Sprayed Concrete PDF

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Latest date for receipt of comments: 2002.09.30 Project no.: 2002/01893

Responsible committee: B/517/1 Concrete Production And Testing
Interested committees: B/2; B/11; CB/1; B/517; B/525/2

Title: Draft EN 14487: PART 1 Sprayed Concrete

Part 1: Defintitions, Specifications and Conformity
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DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD prEN 14487-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM June 2002
ICS
English version
Sprayed concrete - Part 1: Definitions, specifications and

conformity
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 104.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14487-1:2002 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Contents
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................4
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................5
3 Terms and definitions....................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Mix Component ..............................................................................................................................................6
3.2 Product............................................................................................................................................................6
3.3 Process ...........................................................................................................................................................7
3.4 Properties .......................................................................................................................................................7
3.5 Execution ........................................................................................................................................................8
3.6 Operative.........................................................................................................................................................8
3.7 Test/Inspection...............................................................................................................................................8
4 Classification and designation .....................................................................................................................9
4.1 Consistence of wet mix .................................................................................................................................9
4.2 Exposure classes...........................................................................................................................................9
4.3 Young sprayed concrete ...............................................................................................................................9
4.4 Compressive strength .................................................................................................................................10
4.5 Flexural strength ..........................................................................................................................................10
4.6 Fibre reinforced sprayed concrete.............................................................................................................10
5 Requirements for sprayed concrete ..........................................................................................................11
5.1 Requirements for constituent materials....................................................................................................11
5.2 Requirements for sprayed concrete composition....................................................................................12
5.3 Requirements on the basic mix..................................................................................................................14
5.4 Requirements on the fresh sprayed concrete ..........................................................................................14
5.5 Requirements on hardened sprayed concrete .........................................................................................14
6 Specification of sprayed concrete .............................................................................................................16
6.1 General..........................................................................................................................................................16
6.2 Data for specifying designed mixes ..........................................................................................................16
6.3 Data for specifying prescribed mix ............................................................................................................17
7 Assessment of conformtity.........................................................................................................................17
7.1 General..........................................................................................................................................................17
7.2 Inspection classification .............................................................................................................................17
7.3 Preconstruction testing...............................................................................................................................18
7.4 Production control .......................................................................................................................................20
7.5 Conformity criteria.......................................................................................................................................24
Annex A (informative) Guidelines for Definitions, Specification and Conformity for Sprayed concrete.........26
Annex B (informative) General Guidelines for Steel Fibres for Sprayed Concrete ............................................34
2
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 14487-1) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104, "Concrete and related
products", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This standard has taken EN 206 as a basis, some clauses where re-stated because of their importance and some
where modified to meet the specific requirements of sprayed concrete.
This standard is only operable with product standards for constituent materials (ie. cement, aggregates, additions,
admixtures and mixing water) and related test methods for sprayed concrete. These product standards and test
method standards are under preparation by CEN but they will not be all available as European standards at the
date of publication of this standard. For this reason, the latest date of withdrawal of national standards (dow)
conflicting with this standard will be the date when all standards listed below, together with the related standards for
test methods are available and implemented as European standards or ISO standards when appropriate or have
the status required by this standard.
EN 197-1, Cement — Composition, specifications and conformity criteria — Part 1: Comment cements.
EN 12620, Aggregates for concrete including those for use in roads and pavements.
EN 1008, Mixing water for concrete — Specifications and tests.
EN 934-2, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout — Part 2: Concrete admixtures - Definitions and
requirements.
EN 934-5, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout — Part 5: Admixtures for sprayed concrete.
EN 934-6, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout — Part 6: Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of
conformity
EN 450, Fly ash for concrete — Definitions, requirements and quality control.
EN 13263, Silica fume for concrete — Definitions, requirements and quality control.
EN 14487-2, Sprayed concrete — Part 2: Execution of Sprayed Concrete works.
EN 14488 Series, Sprayed concrete — Test Methods.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Introduction
This standard will be applied in Europe under different climatic and geographical conditions, different levels of
protection and under different, well established, regional traditions and experience. Classes for concrete properties
have been introduced to cover this situation. Where such general solutions were not possible, the relevant clauses
contain permission for the application of EN 206 or other standards valid in place.
This standard incorporates rules for the use of constituent materials that are covered by European standards. Other
by-products of industrial processes, recycled materials etc. are in current use based on local experience. Until
European specifications for these materials are available, this standard will not be provide rules for their use, but
instead refers to the recommendations given in EN 206 to apply national standards or provisions valid in the place
of use of the concrete.
This standard defines tasks for the specifier, producer and user. For example, the specifier is responsible for the
specification of concrete, clause 5 and 6 and the producer is responsible for conformity and production control,
clause 7. The user is responsible for placing the concrete in the structure. In practice there may be serveral
different parties specifying requirements at various stages of the design and construction process eg. the client, the
designer, the contractor, the concreting sub-contractor. Each is responsible for passing the specified requirements,
together with any additional requirements, to the next party in the chain until they reach the producer. In the terms
of this standard, this final compilation is known as the "specification".
Annex B gives guidelines for steel fibres for sprayed concrete. These guidelines remain valid until superseded by a
new EN standard on fibres for concrete.
Further explanations and guidance on the application of this standard are given in Annex A.
1 Scope
This European Standard is applicable to sprayed concrete, to be used for repair and upgrading of structures, for
new structures and for strengthening of ground.
This standard covers :
 Classification related to consistence of wet mix;
 Environmental exposure classes; young, hardened and fibre reinforced concrete;
 Requirements for constituent materials; concrete composition and for basic mix; and for fresh and hardened
concrete and all types of fibre reinforced sprayed concrete.
 Specification for designed and prescribed mixes
 Conformity
The standard is applicable to wet mix as well as dry mix sprayed concrete.
The substrates to which sprayed concrete can be applied include:
 ground (rock and soil)
 sprayed concrete
 different types of formwork
 structural components constituted of concrete, masonry and steel
 drainage materials
 insulating materials
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Additional or different requirements may be needed for applications not within this standard, for instance-refractory.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies.
prEN 14487-1, Sprayed Concrete — Part 1: Definition, Specification and Conformity.
prEN 14487-2, Sprayed Concrete — Part 2: Execution for Structures, Ground Strengthening, Repair and
Upgrading.
prEN 14488-1, Sprayed Concrete — Test Methods — Part 1: Sampling.
prEN 14488-2, Sprayed Concrete — Test Methods — Part 2: Determination of compressive strength of young
sprayed concrete.
prEN 14488-3, Sprayed Concrete — Test Methods — Part 3: Determination of flexural and residual strengths of
fibre reinforcement sprayed concrete.
prEN 14488-4, Sprayed Concrete — Test Methods — Part 4: Determination of bond strength.
prEN 14488-7, Sprayed Concrete — Test Methods — Part 7: Determination of fibre content.
EN 197-1, Cement — Composition, specification and conformity criteria — Part 1: Common cements.
EN 206-1:2000-12, Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity.
EN 934-2, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout — Part 2: Concrete admixtures - Definitions and
requirements.
EN 934-5, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout — Part 5: Admixtures for sprayed concrete.
EN 934-6, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout — Part 6: Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of
conformity
prEN 1008:1997-05, Mixing water for concrete — Specification and tests.
prEN 1504-3:2001-03, Products and systems for protection and repair of concrete structures — Definitions,
requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity — Part 3: Structural and non structural repair.
EN 1542, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures – Test methods –
Measurement of bond strength by pull-off
EN 12350-2, Testing fresh concrete — Part 2: Slump test.
EN 12350-5, Testing fresh concrete — Part 5: Flow table test.
EN 12350-6, Testing fresh concrete — Part 6: Density of fresh concrete.
EN 12390-5, Testing hardened concrete — Part 5: Determination of flexural strength.
EN 12390-7, Testing hardened concrete — Part 7: Density of hardened concrete.
EN 12390-8, Testing hardened concrete — Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure.
EN 12504-1, Testing concrete in structures — Part 1: Cored specimens, taking, examining and testing in
compression.
5
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
prEN 12504-3:1999-12, Testing concrete in structures — Part 3: Determination of pull-out force
prEN 12620:2000-03, Aggregates for concrete.
prEN 13412:1998-11, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures — Test Methods —
Determination of elastic modulus in compression.
ENV 13670-1, Execution of concrete structures - Part 1: Common rules.
ISO 758, Liquid chemical products for industrial use — Determination of density at 20 °C.
EN ISO 7031, Resistance to water penetration.
ISO 6784, Modulus of elasticity in compression.

ISO 4012:1978, Concrete; Determination of compressive strength of test specimens.
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Mix Component
3.1.1
Fibres
are short, discrete lengths of steel, organic polymer, glass or carbon and sufficiently small to be dispersed in the
sprayed concrete.
3.2 Product
3.2.1
Basic mix
a concrete mix delivered ready-mixed or mixed on site intended to be fed into the spraying machine and
transported to the nozzle.
3.2.2
Dry mix
a basic mix with a maximum moisture content not exceeding 0,5 % to be used for the dry process.
3.2.3
Factory blended dry mix
a manufactured dry mix delivered to site in bags or silos.
3.2.4
Fibre reinforced sprayed concrete
a sprayed concrete, including reinforcing fibres to improve certain properties of concrete.
3.2.5
Rebound
the part of material that, having been sprayed through the nozzle, does not adhere to the surface of application.
3.2.6
Reference sprayed concrete
sprayed concrete using site materials without accelerator for determining the changes in the mechanical properties
(e.g strength loss).
3.2.7
Sprayed concrete
a basic mix projected pneumatically from a nozzle into place, to produce a dense homogenous mass compacted by
its own momentum.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
3.2.8
Wet mix
a basic mix to be used in the wet process.
3.2.9
Young sprayed concrete
sprayed concrete up to an age of 24 hours.
3.3 Process
3.3.1
Curing
measures to reduce harmful evaporation from concrete.
3.3.2
Dense flow conveying

the pump conveying of a wet mix to the nozzle, where it is pneumatically projected and compacted by adding high-
pressure air. Dense flow conveying can only be used in the wet process.
3.3.3
Dry process
method of spraying a dry mix. (The necessary amount of additional water is added in the nozzle.)
3.3.4
Nozzle
general term for the end of the conveying line, through which the mix is discharged. It consists of a mixing unit, into
which – depending on the process – water, compressed air and/or admixtures are injected into the flow of the basic
mix.
3.3.5
Thin flow conveying
conveying of the basic mix through hoses or pipes in a continuous stream of high pressure air to the nozzle, where
the force of the transportation is used to project and compact the mix.
3.3.6
Wet process
method of spraying a wet mix with an established water/cement ratio.
3.4 Properties
3.4.1
Early development classes
define the ranges of the early setting and early strength development upto 24 hours.
3.4.2
Aspect ratio of fibre
ratio of length to diameter or equivalent diameter of the fibre.
3.4.3
Deformation level
degree of deformation that the lining undergoes after spraying.
3.4.4
Equivalent diameter of fibre
diameter of a circle with area equal to the cross-sectional area of a non-circular fibre.
3.4.5
First peak flexural strength
the stress at the determined first peak load which fibre reinforced concrete withstands when subjected to a flexural
test as specified in prEN 14488-3.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
3.4.6
Ultimate flexural strength
the stress corresponding to the maximum load which unreinforced or fibre reinforced concrete can withstand when
subjected to a flexural test as specified in EN 12390-5 and prEN 14488-3.
3.4.7
Fresh sprayed concrete
concrete prior to setting.
3.4.8
Residual strength
is the calculated stress in fibre reinforced concrete corresponding to a load in the load-deflection curve recorded
during the flexural test as defined in test prEN 14488-3.
3.4.9
Shadow effect
the phenomena of a poorer concrete compaction or voidage on the rear side, of for example, a reinforcement bar,
which is being sprayed on from one side only.
3.4.10
Open time
the time between mixing and latest possible spraying of the basic mix. It depends on type and quantity of cement,
moisture content for the dry mix and temperature.
3.5 Execution
3.5.1
Repair
the replacement of inferior or deteriorated parts of concrete or masonry members.
3.5.2
Substrate
the surface to which the sprayed concrete is applied.
3.5.3
Surface improvement
the use of layer of sprayed concrete in order to improve the durability or the appearance of the structure.
3.5.4
Upgrading
the placing of additional sprayed concrete – with or without reinforcement – in order to increase the loadbearing
capacity or the integrity of the structure.
3.6 Operative
3.6.1
Nozzleman
the operator who controls and regulates the application of the sprayed concrete.
3.7 Test/Inspection
3.7.1
Preliminary test for sprayed concrete
test or tests to check how a sprayed concrete shall be composed in order to meet all the specified requirements in
the fresh and hardened state.
3.7.2
Preconstruction test
test or tests performed with the proposed personnel, materials, equipment and spray method which the contractor
will carry out before the start of the spraying work to ensure the specified properties are met.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
3.7.3
Inspection
activities carried out in order to check that execution is in accordance with the project specification.
3.7.4
Inspection class
defines the subjects to be inspected and the extent of inspection, with reference to three inspection classes.
3.7.5
Assessment of conformity
systematic examination of the extent to which a production process and a product are capable of fulfilling special
requirements.
4 Classification and designation

4.1 Consistence of wet mix
The classification of consistence of fresh concrete in this standard is applicable for wet mixed concrete before
being sprayed and consistence classes in EN 206-1 shall be applied.
4.2 Exposure classes
The limiting values for composition of concrete related to the exposure classes given in EN 206-1, apply for
sprayed concrete with the following exceptions:
 Recommendation on minimum cement content does not apply to sprayed concrete
 Recommendation on minimum air content is not applicable.
4.3 Young sprayed concrete
The young sprayed concrete shall be classified within the ranges of its significant early strength development. The
recommended classification is based on the average range of the typical setting rate according to the chosen
production process and requirements.
When specified the strength development of the young sprayed concrete shall apply to the early strength
classes J1, J2 or J3 according to figure 1. Early strength class J1 is defined in the field between the lines A and B,
class J2 in the field between the lines B and C and class J3 above the line C.
Early strength development shall be determined with penetration needle method according to test standard
prEN 14488-2 and bolt driving method according to test standard prEN 14488-2.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Figure 1 — Early strength classes of young sprayed concrete
NOTE Early compressive strength of young concrete up to 24 hours can be estimated by different indirect test methods in
accordance with Table 1:
Table 1 — Range of strength of young concrete determined by different test methods
Method Range of strength of young

concrete (MPa)
prEN 14488-2 – Method 0,2–1,2
A
prEN 14488-2 – Method 3–16
B
prEN 12504-3:1999-12 > 10
4.4 Compressive strength
The compressive strength of sprayed concrete is classified according to EN 206-1.
4.5 Flexural strength
Shall be tested according to EN 12390-5 or prEN 14488-3 whichever is appropriate for comparative purposes.
4.6 Fibre reinforced sprayed concrete
Fibre reinforced sprayed concrete has additional and/or complementary properties, some of which are related to
residual strength and energy absorption capacity. Informative guidance to the classification prinicples are given in
Appendix B. Informative guidance to the classification principles are given in Appendix B
4.6.1 Residual strength classes
Classification of residual strength is made by specification of a strength level at a certain deformation range
according to Table 2 and determined in accordance with prEN 14488-3 and denoted by combination of the signs
for the specified deformation range and strength level. e.g. Residual strength Class D2S2 means that the strength
must exceed 2 Mpa at 0,5, 1 and 2 mm deflection.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table 2 — Definitions of residual strength classes
Deformation range Strength level (Minimum strength, MPa)

Deflection
S1 S2 S3 S4
mm
D1 0,5–1
D2 0,5–2 1 2 3 4
D3 0,5–4
5 Requirements for sprayed concrete
5.1 Requirements for constituent materials
5.1.1 Suitability for constituent materials
Constituent materials shall not contain harmful ingredients in such quantities as may be detrimental to the durability
of the concrete, or cause corrosion of the reinforcement. Only constituent materials with established suitability shall
be used.
Suitability of a constituent material is established when it conforms to a European Standard.
Alternatively, where either the European Standard does not cover the particular material or its intended
performance, or the material deviates from the requirements of an existing European Standard, the establishment
of suitability may result from:
 a European Technical Approval which refers specifically to the use of the material in sprayed concrete
conforming to this standard.
 from the relevant national standards or provisions valid in the place of use of the sprayed concrete, which
refers specifically to the use of the material in sprayed concrete conforming to this standard.
5.1.2 Constituent materials
Requirements for constituent materials are given in table 4.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table 3 — Requirements for constituent materials
Constituent material Requirements

Cement The suitability is established for cement conforming to EN 197-1
Aggregates The suitability is established for aggregate conforming to prEN 12620:2000-03.
Mixing water Mixing water shall conform to prEN 1008:1997-05.
Admixtures Admixtures shall conform to EN 934-2 and/or prEN 934-5:1998-11 and
EN 934-6
Additions (including mineral Additions shall comply to requirements as specified in EN 206-1
fillers and pigments)
Polymers modified sprayed Polymer modified sprayed concrete used for repair shall comply with
concrete prEN 1504-3.

Fibres Steel fibres for reinforcement shall meet the requirements of Annex A
(Normative).
Other fibres shall conform to general clause 5.1.
5.2 Requirements for sprayed concrete composition
5.2.1 General
The concrete mix proportions shall be selected to satisfy all the performance criteria for fresh and hardened
concrete including consistence (wet mix), density, strength, durability, protection of embedded steel against
corrosion and taking into account the current process technique and quantity of rebound and dust when executing
the spraying works.
The requirements for concrete composition and properties related to exposure classes depend on the intended
design life of the sprayed concrete structure and in conformity with EN 206-1.
Values for the composition of the concrete refer to the concrete after spraying and have to take into account the
influence of water addition by the spraying process as well as the effect of rebound.
The achievement of the design life depends on:
 the concrete being sprayed and cured in accordance with ENV 13670-1.
 the sprayed concrete having an adequate cover to reinforcement or required extra thickness, in case of steel
fibre reinforcement, the cover requirement does not apply.
 the sprayed concrete being used in the environment for which the particular limiting values apply;
 the anticipated maintenance without major repair.
5.2.2 Concrete composition
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table 4 — Requirement on concrete composition
Component Requirement and Test Methods
Use of cement The type of cement shall be specified, taking into account the influence of current temperature and
heat evaluation on required workability time, the requirement on strength development and final
strength as well as the current curing conditions. If required, it must be checked by means of an
appropriate method.
For permanent structures, the environmental conditions to which the sprayed concrete is exposed
must be regarded according to EN 206-1:2000-12 clause 5.3.1.as well as precautions regarding
resistance to alkali-silica reactions according to EN 206-1:2000-12 clause 5.2.3.4
Use of aggregates Precautions regarding resistance to alkali-silica reactions according to EN 206-1:2000-12
clause 5.2.3.4 shall be applied.
Use of admixtures Limitations for the use of admixtures set out in EN 934-2 and prEN 934- 5:1998-11 shall not be
exceeded.
Use of additions The use of additions for permanent structures shall conform to clause EN 206-1:2000-12 clause 5.2.5
Chloride content The chloride content of a sprayed concrete for permanent structure shall not exceed the values given
in EN 206-1:2000-12 Table 10. For steel fibre reinforced sprayed concrete, values for steel
reinforcement apply.
Water/cement ratio For permanent structures, the environmental conditions to which the sprayed concrete is exposed
must be regarded according to EN 206-1:2000-12, clause 5.3
Where water/cement ratio of a wet mix is specified, it shall be calculated according to EN 206-
1:2000-12, 5.4.2.
For fibre reinforced concrete
Use of fibres The use of steel fibres shall comply to Annex A, other types of fibres shall comply to clause 5.1 of this
standard. Fibres shall be added in such a way that a homogenous distribution is obtained.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
5.3 Requirements on the basic mix
Table 5 — Requirements of the basic mix
Property Requirement and Test Methods

Consistence of basic mix The concrete consistency required for spraying depends on the type of conveyance
and the application procedure.
For sampling and determination of consistency of the basic wet mix sprayed
concrete, EN 206-1 applies.
Temperature The temperature of the basic mix before applying shall be between 5 °C and 30 °C
in order to maintain the workability conditions and avoid adverse set effects.
5.4 Requirements on the fresh sprayed concrete
Table 6 — Requirements of the fresh concrete

Density If specified, the density shall be determined in accordance with EN 12350-6
Fore fibre reinforced sprayed concrete
5.5 Requirements on hardened sprayed concrete
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table 7 — Requirements of hardened concrete

Young sprayed concrete If specified an estimate of the early compressive strength can be determined in
accordance with prEN 14488-2, alternatively the early strength can be determined
from a pull-out test in accordance with prEN 12504-3:1999-12 for non fibre
reinforced concrete.
Compressive strength The compressive strength of sprayed concrete is expressed and defined according
to EN 206-1. The strength shall be determined from tests carried out at 28 days in
accordance with ISO 4012:1978 on drilled cores, taken from the sprayed concrete
structure according to EN 12504-1, or from sprayed panels according to
prEN 14488-1. Their minimum diameter shall be 50 mm and the height/diameter
ratio shall be either 1.0 or 2.0, specimen shall be tested in accordance with
EN 12504-1.
NOTE length/diameter ratio:
– 2.0 if the strength result is to be compared to cylinder strength
– 1.0 if the strength result is to be compared to cube strength.
Density If specified, the density of hardened concrete shall be determined in accordance with
EN 12390-7.
Modulus of elasticity If specified, the modulus of elasticity in compression shall be determined in
accordance with ISO 6784, except in repair application where prEN 13412:1998-11.
Shall apply.
Flexural strength If specified, the flexural strength shall be determined in accordance with
prEN 12390-5 for plain sprayed concrete unless it is to be compared to fibre
reinforced sprayed concrete when prEN 14488-Part 3 shall be used.
Resistance to water If water resistant sprayed concrete is specified, the resistance to water penetration
penetration shall be determined in accordance with EN 12390-8. The depth of an insitu sample
may be reduced where the layer thickness is less than 150 mm. The depth shall be
sufficient to ensure that complete penetration does not occur. In addition the
direction of water penetration and the method of surface preparation shall be
specified. The maximum value of penetration shall be 50 mm.
The test is normally performed at 28 days.
Frost resistance If specified, the frost resistance of sprayed concrete subjected to freezing and
thawing shall be determined in accordance with prEN 14488-8
Bond strength to If specified, the bond strength shall be determined for repair materials in accordance
substrate with EN 1542 with the exception of mould size which shall not be smaller than
500 mm × 500 mm to provide a border of at least 100 mm in order to exclude
defective material in the edges of the specimens. Surface finish shall either be
trowelled when wet or ground when hardened otherwise it shall be on drilled cores in
accordance with prEN 14488-4.
For fibre reinforced sprayed concrete
First peak flexural If the first peak flexural strength of fibre reinforced concrete is specified, the first
strength peak strength shall be expressed as the average value of the strength at the
moment of first peak determined on three samples in accordance with prEN 14488-
3. The test shall normally be performed at 28 days.
Ultimate flexural strength If specified, the flexural strength of sprayed concrete shall be expressed as ffl when
determined according to prEN 14488-3. Unless otherwise required tests shall
normally be performed at 28 days
Residual strength If the residual strength class of fibre reinforced concrete is specified, it shall be done
for a specified deformation level. The stress-deflection curve shall be determined on
three samples in accordance with prEN 14488-3. The test is normally done at
28 days.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
6 Specification of sprayed concrete
6.1 General
Sprayed concrete shall be specified either as a designed mix referring to classification given in clause 4 and
requirements given in clause 5, or as prescribed mix by prescribing the composition on the basis of results of initial
tests or information obtained from long term experiences with comparable sprayed concrete. Where inspection
classes 2 and 3 are specified only designed mixes shall be used. Where class 1 applies, prescribed mix may be
used.
Basic data for sprayed concrete shall be indicated in all cases and additional data shall be indicated when required.
6.2 Data for specifying designed mixes

6.2.1 Basic data
 Compressive strength class
 Exposure class
 Maximum chloride content
In the case of fibre reinforced concrete
 residual strength
6.2.2 Additional data
The concrete specifications may also contain additional requirements such as:
 minimum cement content related to exposure class
 special requirements for cement properties (e.g. sulphate resistant cement)
 maximum water/cement ratio related to exposure classes
 early strength development
 maximum strength
 resistance to water penetration
 water absorption
 bond to substrate
 frost resistance
 modulus of elasticity
 first peak flexural strength
 ultimate flexural strength
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
6.3 Data for specifying prescribed mix
6.3.1 Basic data
The prescribed mix shall be specified by the following basic data:
 cement type and content
 strength class
 water/cement ratio
 type of aggregate and limitations for grading

type and quantity of admixtures
 type and quantities of additions
 sources of all concrete constituents when admixture or additions are used
 fibre type and content
6.3.2 Additional Data
 additional requirements for aggregate
 special requirements regarding the temperature of the basic mix for wet mix sprayed
 concrete or dry mix sprayed concrete.
7 Assessment of conformtity
7.1 General
Conformity control comprises the combination of actions and decisions to be taken in accordance with conformity
rules adopted in advance to check the conformity of the sprayed concrete with the specifications.
Conformity shall be assessed by preconstruction control as well as test during execution and be applied in
accordance with the applicable inspection classification. Production control includes process control and control of
sprayed concrete
The conformity or non-conformity is judged against the conformity criteria and is valid for preconstruction tests as
well as for production tests. Conformity leads to acceptance while non-conformity shall lead to corrective action.
NOTE If the results of conformity tests do not fulfil requirements, supplementary testing according to EN 12504-1 on cores
taken from the structure may be required or a combination of tests on cores and non-destructive tests on the structure e g
according to EN 12504-2.
7.2 Inspection classification
For conformity control of sprayed concrete the following inspection classes have been established.
 Inspection class 1
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
The choice of class shall be based on the characteristics of the project including degree of risk and required design
life. The informative Annex A gives guidance for selection of inspection classes.
7.3 Preconstruction testing
Preconstruction test shall be performed according to Table 8 unless otherwise specified in production control
system (Producer's production control manual).
It shall be demonstrated that the requirements can be met before start of execution.
The preconstruction tests shall be performed with the same personnel, materials, equipment and spray method
which will be used during production.
For prescribed sprayed concrete only test of compressive strength is applicable.

When long term experience with similar sprayed concrete equipment and same personnel is available
preconstruction testing is not necessary. The concrete design and design relationships shall be re-established
when there is a significant change in constituent materials, composition, personal or equipment as indicated below:
 changes to higher water/cement ratio
 change of aggregate type or supplier
 change of max aggregate size
 change of admixtures or additives
 change of cement supplier
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table 8 — Preconstruction tests — requirement for the designed sprayed concrete

All parameters specified and marked by shadow files in the table, shall be tested
Mandatory Mandatory if specified
Type of work : Repair and upgrading New structures Strengthening of ground
Inspection Class: 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Property test
Test sprayinga
Compressive strength
Early strength development
Frost resistance
Water penetration
Bond
Modulus of Elasticity
Additional for fibre reinforced sprayed concrete
First peak flexural strength
Ultimate flexural strength
Residual strengtha
Energy absorption capacityb
Fibre content
a Amount to be specified to each specific project.
b Either residual strength or Energy Absorption Capacity can be specified.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
7.4 Production control
7.4.1 General
Production control comprises all measures necessary to maintain and regulate the quality of the sprayed concrete
in conformity with specified requirements.
Production control shall be related to the characteristics of the project including the degree of risk and expected
design life.
 Production control consist of following parts
 constituent materials control (table 9)

control of basic mix (table 10)
 sprayed concrete properties (table 11)
NOTE Inspection of execution is covered in EN 14487 Part-2.
All relevant data from the process shall be recorded.
7.4.2 Constituent materials control
The control of constituent material shall be performed according to table 9.
Table 9 — Constituent materials control
Min sampling frequency

Material Inspection/test Purpose
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
1 Cements Inspection of delivery To ascertain correct Each delivery

ticket type and source
2 Aggregates Inspection of delivery To ascertain correct Each delivery
ticketa type and source
3 Test by sieve analysis To assess compliance first delivery from new
according to prEN 933-1 with standard or other source
or aggregate supplier agreed grading
information
4 Test for impurities or To asses the first delivery from new
aggregate supplier presence and quantity source
information of impurities
5 Additional Test according to To measure the bulk first delivery from new
control for ISO 6782 density source
light weight
concrete
Relevant materials control must, in case of doubts, be performed independent of inspection class.
6 Admixtures Inspection of delivery To ascertain if the Each delivery

ticket and label on consignment is as
container according to ordered and properly
EN 934-6. marked
7 Inspection of the For comparison with Each delivery
admixture manufacturer’s stated
value
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table 9 (continued)

Material Inspection/test Purpose
8 Test for density For comparison with In case of doubt

according to ISO 758 manufacturer’s stated
value
9 Additions Inspection of delivery To ascertain if the Each delivery
ticket consignment is as
bulk powder
ordered and from the
correct source
10 Additions in Inspection of delivery To ascertain if the Each delivery
suspension ticket consignment is as

correct source
11 Test for density To ascertain Each delivery
according to ISO 758 uniformity
12 Water Test according to To ascertain that the If the water is not potable;
prEN 1008:1997-05 water is free from when new source is used
harmful constituents for first time; and in case of
doubt
13 Fibres Inspection of length, To ascertain if the Each delivery
diameter and shape consignment is as
correct source
a According to EN 206-1. (At the delivery at least the origin type and strength class are to be given on the delivery ticket)
7.4.3 Control of basic mix
The control of the basic mix shall be performed according to table 10.
Table 10 — Control of basic mix

Type of test Inspection/test Purpose
1 Consistence when Test according to To assess conformity at start of production

using wet-mix EN 12350-2 or with required class of
method EN 12350-5 consistence and to
check possible
changes of water
content
2 Admixture content Record of the To check the content Optional Every batch
except accelerator quantity added
3 Additions content Record of the To check the content Optional Every batch
quantity added
4 Fibre content According to Every batch
prEN 14488-7
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
7.4.4 Control of sprayed concrete properties
If testing is required by the project specification, the sprayed concrete shall be tested according to Table 11.
The test frequencies refer to the normal continuous production situation. Four times higher test frequency should
be applied in the beginning of a continuous working period or during certain severe parts of a project. However,
normally no more than two tests per working day should be necessary.
After four following acceptable results, normal frequency shall be applied.
The minimum rate of sampling and testing for production control of concrete shall be at the rate, which gives the
highest number of samples.
The minimum sampling frequencies are valid for production up to the given extension. That is, for minor project, at
least one test sample shall be made where applicable.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table 11 — Control of sprayed concrete properties

Min sampling frequency Repair and waterproofing New structures
Inspection/ test
Type of test
according to
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Control of fresh concrete
1 Water/cement ratio of fresh By calculation or by test Daily Daily Daily

concrete when using wet mix method
method
2 Accelerator By calculation from Daily Daily Daily

record of quantity added
3 Fibre content in the fresh According to 1/200 m 1/100 m3 or 1/1 000 m3 or 1/500 m3 1/250 m3 or 1/200 m3 or 1/100 m3 or 1/50 m3 or
concrete prEN 14488 7 or1/1 000 m3 1/500 m3 min 1 (IS)1 min 2 IS) min 3 (IS) 1/1 000 m3 or 1/500 m3 or 1/250 m3 or
min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS)
Control of hardened concrete
4 Strength test of young prEN 14488-2 1/5 000 m2 or ½ 500 m2 or 1/250 m2 or 1/5 000 m2 1/2 000 m2 1/1 000 m2 1/5 000 m2 1/2 000 m2 1/1 000 m2
sprayed concrete 1/2 months 1/month 2/month min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS) min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS)
5 Compressive strength EN ISO 4012 1/1 000 m3 or 1/200 m3 or 1/100 m3 or 1/500 m3 or 1/100 m3 or 1/50 m3 or 1/500 m3 or 1/100 m3 or 1/50 m3 or
1/5 000 m2 1/500 m2 1/500 m2 1/2 500 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/250 m2or 1/2 500 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/250 m2 or
min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min3 (IS) min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS)
6 Density of hardened concrete prEN 14488-8 When testing compressive strength When testing compressive strength When testing compressive strength
7 Resistance to water EN ISO 7031 As specified in As specified in 1/100 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/250 m2 or 1/1 000 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/250 m2 or
penetration the product the product min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS) min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS)
specification specification
8 Frost resistance prEN 14488-8 As specified in As specified in 1/1 000 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/250 m2 or 1/1 000 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/250 m2 or
the product the product min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS) min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS)
specification specification
9 Bond strength prEN 14488-4 1/200 m or 1/100 m3 or 1/1 000 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/250 m2 or 1/1 000 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/250 m2 or
1/1 000 m2 1/500 m2 min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS) min 1 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS)
Modulus of Elasticity / prEN 13412 or ISO 6784
Control of fibre reinforced sprayed concrete
10 Fibre content In hardened concrete When testing residual strength When testing residual strength When testing residual strength
according to prEN 14488-
7
11 Residual strength prEN 14488-3 1/2 000 m3 or 1/400 m3 or 1/100 m3 or Min 1 (IS) 1/2 000 m2 or 1/500 m2 or 1/2 000 m2 or 1/500 m2 or
1/10 000 m2 1/2 000 m2 1/500 m2 min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS) min 2 (IS) min 3 (IS)
12 Ultimate flexural strength prEN 14488-3 When testing residual strength When testing residual strength When testing residual strength
13 First peak flexural strength prEN 14488-3 When testing residual strength When testing residual strength When testing residual strength
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
7.5 Conformity criteria
7.5.1 General
7.5.1.1 Early strength development
Conformity of sprayed concrete early strength development tested with penetration needle method according to
test standard prEN 14488-2 is obtained if the compressive strength fc [MPa] calculated with the mean of at least
10 samples of measured penetration force F [N] within a certain time period of measurement does not exceed the
specified field of early strength development (table 12).
Table 12 — Conformity criteria for penetration needle method (test standard prEN 14488-2)
Test range up to 1,2 [MPa]

Maximum grain size 8, 11 [mm] 16 [mm]

Number of results F [N] Not less than 10
Compressive strength fc [MPa] fc = 0,0015 F + 0,0182 fc = 0,0018 F – 0,0273
Conformity of sprayed concrete early strength development tested with bolt driving method according to test
standard prEN 14488-2 is obtained if the compressive strength fc [MPa] calculated with the mean of at least
10 samples of measured penetration depth L [mm] or the ratio F/L – pull-out force F [MPa] to penetration depth
L [mm] – within a certain time period of measurement does not exceed the specified field of early strength
development (table 13).
Table 13 — Conformity criteria for bolt driving method (test standard prEN 14488-2)
Test range 3 to 16 [MPa]

Maximum grain size 8, 11 [mm]
penetration depth L [mm]
Measured results
pull-out force F [MPa]
Calculated mean value ratio F/L [N/mm]
Number of results not less than 10
Compressive strength fc [MPa] fc = 0,13 F/L + 0,3511
7.5.1.2 Compressive strength
Conformity of sprayed concrete compressive strength is assessed according to table 14 for:
 groups of "n" consecutive test results xn (criterion 1);
 each individual test result xi (criterion 2).
Table 14 — Conformity criteria for compressive strength test results from the structure or from test panels
Criterion 1 Criterion 2
Number “n” of results in the group Mean of “n” results xn in MPa Any individual test results xi in MPa
not less than 15 ≥ fck + 1,48 δ ≥ 0,75 fck
6–14 ≥ fck + 1,65 δ ≥ 0,75 fck
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Where:
fck is the characteristic compressive strength
d is the standard deviation from, at least 6 samples.
7.5.1.3 Resistance to water penetration
Conformity is obtained if every measured value is lower than the required value.
7.5.1.4 Frost resistance

Conformity is obtained if every measured value is lower than the required value.
7.5.1.5 Bond strength
Conformity of sprayed concrete bond strength is obtained if mean value of a set of samples (normally
3 specimens), is not lower than the required value.
7.5.2 Additional for fibre reinforced sprayed concrete:
7.5.2.1 Fibre content
Conformity is obtained if the mean value of measured fibre content from a set of, at least 6 samples, is not lower
3
than Vf – 4 kg/m where Vf is the target value for the fibre content specified according to preconstruction testing.
7.5.2.2 First peak flexural strength
Conformity of first peak strength is obtained when
 the mean value from test on 3 test samples fulfils the requirement on the first peak strength
 no individual test result deviates more than ± 25 % from the calculated mean value.
7.5.2.3 Ultimate flexural strength
Conformity of flexural strength is obtained when
 the mean value from test on 3 test samples fulfils the requirement on the flexural strength
 no individual test result deviates more than ± 25 % from the calculated mean value.
7.5.2.4 Residual strength
Conformity of residual strength is obtained when
 At least two of three beams have a residual strength on, or above, the specified residual strength boundary
given in Table 2 up to the deflection limit appropriate to the specified deformation level.
 The third beam shall for the specified deformation level in no point have a residual stress that is lower than
10 % of the stress corresponding to the boundary of the specified strength class.
25
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Annex A
(informative)
Guidelines for Definitions, Specification and Conformity for Sprayed

concrete
Foreword
This Annex provides guidance and background information on the Normative text. The contents of this Annex are
numbered in the same way as the Normative text to facilitate reference, where there is no information a specific
clause, only the title of the clause stated.
A.1 Scope
The application of sprayed concrete covers the entire field of civil engineering and building construction. It is
particularly adapted for work under the following special condition:
 no formwork
 application in thin layers
 early strength
 special construction methods
A.2 Classification
A.2.1 Requirements related to exposure classes
The limiting values for composition of concrete related to the exposure classes given in EN 206-1:2000-12
clause 5.3, apply for sprayed concrete with the following exceptions:
 Recommendation on minimum cement content does not apply to sprayed concrete
 Recommendation on minimum air content is not applicable.
A.2.2 Fibre reinforced sprayed concrete
The different ways of specifying the ductility of fibre reinforced sprayed concrete in terms of residual strength and
energy absorption capacity are not directly comparable.
The residual strength can be prescribed when the concrete characteristics are used in a structural design model.
The energy absorption value measured on a plate can be prescribed when in the case of rock-bolting emphasis is
laid on energy which has to be absorbed during the deformation on the rock.
A.2.2.1 Residual Strength Classes
The specification regarding residual strength are related to the deformation conditions of the rock. A higher
deformation of the rock will demand higher deflection capabilities of the concrete lining.
The purpose of the deformation are to give flexibility to the designers in the choice of deformation required of the
sprayed concrete under service conditions. For the purpose of design, the deflection limit for deformation level can
26
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
be considered in terms of the equivalent angular rotation for bean cracked at midspan (e.g. for a bean of
450 mm × 125 mm × 75 mm test according to prEN 14488-3)
Three typical rock deformation ranges have been identified
 D1 corresponding with an angular deformation = l/250
Correspondingly four residual strength levels, S1–S4, are defined which in combination with applicable deformation
range, can be specified in terms of residual strength class.
An illustrative example is given in figure A.1 for a typical fibre reinforced sprayed concrete bean, this bean fulfils the
requirement for residual strength class D1S3 (as well as D2S2 and D2S1).
Figure A.1
A.3 Requirements for Sprayed Concrete
A.3.1 Constituent Materials
A.3.1.1 Cement
It is of particular importance for sprayed concrete to use cements of consistent properties, especially with respect to
its chemical composition, fineness and setting behaviour.
If characteristic values as well as requirements to the homogeneity should be defined, the cement supplier and the
contractor should agree prior to the start of deliveries.
27
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
A.3.2 Requirements for the sprayed concrete composition
A.3.2.1 General
Determination of the basic-mix proportions should consider the fact that the quantity of rebound during application
will result in a different proportioning of the applied concrete. The composition, especially the content of the cement
paste and the water/cement ratio in the basic-mix should, therefore, be so designed that the sprayed concrete on
site has the quantity of cement necessary to obtain the required characteristics and strength. An excessive cement
content, due to high rebound, can result in excessive shrinkage and a concrete stiffness that will be detrimental to
the interaction between old and new parts of the member.
A.3.2.2 Use of cement
The cement temperature should not exceed + 80 °C when the cement is delivered from the cement mill and
+ 70 °C when it is filled into the silos of the mixing plant. A higher temperature of the cement delivered from the
cement mill is only admissible if precautions to cool the cement before use are taken.
A.3.2.3 Use of aggregates
The use of a properly balanced sieve curve is necessary in order to have enough fine material to assure a good
pumpability of the basic mix (wet process) and a balanced amount of coarse aggregate to achieve the compaction,
strength and permeability requirements desired, keeping at a minimum the cement/aggregate ratio (less shrinkage)
and to help to reduce the rebound rate.
The use of large sized maximum aggregates (especially over 10 mm) may result in a higher rebound.
The excess of fines in the mix leads to a higher demand of water.
A.3.2.4 Use of admixtures
Sprayed Concrete Admixtures
Special attention should be given to the adaptation of the cement with regard to the acceleration of setting, early
strength and decrease in final strength. Laboratory test methods should be applied for this purpose.
With liquid accelerators, special attention should be paid to the storage stability, the working temperature and the
compatibility to water added in accordance to the directions given from the producer.
A.3.2.5 Use of additions
Use of Fibres
Because of the possible increased proportion of fibres in the rebound, this needs to be taken into account when
choosing the concrete composition.
It is common practice to use steel fibres up to 30 mm for the dry process and up to 40 mm for the wet process. The
length of the fibres should not exceed 75 % of the internal diameter of the pipes or hoses used unless it has been
proven that longer fibres can be used without blockage. If the fibres are added in the form of endless wire directly at
the nozzle, even longer fibres may be used.
The values for a minimum overlap between fibres. s may be estimated as
π × d f2 × l f
s = 3 (A.1)
4 ρ f
where:
lf length of fibre
df equivalent diameter of fibre

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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
ρf fibre percentage
s must be lower than 0,45 to ensure a minimum overlap.
Water/cement ratio
For dry mix sprayed concrete, the water/cement ratio should be controlled during spraying. In the case of correctly
applied sprayed concrete, the water/cement ratio can be expected to be below 0,5.
Fines modulus
Due to the spraying process, the control of the water to cement ratio for the dry process is not practical under site
conditions for sprayed concrete. To ensure the required resistance against environmental conditions, the content of
water and fines ie. fines modulus (cement and aggregates less than 0,25 mm in size) should be controlled at
regular intervals during production. The maximum content of water and fines, depending on the exposure classes,
should be fixed by the suitability test. This may not apply to accelerated sprayed concrete.
A.3.3 Requirements on hardened sprayed concrete
Frost resistance
Structures exposed to severe frost action should fulfil the requirements for frost resistant concrete.
The type of freeze-thaw test shall be specified in the project specification.
A.4 Specification of sprayed concrete
A.4.1 General
It is common practice to use the designed mix approach instead of the prescribed mix.
A.4.1.1 Basic data
It is difficult to control during application, the water content with the dry process. Usually in situ water/cement ratios
are in the range 0,35 to 0,50.
A.5 Assessment of conformity
A.5.1 Inspection classification
Examples of inspection classes are given in Tables A.1 and A.2.
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table A.1 — Examples related to strengthening of ground
Class Example of inspection classification

1 Mainly small permanent constructions with minor degree of risk in design and structural instability as
well as low durability requirements.
Temporary constructions with short design life and low risk of structural instability.
EXAMPLE
 stabilisation’s for small or temporary slopes or building pits
 temporary openings or mine openings
 pilot tunnels
 drifts and headings for large excavations

access tunnels or for temporary use

 small storage rooms
2 Permanent constructions with normal design complexity regarding risk of structural instability or
functional safety as well as constructions with moderate durability requirements/design life.
Temporary constructions with normal risk in structural instability and normal design life.
EXAMPLE
 lining for double-shell constructions
 single-shell constructions
 storage rooms
 low traffic tunnels
 public facilities
 access tunnels for permanent use
 permanent stabilisation’s of slopes and excavation surfaces
 exacting mine tunnels
 temporary sprayed concrete for tunnels and caverns in poor ground

3 Permanent constructions with special design complexity regarding risk of structural instability or
functional safety as well as constructions with high durability requirements/long design life.
Temporary constructions with special risk in structural instability and relatively long design life.
EXAMPLE
 caverns in very poor ground
 large public facilities
 high traffic tunnels
 defence shelters
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Table A.2 — Examples related to new structures, repair and upgrading
New
Type of work Repair and upgrading
structure
Kind and use of the structure
Class Class
non
Sprayed concrete categorya Structural Structural
structural
Rail or road tunnels with heavy traffic – under sea and river tunnels –
sewers in high risk areas – large underground parking – viaducts on
1 major roads – large darns – nuclear power stations – factories 3 3 3
classed as high risk – large shopping centres – tower blocks –
hospitals – schools – exhibition halls, etc...
Rail or road tunnels, bridges, viaducts, etc with medium traffic flow –
small shops – apartment blocks – small underground parking – small
2 darns – canals – sewers in medium size urban areas – factories 3 3 2
classed as medium risk – power stations – aqueduct for drinking
water
Tunnels – bridges – viaducts and other structures with light traffic
3 circulation – sewers in small urban zones – small buildings – houses 3 2 1
– low risk factories
Sewers in un-urbanised zones – aqueducts for industrial water –
4 2 2 1
cable shafts in an environment without risk – no-risk factories
Supporting walls in a no-risk zone – open-top aqueduct or canal –
5 2 2 1
surrounding wall
a Categories of sprayed concrete
Structural: Sprayed concrete for new structures and for the replacement of deteriorated parts having load-bearing functions.
Non structural: Sprayed concrete for the repair of deteriorated parts, having no load-bearing functions, but other functions such as increase
of durability or fire protection.
A.5.1.1 Conformity criteria of young sprayed concrete
The very early strength development in between the test range 0,1 to 1,2 [MPa] is measured with the penetration
needle method (needle 3 [mm], taper angle 60°). The mean of the values of penetration force F [N] to a depth of
15 mm measured with the penetration needle follow the formula for calculating the early compressive strength
fc [MPa] dependent on the specified or chosen maximum grain size:
f c 8,11 [MPa] = 0,0015 F + 0,0182 (A.2)
The early strength development in between the test range 1 to 8 [MPa] is measured with the bolt driving method
(Hilti DX 450 L, white cartridge). The mean of the values of penetration depth L [mm] determined with the bolt
driving method follow the formula for calculating the early compressive strength fc [MPa] dependent on the specified
or chosen maximum grain size 8, 11 [mm] in the test range 1-8 [MPa] (figure A 2):
(
f c 8,11 [MPa ] = e 65,196 −L )
0,0598
(A.3)
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prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Figure A.2 — Calibration curve for bolt driving method (test range 1,0 – 8,0 [MPa])
The early strength development in between the test range 3 to 16 [MPa] is measured with the bolt driving method
(Hilti DX 450 L, green cartridge). The mean of the calculated values of the ratio F/L [N/mm] (ratio of measured
penetration force F [MPa] to measured penetration depth L [mm]) determined with the bolt driving method follow
the formula for calculating the early compressive strength fc [MPa] dependent on the specified or chosen maximum
grain size 8, 11 [mm] in the test range 3-16 [MPa] (figure A.3):
f c 8,11 [MPa ] = 0,13 F / L + 0,3511 (A.4)
Figure A.3 — Calibration curve for bolt driving method (test range 3,0 – 16,0 [Mpa])
The procedure has been calibrated to commonly used sprayed concrete grades. In case of deviations —
particularly as regards Moh’s hardness or maximum grain size of the aggregates — calibration has to be
performed.
32
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Figure A.4 — Calibration curve for penetration needle method (maximum grain size 8, 11 [mm])
f c 16 [MPa ] = 0,0018 F − 0,0273 (figure A.4) (A.5)
Figure A.5 — Calibration curve for penetration needle method (maximum grain size 16 [mm])
33
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
General Guidelines for Steel Fibres for Sprayed Concrete
B.1 General
This Annex B, gives recommendation for steel fibres used in sprayed concrete. This annex will be superseded
when European Standards on Fibre for Concrete are available.
B.2 Informative References

EN ISO 9000 Series, Specification for Quality System.
prEN 10080-1:1999-10, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable reinforcing steel - Part 1: General
requirements
B.3 Definitions
B.3.1
Steel fibres
Steel fibres are straight or deformed pieces of cold-drawn steel wire, straight or deformed cut sheet fibres, fibres
milled from steel blocks or melt extracted fibres which are suitable to be homogeneously mixed into concrete and
mortar to be sprayed.
B.3.2
Length
The directly measured length is the distance between the outer ends of the steel fibre.The developed length is the
distance for deformed steel fibres that are stretched by straightening the steel fibre without deforming the cross
section.
B.3.3
Diameter or equivalent diameter
The diameter of circular steel fibres is determined in accordance with Clause A.6c. The equivalent diameter of non
circular steel fibres is the diameter of the circle with area equal to the cross-sectional area of the non circular fibre
and is determined in accordance with Clause A.6c. Later refer to diameter.
B.3.4
Aspect ratio
The ratio of directly measured length to diameter or equivalent diameter of the fibre.
B.3.5
Steel fibre shape
The specific outer configuration of the steel fibres, both in the longitudinal direction and in the shape of the cross
section and also the possible surface treatments.
B.4 Symbols
The symbols listed below are defined as follows:
2
Af is the area of the cross section of the steel fibre, in mm ;
df is the diameter or equivalent diameter of the steel fibre, in mm;
34
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
ff is the tensile strength of the steel fibre, in MPa;
lf is the directly measured length of the steel fibre, in mm;
λf = lf /df is the aspect ratio of the steel fibre.
B.5 Characterisation and product specification

The steel fibres shall be characterised as listed below.
a) Steel fibres are divided into five general groups and defined in accordance with the basic material used for the
production of the fibres.
 Group I cold-drawn steel wire

 Group II cut sheet fibres
 Group III milled from steel blocks
 Group IV melt extract
 Group V other steel fibres
b) Steel fibres may be either straight or deformed. In the case of deformed steel fibres, the type of deformation will
be declared in the product data sheet.
c) Bundles steel fibres:
The type of bundling shall be declared in the product data sheet.
d) The product specifications of steel fibres have to include the following information:
 trade mark and a fibre type designation
 length (lf)
 diameter (df)
 steel fibre shape
 tensile strength
 possible additional layer
The characterisation concerns the declared values.
B.6 Determination of characteristic features

The following characteristic features have to be determined from 24 steel fibres randomly selected from a shipment
or test sample. The characterisation shall be done at least, for each shipment of 20 tons or less, unless the fibres
are certified in accordance with ISO 9000 series or a similar system.
a) Trade mark and fibres’ type designation:
Use the designation used by the manufacturer or supplier
b) Length:
35
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
The average length of the 24 steel fibres and the standard deviation are determined. In the determination of
the length of a steel fibre, a distinction can be made between the directly measured length and the developed
length.
The directly measured length is the distance between both ends measured with a calliper square. The average
of all the measured values is determined.
To determine the average developed length the total length of the 24 straightened steel fibres, joined together
in one row, is measured and subsequently divided by the total number of 24 steel fibres.
c) Diameter:
In the case of circular steel fibres, the diameters of the 24 steel fibres are measured with a micrometer calliper
and subsequently the average of the measured values is determined.
In case of non-circular cross-section, the average equivalent diameter is determined by first establishing the
total weight of the 24 steel fibres. Subsequently, the volume of the steel fibres is determined on the basis of an
3
assumed density of 7 850 kg/m . Division of the volume by the overall developed length of the 24 steel fibres
results in the equivalent area of the cross-section, from which the equivalent diameter can be derived.
d) Aspect ratio of the steel fibre:
Subsequent to the determination of the average directly measured length and the equivalent diameter from the
24 steel fibres, the aspect ratio can be established.
e) Steel fibre shape:
The shape of the steel fibre is checked on the basis of the descriptions and/or drawings provided by the
manufacturer or the supplier.
f) Tensile strength:
The tensile strength of the 24 steel fibres is determined in conformity with the methodology described in
prEN 10080-1:1999-10.
g) Additional coating:
If the steel fibres have been supplied with any coating (e.g. zinc coating), the characteristics of the coating
shall be given in the product data sheet.
B.7 Tolerances
The tolerances for the determination of the characteristics described in A.6 are given in Table B.1.
Table B.1 — Tolerances
Property Deviation of the individual value Deviation of the average value

relative to the declared value relative to the declared value
Length lf ± 10 % ±3%
(equivalent) diameter df ± 10 % ± 0,03 %
2
Tensile strength ff N/mm ± 15 % ± 7,5 %
Length/diameter ratio ± 15 % ± 7.5 %
36
prEN 14487-1:2002 (E)
B.8 Packaging
The steel fibres have to be packed in such a way that they are sufficiently protected against detrimental effect
during transport and storage. Every delivery shall contain only one type of material and one single size, unless
otherwise agreed upon.
Every container has to be marked with the type of fibre, the net weight and the name or trade mark of the
manufacturer.
37

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British Standard

A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most

Latest date for receipt of comments: 2002.09.30 Project no.: 2002/01893

Interested committees: B/2; B/11; CB/1; B/517; B/525/2

Title: Draft EN 14487: PART 1 Sprayed Concrete

National Clause/ Paragraph/ Type of comment COMMENTS Proposed change OBSERVATIONS OF

6.4 §2 Technical The use of the UV Delete reference to UV

Sprayed concrete - Part 1: Definitions, specifications and

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.

EN 1008, Mixing water for concrete — Specifications and tests.

EN 14487-2, Sprayed concrete — Part 2: Execution of Sprayed Concrete works.

EN 14488 Series, Sprayed concrete — Test Methods.

This standard covers :

 Classification related to consistence of wet mix;

 Environmental exposure classes; young, hardened and fibre reinforced concrete;

 Specification for designed and prescribed mixes

The substrates to which sprayed concrete can be applied include:

 ground (rock and soil)

 different types of formwork

 structural components constituted of concrete, masonry and steel

prEN 14487-1, Sprayed Concrete — Part 1: Definition, Specification and Conformity.

prEN 14488-1, Sprayed Concrete — Test Methods — Part 1: Sampling.

EN 206-1:2000-12, Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity.

prEN 1008:1997-05, Mixing water for concrete — Specification and tests.

EN 12350-2, Testing fresh concrete — Part 2: Slump test.

EN 12350-5, Testing fresh concrete — Part 5: Flow table test.

EN 12350-6, Testing fresh concrete — Part 6: Density of fresh concrete.

EN 12390-5, Testing hardened concrete — Part 5: Determination of flexural strength.

EN 12390-7, Testing hardened concrete — Part 7: Density of hardened concrete.

prEN 12504-3:1999-12, Testing concrete in structures — Part 3: Determination of pull-out force

prEN 12620:2000-03, Aggregates for concrete.

ENV 13670-1, Execution of concrete structures - Part 1: Common rules.

EN ISO 7031, Resistance to water penetration.

ISO 6784, Modulus of elasticity in compression.

ISO 4012:1978, Concrete; Determination of compressive strength of test specimens.

3 Terms and definitions

3.1 Mix Component

Dense flow conveying

4 Classification and designation

4.1 Consistence of wet mix

4.2 Exposure classes

 Recommendation on minimum cement content does not apply to sprayed concrete

 Recommendation on minimum air content is not applicable.

4.3 Young sprayed concrete

Figure 1 — Early strength classes of young sprayed concrete

Table 1 — Range of strength of young concrete determined by different test methods

Method Range of strength of young

4.4 Compressive strength

The compressive strength of sprayed concrete is classified according to EN 206-1.

4.5 Flexural strength

4.6 Fibre reinforced sprayed concrete

4.6.1 Residual strength classes