Case 5:15-cv-00126-gwc-jmc Document 192 Filed 11/25/19 Page 1 of 12

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE
DISTRICT OF VERMONT

Justin Russell,

Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 5:15-cv-126-gwc-jmc

Andrew Pallito, Cynthia Mason,

Richard Bilodeau, Lisa Menard,
Michael Touchette, Robert Arnell,

Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

(Doc. 163)

On June 12, 2015, Plaintiff Justin Russell, a Muslim pretrial detainee under

the supervision of the Vermont Department of Corrections (DOC), brought this

action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, on behalf of himself and a proposed class of Muslim

prisoners, against Defendants former DOC Commissioner Andrew Pallito and

Correctional Officers Cynthia Mason and Richard Bilodeau. (Doc. 1.) Russell later

added former DOC Commissioner Lisa Menard as a Defendant (Doc. 21), and on

July 18, 2019, he filed a Third Amended Complaint (TAC), adding as Defendants

current DOC Commissioner Michael Touchette and Correctional Facility Operations

Manager Robert Arnell (Doc. 166 at 2, ¶¶ 5–6). In the TAC, Russell alleges that a

DOC policy implemented by Pallito and continued by Menard and Arnell denied

Russell and other class members of a diet conforming to the requirements of their

Muslim faith, thereby infringing on their constitutional right to the free exercise of

religion. (Id. at 4, ¶¶ 15–17; id. at 13, ¶¶ 66–67.)

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Presently before the Court is Russell’s Motion seeking to exclude the

testimony of defense expert Taysir Al-khatib. (Doc. 163.) Therein, Russell contends

that Al-khatib’s expert testimony regarding Islamic dietary law is irrelevant

because the proper inquiry for purposes of his claim is whether his beliefs regarding

Islamic dietary law are sincerely held, not whether they are correct as a matter of

religious doctrine. (Id. at 2.) Defendants Pallito and Menard have filed an

Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion, arguing that Al-khatib’s testimony is both

admissible and relevant because it will inform and assist the Court and jury in

assessing Plaintiff’s claims. (Docs. 164, 164-1.) The Court held a hearing on

October 16, 2019.

For the reasons stated below, Russell’s Motion to Exclude Testimony by

Taysir Al-khatib (Doc. 163) is DENIED.

Analysis

I. Admissibility Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702

Federal Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admissibility of expert testimony.

It provides:

A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise
if:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will
help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact
in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the
facts of the case.

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Fed. R. Evid. 702. Although the proponent of the expert testimony bears the burden

of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the demands of Rule 702 are

met, “the district court is the ultimate gatekeeper.” United States v. Williams,

506 F.3d 151, 160 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted), and the court

has “broad latitude” to admit or exclude proffered expert testimony. Kumho Tire

Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 142, 153 (1999). “[T]he Second Circuit [has]

espouse[d] a particularly broad standard for the admissibility of expert testimony,”

SEC v. Revelation Capital Mgmt., Ltd., 215 F. Supp. 3d 267, 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2016)

(second and third alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted), where

exclusion is “the exception rather than the rule.” Chen-Oster v. Goldman, Sachs &

Co., 114 F. Supp. 3d 110, 115 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702 Advisory

Comm. Note (2000)).

To determine whether the requirements of Rule 702 have been satisfied, the

Court considers: (1) the proposed expert’s qualifications; (2) whether the expert’s

opinion is based on reliable data and methodology; and (3) whether the expert’s

testimony will assist the trier of fact. Nimely v. City of New York, 414 F.3d 381,

396–97 (2d Cir. 2005).

A. The Qualifications of Al-khatib

A witness is permitted to give opinion testimony if they are “qualified as an

expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.” Fed. R. Evid. 702. A

lack of formal training or education will not operate to automatically disqualify an

expert; rather, an expert’s background and practical, professional experience may

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qualify as specialized knowledge sufficient to regard the witness as an expert under

Rule 702. See Travelers Indem. Co. v. Northrop Grumman Corp., No. 12 Civ.

3040(KBF), 2014 WL 464769, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2014); Gill v. Arab Bank,

PLC, 893 F. Supp. 2d 523, 533 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).

Russell does not contest Al-khatib’s qualifications as an expert, and the Court

finds he is qualified. Al-khatib was raised in a Muslim home and he received

Islamic schooling as a child. (Doc. 163-1 at 4.) From 1973 to 1987, Al-khatib served

as an assistant chaplain in the Jordanian Air Force. (Id. at 5.) In 1987, he moved

to the United States (New Hampshire), and two years later, he relocated to New

York. (Id.) There, Al-khatib served as vice president of the local Islamic society and

as a part-time imam. (Id.) In 1993, he moved to Vermont, where he became a

founding member of the Islamic Society of Vermont. (Id.) At various times since

then, Al-khatib has served as treasurer, vice president, president, and main imam

for the Society. (Id.)

B. Reliability of Al-khatib’s Data and Methodology

Russell also does not contest Al-khatib’s reliability. In determining this

issue, the court considers “whether the proffered testimony has a sufficiently

reliable foundation to permit it to be considered.” Amorgianos v. Nat’l R.R.

Passenger Corp., 303 F.3d 256, 265 (2d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks

omitted). The court conducts this evaluation with reference to the reliability factors

identified by the Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S.

579, 593–94 (1993), but it must be observed that the Daubert criteria “do not lend

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themselves” to fields of expertise not rooted in the “hard sciences.” Gonyea v. Irick

Excavating, LLC, Civil Action No. 2:08-cv-242, 2010 WL 11606973, at *4 (D. Vt.

Nov. 30, 2010); cf. Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 153 (“[W]hether Daubert’s specific

factors are, or are not, reasonable measures of reliability in a particular case is a

matter that the law grants the trial judge broad latitude to determine.”). Generally,

while more than “subjective belief or unsupported speculation” is required, an

expert need only have “good grounds” for his or her conclusions. Daubert, 509 U.S.

at 590. Testimony that lies within “the range where experts might reasonably

differ” should be admitted and left to the jury to assess. Kumho Tire, 526 U.S.

at 153. 

The Court remains mindful of its narrow, secular role in assessing the

reliability of an expert’s testimony regarding matters of religion. Here, there is no

contention that Al-khatib lacks “good grounds” for his interpretation of Islamic

dietary laws. He bases his interpretation on his learned understanding of the

Quran and Sunnah, rooted in his years of experience and education, and avers that

his interpretation is supported by other scholars. (Doc. 163-1, at 1; Doc. 163-2,

13:12–22, 27:25–28:10, 32:19–33:19, 112:10–113:15.) The Court finds Al-khatib’s

testimony reliable.  

C. Helpfulness of Al-khatib’s Testimony to the Trier of Fact

Finally, expert testimony must be helpful to the trier of fact to be admissible.

Travelers Indem., 2014 WL 464769, at *3 (citing U.S. v. Bilzerian, 926 F.2d 1285,

1294 (2d Cir. 1991)). In order to be helpful to the trier of fact, evidence must be

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relevant as an initial matter. Id. (citing Fed. R. Evid. 401–03). Federal Rule of

Evidence 401 defines evidence as relevant if: “(a) it has any tendency to make a fact

more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of

consequence in determining the action.” As recognized by the court in Daubert,

509 U.S. at 587, Rule 401 prescribes a “liberal” standard of relevance, favoring

admissibility. See U.S. v. Certified Envtl. Servs., Inc., 753 F.3d 72, 90 (2d Cir. 2014)

(“[T]he definition of relevance under Fed. R. Evid. 401 is very broad.”). Daubert

describes the question of relevance as one of “fit,” requiring a “valid scientific

connection” between the expert’s testimony and the relevant inquiry. Daubert,

509 U.S. at 591, 592.

Here, the sincerity of Russell’s beliefs about Islamic dietary practice, the

religious nature of those beliefs, and whether Defendants’ actions substantially

burdened those beliefs are central issues in this litigation and are therefore facts “of

consequence.” Fed. R. Evid. 401(b); see Patrick v. LeFevre, 745 F.2d 153, 159

(2d Cir. 1984) (opining that evaluation of a plaintiff’s sincerity is a question of fact);

Marria v. Broaddus, 200 F. Supp. 2d 280, 292–93 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (indicating the

sincerity and religious nature of plaintiff’s beliefs are issues of fact); Brandon v.

Kinter, 938 F.3d 21, 36 n.11 (2d Cir. 2019) (implying that “substantial burden” is a

question of fact for the jury); Bikur Cholim, Inc. v. Vill. of Suffern, 664 F. Supp. 2d

267, 291 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (stating that whether an action is a substantial burden is a

question of fact). To be relevant, Al-khatib’s testimony must have “any tendency” to

make at least one of those facts more or less probable. Fed. R. Evid. 401(a).

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Herein lies the crux of Russell’s argument: that because the inquiry

definitionally focuses on the sincerity of Russell’s belief regarding a halal diet,

Al-khatib’s testimony explicating his interpretation of a halal diet, as a religious

leader in the community, is immaterial. (See Doc. 163 at 2–3.) Russell describes

Al-khatib’s testimony as “purporting to show that Mr. Russell’s views of Islamic

dietary practice are incorrect as a matter of religious doctrine,” but argues that his

claim “is not dependent on whether his views of Islam are correct within the eyes of

any other individual.” (Id. at 2.) More specifically, according to Russell, “[t]he

question of whether Muslims may properly subsist on a kosher diet is essentially a

question of religious interpretation,” and “the validity of such interpretation is not a

fact of any consequence in determining the action, and is therefore irrelevant.” (Id.

at 3.)

The Court recognizes Russell’s concern regarding conflation of the sincerity

and verity of his religious beliefs, and remains cognizant of its duty to refrain from

adjudicating intra-faith disputes. See Hernandez v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue,

490 U.S. 680, 699 (1989) (“It is not within the judicial ken to question the centrality

of particular beliefs or practices to a faith, or the validity of particular litigants’

interpretations of those creeds.”); Abdulhaseeb v. Calbone, 600 F.3d 1301, 1314 n.7

(10th Cir. 2010) (“Neither this court nor defendants are qualified to determine that

a [particular] diet should satisfy [plaintiff’s] religious beliefs.”). To be sure, a

sincerely held religious belief will be accorded protection even if the belief is

considered mistaken or incorrect by other adherents to the same religion. See Jolly

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v. Coughlin, 76 F.3d 468, 476 (2d Cir. 1996) (holding that court scrutiny of a

claimant’s religion “extends only to whether a claimant sincerely holds a particular

belief and whether the belief is religious in nature”; “courts are not permitted to ask

whether a particular belief is appropriate or true”). The Second Circuit explained:

“courts have jettisoned the objective, content-based approach previously employed

to define religious belief, in favor of a more subjective definition of religion, which

examines an individual’s inward attitudes towards a particular belief system.”

Ford v. McGinnis, 352 F.3d 582, 589 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting Patrick, 745 F.2d at

157). Therefore, the freedom to exercise religious beliefs is no longer “contingent on

the objective truth of such beliefs” and “disagreement among sect members” will not

preclude the finding of a free exercise violation. Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted); see DeHart v. Horn, 227 F.3d 47, 56 (3d Cir. 2000) (“It would be

inconsistent with a long line of Supreme Court precedent to accord less respect to a

sincerely held religious belief solely because it is not held by others.”). Applied here,

Russell is correct that the validity of his claim does not depend on Al-khatib’s

testimony about “whether Muslims may properly subsist on a kosher diet.”

(Doc. 163 at 3.) See Ford, 352 F.3d at 590 (“The opinions of [the defendant’s

proffered] religious authorities cannot trump the plaintiff’s sincere and religious

belief.”).

But that fact alone does not render Al-khatib’s testimony about Islamic

dietary requirements irrelevant as a matter of law, meaning lacking any tendency to

make more or less probable the sincerity or religious nature of Russell’s beliefs on

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the topic. Rather, evidence that some members of Russell’s religious community

hold a contrary interpretation of Islamic dietary requirements may be valuable to a

jury in assessing the sincerity or religious nature of Russell’s beliefs as well as

whether Defendants’ actions substantially burdened those beliefs. See, e.g.,

Abdulhaseeb, 600 F.3d at 1314 (“In considering whether a practice is a ‘religious

exercise,’ we certainly are not prohibited from referring to standard religious

practice or interpretation.”); Levitan v. Ashcroft, 281 F.3d 1313, 1321 (D.C. Cir.

2002) (“A court may also consider whether the litigants’ beliefs find any support in

the religion to which they subscribe, or whether the litigants are merely relying on

a self-serving view of religious practice.”); see also Ford, 352 F.3d at 593 (“Whether

a particular practice is religiously mandated is surely relevant to resolving whether

a particular burden is substantial.”). In fact, Al-khatib’s testimony that Muslims

are required to maintain a halal diet may make it more probable to a jury that

Russell’s beliefs about what constitutes halal are religious in nature. While Al-

khatib’s testimony may be less probative regarding the sincerity of Russell’s beliefs,

the testimony is at least relevant under Rule 401’s liberal standard. See, e.g.,

Simmons v. Robinson, No. 07 Civ. 7383(DAB)(DFE), 2010 WL 5538412, at *6

(S.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2010) (allowing testimony from imam about applicable Islamic

dietary laws); Abdul-Malik v. Goord, No. 96 CIV. 1021(DLC), 1997 WL 83402,

at *1–2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 1997) (allowing testimony from Muslim chaplains about

what foods are included in a halal diet).

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Therefore, the Court finds that Al-khatib’s testimony should not be excluded

under Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 702.1

II. Admissibility Under Federal Rule of Evidence 403

Al-khatib’s testimony must also be analyzed under Federal Rule of Evidence

403, which permits exclusion of evidence “if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing

the issues, [or] misleading the jury.” These dangers are enhanced in the context of

expert testimony, due to “the unique weight that the factfinder may place on such

testimony.” Doe v. Hartford Sch. Dist., Case No. 2:16-cv-00206, 2018 WL 1064572,

at *4 (D. Vt. Feb. 26, 2018) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595 (“Expert evidence can be

both powerful and quite misleading because of the difficulty in evaluating it.”

(internal quotation marks omitted))). Nevertheless, “[i]n weighing the probative

value of evidence against the dangers and considerations enumerated in Rule 403,

the general rule is that the balance should be struck in favor of admission.” SEC v.

McGinnis, No. 5:14-cv-6, 2015 WL 5643186, at *14 (D. Vt. Sept. 23, 2015) (quoting

United States v. Dennis, 625 F.2d 782, 797 (8th Cir. 1980)).

As discussed above, Al-khatib’s testimony has little probative value for the

purpose of evaluating the sincerity of Russell’s religious beliefs, but the testimony

may be probative of whether Russell’s beliefs regarding maintaining a halal diet are

religious in nature. The Court again acknowledges Russell’s reasonable concern

regarding the risk of unfair prejudice against his interpretation of Islamic dietary

 
1The Court also notes that Al-khatib’s testimony may be relevant to the issue of qualified
immunity, which Defendants have raised as an affirmative defense. (Doc. 170 at 31, 33.)

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requirements as well as the risk of confusing the issues of sincerity and accuracy.

See Patrick, 745 F.2d at 157 (“[T]he factfinder’s temptation to merge sincerity and

verity is as great as the need to guard against this conjugation.”). However, the

Court cannot conclude that the probative value of Al-khatib’s testimony is

“substantially outweighed” by those risks, as required under Rule 403 (emphasis

added). First, the notion that different members of the same religion can sincerely

hold differing beliefs and interpretations is within the ordinary, reasonable juror’s

competence to comprehend. And second, in accordance with the “liberal thrust” of

the Federal Rules of Evidence, Daubert, 509 U.S. at 588, the proper remedy for

Russell’s concern is not wholesale exclusion of Al-khatib’s testimony, but rather, use

of appropriate safeguards to guide the jury in the proper use of this testimony,

including vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrasting evidence, and a

request for limiting instructions. See, e.g., Drake v. Allergan, Inc., Case No. 2:13–

cv–234, 2014 WL 12717875, at *3 (D. Vt. Oct. 23, 2014) (“the cure . . . is cross-

examination and competing testimony rather than exclusion”); Fed. R. Evid. 403

Advisory Comm. Note (1972) (“In reaching a decision whether to exclude on grounds

of unfair prejudice, consideration should be given to the probable effectiveness . . . of

a limiting instruction.”).

Accordingly, Al-khatib’s testimony should not be excluded under Rule 403.

Conclusion

For these reasons, Russell’s Motion to Exclude Testimony by Taysir Al-khatib

(Doc. 163) is DENIED. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A), a party may object and

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seek reconsideration of the denial of a non-dispositive motion by a magistrate judge

by appeal to a district judge. The aggrieved party must show that the magistrate

judge’s ruling was clearly erroneous or contrary to law. Any objection must be filed

within 14 days of service of this Opinion and Order.

Dated at Burlington, in the District of Vermont, this 25th day of

November 2019.

/s/ John M. Conroy

John M. Conroy
United States Magistrate Judge 

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