ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my physics teacher, for guiding me through this project
and for their valuable inputs which provided me with a constant nudge for
improvement.
It is imperative to thank our Principal, for providing me the opportunity to
work on this project.
It goes without saying that my classmates, for their help in due course of this
project. My parents have also played a part in helping me in this project. My thanks
goes out to them also.
This project and reading-up on the same has provided me with an in depth
understanding of the topic. It has nurtured my scientific temperament and curiosity.

Signature of the

Candidate
 Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------ 1

2. OBJECTIVE------------------------------------------------------------ 3

3 THEORY---------------------------------------------------------------- 5-7

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM------------------------------------------------- 9

5. LIST OF COMPONENTS-------------------------------------------- 9

6. WORKING-------------------------------------------------------------- 11

7. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE----------------------------- 13

8. APPLICATIONS------------------------------------------------------- 15
 INTRODUCTION

This project Automatic Street Light Control System aims at designing and

executing the advanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of street

lights by using light dependent resistor (LDR).

Nowadays, human has become too busy and he is unable to find time even to

switch the lights on or off. This can be seen more effectively in the case of street lights.

The present system is like, the street lights will be switched on in the evening before the

sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light on

the roads. But the actual timing for these street lights to be switched on are when there is

absolute darkness on the roads. This project gives the best solution for electrical power

wastage. Also the manual operation of lighting system is completely eliminated

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which

uses LDR and IC555 to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this

system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight

goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under

illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

which senses the light actually like our eyes

 OBJECTIVE

In this project Auto matic street light ON and OFF circuit using a popular timer I.C

555 and LDR is to be made. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin-6 connected with

positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is at lower then 1/3rd level of

the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So

small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from

1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any

intermediate stage. It is powered by a 6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic

in power consumption. Pin 4, 6 and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is

grounded. To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light.

LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of

the light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness,

but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large

part of light spectrum. We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 50K variable

resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance

so more voltage we will get from this divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in

darkness. This divided voltage is given to pin 2 of IC 555. Variable resistance is so adjusted

that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in brightness and fall below1/3rd in darkness. Sensitiveness

can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of pin 2

drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED which is connected to the

output gets activated.

 THEORY
1.0 LDR or a Photoresistor:

A photo resistor or light – dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photo-resistor decreases with increasing incident light

intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in light-

sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits. [in this project –

function of the LDR is to sense the sunlight or torch light so that the LE D may go on or off

accordingly

.2.0 L.D.E. (Light Emitting Diode):

 A light- emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied

to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing

energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the

light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of

the semiconductor. [in this project – the role of LED is to function as a street light.

3.0 IC 555(TIMER IC):

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer, pulse generation

and oscillator applications. In this project IC is act as flip flop switch.

Battery (or Dry Cell):

 A Dry cell is a type of chemical cell, commonly used today, in the form of batteries, for
many electrical appliances. A common dry cell is the zinc–carbon battery, sometimes called the
dry Leclanché cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 - 12 volts, the same as the alkaline battery
(since both use the same zinc–manganese dioxide combination). In the project I have used 9volt
Dry Cell). The role of the 9V battery in this circuit is to give power to the whole circuit as well as
LED acting as street light].

Variable Resistance (Potentiometer):

A resistor may have one or more fixed tapping points so that the resistance can be

changed by moving the connecting wires to different terminals. A potentiometer is a three-

terminal resistor with a continuously adjustable tapping point controlled by rotation of a shaft or

knob or by a linear slider. It is called a potentiometer because it can be connected as an

adjustable voltage divider to provide a variable potential at the terminal connected to the tapping

point. [In this project – the role of ‘Potentiometer’ is to adjust the amount of light on LDR].
List of components

SL.NO PARTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 LDR 1

2 LED 1

3 IC 555 1

4 Variable Resistance 100 Kohm 1

5 Battery 9V 1

6 Bread Board/PCB 1
 WORKING

When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases which results in increase

of the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between

the input voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd

then output is set high otherwise it is set low. Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain

no positive voltage at output of pin 3 to drive LED, besides in poor light condition we get output

to energize LED.
RESULT
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:

By using this automatic system for street light controlling,we can reduce energy
consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switch off properly even the
sun light comes and Also not switched on earlier before sunset

• Low cost

• Automated operation

• Low power consumption

• Very flexible

• Easy to manufactured.

In sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ notice which is one of the major
disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for switching the street light system.

APPLICATION

1. Used in street light applications.

2. Used in Domestic applications.

3. With some modification it can be used at home for rooftop lighting

4.It can be used in area where manual switching is difficult such as hilly areas and dense path
 PRECAUCTIONS
a) Use a Sensitive LDR. You can test it using a multimeter.

b) I.C should not be heated too much while soldering, excess heat can destroy it. For safety

and easy to replace, use of I.C base is suggested. While placing the I.C, pin number one

should be made sure at right hole.

c) Opposite polarity of battery can destroy I.C so please check the polarity before switching ON

the circuit. One should use diode in series with switch for safety since diode allows flowing

current in one direction only.

d) L.E.D glows in forward bias only so incorrect polarity of L.E.D will not glow. Out put voltage

of this project is 7.3 volt therefore 4 LED in series may be easily used without resistance. If we

are using four white color LED in series then power required will be 12V instead of 9V supply or

use 3 Pcs white LED in series because bias voltage of white LED is greater than other color

LED.
 FUTURE SCOPE

We can save the energy for the future use and we can control the losses of the power .We
can implemented this project for the home lamp or night lamp of the room. This is also used for
the signals.
 Bibliography

1. Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com)

2. Google (www.google.co.in)

3. Physics Text Book Class 12th, (N.C.E.R.T.)

Circuit Diagram :

Component used :

1. 9v Battery with strip

2. Switch
3. L.D.R (Light Depending Resistance)
4. I.C NE555 with Base
5. L.E.D (Light Emitting Diode) 4 pieces.
6. Variable Resistance of 47 KΩ
7. Bread board.
Component
a) Battery: For 9v power supply we can use 6pcs dry cell or 6F22 9v single piece battery.
b)Switch: Any general purpose switch can be used. Switch is used as circuit breaker.
c) L.D.R: (Light Depending Resistance) it is a special type of resistance whose value
depends on the brightness of light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1mega
ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness
illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
 d) L.E.D: (Light Emitting Diode) A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow
one way. It can be thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. Because of this
characteristic, diode are used to transform or rectify AC voltage into a DC voltage. Diodes
have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is the end on the schematic
with the point of the triangle pointing towards a line. In other words, the triangle points
toward that cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite end. Current flows from the
anode to the cathode.
Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, differ from regular diodes in that when a voltage
is applied, they emit light. This light can be red (most common), green, yellow, orange,
blue (not very common), or infa red. LEDs are used as indicators, transmitters, etc. Most
likely, a LED will never burn out like a regular lamp will and requires many times less
current. Because LEDs act like regular diodes and will form a short if connected between
+ and -, a current limiting resistor is used to prevent that very thing. LEDs may or may
not be drawn with the circle surrounding them.

e)Variableresistance: (Potentiometer)
Resistors are one of the most common electronic components. A resistor is a device
that limits, or resists current. The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms,
represented by the Greek symbol Omega. Variable resistors (also called potentiometers or just
“pots”) are resistors that have a variable resistance. You adjust the resistance by turning a shaft.
This shaft moves a wiper across the actual resistor element. By changing the amounts of resistor
between the wiper connection and the connection (s) to the resistor element, you can change
the resistance. You will often see the resistance of resistors written with K (kilohms) after the
number value. This means that there are that many thousands of ohms. For example, 1K is 1000
ohm,2K is 2000 ohm, 3.3K is 3300 ohm, etc. You may also see the suffix M (mega ohms).
Resistors are also rated by their power handling capability. This is the amount of heat the resistor
can take before it is destroyed. The power capability is measured in W (watts) Common wattages
for variable resistors are 1/8W, 1/4W, 1/2W and 1W. Anything of a higher wattage is referred to
as a rheostat.
f) PCB (Printed Circuit Board) with the help of P.C.B it is easy to assemble circuit with neat and
clean end products. P.C.B is made of Bakelite with surface pasted with copper track-layout.
For each components leg, hole is made. Connection pin is passed through the hole and is
soldered.
WORKING:
When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases which results in increase of
the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between
the input voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd
then output is set high otherwise it is set low. Since in
brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of pin 3 to drive LED,
besides in poor light condition we get output to energize LED.
ADVANTAGES

 Collection of parts of the circuit are easily available.

 Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other circuits.
 It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
 The cost of circuit is low.
 This circuit saves the men's power

USES
 It can be used in street lights.
 It can be used in mines areas.
 It can be used in hilly areas.
 By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
 It can be used in frontier areas.
 It can be used in houses.

Precautions:
a) Use a Sensitive LDR. You can test it using a multimeter.
b) I.C should not be heated too much while soldering, excess heat can destroy it. For safety
and easy to replace, use of I.C base is suggested. While placing the I.C, pin number one
should be made sure at right hole.
c) Opposite polarity of battery can destroy I.C so please check the polarity before switching ON
the circuit. One should use diode in series with switch for safety since diode allows flowing
current in one direction only.
d) L.E.D glows in forward bias only so incorrect polarity of L.E.D will not glow. Out put voltage
of this project is 7.3 volt therefore 4 LED in series can be easily used without resistance. If we
are using four white color LED in series then power required will be 12V instead of 9V supply or
use 3 Pcs white LED in series because bias voltage of white LED is greater than other color
LED.