FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN CHEMISTRY 

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME

(Courses effective from Academic Year 2013‐14) 
 

SYLLABUS OF COURSES TO BE OFFERED 
Discipline Courses I, Discipline Courses II  
& Applied Courses 
 

Note:  The  courses  are  uploaded  as  sent  by  the  Department  concerned.  The  scheme  of 
marks  will  be  determined  by  the  University  and  will  be  corrected  in  the  syllabus 
accordingly. Editing, typographical changes and formatting will be undertaken further.  
Four Year Undergraduate Programme Secretariat 
[email protected] 
 CHEMISTRY
Index & Preface

DISCIPLINARY COURSE- I

PAPER CONTENT Page

No.

SEMESTER –I

Paper-1 Theory Section A-Organic: Basic Concepts and Stereochemistry 1

Section B-Physical: Gases and Liquids 2
Practical Section A-Organic: Purification of Organic Compounds & 3
Optical Activity
Section B-Physical: Measurement of Surface Tension, 3
Viscosity & Avogadro number
Paper–2 Theory Inorganic: Chemical Bonding I (Atomic Structure, 4
Periodicity of Elements, Basics of
Chemical Bonding) Acids and Bases
Practical Inorganic: Titrimetric Analysis (Volumetric) 5

SEMESTER – II

Paper–3 Theory Section A-Organic: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 6

Section B-Inorganic: Chemical Bonding – II 7
Practical Section A- Organic: Preparation of Organic Compounds and 7
Chromatography
Section B-Inorganic: Oxidation – Reduction Titrimetry 8
Paper–4 Theory Physical: Chemical Thermodynamics & Systems 9
of Variable Composition
Practical Physical: Thermochemistry 10

SEMESTER – III

Paper–5 Theory Section A-Inorganic: Principles of Metallurgy and 11

Chemistry of s-block Elements
Section B-Physical: Chemical and Ionic Equilibria 12
Practical Section A-Inorganic: Iodo and Iodimetric Titrations 13
Section B-Physical: pH metry 13
Paper–6 Theory Organic: Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Halogenated 14
Hydrocarbons, Alcohols and Phenols
Practical Organic: Functional Group Detection and 15
Organic Preparation
 SEMESTER- IV

Pape –7 Theory Section A-Organic: Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic 16

Acids
Section B- Physical: Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis 17
Practical Section A-Organic: Function Groups Detection and 17
Organic Preparation
Section B- Physical: Kinetics of Selected Reactions 18
Paper–8 Theory Inorganic: Chemistry of p-Block Elements 19
Practical Inorganic: Complexometric Titrations 20

SEMESTER – V

Paper-9 Theory Inorganic: d-Block Elements, Coordination 21

Chemistry, Lanthanides & Actinides
Practical Inorganic: Gravimetric Analysis and Inorganic 22
Preparation
Paper-10 Theory Organic: Compounds, Containing Active 23
Methylene, Nitrogen Containing
Functional Groups; Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons and Heterocycles
Practical Organic: Functional Group Analysis and 24
Qualitative Analysis
Paper-11 Theory Physical: Electrochemistry 25
Practical Physical: Conductometry and Potentiometry 26

SEMESTER-VI

Paper-12 Theory Inorganic: Organometallic, Bio-Inorganic 27

Chemistry
Practical Inorganic: Qualitative Semimicro Analysis 28
Paper-13 Theory Organic: Carbohydrates, Spectroscopy and 29
Dyes
Practical Organic: Qualitative Analysis, Preparation and 30
Use of IR and NMR
Paper-14 Theory Physical: Phase Equilibria & Binary Solutions 32
Practical Physical: Determination of Critical Solution and 32
Phase Equilibria

SEMESTER-VII

Paper-15 Theory Section A-Inorganic: Reaction Rates & Mechanism 34

Section B-Organic: Pharmaceuticals, Natural Products 35
 and Polymers
Practical Section A-Inorganic: Preparation of Selected Inorganic 36
Compounds and Use Spectroscopic
Techniques
Section B-Organic: Extraction of Natural Products, 36
Synthesis of Selected Drugs and
Polymers
Paper-16 Theory Physical: Quantum Chemistry, Photochemistry 38
& Surface Chemistry
Practical Physical: Molecular Modelling 39
Paper-17 Theory Research Methodology 41
Practical Research Project 43

SEMESTER-VIII

Paper-18 Theory Section A- Inorganic: Chemistry of Inorganic Solids, 44

Nanomaterials
Section B-Physical: Molecular Spectroscopy 44
Practical Section A- Inorganic: Determination of Cation Exchange 45
and Preparation Of Newer Materials
Section-B Physical: UV-Visible Spectroscopy, 45
Colourimetry and Adsorption
Paper-19 Theory Organic: Chemistry of Biomolecules 47
Practical Organic: Isolation and Estimation of Selected 48
Biomolecules and Preparation of
Organic Compounds
Paper-20 Research: Suitable Topics from Chemical 50
Sciences
 DISCIPLINARY COURSE- II

PAPER CONTENT Page No.

SEMESTER –III

Paper-1 Theory Chemical Bonding 51

Practical Titrimetric Analysis 52

SEMESTER-IV

Paper-2 Theory Conceptual Organic Chemistry 53

Practical Purification of Organic Compounds and Organic Preparation 55
and related reactions

SEMESTER-V

Paper-3 Theory Thermodynamics, Equilibrium in Chemistry and 56

Electrochemistry
Practical Thermochemistry, Potentiometric and Conductometry 57

SEMESTER-VI

Paper-4 Theory Coordination Chemistry and Bio-Inorganic Chemistry 58

Practical Selected Inorganic Titrations and Related Reactions 59

SEMESTER-VII

Paper-5 Theory Molecules of Life 60

Practical Extraction, Separation and Purification of Selected 61
Biomolecules & Drugs

SEMESTER-VIII

Paper-6 Theory Quantum Chemistry & Spectroscopy, Phase Equibrium, 63

Chemical Kinetics and Photo Chemistry
Practical Study of Kinetics of the Reactions, Colourimetry and Phase 64
Diagram
 APPLIED COURSE

PAPER CONTENT Page No.

SEMESTER –III

Paper-1 Computer Applications In Chemistry 65

SEMESTER –IV

Paper-2 Analytical Chemistry 67

SEMESTER-V

Paper-3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry 69

SEMESTER-VI

Paper-4 Green Chemistry 70

 DISCIPLINARY COURSE – I (DC-I)

The Disciplinary Course – I being offered in Chemistry for the Four

Year Honours Programme would allow the student to gain in depth
knowledge about the fundamental concepts and processes underlying the
chemistry which forms the backbone of a number of chemical industries
in the country. The course work shall train the students in the area of
quantitative analysis of metal ions and other inorganic/organic
compounds utilized in materials, polymers and food analysis. It would
impart necessary skills in the area of extraction, separation,
identification and synthesis of a variety of organic compounds utilized in
chemical and pharma industry in India and abroad. Further it would
familiarize the student in newer techniques of molecular modelling,
electrochemical methods of analysis and use of IR, NMR and other
spectroscopic techniques in the identification of inorganic and organic
compounds at semi-micro level. It would bridge the physical and
biological sciences.
 DISCIPLINARY COURSE – II (DC-II)

The Disciplinary Course – II courses are for the students from other
disciplines. The contents of DC-II courses are carefully designed to
attract students from Physical Sciences as well as Biological Sciences.

Page 7 of 80
 APPLIED COURSE (AC)

The average life expectancy has increased over the years because of
the positive ways in which chemistry has affected our lives. For
example, the health care systems all over the world have improved
considerably due to the new pharmaceutical drugs that are being
synthesised and food and water being made safer for consumption etc.
It will continue to play a leading role in order to provide a sustainable
future to the increasing world population. Chemistry is one of the most
exciting and fastest developing sciences and new knowledge in the
field is being revealed every day. The curriculum of the four applied
courses, namely, “Computer applications in chemistry”, “Analytical
Chemistry”, “Pharmaceutical Chemistry” and “Green Chemistry”
augment the strong knowledge chemistry provided in DC1. Graduates
of this programme will have necessary skills to work in the industry or
to pursue a higher degree of studies or a related field. These courses
place a strong emphasis on hands on lab work which provides problem
solving abilities required for successful career in pharmaceuticals,
chemical industry, teaching, research, environmental monitoring,
product quality, consumer goods industry, food products, cosmetics
industry, etc. The importance of each of these four courses is further
discussed in the syllabus.

Page 8 of 80
 CHEMISTRY: Detailed Syllabus

FIRST YEAR

SEMESTER-I

PAPER-1

THEORY

SECTION A – ORGANIC: BASIC CONCEPTS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY

Unit I: Basics of Organic Chemistry

Electron displacements- Inductive, electromeric, resonance, hyperconjugation.

Homolytic and heterolytic bond fission.
Reaction intermediate: Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes- their shape and
stability.
Electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Intermolecular forces of attraction: van der Waals forces, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole and
hydrogen bonding.

Unit II: Stereochemistry

Isomerism in organic molecules- Structural and Stereoisomerism.

Molecular representations: Newman, Sawhorse, Wedge & Dash, Fischer projections and their
interconversions.
Conformations and Conformational analysis: Ethane, n-butane, ethane derivatives,
cyclohexane, monosubstituted and disubstituted cyclohexanes and their relative stabilities.
Geometrical isomerism in unsaturated and cyclic systems: cis–trans and, syn-anti isomerism,
E/Z notations. Geometrical isomerism in dienes- Isolated and conjugated systems,
determination of configurations.
Chirality and optical isomerism: Configurational isomers. Molecules with one or two chiral
centres- constitutionally symmetrical and unsymmetrical molecules; Enantiomers and
Diastereomers. Optical activity in absence of chiral centre – with illustrative examples (Allenes
and Biphenyls). Meso compounds, racemic modifications and methods of their resolution;
stereochemical nomenclature: erythro/threo, D/L and R/S nomenclature in acyclic systems.
Measurement of optical activity: specific rotation.

Recommended Texts:

Page 9 of 80
 1. Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd, Robert Neilson Organic Chemistry, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education). Fifth
Edition, 1975,
4. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds; First Edition,
Wiley: London, 1994
5. Graham Solomons, T.W., Craig B. Fryhle Organic Chemistry, Ninth edition John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.

SECTION B-PHYSICAL: GASES AND LIQUIDS

Unit I: Gaseous state

Kinetic molecular model of a gas: postulates; collision frequency; collision diameter; mean
free path and viscosity of gases, including their temperature and pressure dependence, relation
between mean free path and coefficient of viscosity, calculation of molecular diameter from
coefficient of viscosity of gases . Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law (qualitative) and its use
in evaluating molecular velocities (average, root mean square and most probable) and average
kinetic energy. Law of equipartition of energy, degrees of freedom and molecular basis of heat
capacities.

Behaviour of real gases: Deviations from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor, Z, and its
variation with pressure for different gases. Causes of deviation from ideal behaviour, van der
Waals equation of state, its derivation and application in explaining real gas behaviour
(Mention of other equations of state: Berthelot, Dietrici); van der Waals equation expressed in
virial form and calculation of Boyle temperature. Isotherms of real gases and their comparison
with van der Waals isotherms, continuity of states, critical state, relation between critical
constants and van der Waals constants, law of corresponding states.

Unit II: Liquid state

Physical properties of liquids; surface tension and coefficient of viscosity, and their
determination. Effect of addition of various solutes on surface tension and viscosity.
Temperature variation of viscosity of liquids and comparison with that of gases.

Recommended texts:
1. Atkins, P.W. & Paula, J.D. Physical Chemistry, 9th Ed., Oxford University Press 2011.
2. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa 2004.
3. Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Elsevier: NOIDA, UP 2009.
4. Barrow, G. M. Physical Chemistry 5th Ed., Tata McGraw Hill: New Delhi 2006.
5. Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall 2012.
Page 10 of 80
6. Rogers, D. W. Concise Physical Chemistry, Wiley 2010.
7. Silbey, R. J.; Alberty, R. A. & Bawendi, M. G. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. 2005.

Page 11 of 80
 PRACTICAL
SECTION A-ORGANIC: PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS & OPTICAL
ACTIVITY

1. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization using the following solvents:

a) Water
b) Alcohol
c) Alcohol-Water
2. Purity analysis by:
a) Determination of the melting point (Kjeldahl method / electrically heated
melting point apparatus).
b) Determination of boiling point (distillation and capillary method).
3. To study the effect of non-volatile impurities on the melting point-mixed melting point
of two unknown organic compounds.
4. Determination of optical activity by using polarimeter.

Recommended texts:
1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education (2009)
2. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson (2012)

SECTION B-PHYSICAL: MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION, VISCOSITY &

AVOGADRO NUMBER

1. Surface tension measurements.

a. Determination of surface tension of aqueous solutions by (i) drop number (ii)
drop weight method.
b. Study the variation of surface tension of detergent solutions with concentration.
2. Viscosity measurement using Ostwald’s viscometer.
a. Determination of viscosity of aqueous solutions of (i) polymer (ii) ethanol and
(iii) sugar at room temperature.
b. To study the variation of viscosity of sucrose solution with concentration of
solute.
3. Determination of Avogadros number.

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
& Co.: New Delhi 2011.
2. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry
8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York 2003.
3. Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.; W.H.
Freeman & Co.: New York 2003.

Page 12 of 80
 PAPER – 2

INORGANIC: CHEMICAL BONDING I (ATOMIC STRUCTURE, PERIODICITY OF

ELEMENTS, BASICS OF CHEMICAL BONDING), ACIDS AND
BASES

THEORY
UNIT I: Atomic Structure

Wave mechanical model of hydrogen atom, de Broglie equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty

principle and its significance, Schrödinger’s wave equation (no derivation), significance of 
and 2. Quantum numbers and their significance. Radial wave functions. Sign of wave
functions. Radial distribution curve and radial probability. Shapes of s, p & d orbitals. Pauli’s
exclusion principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity, Aufbau principle and its limitations.
Concept of extra stability of half and completely filled electronic configuration. Electronic
configuration of elements.

UNIT II: Periodicity of Elements

Detailed discussion of the following properties of the elements, with reference to s & p- block
elements.
i. Effective nuclear charge, shielding or screening effect, Slater rules, variation of
effective nuclear charge in periodic table.
ii. Atomic, covalent and ionic radial and their variation in groups and periods.
iii. Ionization enthalpy, factors affecting ionization enthalpy. Variation in groups and
periods.
iv. Electron gain enthalpy, and its variation in groups and periods
v. Electronegativity, Pauling’s and Mulliken-Jaffe’s electronegativity scales, Variation of
electronegativity with partial charge and hybridization

Unit III: Chemical Bonding-I

Ionic bond: General characteristics, size effects, radius ratio rule and its limitations.
Packing of ions in crystals. Lattice energy, Born-Lande equation with derivation. Madelung
constant, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, Concept of solvation energy.

Unit IV: Acids and Bases

Bronsted- Lowry concept of acid-base reaction, solvated proton, relative strength of acids,
types of acid-base reactions, levelling solvents,Lewis acid-base concept, Classification of
Lewis acids, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) Application of HSAB principle.

Page 13 of 80
Recommended Texts:
1. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS, 1991.
2. Douglas, B.E. & Mc Daniel, D. H. Concepts & Models of Inorganic Chemistry,
Oxford, 1970
3. Atkins, P.W. & Paula, J. Physical Chemistry, Oxford Press, 2006.
4. Day, M.C. & Selbin, J. Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, ACS Publications 1962.
5. Huheey, J.E. Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice Hall 1993.
6. Manku, G.S. Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Tata McGraw hill, 1980.
7. Canham. Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry 5th Ed, W.H Freeman, 2010.
8. Shriver, D.D. & Atkins, P. Inorganic Chemistry 3rd Ed., 1994.
9. Porterfield, H.W. Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Academic Press, 2005.

PRACTICAL

TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS (VOLUMETRIC)

Acid-Base Titrations

Discussion of titration curves of different types of acid-base titrations. Choice of indicators.

i. Calibration of titrimetric apparatus.

ii. Estimation of NaOH (standard solution of oxalic acid to be prepared)
iii. Estimation of sodium carbonate (standard solution of sodium carbonate to be prepared)
iv. Estimation of carbonate and hydroxide present together in mixture.
v. Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate present together in a mixture.
vi. Estimation of free alkali present in different soaps/detergents
vii. Estimation of total alkalinity in water samples from different sources.

Chromatography of Metal ions

Paper Chromatographic separation of following metal ions:

i. Ni (II) and Co (II)
ii. Fe (III) and Al (III)

Recommended texts:
1. Vogel, A.I., Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis, 5th Ed., Addison Wesley longman.,
1989.

Page 14 of 80
 SEMESTER - II

PAPER – 3

THEORY

SECTION A-ORGANIC: ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Unit I: Carbon-Carbon sigma bonds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes: Preparation: Reduction reactions, Grignard reagent, coupling with organometallic

compounds (Wurtz, Corey-House synthesis).
Physical properties: Melting point, boiling point, solubility and density.
Free radical substitution reactions: Halogenation, relative reactivity and selectivity. Allylic and
benzylic bromination.
Cycloalkanes (C3 to C8): Relative stability, Baeyer strain theory and Sachse Mohr theory.

Unit II: Carbon-Carbon pi bonds: Alkenes, Alkynes and Alkadienes

Alkenes and Alkynes: Preparation: Elimination reactions- Mechanism of E1, E2, Saytzeff vs
Hofmann eliminations.
Physical properties: Melting point, boiling point, solubility and density.
Electrophilic addition to alkenes and alkynes: Addition of hydrogen halides, halogens, water,
hypohalous acid (Markovnikov’s rule and peroxide effect).
Mechanism of hydroboration-oxidation and oxymercuration-demercuration.
Oxidative cleavage of alkenes and alkynes.
Stereochemical aspects of organic reactions: Chemical and catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes,
hydroxylation, carbene addition, halogen and halogen acid addition, dehydrohalogenation.
Acidity of alkynes and their associated reactions as nucleophiles.
Relative reactivities of alkenes and alkynes towards electrophilic addition reactions.
Alkadienes: 1,2- and 1,4- addition reactions in conjugated dienes, Diels-Alder reaction
(excluding stereochemical aspects).

Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd, Robert Neilson Organic Chemistry, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education). Fifth
Edition, 1975,
4. Graham Solomons, T.W., Craig B. Fryhle Organic Chemistry, Ninth edition John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.

Page 15 of 80
SECTION B-INORGANIC: CHEMICAL BONDING-II

i. Covalent bond: Valence Bond theory (Heitler-London and Pauling approach). Concept
of hybridization, Energetics of hybridization, equivalent and non-equivalent hybrid
orbitals. Bent’s rule. Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), shapes of
simple molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons, multiple
bonding (σ and π bond approach), and bond lengths, bond energies.

ii. Covalent character in ionic compounds, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s
rules and consequences of polarization.

iii. Ionic character in covalent compounds: Bond moment and dipole moment. Percentage
ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference.

iv. Molecular orbital theory: Molecular orbital diagrams of homo- and hetero nuclear
diatomic molecules N2, O2, C2, B2, F2, CO, NO, and their ions; HCl, (idea of s-p mixing
to be given).

v. Metallic bond: Qualitative idea of valence bond and band theories. Semiconductors
and insulators.

vi. Weak chemical forces: van der Waals forces, ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole
interactions, induced dipole interactions, Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
interactions. Repulsive forces, Hydrogen bonding (inter and intra) and its application
(melting, boiling points and solubility).

Recommended Texts:
1. Huheey, J.E. Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice Hall 1993.
2. Douglas, B.E. & McDaniel, D.H. Concepts & Models of Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford
1970.
3. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS 1991.
4. Shriver & Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, Third Edition, Oxford Press 1994.
5. Porterfield, H.W. Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition, Academic Press, 2005.

PRACTICAL

SECTION A- ORGANIC: PREPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND

CHROMATOGRAPHY

1. Chromatography, technique for separation and purity analysis of organic compounds.

i. Separation of a mixture of two amino acids by ascending and radial paper
chromatography.
ii. Separation of a mixture of two carbohydrates by ascending and radial paper
chromatography.
Page 16 of 80
 iii. Separation of a mixture of o- and p-nitrophenol or o- and p-aminophenol by thin
layer chromatography (TLC).

2. Diels Alder reaction:

i. of anthracene and maleic anhydride.
ii. of furan and maleic acid.

3. Bromination of trans stilbene.

Recommended Texts:
1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education 2009.
2. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson 2012.

SECTION B- INORGANIC: OXIDATION – REDUCTION TITRIMETRY

Oxidation- Reduction Titrimetry:

Concept of electrode potential, Redox indicators like diphenylamine and N-phenyl anthranilic
acid.

i. Estimation of Fe(II) using standardized KMnO4 solution (standard solution of Mohr’s

salt to be prepared).
ii. Estimation of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate in a given mixture. (standard solution of
oxalic acid to be prepared)
iii. Estimation of Fe (II) with K2Cr2O7 using diphenylamine as internal indicator (standard
solution of Mohr’s salt to be prepared).
iv. Estimation of Potassium dichromate with Mohr’s salt using N-phenyl anthranilic acid
as internal indicator (standard solution of Potassium dichromate to be prepared).
v. Estimation of iron content in drug / ore / alloy using potassium dichromate.

Recommended Text:
1. Vogel, A.I., Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis, 5th Ed., Addison Wesley longman.,
1989.

Page 17 of 80
 PAPER-4

PHYSICAL: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS & SYSTEMS OF VARIABLE

COMPOSITION

THEORY

Unit I: Chemical thermodynamics

Intensive and extensive variables; state and path functions; isolated, closed and open systems;
zeroth law of thermodynamics.
First law: Concept of heat (q), work (w), internal energy (U) and statement of first law;
enthalpy (H), relation between heat capacities, calculations of q, w, U and H for reversible,
irreversible and free expansion of gases (ideal and van der Waals) under isothermal and
adiabatic conditions.
Thermochemistry: Heats of reactions: standard states of gases, liquids and solids; enthalpy of
formation of molecules and ions and enthalpy of combustion and its applications; calculation
of bond energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from thermochemical data,
effect of temperature (Kirchoff’s equations) and pressure on enthalpy of reactions. Adiabatic
flame temperature, explosion temperature.
Second Law: Concept of entropy; thermodynamic scale of temperature, statement of the
second law of thermodynamics; molecular and statistical interpretation of entropy. Calculation
of entropy change for reversible and irreversible processes.
Free Energy Functions: Gibbs and Helmholtz energy; variation of G and A with P, V and T;
Gibbs energy change and spontaneity. Coupling of exoergic and endoergic reactions. Relation
between Joule-Thomson coefficient and other thermodynamic parameters; inversion
temperature; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation; Maxwell relations; thermodynamic equation of state.
Third Law: Statement of third law, concept of residual entropy, calculation of absolute entropy
of molecules.

Unit II: Systems of variable composition

Partial molar quantities, dependence of thermodynamic parameters on composition; Gibbs-

Duhem equation, chemical potential of ideal mixtures, change in thermodynamic functions in
mixing of ideal gases.

Recommended texts:
1. Peter, A. & Paula, J. de. Physical Chemistry 9th Ed., Oxford University Press 2011.
2. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa 2004.
3. Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall 2012.
4. McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D. Molecular Thermodynamics Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.:
New Delhi 2004.
5. Assael, M. J.; Goodwin, A. R. H.; Stamatoudis, M.; Wakeham, W. A. & Will, S.
Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics. CRC Press: NY 2011.
Page 18 of 80
 6. Levine, I .N. Physical Chemistry 6th Ed.,Tata Mc Graw Hill 2010.
7. Metz, C.R. 2000 solved problems in chemistry, Schaum Series 2006.

PRACTICAL

PHYSICAL: THERMOCHEMISTRY

a. Determination of heat capacity of a calorimeter for different volumes using change of

enthalpy data of a known system (method of back calculation of heat capacity of
calorimeter from known enthalpy of solution or enthalpy of neutralization).
b. Determination of the enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium
hydroxide.
c. Determination of the enthalpy of ionization of ethanoic acid.
d. Determination of integral enthalpy (endothermic and exothermic) of solution of salts.
e. Determination of basicity/proticity of a polyprotic acid by the thermochemical method
in terms of the changes of temperatures observed in the graph of temperature versus
time for different additions of a base. Also calculate the enthalpy of neutralization of
the first step.
f. Determination of enthalpy of hydration of copper sulphate.

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A., Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R.
Chand & Co.: New Delhi 2011.
2. Athawale, V. D. & Mathur, P. Experimental Physical Chemistry New Age
International: New Delhi 2001.

Page 19 of 80
 SECOND YEAR
SEMESTER-III

PAPER-5

THEORY

SECTION A-INORGANIC: PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY and CHEMISTRY OF

s-BLOCK ELEMENTS

Unit I: General principles of metallurgy

Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potentials. Ellingham

diagrams for reduction of metal oxides using carbon and carbon monoxide as reducing agent.
Electrolytic Reduction, Hydrometallurgy. Methods of purification of metals: Electrolytic Kroll
process, Parting process, van Arkel-de Boer process and Mond’s process, Zone refining.

Unit II: Chemistry of s-block elements:

i. General Characteristics: Density, melting point, flame color, reducing nature, diagonal
relationships and anomalous behaviour of first member of each group.
ii. Oxidation states with reference to elements in unusual and rare oxidation states (alkali
metal anions)
Reactions of alkali and alkaline earth metals with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and
water.
iii. Common features such as ease of formation, thermal stability, solubility and % ionic
character of thse following Alkali Metal and Alkaline Earth Metal Compounds
Hydrides, Oxides, peroxides, superoxides, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Nitrates,
Sulphates.
iv. Complex Formation tendency of s-block elements , Structure of the following
complexes
Crown ethers, cryptates, basic beryllium acetate, beryllium nitrate,
salicyaldehyde/acetylacetonato complexes of Group I, EDTA complexes of calcium
and magnesium.
v. Solution of alkali metals in liquid ammonia and their properties.
vi. Uses of alkali metals with special reference to lithium in drugs & batteries.

Recommended Texts:
1. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS, 1991.
2. Douglas, B.E; Mc Daniel, D.H. & Alexander, J.J. Concepts & Models of Inorganic
Chemistry 3rd Ed., John Wiley Sons, N.Y. 1994.

Page 20 of 80
 3. Greenwood, N.N. & Earnshaw. Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth-Heinemann.
1997.
4. Cotton, F.A. & Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, VCH, 1999.
5. Miessler, G. L. & Donald, A. Tarr. Inorganic Chemistry 4th Ed., Pearson, 2010.
6. Shriver & Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry 5th Ed.

SECTION B-PHYSICAL: CHEMICAL and IONIC EQUILIBRIA

Unit I: Chemical equilibrium

Criteria of thermodynamic equilibrium, chemical equilibria in ideal gases. Thermodynamic

derivation of relation between Gibbs energy of reaction and reaction quotient. Equilibrium
constants, relations between the various equilibrium constants Kp, Kc and Kx, and their
quantitative dependence on temperature, pressure and concentration. Gibbs energy of mixing
and spontaneity. Le Chatelier principle (quantitative treatment).

Unit II: Ionic equilibria

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of
ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases,
pH scale, common ion effect; dissociation constants of mono-, di- and triprotic acids (exact
treatment of monoprotic acid). Salt hydrolysis- calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of
hydrolysis and pH for different salts.
Buffer solutions: derivation of Henderson–Hesselbelch equation and its applications; buffer
capacity, buffer range, buffer action and applications of buffers in analytical chemistry.
Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product
principle. Qualitative treatment of acid – base titration curves (calculation of pH at various
stages in case of strong acid and strong base). Theory of acid–base indicators; selection of
indicators and their limitations.

Recommended texts:
1. Peter Atkins & Julio De Paula, Physical Chemistry 9th Ed., Oxford University Press
2010.
2. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed., Narosa 2004.
3. McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D., Molecular Thermodynamics, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.:
New Delhi 2004.
4. Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall 2012.
5. Assael, M. J.; Goodwin, A. R. H.; Stamatoudis, M.; Wakeham, W. A. & Will, S.
Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics. CRC Press: NY 2011.
6. Zundhal, S.S. Chemistry concept and applications Cengage India 2011.

Page 21 of 80
 PRACTICAL

SECTION A-INORGANIC: IODO AND IODIMETRIC TITRATIONS

i. Estimation of Cu (II) using sodium thiosulphate solution (Iodometrically).

ii. Estimation of K2Cr2O7 using sodium thiosulphate solution (Iodometrically).
iii. Estimation of antimony in tartar-emetic iodimetrically
iv. Estimation of available chlorine in bleaching powder iodometrically.
v. Estimation of dissolved oxygen in water samples.

Recommended text:
1. Vogel, A.I., Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis, 5th Ed., Addison Wesley longman.,
1989.

SECTION B-PHYSICAL: pH METRY

a) Study the effect of addition of HCl/NaOH to solutions of acetic acid, sodium acetate
and their mixtures.
b) Preparation of buffer solutions of different pH
i. Sodium acetate-acetic acid
ii. Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide
c) pH metric titration of (i) strong acid vs. strong base, (ii) weak acid vs. strong base.
d) Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid.

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
& Co.: New Delhi 2011.
2. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry
8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York 2003.
3. Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.; W.H.
Freeman & Co.: New York 2003.

Page 22 of 80
 PAPER – 6

ORGANIC: AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS,

ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS

THEORY
Unit I: Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Benzene: Kekule structure, stability of benzene, resonance energy.

Aromaticity: Hückel’s rule, aromaticity in benzene and other cyclic systems with examples of
aromatic, non-aromatic and antiaromatic systems of cyclic hydrocarbons (C3 to C8) excluding
heterocyclic compounds.
Properties of benzene: Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration,
sulphonation, Friedel–Crafts alkylation and its limitations, Friedel Crafts acylation.
Addition reactions: Addition of chlorine and hydrogen.
Oxidation reactions: With oxygen and ozone, mercuration and Birch reduction.
Effect of sustituents on electrophilic substitution reactions, orientation and reactivity in
monosubstituted and disubstituted benzene.
Oxidation and halogenation (ring vs side chain) of alkylbenzenes.
Toxicity of benzene vs toluene.

Unit II: Chemistry of Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Alkyl halides: Preparation, physical properties, nucleophilic substitution reactions – SN1, SN2
and SNi mechanism with stereochemical aspects, factors affecting nucleophilic substitution,
elimination vs substitution, nucleophilicity vs basicity.
Aryl halides: Preparation, physical properties and nucleophilic aromatic substitution: SNAr,
elimination-addition mechanism.
Relative reactivity of alkyl, allyl, benzyl, vinyl and aryl halides towards nucleophilic
substitution reactions.
Organometallic compounds of Mg and Li: synthetic uses.

Unit III: Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides

Alcohols: Preparation, relative reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Alcohols
as acids and bases.
Reactions of alcohols: With hydrogen halides, phosphorous halides, thionyl chloride and
ammonia.
Oxidation of alcohols: Dehydrogenation and dehydration, Lucas reagent test, Victor Meyer test
and Iodoform test.
Glycols: Preparation and reactions: Oxidation, Pinacol–Pinacolone rearrangement.
Phenols: Preparation and reactions: Acidity and factors affecting acidity of phenols.
Acylation of phenol, ring substitution reactions,Riemer–Tiemann reaction, Kolbe reaction,
Fries and Claisen rearrangements.

Page 23 of 80
Ethers and Epoxides: Preparation and reactions with acid. Acid and base catalysed ring
opening of epoxides.

Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd, Robert Neilson Organic Chemistry, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
3. Graham Solomons, T.W., Craig B. Fryhle Organic Chemistry, Seventh edition John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2000.
PRACTICAL

ORGANIC: FUNCTIONAL GROUP DETECTION AND ORGANIC PREPARATION

1. Functional group tests for alcohols and phenols.

2. Organic preparations:
i. Acetylation of one of the following compounds: amines (aniline, o-,m-,p-
toluidines and o-,m-,p- anisidine) and phenols (β-naphthol, vanillin, salicylic acid)
by any one method:
a. Using conventional method.
b. Using green approach
ii. Benzolyation of one of the following amines (aniline, o-,m-,p- toluidines and o-,m-
,p- anisidine) and one of the following phenols (β-naphthol, resorcinol, p-cresol) by
Schotten-Baumann reaction.
iii. Oxidation of ethanol/ isopropanol (Iodoform reaction).
iv. Bromination of any one of the following:
a. Acetanilide by conventional methods
b. Acetanilide using green approach ( Bromate-bromide method)
v. Nitration of any one of the following:
a. Acetanilide/nitrobenzene by conventional method
b. Salicylic acid by green approach (using ceric ammonium nitrate).
vi. Selective reduction of meta dinitrobenzene to m-nitroaniline.
vii. Reduction of p-nitrobenzaldehyde by sodium borohydride.
The above derivatives should be prepared using 0.5-1g of the organic compound. The solid
samples must be collected and may used for recrystallization, melting point and TLC.

Recommended Texts:
1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education 2009.
2. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson 2012.
3. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press 2000.
4. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Dhingra, S. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Qualitative Analysis, University Press 2000.

Page 24 of 80
 SEMESTER – IV

PAPER-7

THEORY

SECTION A-ORGANIC: CARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Unit I: Carbonyl Compounds

Aldehydes and Ketones: Preparations, physical properties and reactions.

Nucleophilic addition: Mechanism and relative reactivity of aldehydes and ketones. Test for
aldehydes & ketones.
Nucleophilic addition- elimination: reaction with ammonia derivatives.
Mechanisms of Aldol, Claisen Schmidt, Benzoin and Perkin condensations, Cannizzaro,
Wittig, Knoevenegel and Reformatsky reactions, Beckmann and Benzil-Benzilic acid
rearrangements.
Oxidation (including Baeyer Villiger oxidation) and Reduction.
α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: Electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reactions
including Michael addition.

Unit II: Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives

Monocarboxylic acids: Preparation, physical properties and reactions. Conversion into

fuctional derivatives, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.
Acidity of carboxylic acids, effect of substitution on acid strength of aliphatic and aromatic
acids, ortho effect.
Acid chlorides, Anhydrides, Esters and Amides: Preparation and reactions, ester hydrolysis,
transesterification, Claisen, Dieckmann, and Darzens Glycedic ester condensations.
Relative reactivities of acid derivatives towards nucleophiles.
Dicarboxylic acids, Unsaturated acids (maleic and fumaric acid) and Hydroxy acids:
Typical reactions and uses.

Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd, Robert Neilson Organic Chemistry, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
3. Graham Solomons, T.W., Craig B. Fryhle Organic Chemistry, Ninth edition John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.

Page 25 of 80
SECTION B- PHYSICAL: CHEMICAL KINETICS & CATALYSIS

Unit I: Chemical Kinetics

Order and molecularity of a reaction. Differential and integrated form of rate expressions up to
second order reactions. Experimental methods of the determination of order of a reaction,
kinetics of complex reactions (integrated rate expressions up to first order only): (i) Opposing
reactions (ii) parallel reactions and (iii) consecutive reactions and their differential rate
equations (steady-state approximation in reaction mechanisms) (iv) chain reactions.
Temperature dependence of reaction rates; Arrhenius equation; activation energy, Lindemann
mechanism. Collision theory of reaction rates, qualitative treatment of the theory of absolute
reaction rates.

Unit II: Catalysis

Types of catalysts, specificity and selectivity, mechanisms of catalyzed reactions at solid

surfaces. Enzyme catalysis, Michaelis-Menten mechanism, acid-base catalysis.

Recommended Texts:
1. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkins Physical Chemistry 9th Ed., Oxford University
Press 2011.
2. Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Cengage India.2012.
3. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa 2004.
4. Laidler, K. J. Chemical Kinetics, Pearson Education: New Delhi 2004.
5. Rogers, D. W. Concise Physical Chemistry Wiley 2010.
6. Thomas, E. & Philip, R. Thermodynamics: Statistical Thermodynamics and Kinetics,
1st Ed., Pearson Education 2007.
7. Zumdahl, S.S. Chemistry concepts and applications Cengaga India 2011.

PRACTICAL
SECTION A-ORGANIC: FUNCTION GROUPS DETECTION AND ORGANIC
PREPARATION

1. Functional group test for carbonyl group and carboxylic acid group.
2. Organic preparations:
i. Hydrolysis of amides and esters.
ii. Semicarbazone of any one of the following compounds: acetone, ethyl methyl
ketone, cyclohexanone, benzaldehyde.
iii. S-Benzylisothiouronium salt of one each of water soluble and water insoluble acids
(benzoic acid, oxalic acid, phenyl acetic acid and phthalic acid).
iv. Aldol condensation using either conventional or green method.
v. Benzil-Benzilic acid rearrangement.
The above derivatives should be prepared using 0.5-1g of the organic compound. The solid
samples must be collected and may used for recrystallization, melting point and TLC.

Page 26 of 80
Recommended Texts:
1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education (2009)
2. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson (2012)
3. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press (2000).
4. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Dhingra, S. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Qualitative Analysis, University Press (2000).

SECTION B- PHYSICAL: KINETICS OF SELECTED REACTIONS

Study the kinetics of the following reactions.

1. Initial rate method: Iodide-persulphate reaction

2. Integrated rate method:
a. Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid.
b. Saponification of ethyl acetate.
c. Iodide-persulphate reaction.
3. Compare the strengths of HCl and H2SO4 by kinetics of hydrolysis of methyl acetate.

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
& Co.: New Delhi 2011.
2. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry
8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York 2003.
3. Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.; W.H.
Freeman & Co.: New York 2003.
4. Sindhu,P.S. Practicals in Physical Chemistry 1st Ed. Macmillan: India 2006.

Page 27 of 80
 PAPER-8

INORGANIC: CHEMISTRY OF p-BLOCK ELEMENTS.

THEORY
Unit I: Chemistry of p-block elements

Electronic configuration, atomic and ionic size, metallic/non metallic character, melting point,
ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity. Allotropy, inert pair effect,
diagonal relationship between Boron and Silicon and anomalous behaviour of first member of
each group.

Unit II: Structure, bonding and properties: acidic/basic nature, stability, ionic/covalent
nature, oxidation/reduction, hydrolysis, action of heat

Hydrides: Hydrides of group 13 (only Diborane), group 14, group 15 (EH3 where E=N, P, As,
Sb, Bi), group 16 and group 17.
 Oxides: Oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine.
 Oxoacids: Oxoacids of nitrogen, phosphorus, peroxoacids of sulphur, chlorine.
 Halides: Halides of carbon, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Preparation, property, structure and uses of the following compounds

 Boric acid, borates, boron nitrides, borazine.
 Silicates, Ceramic materials, silicones, graphitic compounds, intercalation compounds
of graphite.
 Phosphonitrilic halides {(PNCl2)n where n = 3 and 4}
 Interhalogen and pseudohalogen compounds.
 Clatharate compounds of noble gases, Xenon fluorides (M.O. treatment of XeF2).

Recommended Texts:
1. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS, 1991.
2. Douglas, B.E. & Mc Daniel, D.H. Concepts & Models of Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford,
1970
3. Greenwood, N.N. & Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth-Heinemann.
1997.
4. Cotton, F.A. & Wilkinson, G, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, VCH, 1999.
5. Gary L. Miessler, Donald A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, 4thEd., Pearson, 2010.

Page 28 of 80
 PRACTICAL

INORGANIC: COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS

i. Complexometric estimation of Mg2+ using EDTA.

ii. Complexometric estimation of Zn2+ using EDTA.
iii. Estimation of total, temporary and permanent hardnesss of water samples.
iv. Estimation of Ca2+ in solution by (substitution method) using Erio-chrome black-T as
indicator.
v. Estimation of Ca2+ /Mg2+ in drugs/ milk/ biological samples by Back titration.
vi. Complexometric estimation of Zn2+ using Xylenol orange as indicator.
vii. Complexometric estimation of Al3+ using Erio-chrome black-T as indicator.
viii. Complexometric estimation of mixture of Zn2+ and Mg2+ in a sample solution using
Xylenol orange and Eriochrome black-T as indicator
ix. Complexometric estimation of mixture of Al3+ and Mg2+ in a sample solution using
masking agent.
x. Estimation of BaSO4 by EDTA back titration using Eriochrome black-T as indicator.

Recommended text:
1. Vogel, A.I., Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis, 5th Ed., Addison Wesley
longman., 1989.

Page 29 of 80
 THIRD YEAR
SEMESTER - V

PAPER – 9

INORGANIC: d-BLOCK ELEMENTS, COORDINATION CHEMISTRY,

LANTHANIDES & ACTINIDES

THEORY
Unit I: Transition elements

General group trends with special reference to electronic configuration, colour, variable
valency, magnetic and catalytic properties, and ability to form complexes. Stability of various
oxidation states and e.m.f. (Latimer diagrams). Comparison of 3d elements with 4d & 5d
elements.
Various oxidation states, their oxidizing and reducing nature and stability w.r.t. Ti, V, Cr, Mn,
Fe and Co. Structure and chemical reactivity of following compounds: chromate, dichromate
and chromium trioxide, KMnO4, peroxo compounds of chromium,V2O5, K4[Fe(CN)6],
K3[Fe(CN)6], Na3[Co(NO3)6], Na3[Fe(CN)5NO]

Unit II: Coordination chemistry

IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds, isomerism in coordination compounds.

Stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers. Werner’s theory, valence
bond theory (inner and outer orbital complexes), electroneutrality principle and back bonding.
Crystal field theory, measurement of 10 Dq (∆o), CFSE in weak and strong fields, concept of
pairing energies and lattice energy, color and magnetic properties , factors affecting the
magnitude of 10 Dq (∆o, ∆t). Octahedral vs. Tetrahedral coordination, tetragonal distortions
from octahedral geometry Jahn-Teller theorem, square planar geometry. Elementary idea of
Ligand field and MO Theory.

Unit III: Lanthanides and actinides

Electronic configuration, oxidation states, colour, spectral and magnetic properties, lanthanide
contraction. Separation of lanthanoides (ion-exchange method only).

Recommended Texts:
1. Purecell, K.F. & Kotz, J.C. Inorganic Chemistry, W.B. Saunders Co. 1977.
2. Greenwood, N.N. & Earnshaw A. Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth-
Heinemann,1997.
3. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS, 1991.
4. Gary L. Miessler, Donald A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, 4/E, Pearson, 2010.
5. Huheey, J.E. Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice Hall 1993

Page 30 of 80
 PRACTICAL

INORGANIC: GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS AND INORGANIC PREPARATION

Gravimetric Analysis:
i. Estimation of nickel (II) using Dimethylglyoxime (DMG).
ii. Estimation of copper as CuSCN
iii. Estimation of iron as Fe2O3 by precipitating iron as Fe(OH)3.
Inorganic Preparations:
i. Tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate, [Cu(NH3)4]SO4.H2O
ii. Cis and trans K[Cr(C2O4)2. (H2O)2] Potassium dioxalatodiaquachromate (III)
iii. Tetraamminecarbonatocobalt (III) ion
iv. Potassium tris(oxalate)ferrate(III)
Spectophotometric estimation:
i. To draw calibration curve (absorbance at ƛmax vs. Concentration) for various
concentrations of a given coloured compound and to estimate the concentration of
the same in a given solution.
ii. Spectrophotometric estimation of Ferrous ion by using 1,10-phenanthroline
iii. Determination of composition of Fe (III)-salicyclic acid complex by Job’s method.

Recommended Text:
1. Vogel, A.I., Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis, 5th Ed., Addison Wesley longman.,
1989.

Page 31 of 80
 PAPER-10

ORGANIC: COMPOUNDS, CONTAINING ACTIVE METHYLENE, NITROGEN

CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS; POLYNUCLEAR
HYDROCARBONS AND HETEROCYCLES

THEORY
Unit I: Active methylene compounds

Concept of Keto-enol tautomerism, preparation, reactions and synthetic applications of diethyl

malonate and Ethyl acetoacetate: Synthesis of carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, β-keto
acids, diketones and heterocyclic compounds.

Unit II: Compounds with Nitrogen Containing Functional Groups

Nitro compounds: Preparation, physical properties and reactions.

Alkyl nitriles and Isonitriles: Preparation, physical properties and reactions.
Aliphatic and aromatic amines: Preparation: rearrangement reactions (Lossen,
Curtius,Schmidt and Hofmann bromamide), Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, reduction
(including reductive amination).
Structure, physical properties and basic character of amines: Effects of solvent, substituents
and steric inhibition of resonance.
Reactions: Reactions involving nucleophilic character:Alkylation, acylation, Mustard oil
reaction, Carbylamine reaction, Mannich reaction, Eschwieler Clark methylation, Hofmann
exhaustive methylation, Hofmann elimination (stereochemistry and comparison with Cope
reaction), oxidation reactions, coupling reactions and electrophilic substitution in aromatic
Amines.
Separation of 1o, 2oand 3o amines (Hofmann method and Hinsberg method).
Diazonium salts: Preparation and their applications.

Unit III: Polynuclear Hydrocarbons

Introduction to polynuclear hydrocarbons.

Structure elucidation of Naphthalene.
Preparation and reactions of Naphthalene, Anthracene and Phenanthrene.

Unit IV: Heterocyclic Compounds

Heterocyclic compounds: Classification, nomenclature and their importance in medicine and

agrochemicals.
Structure, basic character and aromaticity in 5- and 6-membered rings containing one
heteroatom and condensed heterocyclics. Comparative study of basicity of heterocyclic
compounds.

Page 32 of 80
Synthesis and reactions of one heteroatom containing five membered ring and its benzofused
ring: Furan, Pyrrole (Paal-Knorr synthesis, Knorr Pyrrole synthesis, Hantzsch synthesis),
Thiophene, Indole( Fischer indole synthesis and Madelung synthesis)
Synthesis and reaction of one hetero atom containing six membered ring and its benzofused
ring: Pyridine (Hantzsch synthesis), Quinoline and Isoquinoline (Skraup synthesis,
Friedlander’s synthesis, Knorr quinoline synthesis, Doebner-Miller synthesis, Bischler-
Napieralski reaction, Pictet-Spengler reaction, Pomeranz-Fritsch reaction).

Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd, Robert Neilson Organic Chemistry, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education) Fifth
Edition , 1975.
4. Graham Solomons, T.W., Craig B. Fryhle Organic Chemistry, Ninth edition John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.
5. Acheson, R.M. Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic compounds, John Welly
& Sons ,Third Edition 1976 .

PRACTICAL

ORGANIC: FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

1. Detection of extra elements.

2. Functional group test for nitro, amine and amide groups.
3. Qualitative analysis of unknown organic compounds containing simple functional
groups (alcohols, carboxylic acids, phenols and carbonyl compounds)

Recommended Texts:
1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education 2009.
2. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson 2012/
3. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press 2000.
4. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Dhingra, S. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Qualitative Analysis, University Press 2000.

Page 33 of 80
 PAPER-11

PHYSICAL: ELECTROCHEMISTRY

THEORY
Unit I: Electrolytic Conductance

Electrolytic and metallic conductance. Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and
their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes. Molar conductivity at infinite
dilution. Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation,
Wien effect, Debye-Falkenhagen effect.
Ionic velocities, mobilities and their determinations. Grotthus conductance, transference
numbers and their relation to ionic mobilities, determination of transference numbers using
Hittorf and Moving Boundary methods. Anomalous transference numbers. Waldens rule.
Application of EMF measurements in determining (i) Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of a
cell reaction, (ii) equilibrium constants, and (iii) pH values, using hydrogen, quinhydrone and
glass electrodes.

Unit II: Chemical Cells

Chemical cells, reversible and irreversible cells with examples. Electromotive force of a cell
and its measurement, Nernst equation; Standard electrode (reduction) potential and its
application to different types of half-cells. Determination of exact value of half-cell potential,
dissociation constant of weak acid, ionic product of water by graphical method.
Application of EMF measurements in determining (i) Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of a
cell reaction, (ii) equilibrium constants, and (iii) pH values, using hydrogen, quinone-
hydroquinone and glass electrodes.
Concentration cells with and without transference, liquid junction potential; Qualitative
discussion of potentiometric titrations (acid-base, redox, precipitation).

Recommended texts:
1. Atkins, P.W & Paula, J.D. Physical Chemistry, 9th Ed., Oxford University Press 2011.
2. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa 2004.
3. Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Elsevier: NOIDA, UP 2009.
4. Barrow, G. M., Physical Chemistry 5th Ed., Tata McGraw Hill: New Delhi 2006.
5. Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall 2012.
6. Rogers, D. W. Concise Physical Chemistry Wiley 2010
7. Silbey, R. J.; Alberty, R. A. & Bawendi, M. G. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. 2005.

Page 34 of 80
 PRACTICAL

PHYSICAL: CONDUCTOMETRY AND POTENTIOMETRY

Conductometry
1. Determination of cell constant
2. Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation
constant of a weak acid.
3. To perform the following conductometric titrations:
i. Strong acid vs. strong base
ii. Weak acid vs. strong base
iii. Mixture of strong acid and weak acid vs. strong base
iv. Strong acid vs. weak base

Potentiometry
II To perform the following potentiometric titrations:
i. Strong acid vs. strong base
ii. Weak acid vs. strong base
iii. Dibasic acid vs. strong base
iv. Potassium dichromate vs. Mohr's salt

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
& Co.: New Delhi 2011.
2. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry
8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York 2003.
3. Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.; W.H.
Freeman & Co.: New York 2003.

Page 35 of 80
 SEMESTER-VI

PAPER-12

INORGANIC: ORGANOMETALLIC, BIO-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

THEORY

Unit I: Theoretical Principles in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis (H2S Scheme)

Basic principles involved in analysis of cations and anions and solubility products, common
ion effect. Principles involved in separation of cations into groups and choice of group
reagents. Interfering anions (fluoride, borate, oxalate and phosphate) and need to remove them
after Group II.

Unit II: Organometallic Compounds

Definition and classification of organometallic compounds on the basis of bond type. Concept
of hapticity of organic ligands.
Metal carbonyls: 18 electron rule, electron count of mononuclear, polynuclear and substituted
metal carbonyls of 3d series. General methods of preparation (direct combination, reductive
carbonylation, thermal and photochemical decomposition) of mono and binuclear carbonyls of
3d series. Structures of mononuclear and binuclear carbonyls of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni using
VBT. -acceptor behaviour of CO (MO diagram of CO to be discussed), synergic effect and
use of IR data to explain extent of back bonding.
Zeise’s salt: Preparation and structure, evidences of synergic effect and comparison of synergic
effect with that in carbonyls.
Metal Alkyls: Important structural features of methyl lithium (tetramer) and trialkyl aluminium
(dimer), concept of multicentre bonding in these compounds. Role of triethylaluminium in
polymerisation of ethene (Ziegler – Natta Catalyst). Species present in ether solution of
Grignard reagent and their structures, Schlenk equilibrium.
Ferrocene: Preparation and reactions (acetylation, alkylation, metallation, Mannich
Condensation). Structure and aromaticity. Comparison of aromaticity and reactivity with that
of benzene.

Unit III: Bioinorganic Chemistry

Metal ions present in the biological system and classification on the basis of action (essential,
non-essential, trace, toxic). Classification of metallobiomolecules (enzymes, transport and
storage proteins and non proteins). Na – K pump, a brief idea of ionophores. Importance of Zn
as a biocatalyst. Metalloenzymes involving Zn – carbonic anhydrase, and carboxypeptidase A.
Structure of the active site and function of these enzymes in brief.
Importance of iron in the human system with reference to haemoglobin and myoglobin. Role
of haemoglobin as an oxygen carrier, Perutz Mechanism for oxygenation of haemoglobin,

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Cooperative Effect, Bohr Effect, comparison of oxygen saturation curves of haemoglobin and
myoglobin. Storage and transport of iron in humans – Ferritin and Transferrin.
Chelating agents in medicine: Use of chelating agents like EDTA, BAL and D- penicillamine
in metal poisoning. Anticancer activity of Cisplatin.

Recommended Texts:
1. Vogel, A.I. Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Longman, 1972
2. Svehla, G. Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1996-03-
07.
3. Cotton, F.A. G.; Wilkinson & Gaus, P.L. Basic Inorganic Chemistry 3rd Ed.; Wiley
India,
4. Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E.A. & Keiter, R.L. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure
and Reactivity 4th Ed., Harper Collins 1993, Pearson,2006.
5. Sharpe, A.G. Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Indian Reprint (Pearson Education) 2005
6. Douglas, B. E.; McDaniel, D.H. & Alexander, J.J. Concepts and Models in Inorganic
Chemistry3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, NY, 1994.
7. Greenwood, N.N. & Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements, Elsevier 2nd Ed, 1997
(Ziegler Natta Catalyst and Equilibria in Grignard Solution).
8. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry 5th Ed., John Wiley and sons 2008.
9. Powell, P. Principles of Organometallic Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, 1988.
10. Shriver, D.D. & P. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, 1994.
11. Bertini, I.; Gray, H.B.; Lippard, S.J. & Valentine, J.S. Bioinorganic Chemistry, Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd., 1998.
12. Lippard, S.J. & Berg, J.M. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Panima Publishing
Corporation, 1997.
13. Hughes, M.N. Inorganic Chemistry of Biological Processes, John Wiley and Sons,
London, 1981.
PRACTICAL

INORGANIC: QUALITATIVE SEMIMICRO ANALYSIS

Qualitative semimicro analysis of mixtures containing 3 anions and 3 cations. Emphasis should
be given to the understanding of the chemistry of different reactions. The following radicals
are suggested:
CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32-,S2O32-, CH3COO-, F-,Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, BO33-, C2O42-, PO43-, NH4+, K+,
Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Bi3+, Sn2+, Sb3+, Fe3+, Al3+,, Cr3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ba2+,Sr2+, Ca2+,
Mg2+
Mixtures should preferably contain one interfering anion, or insoluble component (BaSO4,
SrSO4, PbSO4, CaF2 or Al2O3) or combination of anions e.g. CO32-and SO32-, NO2-and NO3-,
Cl- and Br-, Cl- and I-, Br-and I-, NO3- and Br-, NO3- and I-.
Spot tests should be done whenever possible.

Recommended Text:
1. Svehla, Vogel, A.I. Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Longman, 1972
2. G. Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1996-03-07.

Page 37 of 80
 PAPER – 13

ORGANIC: CARBOHYDRATES, SPECTROSCOPY AND DYES

THEORY

Unit I: Carbohydrates

Occurrence, classification, reducing and non reducing sugars, reactions and their biological
importance.
Monosaccharides: Structure elucidation, relative and absolute configuration of glucose and
fructose, co-relation of configuration, characteristic reactions of glucose and fructose, epimers
and anomers, mutarotation, determination of ring size of glucose and fructose, Haworth
projections and conformational structures and conformational analysis (elementary idea,
anomeric effect), configuration on C-1 in glucose, interconversions of aldoses and ketoses,
Kiliani-Fischer synthesis, Ruff’s degradation and Wohl’s method.
Disaccharides: Nomenclature, applications and structural distinction of maltose, lactose and
sucrose; Invert sugar.
Polysaccharides: Elementary treatment of starch, cellulose and glycogen (comparative study
of their structures) and their application.

Unit II: Spectroscopy

Introduction to spectroscopy: Electromagnetic radiation, fundamental definitions,

electromagnetic spectrum, introduction to concepts of absorption and emission spectroscopy,
Beer-Lambert law.
UV spectroscopy: Types of electronic transitions, UV spectrum, λmax, ϵmax, chromophores,
auxochromes, bathochromic shift, hypsochromic shift (definitions and elementary examples)
and solvent effect. Characteristic UV transitions in common functional groups.
General applications of UV spectroscopy including distinction between cis-trans isomers.
Woodward rules for calculating λmax in following systems:
 Conjugated dienes: alicyclic, homoannular, heteroannular.
 α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones.
 Extended conjugated systems: dienes, aldehydes and ketones.
IR Spectroscopy: Fundamental and non-fundamental molecular vibrations, IR spectrum,
fingerprint and group frequency regions and their significance, Hooke’s law and vibrational
frequency. Factors affecting vibrational frequency in organic compounds.
Characterization of functional groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (only alicyclic systems),
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, hydroxy compounds and amines.
Study of hydrogen bonding.
PMR spectroscopy: Basic principles of NMR spectroscopy, PMR scale, chemical shifts
(concept of shielding and deshielding), factors influencing chemical shifts, simple spin-spin

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couplings, coupling constant, chemical shift equivalence, anisotropic effects in alkenes,
alkynes, aldehydes and aromatics. Interpretation of PMR spectra of simple compounds.

Application of UV, IR and PMR in solving structures of simple organic molecules.

Unit III: Dyes

Colour and constitution of dyes: Witt’s theory, quinonoid theory, valence bond theory (VBT)
and molecular orbital theory (MOT).
Classification of dyes with examples on the basis of mode of application: Acidic, basic, direct,
mordant, vat developed and dispersed dyes.
Classification of dyes with examples on the basis of structure: Azo dyes, triphenyl methane
dyes, phthalein dyes, xanthene dyes and natural dyes.
Synthesis and uses of following dyes:
Methyl orange, malachite green, phenolphthalein.
Structure elucidation and synthesis of alizarin and indigo.

Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd, Robert Neilson Organic Chemistry, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Fifth
Edition, 1975.
4. Graham Solomons, T.W., Craig B. Fryhle Organic Chemistry, Ninth edition John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.
5. Kemp, W. Organic Spectroscopy, Palgrave Macmillan Education Ltd, Second Edition,
1987.
PRACTICAL

ORGANIC: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS, PREPARATION AND USE OF IR AND NMR

1. Analysis of Carbohydrate: aldoses and ketoses, reducing and non-reducing sugars.

2. Qualitative analysis of unknown organic compounds containing monofunctional groups
(carbohydrates, aryl halides, aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro compounds, amines and
amides) and simple bifunctional groups, for e.g. salicylic acid, cinnamic acid,
nitrophenols etc.
3. Identification of simple organic compounds by IR spectroscopy and PMR spectroscopy
(Spectra to be provided).
4. Preparation of methyl orange.

Recommended Texts:
1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education 2009.
2. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson 2012.

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3. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press 2000.
4. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Dhingra, S. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Qualitative Analysis, University Press 2000.

Page 40 of 80
 PAPER-14

PHYSICAL: PHASE EQUILIBRIA & BINARY SOLUTIONS

THEORY
Unit I: Phase equilibria

Concept of phases, components and degrees of freedom, derivation of Gibbs Phase Rule for
nonreactive and reactive systems; Clausius-Clapeyron equation and its applications to solid-
liquid, liquid-vapour and solid-vapour equilibria, phase diagram for one component systems
(water, sulphur, carbon dioxide), with applications.
Phase diagrams for two component systems involving eutectic, congruent and incongruent
melting points and solid solutions.
Three component system: water-chloroform-acetic acid system only.

Unit: II: Binary Solutions

Gibbs-Duhem-Margules equation, its derivation and applications to fractional distillation of

binary miscible liquids (ideal and nonideal), azeotropes, lever rule, partial miscibility of
liquids, CST, immiscible pairs, steam distillation. Nernst distribution law: its derivation and
applications.

Unit III: Solid state:

Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller
indices, elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, seven
crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices; X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, a simple account
of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method. Analysis of powder diffraction patterns
of NaCl, CsCl and KCl. Glasses and liquid crystals.

Recommended texts:
1. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin’s Physical Chemistry 8th Ed., Oxford University
Press 2006.
2. Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry Cengage India 2012.
3. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa 2004.
4. Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Elsevier: NOIDA, UP 2009.
5. Levine, I. N. Physical Chemistry 6th Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill 2011.
6. Metz, C. R. Physical Chemistry 2nd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill 2009.

PRACTICAL

PHYSICAL: DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL SOLUTION AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA

I. Determination of critical solution temperature and composition of the phenol-water

system and to study the effect of impurities on it.

Page 41 of 80
 II. Phase equilibria: Construction of the phase diagram using cooling curves or ignition
tube method:
a. simple eutectic and
b. congruently melting systems.
III. Indexing of a given powder diffraction pattern of a cubic crystalline system.
IV. Distribution of acetic/ benzoic acid between water and cyclohexane.

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
& Co.: New Delhi 2011.
2. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry
8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York 2003.
3. Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.; W.H.
Freeman & Co.: New York 2003.
4. Sindhu,P.S. Practicals in Physical Chemistry 1st Ed. Macmillan: India 2006.

Page 42 of 80
 FOURTH YEAR
SEMESTER-VII

PAPER-15

THEORY

SECTION A-INORGANIC: REACTION RATES & MECHANISM

Unit 1: Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism:

Introduction to Inorganic Reaction Mechanism. Substitution reactions in square planar

complexes, Trans- effect, theories of trans effect, Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in
square planar complexes, Thermodynamic and Kinetic stability, Kinetics of octahedral
substitution, Ligand field effects and reaction rates, Mechanism of substitution in octahedral
complexes.

Unit II: Introduction to catalysis of chemical reactions by organometallic compounds

Discuss the processes that commonly feature in the mechanism of following reactions:
1. Alkene hydrogenation (Wilkinsons Catalyst)
2. Hydroformylation (Co salts)
3. Wacker Process
4. Synthetic gasoline (Fischer Tropsch reaction)
5. Synthesis gas by metal carbonyl complexes

Reference text:
1. Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E. A. & Keiter, R.L. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure
and Reactivity 4th Ed., Harper Collins 1993, Pearson, 2006.
2. Douglas, B. E.; McDaniel, D.H. & Alexander, J.J. Concepts and Models in Inorganic
Chemistry 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, NY, 1994.
3. Basolo, F. & Person, R. Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions: Study of Metal Complexes
in Solution 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc; NY.
4. Purecell, K.F. & Kotz, J.C., Inorganic Chemistry, W.B. Saunders Co. 1977
5. Miessler, G. L. & Donald, A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry 4th Ed., Pearson, 2010.
6. Cotton, F.A. & Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 4th Ed., Wiley India.
7. Collman, James P. et al. Principles and Applications of Organotransition Metal
Chemistry. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books, 1987.
8. Crabtree, Robert H. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals. j New
York, NY: John Wiley, 2000.
9. Spessard, Gary O., &Gary L. Miessler. Organometallic Chemistry. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996.

Page 43 of 80
SECTION B-ORGANIC: PHARMACEUTICALS, NATURAL PRODUCTS AND
POLYMERS

Unit I: Pharmaceutical Compounds

Structure activity relationship.Classification, structure, mode of action and therapeutic uses of

pharmaceutical compounds belonging to the following classes:
1. Analgesics and antipyretics:Paracetamol (synthesis), Ibuprofen (traditional and green
synthesis).
2. Antibacterial agents: Sulphonamides. sulphadiazine (synthesis).
3. Antimalarials: Chloroquine (synthesis).
4. Antibiotics: Chloramphenicol (synthesis and structure elucidation).
Medicinal values of curcumin ,azadirachtin and vitamin C and antacid (ranitidine)

Unit II: Natural Products: Terpenoids and Alkaloids

Terpenoids: Natural occurrence, classification and biosynthesis of terpenoids (with suitable

examples including carotenoids).
Structure and specific uses of citral, limonene and α- terpineol.

Alkaloids: Natural occurrence, general methods of Isolation and structural features. (Ziesel’s
method, Herzig Meyer’s method, Hofmann’s exhaustive methylation and Emde’s
modification).
Medicinal importance of nicotine, quinine, morphine and reserpine.

Unit III: Polymers

Polymers: Introduction and classifications.

Polymerisation reactions: Addition, condensation and ring opening metathesis.Polymerisation:
Polymerisation: Mechanism of cationic, anionic and free radical addition polymerization,
Ziegler-Natta polymerisation of alkenes, stereochemistry of polymers, role of stabilisers,
plasticisers, antioxidants, telomers and inhibitors in polymer synthesis.
Preparation from appropriate monomers and applications of following polymers: Polythene,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyamides, polyesters,
buna-S, neoprene, bakellite and polyurethanes polymers.
Process of vulcanization and its importance.
Introduction to biodegradable, conducting sol-gel and liquid crystal polymers with their
importance in day to day life.

Page 44 of 80
Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd, Robert Neilson Organic Chemistry, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education) ,Fifth
Edition, 1975.
4. Graham Solomons, T.W., Craig B. Fryhle Organic Chemistry, Ninth edition John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.
5. Kalsi, P. S. Textbook of Organic Chemistry 1st Ed., New Age International (P) Ltd.
Pub. Delete this text
6. Billmeyer, F. W. Textbook of Polymer Science, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7. Gowariker, V. R.; Viswanathan, N. V. & Sreedhar, J. Polymer Science, New age
International,First Edition, 1986
8. Clayden, J.; Greeves, N.; Warren, S.; Wothers, P.; Organic Chemistry, Oxford
University Press , First Edition, 2001.
9. Singh, J.; Ali, S.M. & Singh, J. Natural Product Chemistry, Pragati Parakashan 2010.

PRACTICAL

SECTION A-INORGANIC: PREPARATION OF SELECTED INORGANIC

COMPOUNDS AND USE SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES

i. Measurement of 10 Dq by spectrophotometric method

ii. Verification of spectrochemical series.
iii. Controlled synthesis of two copper oxalate hydrate complexes: kinetic vs
thermodynamic factors.
iv. Preparation of acetylacetanato complexes of Cu2+/Fe3+. Find the λmax of the complex.
v. Synthesis of ammine complexes of Ni(II) and its ligand exchange reactions (e.g.
bidentate ligands like acetylacetone, DMG, glycine) by substitution method.

Recommended Texts:
1. Marr. G & Rockett, B.W. Practical Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1972.

SECTION-B ORGANIC: EXTRACTION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, SYNTHESIS

OF SELECTED DRUGS AND POLYMERS

1. Extraction of caffeine from tea leaves.

2. Preparation of sodium polyacrylate
3. Preparation of urea formaldehyde.
4. Extraction of active pharmaceutical ingredient from commercial tablet, acetylsalicylic
acid from aspirin, its synthesis in laboratory and comparison of the two samples by
melting point and TLC.
5. Isolation of ibuprofen and p-acetylaminophenol by solvent extraction from combiflam
and their purity analysis by melting point and TLC.
6. Estimation of Vitamin C by titrating it against a solution of 2, 6-dichlorophenol
indophenol dye.
7. Quantitative estimation of glucose using Fehling’s solution method.

Page 45 of 80
Recommended Texts:
1. Vogel, A.I. Quantitative Organic Analysis, Part 3, Pearson 2012.
2. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education 2009.
3. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson 2012.
4. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press 2000.
5. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Dhingra, S. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Qualitative Analysis, University Press 2000.

Page 46 of 80
 PAPER-16

PHYSICAL: QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, PHOTOCHEMISTRY & SURFACE

CHEMISTRY

THEORY
Unit I: Quantum Chemistry

Postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators, Schrödinger equation and its
application to free particle and “particle-in-a-box” (rigorous treatment), quantization of energy
levels, zero-point energy and Heisenberg Uncertainty principle; wave functions, probability
distribution functions, nodal properties, Extension to two and three dimensional boxes,
separation of variables, degeneracy. Qualitative treatment of simple harmonic oscillator model
of vibrational motion: Setting up of Schrödinger equation and discussion of solution and wave
functions. Vibrational energy of diatomic molecules and zero-point energy.
Rigid rotator model of rotation of diatomic molecule.
Qualitative treatment of hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like ions: setting up of Schrödinger
equation in spherical polar coordinates, radial part, quantization of energy (only final energy
expression), radial distribution functions of 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals. Average and most
probable distances of electron from nucleus.
Setting up of Schrödinger equation for many-electron atoms (He, Li). Need for approximation
methods. Statement of variation theorem and application to simple systems (particle-in-a-box,
harmonic oscillator, hydrogen atom).
Chemical bonding: Covalent bonding, valence bond and molecular orbital approaches, LCAO-
MO treatment of H2+. Bonding and antibonding orbitals. Qualitative extension to H2.
Comparison of LCAO-MO and VB treatments of H2 (only wave functions, detailed solution
not required) and their limitations. Refinements of the two approaches (Configuration
Interaction for MO, ionic terms in VB, only wave functions, detailed solution not required).
Qualitative description of LCAO-MO treatment of second row homonuclear and heteronuclear
diatomic molecules (HF, LiH, NO, CO). Qualitative MO theory and its application to AH2 type
molecules. Simple Hückel Molecular Orbital (HMO) theory and its application to simple
polyenes (ethene, butadiene).
Introduction to molecular modelling and geometry optimization (elementary ideas).

Unit II: Photochemistry

Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation, Lambert-Beer’s law and its limitations, physical

significance of absorption coefficients. Laws of photochemistry, quantum yield, actinometry,
examples of low and high quantum yields, photochemical equilibrium and the differential rate
of photochemical reactions, photosensitized reactions, quenching.
Role of photochemical reactions in biochemical processes, photostationary states,
chemiluminescence.

Page 47 of 80
Unit III: Surface chemistry

Physical adsorption, chemisorption. Freundlich adsorption isotherm, Langmuir adsorption

equation, BET isotherms. Determination of surface area of adsorbent. Gibbs adsorption
equation.

Recommended texts:
1. Chandra, A. K. Introductory Quantum Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill 2001.
2. House, J. E. Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry 2nd Ed., Elsevier: USA 2004.
3. Lowe, J. P. & Peterson, K., Quantum Chemistry, Academic Press 2005.
4. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin’s Physical Chemistry 8th Ed., Oxford University
Press 2006.
5. Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry, Cengage, India 2012.
6. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa 2004.
7. Laidler, K. J. Chemical Kinetics, Pearson Education: New Delhi 2004.

PRACTICAL

PHYSICAL: MOLECULAR MODELLING

i. Compare the optimized C-C bond lengths in ethane, ethene, ethyne and benzene.
Visualize the molecular orbitals of the ethane σ bonds and ethene, ethyne, benzene and
pyridine π bonds.
ii. (a) Perform a conformational analysis of butane. (b) Determine the enthalpy of
isomerization of cis and trans 2-butene.
iii. Visualize the electron density and electrostatic potential maps for LiH, HF, N2, NO and
CO and comment. Relate to the dipole moments. Animate the vibrations of these
molecules.
iv. (a) Relate the charge on the hydrogen atom in hydrogen halides with their acid
character. (b) Compare the basicities of the nitrogen atoms in ammonia, methylamine,
dimethylamine and trimethylamine.
v. (a) Compare the shapes of the molecules: 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol,
and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Note the dipole moment of each molecule. (b) Show how the
shapes affect the trend in boiling points: (118 ºC, 100 ºC, 108 ºC, 82 ºC, respectively).
vi. Build and minimize organic compounds of your choice containing the following
functional groups. Note the dipole moment of each compound: (a) alkyl halide (b)
aldehyde (c) ketone (d) amine (e) ether (f) nitrile (g) thiol (h) carboxylic acid (i) ester
(j) amide.
vii. (a) Determine the heat of hydration of ethylene. (b) Compute the resonance energy of
benzene by comparison of its enthalpy of hydrogenation with that of cyclohexene.
viii. Arrange 1-hexene, 2-methyl-2-pentene, (E)-3-methyl-2-pentene, (Z)-3-methyl-2-
pentene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene in order of increasing stability.
ix. (a) Compare the optimized bond angles H2O, H2S, H2Se. (b) Compare the HAH bond
angles for the second row dihydrides and compare with the results from qualitative MO
theory.

Page 48 of 80
Note: Software: ChemSketch, ArgusLab (www.planaria-software.com), TINKER 6.2
(dasher.wustl.edu/ffe), WebLab Viewer or any similar software.

Recommended Texts:
1. Lewars, E. G. Computational Chemistry 2nd Ed., Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. 2011, Ch. 1
& 2.
2. Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall 2012, Ch. 26.
3. Rogers, D. W. Computational chemistry using PC 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons.

Page 49 of 80
 PAPER – 17

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

THEORY

UNIT I: Introduction to research and General Laboratory Practices:

1. Historical account of research in chemistry.

2. Awareness about material safety data sheet (MSDS), storage, transportation, usages;
handling of special chemicals / reagents, such as perchloric acids, formaldehyde,
mercury, corrosives, flammables, toxins / poisons, peroxides, labeling of chemicals,
Chemical waste.
3. Safety equipments, such as ventilation, fume-hood, fire extinguishers, eye washes,
safety showers, first aid kit.
4. Radiation safety: authority, radiation signs & badges and disposal procedure.
5. Biological safety: authority, bio-safety level, pest control, autoclave.
6. Emergency response in case of fire, injury, spills, incident reports, evacuation,
emergency contacts, security, excess control, door security, overnight experiments.

UNIT II: Purification Technique and Introduction to Toxic Compounds

1. Purification techniques, drying, distillation and purification of solvents.

2. Types of toxins, such as irritants, corrosives, allergens, asphyxiants, carcinogens,
reproductive and development toxins, neurotoxins and their effect on biosystems.

UNIT III: Laboratory-ware and Planning

1. Laboratory equipment handing

2. Maintenance of Laboratory note book, arrangement of analytical data, report-writing,
Journal article writing (Abstract, introduction, experimental, results and discussion,
conclusion, acknowledgements and references).
3. Planning and execution of laboratory experiments.
4. Product analysis and characterization: physical and spectral analysis.
5. Selection of research topic and its national and international scenario.
6. Uses of various statistical software for structure drawing and graphical representation
of data. Computer Packages: Applications of some computer packages like MS-Excel,
ORIGIN, SciPlot, SciLab, ISIS Draw, ChemSketch. Introductory writing activities:
Introduction to word processor and structure drawing (ChemSketch) software.
Incorporating chemical structures, chemical and mathematical equations into word
processing documents. Using graphs. Presenting data in tables.

Page 50 of 80
UNIT IV: Tools of literature search & literature review.

1. Print: Sources of information, Journal abbreviations, abstracts, current titles, reviews,

monographs, dictionaries, text-books, current contents, Introduction to Chemical Abstracts
and Beilstein, Subject Index, Substance Index, Author Index, Formula Index, and other
Indices with examples.
2. Digital: Web resources, E-journals, Journal access, TOC alerts, Hot articles, Citation
index, Impact factor, H-index, E-consortium, UGC infonet, E-books, Internet discussion
groups and communities, Blogs, Preprint servers, Search engines, Scirus, Google Scholar,
ChemIndustry, Wiki- Databases, ChemSpider, Science Direct, SciFinder, Scopus.
3. Information Technology and Library Resources: The Internet and World Wide Web.
Internet resources for chemistry. Finding and citing published information.

UNIT V: Scientific Writing, Data Analysis and Presentation

1. The Investigative Approach: Making and Recording Measurements. SI Units and their
use. Scientific method and design of experiments.
2. Descriptive statistics: Choosing and using statistical tests. Chemometrics. Analysis of
variance (ANOVA), Correlation and regression, Curve fitting, fitting of linear equations,
simple linear cases, weighted linear case, analysis of residuals, General polynomial fitting,
linearizing transformations, exponential function fit, r and its abuse. Basic aspects of
multiple linear regression analysis.

UNIT VI: Research Ethics and Intellectual property (IP)

Research ethics: Importance, basic principle, authorship, plagiarism, peer review, conflict of
interest, data management, research misconduct, ethical issues in living / human subject
research Intellectual property: History of patent, overview of IP (patents, trademark,
copyright, design, trade secrets), Basic definition of Invention, discovery and patent
(patentability, infringement), claims and its importance, inventorship vs. authorship.

Recommended Texts:
1. Dean, J. R.; Jones, A. M.; Holmes, D.; Reed, R.; Weyers, J. & Jones, A. Practical skills
in chemistry 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Harlow 2011.
2. Hibbert, D. B. & Gooding, J. J. Data analysis for chemistry. Oxford University Press
2006.
3. Topping, J. Errors of observation and their treatment 4th Ed., Chapman Hall, London.
1984.
4. Harris, D. C. Quantitative chemical analysis 6th Ed., Freeman 2007, Chapters 3-5.
5. Levie, R. de. How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data
analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press 2001, 487 pages.
6. Chemical safety matters – IUPAC – IPCS, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
7. OSU safety manual 1.01.

Page 51 of 80
 PRACTICAL

1. Research Project: To identify a research problems and conduct literature search towards
the problem, experimental / computational analysis, data analysis and report writing.
2. Poster making / Paper writing for presentation in scientific conferences / publishers
based on above research project.

Recommended Texts:
1. Dawson, C. Practical Research Methods, A user-friendly guides to mastering research
techniques and projects, 4000 to Books Ltd. 2002.
2. Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology-methods and Technqiues, Wiley Eastern Limited,
New Delhi 1985.

Page 52 of 80
 SEMESTER-VIII

PAPER-18

THEORY

SECTION A- INORGANIC: CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC SOLIDS,

NANOMATERIALS

Unit I: Synthesis and modification of inorganic solids

Conventional heat and beat methods, Co-precipitation method, Sol-gel methods, Hydrothermal
method, Ion-exchange and Intercalation methods.

Unit II: Inorganic solids of Technological Importance

Solid electrolytes – Cationic, anionic, mixed Inorganic pigments – coloured solids, white and
black pigments
Molecular material and fullerides, molecular materials & chemistry – one-dimensional metals,
molecular magnets, inorganic liquid crystal.

Unit III: Nanomaterials

Preparation of gold and silver metallic nanoparticles, self assembled nanostructures-control of

nanoarchitecture-one dimensional control. Carbon nano tubes and inorganic nanowires. Bio-
inorganic nanomaterials, DNA and nanomaterials, natural and antisical nanomaterials, bionano
composites.

Recommended Texts:
1. Shriver & Alkins. Inorganic Chemistry, Peter Alkins, Tina Overton, Jonathan Rourke,
Mark Weller and Fraser Armstrong, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press (2011-2012)
2. Adam, D. M. Inorganic Solid; An introduction to concepts in solid-state structural
chemistry.

SECTION B-PHYSICAL: MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY

Unit I: Molecular Spectroscopy:

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecules and various types of spectra; Born-
Oppenheimer approximation.
Rotation spectroscopy: Selection rules, intensities of spectral lines, determination of bond
lengths of diatomic and linear triatomic molecules, isotopic substitution.
Vibrational spectroscopy: Classical equation of vibration, computation of force constant,
amplitude of diatomic molecular vibrations, anharmonicity, Morse potential, dissociation

Page 53 of 80
energies, fundamental frequencies, overtones, hot bands, degrees of freedom for polyatomic
molecules, modes of vibration, concept of group frequencies.
Vibration-rotation spectroscopy: diatomic vibrating rotator, P, Q, R branches.
Raman spectroscopy: Qualitative treatment of Rotational Raman effect; Effect of nuclear spin,
Vibrational Raman spectra, Stokes and anti-Stokes lines; their intensity difference, rule of
mutual exclusion.
Electronic spectroscopy: Franck-Condon principle, electronic transitions, singlet and triplet
states, fluorescence and phosphorescence, dissociation and predissociation, calculation of
electronic transitions of polyenes using free electron model.

Recommended Texts:
1. Banwell, C. N. & McCash, E. M. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy 4th Ed.,
Tata McGraw-Hill: New Delhi 2006.
2. Brown, J. M. Molecular Spectroscopy, Oxford Science Publications, New York 1998.

PRACTICAL

SECTION-A INORGANIC: DETERMINATION OF CATION EXCHANGE AND

PREPARATION OF NEWER MATERIALS

1. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their spectroscopic characterization

2. Preparation and characterization of polyacrylamide hydrogels by the co precipitation
method
3. To determine the percentage of tin and lead present in the given amount of solder by
complexometric titrimetric procedures.
4. Spectrometric determination of manganese in steel.

Recommended Text:
1. Fahan, Materials Chemistry, Springer 2004.

SECTION-B PHYSICAL: UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY, COLOURIMETRY AND

ADSORPTION

UV/Visible spectroscopy

I. Study the 200-500 nm absorbance spectra of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 (in 0.1 M H2SO4)
and determine the λmax values. Calculate the energies of the two transitions in different
units (J molecule-1, kJ mol-1, cm-1, eV)
II. Record the 200-350 nm UV spectra of the given compounds (acetone, acetaldehyde, 2-
propanol, acetic acid) in water. Comment on the effect of structure on the UV spectra
of organic compounds.

Colourimetry

I. Determination of dissociation constant of phenolphthalein indicator.

Page 54 of 80
 II. Study the kinetics of interaction of crystal violet/phenolphthalein with sodium
hydroxide colourimetrically.

Adsorption

I. Verify the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms for adsorption of acetic acid on
activated charcoal.

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A., Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R.
Chand & Co.: New Delhi 2011.
2. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry
8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York 2003.
3. Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.; W.H.
Freeman & Co.: New York 2003.
4. Sindhu,P.S. Practicals in Physical Chemistry 1st Ed. Macmillan: India 2006.

Page 55 of 80
 PAPER-19

ORGANIC: CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES

THEORY

Unit I: Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins

Amino acids: Classification, relative and absolute configuration.

Synthesis of α-Amino acids: Phthalimide synthesis, Strecker synthesis, phthalimidomalonic
ester synthesis and azalactone synthesis.
Ionic properties and reactions: Zwitter ions, pKa values, isoelectric point, application of
electrophoresis (gel and paper) and ion exchange chromatography in separation and
purification of amino acids and proteins.
Peptides: Peptide linkage, determination of their primary structures, end group analysis
(Edmans, Sanger‘s and Dansyl chloride method only), application of partial hydrolysis
(chemical, enzymatic). Peptide synthesis: using N-protecting groups (Boc and
benzyloxycarbonyl methods only), C-protecting group, C-activating groups (acid chloride, acid
azide, activated esters and DCC methods only) and Solid-phase synthesis.
Proteins: classification, tests in laboratory and biological importance, primary, secondary(α-
helix and β- pleated sheets), tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.

Unit II: Enzymes

Introduction, classification and characteristics of enzymes. Salient features of active site of

enzymes.
Mechanism of enzyme action(taking trypsin as example), factors affecting enzyme action,
coenzymes and cofactors and their role in biological reactions, specificity of enzyme action
(including stereospecificity), enzyme inhibitors and their importance, phenomenon of
inhibition (competitive , uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibition including allosteric
inhibtion).

Unit III: Lipids

Lipids: Introduction and classification.

Oils and fats : Common fatty acids present in oils and fats, essential fatty acids and their
importance, omega fatty acids, trans fats, hydrogenation, saponification value, iodine number,
acid number, drying, rancidity (hydrolytic and oxidative) and reversion.
Biological importance of triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids and steroids
(cholesterol). Liposomes and their biomedical applications.

Page 56 of 80
Unit IV: Nucleic Acids

Components of nucleic acids: Nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, uracil and
cytosine), sugar and phosphate; nucleosides, nucleotides and their nomenclature;
Phosphodiester linkage and structure of polynucleotides; structure of DNA (Watson-Crick
model) and RNA(types of RNA), genetic code.
Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Introduction to replication, transcription and translation.

Unit V: Concept of Energy in Biosystems

Cells obtain energy by the oxidation of foodstuff (organic molecules).

Introduction to metabolism (catabolism, anabolism).
ATP: The universal currency of cellular energy, ATP hydrolysis and free energy change.
Agents for transfer of electrons in biological redox systems: NAD+, FAD.
Conversion of food to energy: Outline of catabolic pathways of carbohydrate- glycolysis,
fermentation, Krebs cycle.
Overview of catabolic pathways of fat and protein.
Interrelationship in the metabolic pathways of protein, fat and carbohydrate.
Caloric value of food, standard caloric content of food types.

Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, Robert Thornton & Boyd, Robert Neilson Organic Chemistry, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Sixth Edition, 2003.
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Fifth
Edition, 1975.
4. Graham Solomons, T.W., Craig B. Fryhle Organic Chemistry, Ninth edition John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.
5. Clayden, J.; Greeves, N.; Warren, S.; Wothers, P.; Organic Chemistry, Oxford
University Press, First Edition, 2001.
6. Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, Fifth Edition,
2010., W. H. Freeman.
7. Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry, Seventh Edition, 2012., W. H.
Freeman.
PRACTICAL

ORGANIC: ISOLATION AND ESTIMATION OF SELECTED BIOMOLECULES

AND PREPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Estimation of phenol and aniline by bromination with potassium bromated-potassium
bromide method.
2. Estimation of glycine by Sorenson’s formalin method.
3. Study of the titration curve of glycine.
4. Estimation of proteins by Lowry’s method.
5. Study of the action of salivary amylase on starch at optimum conditions.
6. Effect of temperature on the action of salivary amylase.
7. Saponification value of an oil or a fat.
8. Determination of Iodine number of an oil/fat.
9. Isolation and characterization of DNA from onion/cauliflower/peas.

Page 57 of 80
Recommended Texts:
1. Mannual of Biochemistry Workshop, 2012, Department of Chemistry, University of
Delhi.
2. Arthur, I. V. Quantitative, Organic, Analysis s Pearson.
3. Cooper, T.G. The Tools of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. USA. 16 (1977).

Page 58 of 80
 PAPER-20

RESEARCH

Dissertation based on Research: Suitable Topics in Chemical Sciences

Presentation & Viva-voce

1. Students will be divided among faculty members of the Department for the supervision
of the research work. For example- if there are 50 students and five faculty members,
each member will be assigned 10 students for supervision.
2. In the first week of Semester VII, each faculty member will assign a suitable research
topic to the students from the selected topics in the areas of chemical sciences.
3. The student will work on the assigned research topic during semesters VII and VIII in
regular consultation with his/her assigned teacher.
4. The student will write a dissertation based on the research work carried out during
Semesters VII and VIII and prepare two copies to be submitted to the office of the
Principal of the college duly signed by the student and the supervisor in the last week
of VIII semester.
5. The office of the Principal will take a note of the submission of the dissertation and
return the copies each to the student and the teacher for examination.
6. The student will make a power point presentation based on the work carried out and
mentioned in the dissertation to the board of examiners appointed by the University.

Page 59 of 80
 DC –II CHEMISTRY

SEMESTER -III

PAPER – 1

CHEMICAL BONDING

Knowledge of Inorganic compounds is very important to most of the Scientists involved in

different fields of Chemistry and in all other Sciences. This paper will help the student
understand and rationalize the bonding in compounds, the basic shapes and structures of
molecules in gaseous and solid state and even predict properties which may be of potential
interest to their use as materials. Geology, Environmental Science, Molecular Biology,
Material and Polymer Science, require knowledge of these Inorganic compounds (materials).
This would prepare a strong and an essential base for them to integrate chemistry with their
discipline at higher level.

THEORY

Unit 1: The Covalent Bond and the structure of molecules

Valence Bond Approach , Concept of Resonance in various Organic and Inorganic compounds,
hybridisation and structure, Equivalent and non-equivalent hybrid orbitals, Bent’s rule and its
applications ,VSEPR model for predicting shapes of molecules and ions containing lone pairs,
sigma and pi bonds

Unit 2: Molecular Orbital Approach

LCAO method, symmetry and overlap for s-s ,s-p and p-p combinations, MO treatment of
homonuclear diatomic molecules of 2nd period (B2, C2 ,N2, O2 ,F2 ) and heteronuclear di-atomic
molecules (CO ,NO) and their ions.

Unit 3: Bonding in Solid State

The close packing of atoms and ions in solids , size effects of atoms and ions, Fajan’s rule
(atomic and
ionic radius ratio in crystalline solids) and isomorphous subsitutions.
Lattice energy (Born-Haber cycle) .
Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects in Solids , Solid solutions and alloys.
Band theory ( conductors, semi-conductors and insulators).

Unit 4: Intermolecular forces:

van-der Waals forces, Hydrogen bonding and its applications, effect of these forces on melting
point, boiling point and solubility.

Page 60 of 80
Suggested Texts:
1. James E. Huheey, “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of structure and reactivity”,
Pearson Education, IV Edition 2006.
2. D. S. Shriver and P.A. Atkins, “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, V
Edition 2009.
3. Alan G. Sharpe, “Inorganic Chemistry”, Pearson Education, III Edition 1981.
4. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, NY, V Edition 2008.
5. Grey L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr, “Inorganic Chemistry”, Prentice Hall, IV
Edition 2011.
6. B. Douglas, D. H. McDaniel and J. J. Alexander, “Concepts and Models of Inorganic
Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons, III Edition 1994.

PRACTICAL
TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS

Preparations of standard solutions (concept of primary and secondary standards), Different

units of concentration (molarity, molality, normality and formality)

(A) Titrations involving acids-Bases:

Principle of acid-base titrations, Principle behind selection of an appropriate indicator.

i. Standardization of NaOH solution (standard solution of oxalic acid to be prepared)

ii. Determination of concentration of carbonate and hydroxide present in a mixture.
iii. Determination of concentration of carbonate and bicarbonate present in a mixture.
iv. Determination of concentration of free alkali present in soaps/detergents/shampoos.

(B) Titrations involving redox reactions:

Concept of electrode potential, principle behind selection of an appropriate indicator.

i. Standardization of KMnO4 solution (standard solution of Mohr’s salt to be prepared).
ii. Determination of concentration of Fe (II) in Mohr’s salt and/or K2Cr2O7 using
diphenylamine / N-phenylanthranilic acid as internal indicator (standard solution of
K2Cr2O7 and /or Mohr’s salt to be prepared).
iii. Determination of iron content in ores / alloys using appropriate redox titration.

Recommended Texts:
1. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, NY, V
Edition1989.
2. Harris, D.C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Freeman, W.H. & Co.Inc.NY, VII
Edition, 2007.

Page 61 of 80
 SEMESTER-IV

PAPER-2

CONCEPTUAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds and is probably the most active and
important field of chemistry, due to its extreme applicability to both, life and industry. Organic
chemistry involves few basic principles and many extensions and applications of these
principles. After studying this paper one gets an insight of these principles. Many reactions
would be discussed which are used in day to day life . Three dimentional structures of organic
molecules will also be covered in this paper.

THEORY

Unit 1: Stereochemistry
Writing of Fischer projection, Newmann and Sawhorse projection and Wedge
formulae.Interconversion of one type of structural representation into another type of formulae.

Conformations : Restricted rotation about single bonds, Various conformations of ethane,

butane , ethane-1,2-diol and cyclohexane . Relative stability of different conformations in
terms of energy difference is to be discussed for all these compounds .

Geometrical Isomerism :Requirements for a molecule to show geometrical isomerism, Cis-

Trans and E/ Z notation along with CIP rules for naming geometrical isomers.

Optical Isomerism : Optical activity, specific and molar rotation, chirality, enantiomerism,
diastereoisomerism, racemic mixtures and their resolution by salt formation method.

Relative and absolute configuration: D / L nomenclature system for configuration of

carbohydrates (difference between d/l and D/L notations) .Threo and Erythro designation. R-
and S- configuration (upto two chiral centers).

Unit 2: Addition Reactions

Alkenes and Alkynes : Hydrogenation, addition of halogens ,Hydrohalogenation

(Markovnikov’s and antiMarkovnikov’s addition) ,hydration,hydroxylation (cis and trans),
oxymercuration-demercuration , hydroboration-oxidation, ozonolysis. Reactivity of alkenes vs
alkynes.
Aldehydes and ketones : (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone)
Addition of sodium bisulphite,hydrogen cyanide and alcohols.
Addition- elimination reactions with ammonia and its derivatives
Name reactions :Aldol, cross Aldol, Claisen, Knoevenagel, Cannizzaro, cross Cannizzaro

Page 62 of 80
Unit 3: Substitution Reactions

Free radical substitution reactions: Halogenation of alkanes, allylic compounds and alkyl
benzenes.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions: Alkyl, allyl and benzyl halides – substitution of halogen
by some common nucleophiles. mechanism of SN1 and SN2 reactions (stereochemistry, nature
of substrate, nucleophile and leaving group)
Benzene diazoniumchloride: replacement of diazo group
Alcohols,amines and phenols: substitution of active hydrogen, replacement of hydroxyl group
in alcohols (using PCl5, SOCl2 and HI)
Carboxylic acid derivatives: hydrolysis
Ethers: cleavage by HI
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions (aromatic compounds) : General mechanism of
electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration,halogenation, sulphonation,Friedel Crafts
alkylation and acylation ), directive influence of substituents .

Unit 4: Elimination Reactions

Alkyl halides (dehydrohalogenation, Saytzeff’s rule), vicinal dihalides (dehalogenation),

alcohols (dehydration) , Quaternary ammonium salts (Hofmann’s elimination). Mechanism of
E1 and E2 reactions (nature of substrate and base) , elimination vs substitution

Unit 5: Oxidation

Aromatic side chain : oxidation with potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate

Alcohols :oxidation with potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, catalytic
dehydrogenation and Oppenauer oxidation. Oxidation of 1,2 –diols with periodic acid and lead
tetraacetate.
Aldehydes : oxidation with potassium permanganate, chromic acid and Tollen’s reagent
Ketones : oxidation with potassium permanganate, sodium hypoiodite(iodoform reaction) and
Baeyer – Villiger oxidation

Unit 6: Reductions

Aldeydes and ketones : catalytic hydrogenation, reduction with sodium borohydride, lithium
aluminium hydride, Clemmensen,and Wolff-Kishner reduction.
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives : Lithium aluminium hydride, sodium-ethanol and
Rosenmund reduction.
Nitro compounds : Acidic , alkaline and neutral reducing agents, lithium aluminium hydride
and electrolytic reduction.

Recommended Texts:
1. I. L. Finar : Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), Pearson Education,VI Edition, 1973.

Page 63 of 80
 2. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education,VI Edition,
1992,
3. Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl : Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
III Edition, 1987.
4. Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education,
VI Edition, 2003.
5. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds; Wiley: London,
1994.
6. T. W. Graham Solomon’s :Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, IX Edition, 2008
7. P.S. Kalsi,Stereochemistry,Conformation and Mechanism, New Age International
Publishers,VII Edition, 2008.
8. D.Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, New Age International Publishers
2011.

PRACTICAL

PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND ORGANIC PREPARATION

AND RELATED REACTIONS

1. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization using the following solvents:

a. Water
b. Alcohol
2. Determination of the melting points of organic compounds (by Kjeldahl method and
electrically heated melting point apparatus).
3. Determination of optical activity by using polarimeter
Organic preparations : Carry out the following preparations using 0.5-1 g. of starting
compound. Recrystallize the product and determine the melting point of the
recrystallized sample.
4. To prepare acetanilide by the acetylation of aniline.
5. To prepare p-bromoacetanilide.
6. Benzolyation of aniline or β-naphthol by Schotten-Baumann reaction
7. Hydrolysis of benzamide or ethyl bezoate.
8. Semicarbazone derivative of one the following compounds: acetone, ethyl methyl
ketone, diethylketone, cyclohexanone, benzaldehyde.
9. Nitration of nitrobenzene.
10. Oxidation of benzaldehyde by using alkaline potassium permanganate.

Recommended Texts:
1. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, Pearson Education, V edition 2012.
2. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London & New
York, IV Edition 2009.
3. Ahluwalia, V.K.; Dhingra, S. & Gulati, A. College Practical Chemistry, Universities
Press 2005.

Page 64 of 80
 SEMESTER-V

PAPER-3

THERMODYNAMICS, EQUILIBRIUM IN CHEMISTRY AND

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

It is important to understand the forces which drive the chemical reactions in forward direction
and the concept of the interchange of energy in a system. This paper also discusses the use of
electrical energy for initiating chemical reactions and also how chemical reactions can be
utilized to produce electrical energy. The basic principle used in the formation of cells and
battries would also be taken up.

THEORY
Unit 1: Thermodynamics

State of a system, state variables, intensive and extensive variables, concept of heat and work,
thermodynamic equilibrium,
First Law of thermodynamics. Calculation of work (w), heat (q), changes in internal energy
(∆U) and enthalpy (∆H) for expansion or compression of an ideal gas under isothermal
conditions for both reversible and irreversible processes. Calculations of w, q, ∆U and ∆H for
processes involving changes in physical states. Laws of thermochemistry, enthalpy of
combustion, enthalpy of neutralization and integral enthalpies of solution. Calculation of bond
energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from thermochemical data.
Kirchhoff’s equation.
Statements of Second Law of thermodynamics, concept of entropy, Gibbs energy and
Helmholtz energy, criteria of spontaneity. Gibbs–Helmholtz equation.
Statement of Third Law of thermodynamics and calculations of absolute entropies of
substances.

Unit 2: Chemical Equilibrium

Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical
equilibrium. Distinction between ∆G and ∆Gө, Qualitative treatment of Le Chatelier’s
principle. Relationships between Kp, Kc and Kx.

Unit 3: Ionic Equilibrium

Strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization,
ionization constant and ionic product of water, pH scale. Ionization of weak acids and bases,
common ion effect, Salt hydrolysis and simple calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of
hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions, buffer capacity and buffer range.
Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product
principle.

Page 65 of 80
Unit 4: Electrochemistry

Metallic and electrolytic conductance, conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and
their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes. Kohlrausch law of independent
migration of ions.Concept of transference number. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance
measurements: determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, conductometric
titrations (acid-base).
Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell, measurement of EMF of a cell.
Nernst equation and its importance. Types of electrodes, standard electrode potential,
electrochemical series. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell. Calculation of equilibrium
constant of a cell reaction from EMF data.

Recommended Texts:
1. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin’s Physical Chemistry , Oxford University Press
IX Edition 2011.
2. Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry Thomson Press, India 2007.
3. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry , Narosa, IV Edition 2004.
4. Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry , Elsevier: Noida, UP, III Edition 2009.

PRACTICAL

THERMOCHEMISTRY, POTENTIOMETRIC AND CONDUCTOMETRY

(I) Thermochemistry

1. Determination of heat capacity of a calorimeter for different volumes.

2. Determination of the enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium
hydroxide.
3. Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (endothermic and exothermic).

(II) pH and potentiometric measurements

4. Preparation of sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer solutions and measurement of their pH.
5. Potentiometric titrations of (i) strong acid vs strong base (ii) weak acid vs strong
base
6. Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid.

(III) Conductometry
7. Conductometric titrations of (i) strong acid-strong base (ii) weak acid-strong base.

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B.D.; Garg, V.C.; Gulati, A. & Chand, R. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry,
New Delhi, 1985.
2. Sindhu, P.S. Practicals in Physical Chemistry, Macmillan India Ltd. 2005.

Page 66 of 80
 SEMESTER-VI

PAPER-4

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY AND BIO-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Transition metal complexes play an important role in Inorganic Chemistry. The objective of
Unit I in this paper is to introduce the structure and bonding theories, electronic and magnetic
properties of the transition metal complexes and their kinetic studies. Theories of bonding in
Coordination compounds explain their experimental behaviour. It imparts a working
knowledge of Coordination Chemistry and its importance. It bridges the gap between
Chemistry and Physics.

Bioinorganic Chemistry is the study of the ‘Inorganic” elements in biological systems. The
objective of Unit II in this paper is to understand the interaction of metal ions with biological
ligands. It explains the role of Inorganic “substances” in living systems and the use of metal
ions in medicinal therapy and diagnosis. It bridges the gap between Inorganic Chemistry and
Biochemistry.

THEORY
Unit 1: Coordination Chemistry

Crystal Field Theory: Shapes of d-orbitals, Crystal field splitting in Octahedral and
Tetrahedral complexes. Measurement of 10 Dq and Crystal Field Stabilization energy in Weak
and Strong Fields. Pairing Energies. Octahedral vs. Tetrahedral Coordination. Tetragonal
Distortions from Octahedral Symmetry. The Jahn – Teller Theorem. Square Planar
coordination. Factors affecting the Magnitude of 10 Dq. Spectrochemical series. Applications
of CFT: Special reference to colour of the metal complexes, Magnetic properties of the metal
complexes, Consequences of Crystal field splitting – Variation in ionic radii, Lattice energy,
Hydration energy and structures of mixed oxides of spinel type etc
Stability of metal complexes: Stepwise formation constants, the difference between the
Thermodynamic and Kinetic stability,Chelate Effect, Labile and Inert Complexes.. The Trans
Effect. Mechanism of the Trans Effect..

Unit 2: Bioinorganic Chemistry

Metal ions present in biological systems, classification of elements as essential, non-essential,

trace and toxic. Bioinorganic chemistry of toxic metals—lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic.
Mechanism of toxicity and. Detoxification using chelating agent. Bioinorganic chemistry of
platinum- anticancer drug.
Role of iron in human system with reference to Haemoglobin and Myoglobin. Perutz
mechanism for oxygenation of Haemoglobin. Role of globin in Haemoglobin. Cooperative
effect. Role of alkali and alkaline earth metals((sodium,potassium,calcium and magnesium) in
biological system.(Sodium-Potassium pump).

Page 67 of 80
Recommended Texts:
1. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, NY, V Edition, 2008.
2. James E. Huheey, “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of structure and reactivity”,
Pearson Education, IV Edition 2006.
3. Gary L. Miessler & Donald A. Tarr, Pearson, “Inorganic Chemistry”, Prentice Hall
Publishers.
4. D. S. Shriver & P. A. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press. II Edition,
1994.
5. S. J. Lippard, & J. M. Berg, Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry Panima Publishing
Company, 1994.
6. R. R. Crichton, Biological Inorganic Chemistry, An Introduction, Elsevier 2012.
7. J. M. Berg, J. L. Tymoczko & L. Stryer, Biochemistry, W. H.Freeman, V Edition, 2002.

PRACTICAL

SELECTED INORGANIC TITRATIONS AND RELATED REACTIONS

1. Determination of concentration of Mg (II) & Zn (II) by titrimetric method using EDTA.

2. Determination of concentration of Ca (II) in solution by (substitution method) using
Eriochrome Black T as an indicator.
3. Determination of concentration of Ca/Mg in drugs or in food samples.
4. Determination of concentration of total hardness of a given sample of water by
complexometric titration.
5. Preparation of Tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate, [Cu(NH3)4]SO4.H2O.
6. Preparation of Potassium tris(oxalato)chromate(III), K3[Cr(C2O4)3].
7. Determination of concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ using flame photometry.
8. To draw the calibration curve (absorbance at λmax vs. concentration) for various
concentrations of a given coloured compound and estimate the concentration of the
same in a given solution.
9. Determination of composition of the Fe2+-1,10-phenanthroline/Fe3+-salicyclic acid
complex in solution by Job’s method.

Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B.D.; Garg, V.C.; Gulati, A. & Chand, R. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry,
New Delhi 1985.
2. Sindhu, P.S. Practicals in Physical Chemistry, Macmillan India Ltd. 2005.

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 SEMESTER-VII

PAPER- 5
MOLECULES OF LIFE

It is the harmonious and synchronous progress of chemical reactions in body which leads to
life.These chemical reactions involve certain molecules called biomolecules or molecules of
life. These molecules constitute the source of energy in body, build the body, act as catalyst in
many processes and also responsible for the transefer of characters to offsprings. In this paper
one would get the information about the structures of these molecules and their role in life
related processes. The basic types of molecules included are carbohydrates, proteins,enzymes,
lipids and nucleic acids.

THEORY

Unit 1: Carbohydrates.

Classification of carbohydrates, reducing and non reducing sugars, General Properties of

Glucose and Fructose ,their open chain structure. Epimers, mutarotation and anomers.
Determination of configuration of Glucose (Fischer proof).
Cyclic structure of glucose . Haworth projections. Cyclic structure of fructose.
Linkage between monosaccharides, structure of disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and
polysaccharides (starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation.

Unit 2: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins

Classification of Amino Acids,Zwitter ion structure and Isoelectric point.

Overview of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of proteins. Determination
of Primary structure of Peptides ,determination of N-terminal amino acid
(by DNFB and Edman method) and C–terminal amino acid(by thiohydantoin and with
carboxypeptidase enzyme). Synthesis of simple peptides (upto dipeptides) by N-protection (t-
butyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl) & C-activating groups and Merrifield solid phase synthesis.

Unit 3: Enzymes and correlation with drug action

Mechanism of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme action, Coenzymes and cofactors and
their role in biological reactions, Specificity of enzyme action(Including stereospecifity),
Enzyme inhibitors and their importance, phenomenon of inhibition(Competitive and Non
competitive inhibition including allosteric inhibtion). Drug action-receptor theory. Structure –
activity relationships of drug molecules,binding role of –OH group,-NH2 group, double bond
and aromatic ring,

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Unit 4: Nucleic Acids

Components of Nucleic acids: Adenine, guanine ,thymine and Cytosine(Structure only), other
components of nucleic acids, Nucleosides and nucleotides(nomenclature), Structure of
polynucleotides; Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA(types of RNA), Genetic
Code, Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Replication, Transcription and Translation.

Unit 5: Lipids

Introduction to lipids , classification.

Oils and fats : Common fatty acids present in oils and fats, Omega fatty acids, Trans
fats,Hydrogenation, Saponification value, Iodine number.
Biological importance of triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, and steroids (cholesterol).

Unit 6: Concept of Energy in Biosystems

Calorific value of food. Standard caloric content of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Oxidation of foodstuff (organic molecules) as a source of energy for cells. Introduction to
Metabolism (catabolism, anabolism) , ATP: the universal currency of cellular energy,
ATP hydrolysis and free energy change.
Conversion of food into energy. Outline of catabolic pathways of Carbohydrate- Glycolysis,
Fermentation, Krebs Cycle. Overview of catabolic pathways of Fats and Proteins.
Interrelationships in the metabolic pathways of Proteins,Fats and Carbohydrates.

Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education, VI Edition,
1992.
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Pearson Education,VI Edition, 1973.
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Pearson Education, VI Edition, 1973.
4. Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry , W. H. Freeman
VII Edition, 2004.
5. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman, V Edition,
2002.
PRACTICAL

EXTRACTION, SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF SELECTED

BIOMOLECULES & DRUGS

1. Separation of aminoacids by paper chromatography

2. To determine the concentration of glycine solution by formylation method.
3. Study of titration curve of glycine
4. Action of salivary amylase on starch
5. Effect of temperature on the action of salivary amylase on starch.
6. To determine the saponification value of an oil/fat.
7. To determine the iodine value of an oil/fat
8. Differentiate between a reducing/nonreducing sugar.
9. Extraction of DNA from onion/cauliflower

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 10. To synthesise aspirin by acetylation of salicylic acid and compare it with the ingredient
of an aspirin tablet by TLC.

Recommended Texts:
1. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Rogers, V.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Vogel’s
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS.
2 Ahluwalia, V.K.; Dhingra, S. & Gulati, A. College Practical Chemistry, Universities
Press, 2005.

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 SEMESTER-VIII

PAPER-6

QUANTUM CHEMISTRY & SPECTROSCOPY, PHASE EQUIBRIUM, CHEMICAL

KINETICS AND PHOTO CHEMISTRY

This paper deals with the quantum chemistry and quantization of energy. The atomic structure
is better understood by the concept of quantization of energy of different orbitals . The
absorption of energy by the molecules, produces spectra which help in structure determination
and identification of the molecules .This energy can initiate the photo-chemical reactions
which would also be discussed in this paper. Phase equilibria help in understanding the
formation of various materials, allotropic forms of different substances.

THEORY

Unit 1: Quantum Chemistry and spectroscopy

Postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators.

Free particle. Particle in a 1-D box (complete solution), quantization, normalization of
wavefunctions, concept of zero-point energy and Heisenberg Uncertainty principle;
wavefunctions, probability distribution functions, nodal properties. Average position.
Qualitative treatment of hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like ions, central field problem,
quantization of energy (only final energy expression), radial part of wave function. Average
distance of electron from the nucleus.
Spectroscopy and its importance in chemistry. Link between quantum chemistry and
spectroscopy. Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter. Types of spectroscopy.
Difference between atomic and molecular spectra. Born-Oppenheimer approximation:
Separation of molecular energies into translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic
components.
Rotational spectroscopy: Quantization of rotational energy levels (only expression), selection
rules, intensities of spectral lines, determination of bond lengths of diatomic molecules.
Vibrational spectroscopy: Quantization of vibrational energy levels (only expression),
selection rules, IR spectra of diatomic molecules. Structural information derived from
vibrational spectra. Vibrations of polyatomic molecules.

Unit 2: Phase Equilibrium

Phases, components and degrees of freedom of a system. Gibbs phase rule for non reactive
system, derivation of Clausius – Clapeyron equation and its importance in phase equilibria.
Phase diagrams of one-component systems (water and sulphur)
Binary solutions:Partially miscible liquids, immiscible liquids,steam distillation.
Nernst Distribution law and its application in solvent extraction

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Unit 3: Chemical Kinetics

The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors on
reaction rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of integrated rate equations for
zero and first order reactions. Half–life of a reaction. General methods for determination of
order of a reaction. Concept of activation energy and its calculation from Arrhenius equation.

Unit 4: Photochemistry

Laws of photochemistry. Lambert-Beer’s law. Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Quantum

efficiency and reasons for high and low quantum yields. Primary and secondary processes in
photochemical reactions. Photochemical and thermal reactions.

Recommended Texts:
1. Banwell, C. N. & McCash, E. M. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, Tata
McGraw-Hill: New Delhi, IV Edition, 2006.
2. Chandra, A. K. Introductory Quantum Chemistry Tata McGraw-Hill, 2001.
3. House, J. E. Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry Elsevier, II Edition, 2004.

PRACTICAL
STUDY OF KINETICS OF THE REACTIONS, COLOURIMETRY AND PHASE
DIAGRAM
(I) Study of the kinetics of the reactions.
1. Initial rate method: Iodide-persulphate reaction
2. Integrated rate method:
a. Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid.
b. Saponification of ethyl acetate

(II) Colourimetry
3. Verification of Lambert-Beer's Law for potassium dichromate/ potassium
permanganate/copper sulphate solution.
4. Determination of pK (isndicator) for phenolphthalein.
5. Study the kinetics of interaction of crystal violet with sodium hydroxide
colourimetrically.

(III) Phase diagram

6. Phase diagram of phenol-water system.

Recommended Texts:
1. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, NY, V
Edition1989
2. Harris, D.C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis , Freeman, W.H. & Co.Inc.NY , VII Edition,
2007.

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 SYLLABUS FOR APPLIED CHEMISTRY

SEMESTER-III

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY

100 Marks

Computers have taken a very important role in our daily life and are being used by chemistry
students extensively all over the world. Both the programming as well as the application
software aspects is quite useful for Chemistry students. The undergraduate curriculum covers
the programming language QBASIC which is good for the beginners. It also deals with an
application software like ChemSketch that helps students to write chemical reactions and to
draw structures, etc.

Basic Computer system:

Operating Systems (DOS, WINDOWS, and Linux); Software languages: Low level and High
level languages (Machine language, Assembly language; QBASIC, FORTRAN and C++);
Software products (Office, ChemDraw/ Chemsk11), internet applications.

Programming Language – QBASIC/GWBASIC/qb64

QBASIC Commands: INPUT and PRINT Commands; GOTO, IF, ELSEIF, THEN and
ENDIF Commands; FOR and NEXT Commands; Library Functions (ABS, ASC, CHR$, EXP,
INT, LOG, RND, SQR, TAB and trigonometric functions), DIM, READ, DATA, REM,
RESTORE, DEF FN, GOSUB, RETURN, SCREEN, VIEW, WINDOW, LINE, CIRCLE,
LOCATE, PSET Commands.

BASIC programs for solution of quadratic equation, polynomial equations (iterative and
Newton–Raphson methods) and numerical integration (Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule).

Use of Computers for Solving Problems in Chemistry

The above commands/ keywords of QBASIC/ GWBASIC/ qb64 may be used for solving simple
chemistry numerical/ graphical problems. Some of the suggested exercises are (encourage new
and innovative exercises in chemistry):

1. (a) Calculate the pressure of a gas using the ideal gas equation, van der Waals equation,
Dietrici equation, and Berthelot equation. (b) Compare the results.
2. Find the root mean square, average and most probable velocities of a gas at different
temperatures.
3. Compute w, q, ΔU, and ΔH of three mol of an ideal gas expanded isothermally from 20
dm3 to 60 dm3 in the two processes: (i) Irreversible expansion against constant opposing
pressure of 100 kPa, and (ii) Reversible process at a fixed temperature of 27 °C.

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4. Calculate ΔH and ΔS for an isothermal increase in pressure of CO2 from 0.1 MPa to 10.0
MPa assuming van der Waals behaviour; a = 0.366 m6 Pa mol-1, b = 42.9×10-6 m3 mol-1 at
300 K and 400K and compare with the ideal gas values.
5. Calculate the energy of the ground level of an electron with mass 10-30 kg in a box the size
of an atom, 10-10 m. Compare it with that in a box the size of the nucleus, 10-14 m. Also
calculate the coulombic energy that holds the electron in the nucleus.
6. Find the activation energy for the decomposition of HI if the activation energy for the
reaction H2 + I2 → 2 HI is 167 kJ and the ∆E for the reaction is -8.2 kJ.
7. Calculate the pressure of nitrogen gas as a function of height using the ideal gas equation.
Also plot the ratio of p/p0 versus the height of the column at three different temperatures. p0
is the pressure of the gas at the bottom of the column.
8. Plot the wave functions and probability densities for the particle in a 1-D box system.
9. Solve the quadratic equation and thus find the pH value of 0.001 M HCl and 10-8 M HCl
solutions by (a) direct solution (b) simple iteration or (c) Newton –Raphson iteration.
10. Plot a pH metric titration curve for a weak acid, acetic acid, with a strong base, sodium
hydroxide.
11. Plot the experimental data of miscibility temperature versus composition for (a) phenol-
water system (b) triethylamine – water system.
12. Calculate the dissociation energy of I2 using the electronic–vibration transitions ΔE vs v
data (numeric integration by Trapezoidal rule/ Simpson’s rule)..
13. Write a program for solution of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and calculate pH
value of 10-8 M HCl solution.
14. Write a program to find the value of a determinant and calculate eigen value.
15. Write a program for solution of a cubic equation and calculate molar volume of a gas using
van der Waals equation.

Recommended Texts:

1. Microsoft GW-BASIC Operating System User’s Guide.

2. Holmes, B. J. BASIC programming. Galgotia Booksource 1986.
3. Balagurusamy, E. BASIC programming 3rd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill 2001.
4. Gottfried, B. S. Schaum’s Outline Series: Theory and Problems of Programming with
BASIC McGraw-Hill 1986.
5. Lotia, M.; Nair, P. & Lotia, P. Modern all about GW-BASIC BPB Publications: New
Delhi 1995.
6. Kapoor, K. L. A Text-book of Physical Chemistry. Vol. 6 Macmillan 2010.
7. Sinha, P. K. Computer Fundamentals BPB Publications: New Delhi 2004.
8. Rajaraman, V. Fundamentals of Computers PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 2003.
9. Balagurusamy, E. Fundamentals of Computers Tata McGraw-Hill: New Delhi 2009.
10. Mortimer, R. G. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Academic Press: 2005.

Page 75 of 80
 SEMESTER-IV

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

100 Marks

Analytical Chemistry forms thse back bone for the research in academics as well as in
industries. Human resource equipped with up to date analytical skills from reputed
universities fall short of demand. With the advancement in technological innovation, the
need to create more manpower falls under the discipline of emerging area.

Analytical Chemistry deals with the detection, identification separation, and estimation of
atomic, molecular, and ionic species in various states.

1. Introduction: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry and its interdisciplinary nature.

Concept of sampling. Importance of accuracy, precision and sources of error in analytical
measurements. Presentation of experimental data and results, from the point of view of
Significant figures.

2. Analysis of soil: Composition of soil, Concept of pH and pH measurement,

Complexometric titrations, Chelation, Chelating agents, use of indicators
a. Determination of pH of soil samples.
b. Estimation of calcium and magnesium ions by complexometric titrations and
flame photometry wherever applicable.

3. Analysis of water: Definition of pure water, sources responsible for contaminating

water, water sampling methods, water purification methods.
a. Determination of pH, acidity and alkalinity of a water sample.
b. Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) of a water sample.

4. Analysis of food products: Nutritional value of foods, idea about food processing and
food preservations and adulteration.
a. Identification of adulterant in some common food items like coffee powder,
asafetida, Chilli powder, Turmeric powder, Coriander powder and Pulses etc.
b. Analysis of preservatives and colouring matter.

5. Chromatography: Definition, general introduction on principles of chromatography,

paper chromatography, TLC etc.
a. Paper chromatographic separation of mixture of metal ion (Fe3+ and Al3+).
b. To compare paint samples by TLC method.

6. Ion-exchange chromatography: Determination of ion exchange capacity of anion /

cation exchange resin (using batch procedure if use of column is not feasible).

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7. Analysis of cosmetics: Major and minor constituents and their function
a. Analysis of deodorants and antiperspirants, Al, Zn, boric acid, chloride, sulphate.
b. Determination of constituents of talcum powder: Magnesium oxide, Calcium
oxide, Zinc oxide and Calcium carbonate by complexometric titration.

8. Spectrophotometric demonstrations:
a. Determination of an equilibrium constant and pKa value for an acid-base
indicator.
b. Spectrophotometric determination of Iron in Vitamin / Dietary Tablets.
c. Spectrophotometric Identification and Determination of Caffeine and Benzoic
Acid in Soft Drink.

Suggested Texts:

1. Willard, H. H. Instumental Methods of Analysis, CBS Publishers 1992.

2. Skoog & Lerry. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Saunders College Publications, New
York, 1985.
3. Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M. & Holler, F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 6th Ed.,
Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth 1992.
4. Harris, D. C. Quntitave Chemical Analysis 7th Ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, Inc.
NY, 2007 .
5. Day, R. A. & Underwood, A. L. Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall of India.
6. Freifelder, D. Physical Biochemistry 2nd Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., N.Y. USA 1982.
7. Cooper, T.G. The Tools of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. USA. 16 1977.
8. Vogel, A. I. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis 7th Ed., Pearson, 2013.
9. Vogel, A. I. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Pearson, 2009.
10. Robinson, J.W. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis 5th Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
1995.

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 SEMESTER-V

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

100 Marks

The relation between human health and plants has almost been as old as the civilization.
Even today most of the drugs in the market are either plant products or their derivatives.
Further the pharmaceutical industries in India is one of the fastest growing industries.
The course on “Pharmaceutical Chemistry” will produce suitable human resource to
compliment the requirement of pharmaceutical Industries.

1. Brief introduction to the Indian systems of medicine, Indian medicinal and aromatic
plants.
2. Extraction, isolation and analysis of phytopharmaceuticals. Importance of natural
products, isolation of cinnamaldehyde from cinnamone using steam distillation method.
3. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) concept and requirements in the chemical and
pharmaceutical plants.
4. Isolation of p-N-acetylaminophenol (paracetamol) from crosine® tablet and its
characterization by melting point and TLC.
5. Synthesis of paracetamol (p-N-acetylaminophenol), purification by crystallization and
comparison of melting point and TLC of the synthesized compound with the compound
isolated from Tablet in experiment 4.
6. Chiral drugs: current scenario with the case study of thalidomide. Determination of
specific rotation, estimation of optical purity of commercially available anti-
inflammatory drug, naproxen and its estimation in tablet by acid base titration.
7. Importance of Multi-component reactions in synthesis. Preparation of
dihydropyrimidinone, a pharmacophore by classical and greener Biginelli condensation
reaction and comparison of the two methodology.
8. Rancidification. Ways of enhancement of shelf-life of oil and determination of
rancidity (free acid) in edible oil (fresh coconut oil, stored coconut oil, repeatedly used
ground nut oil).
9. Common food adulterants and qualitative analysis of food adulterants in edible oil,
milk, milk product and artificial milk.

Recommended Texts:

1. Agrawal, S.S.; Paridhavi, M.; Chapter 1-3 & 10-11 in Hearbal Drug Technology,
University Press 2007.
2. Dev, S. A selection of Prime Ayurvedic Plant Drugs, Ancient-Modern Concordance
Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi 2006.
3. Mayo, D.W.; Pike, R.M.; Trumper, P.K. Microscale Organic Laboratory with
Multistep and Multiscale Synthesis 4th Ed., Wiley, Chapter 1, and other relevant
chapters.
4. Peng, W.; Chen, Y.; Fan, S.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, G.; Fan, X. Environ. Sci. Technol.
2010, 44, 9157-9162.

Page 78 of 80
 SEMESTER-VI

GREEN CHEMISTRY

100 Marks

It is important that the chemistry students at all the levels whether they intend to pursue careers
in science or not be introduced to green chemistry and recognise the impact it can have on
human health and the environment. Students should have knowledge of the twelve principles
of Green Chemistry which they can apply to their work place after graduation for a safer, less
toxic and healthier environment.
The following should be discussed before the experiments are conducted.

 Green Chemistry
 Tools of Green Chemistry.
 Twelve principles of Green Chemistry with examples

1. Safer starting materials

The vitamin C clock reaction using vitamin C tablets, tincture of iodine, hydrogen peroxide
and liquid laundry starch.
 Effect of concentration on clock reaction
 Effect of temperature on clock reaction. (if possible)

2. Using renewable resources

Preparation of bio diesel from vegetable oil
3. Avoiding waste Principle of atom economy.
Use of molecular model kit to stimulate the reaction to investigate how the atom economy can
illustrate Green Chemistry.
Preparation of propene by two methods can be studied
heat
(I) Trimethylpropylamine ion + OH- propene + Trimethylamine +
water
(II) 1-propanol H2SO4/ Heat propene + water
The other types of reaction like addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement should
also be studied for the calculation of atom economy.
4. Use of enzymes as catalyst
Benzoin condensation using Thiamine Hydrochloride as a catalyst instead of cyanide
Alternative Green solvents
5. Diels Alder Reaction in water
Reaction between furan and maleic acid in water and at room temperature rather than in
benzene and reflux.

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6. Extraction of D-limonene from orange peel using liquid CO2 prepareed form dry ice.

7. Mechanochemical solvent free synthesis of Azomethines

8. Co crystal controlled solid state synthesis (C3S2) of N-organophthalimide using phthalic

anhydride and 3-aminobenzoic acid.
Alternative sources of energy
9. Solvent free, microwave assisted one pot synthesis of phthalocyanine complex of copper
(II)
10. Photoreduction of benzophenone to benzopinacol in the presence of sunlight.
The following Real world Cases in Green Chemistry should be discussed. (Any four)
1 A green synthesis of Ibuprofen which creates less waste and fewer by products. (atom
economy)
2 Surfactants for Carbon Dioxide – replacing smog producing and ozone depleting
solvents with CO2 for precision cleaning and dry cleaning of garments.
3 Environmentally safe antifoulant
4 CO2 as an environmentally friendly blowing agent for the polystyrene foam sheet
packaging market.
5 Using a catalyst to improve the delignifying (bleaching) activity of hydrogen peroxide.
6 A new generation of environmentally advanced preservative: getting the chromium and
arsenic out of pressure treated wood.
7 Rightfit pigment: synthetic azopigments to replace toxic organic and inorganic
pigments.
8 Development of a fully recyclable carpet: cradle to cradle carpeting.

Recommended Texts:
1. Anastas, P.T & Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University
Press (1998).
2. Kirchoff, M. & Ryan, M.A. Greener approaches to undergraduate chemistry
experiment. American Chemical Society, Washington DC (2002).
3. Ryan, M.A. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Tinnesand; (Ed), American Chemical
Society, Washington DC (2002).
4. Sharma, R.K.; Sidhwani, I.T. & Chaudhari, M.K. Green Chemistry Experiments: A
Monograph, I.K. International Publishing House Pvt Ltd. New Delhi, Bangalore ISBN
978-93-81141-55-7 (2013).
5. Cann, M.C. & Connelly, M. E. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society (2008).
6. Cann, M. C. & Thomas, P. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society (2008).
7. Pavia, D. L. Lamponan, G. H. & Kriz, G.S. W B Introduction to organic laboratory
techniques- a contemporary approach, Saunders company Philadelphia (1976).

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