on B’s 15-yard line.
RULE 10: If B fouls during a successful kick try, the penalty is automatically enforced from the succeeding
spot.
PENALTY SUMMARY
LOSS OF 5 YARDS Reference Signal
1. Failure to properly wear mandatory player equipment during down......................................1-5-6 27-23
2. Delay of game...........................................................................................................3-6-2,5; 6-5-5 7-21
3. Failure to properly wear mandatory player equipment just before snap ..............................3-6-2d 7-21-23
4. Illegal substitution .....................................................................................................................3-7 22
5. Free-kick infraction.................................................................................................................6-1-2 7-19
6. Encroachment ......................................................................................................6-1-3; 7-1-1, 5, 6 7-18
7. Free kick out of bounds..........................................................................................................6-1-8 19
8. Invalid or illegal fair-catch signal........................................................................................6-5-7, 8 32
9. Snap infraction ...................................................................................................................7-1-2, 3 7-19
10. False Start ..............................................................................................................................7-1-7 7-19
11. Illegal formation .............................................................................................................7-2-1, 2, 3 19
12. Less than seven players on A’s line or numbering violation...................................................7-2-5 19
13. Illegal shift or illegal motion ..............................................................................................7-2-6, 7 20
14. Planned loose-ball infraction..................................................................................................7-2-8 19
15. Illegally handing ball forward (also loss of down) .............................................................7-3-2, 3 35-9
16. Illegal forward pass (by A; also loss of down).......................................................................7-5-2 35-9
17. Illegal forward pass (by B).....................................................................................................7-5-2 35
18. Intentional grounding (also loss of down)........................................................................7-5-2c, d 36-9
19. Ineligible receiver illegally downfield....................................................................................7-5-12 37
20. Illegal touching (also loss of down) .....................................................................................7-5-13 16
21. Helping runner...........................................................................................................................9-1 44
22. Incidental face mask ..............................................................................................................9-4-3 45
23. Running into kicker/holder.....................................................................................................9-4-5 30
24. Sideline interference.............................................................................................................9-8-1k 7-29
25. Attendant illegally on field ......................................................................................................9-8-2 19
26. Nonplayer outside of the team box, but not on field ..............................................................9-8-3 7-29
LOSS OF 10 YARDS
1. Illegal blocking technique.........................................................................................9-2-1a; 9-2-3a 42
2. Interlocked blocking.............................................................................................................9-2-1b 44
3. Holding.....................................................................................................................9-2-1c; 9-2-3e 42
4. Runner grasping a teammate.................................................................................................9-2-2 42
5. Illegal use of hands or arms .........................................................................................9-2-3a, b, d 42
6. Illegal block in the back..........................................................................................................9-3-5 43
LOSS OF 15 YARDS
1. Unsportsmanlike conduct by player or nonplayer ........................................1-5-2, 3, 5; 9-5, 9-8-1 27
2. Illegally kicking or batting ball ........................................................................................6-2-1; 9-7 31
3. Illegal block after valid or invalid fair-catch signal.......................................................6-5-1; 9-3-3 40
4. Kick-catching interference......................................................................................................6-5-6 33
5. Forward-pass interference (loss of down if by A - give signal 33 and 9; also first down if by B) .7-5-10 33
If intentional an additional 15 yards .....................................................................................7-5-10 27
6. Illegal block below waist or on free-kicker or holder . .......................................................9-3-2, 4 40
7. Clipping ..................................................................................................................................9-3-5 39
8. Chop block .............................................................................................................................9-3-6 41
9. Tripping ..................................................................................................................................9-3-7 46
10. Illegal personal contact ..........................................................................................................9-4-3 38
11. Charging into an opponent obviously out of the play.............................................................9-4-3 38
12. Grasping an opponent’s face mask (or any helmet opening) .................................................9-4-3 38-45
13. Butt block, face tackle or spear ..............................................................................................9-4-3 24
14. Roughing passer (also first down).........................................................................................9-4-4 34
15. Roughing kicker or holder (also first down) ..........................................................................9-4-5 38-30
16. Roughing snapper (also first down) ......................................................................................9-4-6 38
17. Slapping blocker’s head .........................................................................................................9-4-7 38
18. Illegal participation ....................................................................................................................9-6 28
19. Sideline interference (third and subsequent)....................................................................9-8-1k, 3 7-29-27
20. Nonplayer illegally on field .....................................................................................................9-8-3 27
21. Unfair acts .................................................................................................................................9-9 27
DISQUALIFICATION ASSOCIATED WITH CERTAIN 15-YARD PENALTIES
1. Fighting by player or nonplayer..............................................................................................9-4-1 38-47
2. Intentionally contacting an official..........................................................................................9-4-2 38-47
3. Striking, kicking, kneeing .......................................................................................................9-4-3 38-47
4. Any act if unduly rough or flagrant (give proper signal
and follow with 47)....................................................................................................................9-4 47
5. A second unsportsmanlike foul by player or nonplayer ........................................................9-5, 8 27-47
6. A substitute leaving team box during a fight.........................................................................9-8-1l 27-47
Coaches Code of Ethics
The function of a coach is to educate students through participation in interscholastic
competition. An interscholastic program should be designed to enhance academic achievement
and should never interfere with opportunities for academic success. Each student should be
treated with the utmost respect and his or her welfare should be considered in decisions by the
coach at all times. Accordingly, the following guidelines for coaches have been adopted by the
NFHS Board of Directors.
The coach shall be aware that he or she has a tremendous influence, for either good or ill, on
the education of the student and, thus, shall never place the value of winning above the value of
instilling the highest ideals of character.
The coach shall uphold the honor and dignity of the profession. In all personal contact with
students, officials, athletic directors, school administrators, the state high school athletic associ-
ation, the media, and the public, the coach shall strive to set an example of the highest ethical
and moral conduct.
The coach shall take an active role in the prevention of drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse.
The coach shall avoid the use of alcohol and tobacco products when in contact with players.
The coach shall promote the entire interscholastic program of the school and direct the pro-
gram in harmony with the total school program.
The coach shall master the contest rules and shall teach them to his or her team members.
The coach shall not seek an advantage by circumvention of the spirit or letter of the rules.
The coach shall exert his or her influence to enhance sportsmanship by spectators, both
directly and by working closely with cheerleaders, pep club sponsors, booster clubs, and admin-
istrators.
The coach shall respect and support contest officials. The coach shall not indulge in conduct
which would incite players or spectators against the officials. Public criticism of officials or play-
ers is unethical.
The coach should meet and exchange cordial greetings with the opposing coach to set the
correct tone for the event before and after the contest.
The coach shall not exert pressure on faculty members to give students special consideration.
The coach shall not scout opponents by any means other than those adopted by the league
and/or state high school athletic association.
Officials Code of Ethics
Officials at an interscholastic athletic event are participants in the educational develop-
ment of high school students. As such, they must exercise a high level of self-discipline,
independence and responsibility. The purpose of this Code is to establish guidelines for
ethical standards of conduct for all interscholastic officials.
Officials shall master both the rules of the game and the mechanics necessary to enforce
the rules, and shall exercise authority in an impartial, firm and controlled manner.
Officials shall work with each other and their state associations in a constructive and
cooperative manner.
Officials shall uphold the honor and dignity of the profession in all interaction with
student-athletes, coaches, athletic directors, school administrators, colleagues, and the
public.
Officials shall prepare themselves both physically and mentally, shall dress neatly and
appropriately, and shall comport themselves in a manner consistent with the high standards
of the profession.
Officials shall be punctual and professional in the fulfillment of all contractual

obligations.
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Page 111 2008 NFHS Football Rules Index
INDEX
References are to Rule, Section and Article
Attendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8-2 Field goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4
Backward pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-31-5, 6 Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13
Foul during . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3-1c Forfeiture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1-10, 8-1
Out of bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-4-3, 4 Forward Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-31-2, 3, 4
Recovery of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5
Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3-1, 2, 3 Complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5-4
Dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1-1 Incomplete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5-5
Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1-2 Illegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5-2
Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1-3 Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5-10
Ready for play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-35 Legal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5-1
Blocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Forward progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-15-1
Below waist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3-7 Foul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-1
Butt blocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-20-1a Flagrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-2c
Chop block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3-8 Live-ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-2d
Interlocked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3-9 Nonplayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-2f
In the back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5-2 Personal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4
Captain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32-5 Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-2g
Catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4 Between downs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1-2
Clipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5-1 During loose-ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3-3b
Coin toss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2-1, 2, 3 During run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3-2, 3
Conduct of players Double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-2b
Personal fouls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4 Multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-2e
Unsportsmanlike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-5 Simultaneous with snap . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-2i
Unfair acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-9 Free-blocking zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-17-1
Conduct of nonplayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8 Free-kick lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1-1
Conferences-Authorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6 Fumble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18; 7-4
Dead Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1-1 Game--Length of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1-1
Defensive team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-43-1 Starting--Delay in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8-1g
Delay of game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6-2 Shortening of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1-3
Disqualified player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32-6 Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2-5
Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7-1 Changing goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2-4
Loss of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7-2 Choice of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2-3
First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1-1 Goal line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26-3
After penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2 Handing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19
Encroachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8, 7-1-5, 6 Helmet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5-1a
End Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10-1 Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2-1c, 3c
Equipment Huddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21
Coaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6 Hurdling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22
Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 Illegal participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-6
Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5 Illegal touching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5-13
Fair Catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9; 6-5 Inadvertent whistle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2-3
Blocking after sig. for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-3-3 Inbounds spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41-4
No advance after sig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5-5 Injured player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5-10
Opportunity for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5-4 Interception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-23
Put in play after . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5-4 Interference
Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9-3, 4, 5 With fair catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5-6
False Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1-7 With passes . . . . . . . . . . .7-5-7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Field of play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10-2 Intermission, Length of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1-1
Field Diagram, Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Kicker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32-8
Index 2008 NFHS Football Rules Page 112
Kicking tee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3-4 Possession
Kicking, Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-24 Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-34-1
Free kick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-24-3; 6-1-2 Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-34-2
First touching of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1-6 Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1-11
Foul during . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3-1 Punt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-24-8
Into end zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3-2 Receiving team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32-2
Out of bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1-9 Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4
Recovery of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1-5 Runner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32-13
Scrimmage kicks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-24-4; 6-2 Assisting the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1
First touching of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2-5 Running play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3-3
Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-14-2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5-2
Not crossing neutral zone . . . . . . . . . . .6-2-3, 4 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5-2a
Out of bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2-7 Fouls resulting in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5-2c
Recovery of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2-2, 3, 4 Scoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1
Kickoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-24-5 Scrimmage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-38
Choice of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2-3 Position during . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2
Line of scrimmage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-25 Scrimmage line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-25-1
Line to gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26-5; 5-3-1 Series of downs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Loose ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1-3 New series awarded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1-2
Batting & kicking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-7 Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-39
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3-2 Simultaneous catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4-3
Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5-1 Snap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-40
Motion--at snap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2-7 Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1-2, 3
Muff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-27 Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Neutral zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-28 Spearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-20-1c; 9-4-3i
Nonplayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32-10 Spot for Admin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41
Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2-5 Of foul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41-8
Offensive blocker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32-4 Post-scrimmage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16-2h
Offensive team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-43-1 Previous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41-7
Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1-4 Succeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41-10
Out of bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-29; 4-3-2 Starting the clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4-1, 2, 3
Out-of-bounds spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41-5 State Association Adoptions . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-30 Stopping the clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4-4
Penalties Admin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Striking with fist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4-1, 3l
Declined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1-1 Substitute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32-15; 3-7
Disqualification by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4 Tackling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-42
Half the distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1-5 Face tackling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-20-1b
New series penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2-5a Tee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-24-7
Post-scrimmage kick . .2-15-2; 2-33-1; 2-41-6; Time--Starts and Stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
. . . . . . . . .5-1-3; 5-2-1, 2, 5; 10-2-1, 2; 10-4-3 Extended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3-3
Replay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-5-2 Time-out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Period Charged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5-2, 3, 4
Ending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3 Official’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5-7
Length of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1-1 TV/Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5-7l
Resolving ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1-1 NOTE Toss of coin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2-1, 2, 3
Shortening of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1-3 Touchback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5-3
Starting each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2-1 Touchdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2
Placekick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-24-7 Tripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-45
Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1-3 Try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3
Equipment of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5 Yard lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26-7
Verification of equip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5-4 Yard-line markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2-2
Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4-2 Yardage chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3-5

Football: Rules Book

Uploaded by

Football: Rules Book

Uploaded by

2008 NFHS

ROBERT F. KANABY, Publisher

1. MRSA and Communicable Skin Conditions

Chair: Brad Cashman, Pennsylvania

Brad Cashman Robert F. Kanaby Bob Colgate

Julian Tackett Leroy Williams

Brad Garrett Tom Robinson Dave Carlsrud Greg Brewer

2. Each NFHS sport rules committee suggests that manufacturers plan-

Universal Hygiene Protocol for All Sports

Infectious Skin Diseases

Means of reducing the potential exposure to these agents include:

Blood-Borne Infectious Diseases

Means of reducing the potential exposure to these agents include:

Revised October 2007

SHARED RESPONSIBILITY AND FOOTBALL

Helmet Warning Statement

Rule 1 ❒ The Game, Field, Players

ART. 1 . . . The ball shall meet the following specifications:

SECTION 5 PLAYER EQUIPMENT

Rule 2 ❒ Definitions of Playing Terms

SECTION 1 BALL – DEAD, LIVE, LOOSE

Rule 3 ❒ Periods, Time Factors and

PERIOD OF TIMING CLOCK TIME

Mandatory Warm-up Activity Following Intermission: 3 minutes

Charged Time-outs 1 minute

Rule 4 ❒ Ball in Play, Dead Ball

Rule 5 ❒ Series of Downs, Number of Down

Rule 6 ❒ Kicking the Ball and Fair Catch

IF THE KICK BECOMES DEAD IN K’S END ZONE

Rule 7 ❒ Snapping, Handing and

LEGAL FORWARD PASSES ILLEGAL FORWARD PASSES

COMPLETED FORWARD PASS INCOMPLETED FORWARD PASS

Rule 9 ❒ Conduct of Players and Others

FIRST BLOCK SECOND BLOCK RULING

Rule 10 ❒ Enforcement of Penalties

SECTION 1 PROCEDURE AFTER A FOUL

PREVENTION OF CONTRACTING SKIN INFECTIONS

PREVENTION OF SPREAD OF SKIN INFECTIONS

HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES THAT SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY ALL COACHES AND ATHLETES

COACHES, CERTIFIED ATHLETIC TRAINERS, AND OTHER PERSONNEL:

PURPOSE OF A FOOTBALL HELMET

ALTERING LEGAL FOOTBALL EQUIPMENT

SIDELINE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

FALSE STARTS, SHIFTS AND MOTION

MANDATORY EQUIPMENT RULES CLARIFIED (1-5-1b, d, h) Hip pads, tailbone protector,

HAND PAD DEFINED AND IMPLEMENTATION DEADLINE EXTENDED (1-5-2b, NOTE) A

RESOLVING TIED GAMES

NINE-, EIGHT-, AND SIX-PLAYER RULES DIFFERENCES

Officials shall be punctual and professional in the fulfillment of all contractual

Officials shall take reasonable steps to educate themselves in the recognition of

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