Chapter I: Introduction

Background of the Study

The researchers create and discover many things through the help of our

different sources and it gives benefits to our resources, which one day it become useful

that we may able to apply it in our daily living. Today most plastics are made from

petroleum which is considered non-renewable resource that cannot be readily replaced

by natural means on a level equal to its consumption which there is a limited supply.

Around the world there are many products that are made from petroleum such as trash

bags, sunglasses, milk bottle, even the coating on medicine and much more. With the

discovery of plastic, life became more convenient because of the wide selection to make

a useful materials.

Based on the scientific investigation plastics are so durable which means it will

take many years before it completely degrade and there is also a possibility that the

other plastic will last forever. Plastic are difficult to recycle because there are different

kind of plastics that undergo in different processes. Most plastic is non-biodegradable

it does not break down its component part easily and it will remains present in landfills

indefinitely. Getting discharge of plastic is very difficult because once a plastic burned

it releases a harmful chemical such as carbon dioxide that can contribute to enlarge

Global Warming. There are now some several researcher have a great innovation to

impose to avoid unnecessary havoc to the environment. For this reason the objective of

this study is to develop a bio-plastic through the use of renewable resource such as rice.

Bio-plastic is a kind of plastic that is derived from the natural renewable

resources like vegetable oil, cornstarch rather than conventional plastic which is made

up of petroleum. The advantage of bio-plastic where in it is consider now a

1
biodegradable which will easily degrade for a short period of time only specifically 180

days with a given terms and procedure.

A sustainable alternative is to produce bio-plastic that are fully bio-based and

bio-plastics that came from renewable sources. A rice is came from the wheat, It is a

grass widely cultivated for its seed and it is best known foe the world wide staple food.

Globally, it is the leading source of vegetal protein an human food also the source of

multiple nutrients and dietary fiber. Since it is a a renewable source, a cooked rice can

turn into a resistant starch because it contain a starchy calories which it can't breakdown

easily.

In this study, through the use of cooked rice we may able to turn it into a starch

that will utilized to develop a bio-plastic using a particular process and experimentation.

We also conducted an experiment by using powdered rice starch to compare against

leftover rice starch.

This study is conducted through experimental design by using a control group

and experimental group.

Statement of the Problem

The extensive use of commercially made plastics put a huge weight in our

world’s ecosystem. Based on some scientific investigations, these plastics can be

harmful in our nature because of some harmful substance it contains. This study aims

to prove that bio-plastics from leftover rice starch can be an alternate solution to

control the continuing waste in our natural materials and also the continuing damage

in our nature.

2
 This study will answer the following questions:

1. Can Left-over rice starch can be used to produce bioplastic?

2. Can its properties be comparable to synthetic plastic?

Formulation of Hypothesis

a. Null Hypothesis

Left-over rice starch cannot be used to produce a bioplastic

b. Alternative Hypothesis

Left-over rice starch can be used to produce a bioplastic

Significance of the Study

This research aims to know that left-over rice starch can still be used for a useful

material such as bio-plastic that can help in the prevention of continuing destruction of

our ecosystem and continuing waste of natural and organic materials. It also aims to

know the durability and flexibility of bio-plastic compared to commercially made

plastic.

Scope and Limitations

This study only focus on the production of bio-plastic using left over rice starch

as well as the comparison of its properties against commercially made bio-plastic. This

study is limited only in producing plastic strips. The researchers are limited on the

materials and equipment to be used to make or provide a plastic product such as plastic

bag due to the availability of the equipment in the area. This study included the

3
conversion of cooked rice into a starch through the following particular step by step

procedure. The materials that serves as instrument to come up into a starch until it

become bio-plastic base on the given condition in the end of the experiment. It will only

take few days to conduct this experiment that will help us to answer our hypothesis.

This study also aims to compare the difference between the bio-plastics and

conventional plastic which will give more benefit to the society and less harm to the

environment.

Objectives

This study is an attempt to know if left-over rice starch can be used to produce

bio-plastic and to know its effectiveness against commercially made plastic. The study

had the following specific objectives:

1. To make a difference in our environment

2. To know if left-over rice starch can be used as a polymer in bio-plastic

3. To increase the amount of production of bio plastic itself

4. To provide alternative resources for plastics that are made from

different materials such as crude oil and petroleum

5. To prove that bio-plastics from leftover rice starch can be an alternate solution to

control the continuing waste of our organic and natural materials as well as waste

of rice in the world

4
Methodology Overview

The researchers will be using experimental research to be able to identify the

difference between the left-over rice starch and powdered rice starch and its control

variables. Data are gathered through combination of the given ingredients until it

become homogenous mixture which includes the changes on its physical appearances

due to the composition of each products. Also, the data was obtained through how the

left-over and powdered rice starch reacted to the other components.

Analysis of data is justify if the left-over and powdered rice starch can produce

a bio-plastic after 2 days of analysis. This experimental research procedures begin with

providing a rice starch using left-over and powdered rice. In left-over rice starch the

researchers controlled the variable of the rice starch by adding 10 ml in every batch,

namely no.1 up to no.3 left- over rice starch and place it in a cool area for about 2-3

days. In powdered rice starch the researchers controlled the variables of starch and

glycerin but it was only used in particular batches, namely no.1 up to no.3 powdered

rice starch and also place it in a cool area for about 2-3 days. The researcher tested the

effectiveness of the both variety of rice starch by getting of the dried bioplastic after 2

days and just by looking on it which is more compact, durable and less damage between

the left-over and powdered rice starch.

Definition of Terms

biodegradable - capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms

bio-plastic - a type of biodegradable plastic derived from biological substances rather

than from petroleum

5
cellulose - insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of

vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose

monomers

degrade - break down or deteriorate chemically

discharge - the action of discharging a liquid, gas, or other substance

global warming - a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's

atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of

carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants

havoc - widespread destruction

innovation - a new method, idea, product, etc.

landfills - a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and

covering it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land

non-biodegradable - a substance or chemical that is non-biodegradable cannot be

changed to a harmless natural state by the action of bacteria, and may therefore damage

the environment

petroleum - a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons that is present in certain rock strata and

can be extracted and refined to produce fuels including gasoline, kerosene, and diesel

oil

6
Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

The main objective The experiment Upon the
of this experiment procedures begin experimentation,
is to produce bio- with providing a rice both Powdered and
plastic through the starch using left- Left-over rice starch
use of renewable over and powdered can used to produce
organic such as rice. Both variety of bioplastic. However,
rice. rice starch has 3 it should give more
batches which every variety of batches
batch has controlled and accuracy upon
variables in the the measurement of
given ingredients the ingredients. In
and it was place in a the Experimental
cool area for about setup both Bio-
2-3 days to be able plastic and
to determine the commercially made
effectiveness of both bio-plastic has the
variety of rice property of
starch. Thes durability and can
researchers resist small amount
conducted an of water. Bio-plastic
experimental setup can resist flame
to test its properties longer than
such as Elasticity, commercially made
Durability, bio-plastic but it has
Flammability, the property of
Water Resistance/ elasticity while the
Absorption Test. Bio-plastic don’t
have.

7
 Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

Foreign Study

Analysts in Finland have transformed rice starch into a transiently steady,

optically straightforward, biodegradable plastic with a high level of mechanical

quality and great warm opposition. This essential advance towards bioplastics

produced using basic and reasonable assets has potential applications in nourishment

bundling and biomedical materials.

A weak polymer, starch can be treated with warmth and water, by means of a

strategy called gelatisation, to make it appropriate for customary plastic preparing

methods. Nonetheless, films arranged by this strategy quickly recrystalise and corrupt,

abandoning them indistinct and weak once more. Numerous little atoms have been

utilized as plasticisers that hydrogen bond with the glucose units in starch to forestall

recrystallisation, anyway they are inclined to movement and siphoning, again

debasing after some time. Lamentably bigger mixes are ordinarily less viable

plasticisers.

By creating new bioplastics we can give more choices and increment their

application,' says Nykänen. 'Diminishing the generation of non-degradable waste and

utilizing bioplastics rather will unquestionable.

Bergius, W. (2014, July 30). Strong, Clear Bioplastic Containers Could Be Made

from Rice. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strong-clear-

bioplastic-containers-could-be-made-from-rice/

8
 This opens up potential outcomes for supplanting a portion of the non-debasing

polymers with the present bioplastics acquired from agro-squander," the scientists

said in a recent articulation.

The exploratory procedure that makes this possibly world-changing polymer was

point by point in an examination as of late distributed in the journal Macromolecules,

an American Chemical Society (ACS) production.

The scientists immediately discovered that different arrangements utilizing this

polymer could frame plastics with an extensive variety of qualities, for example,

fragile, delicate, and stretchy - much like business plastics. What's ideal, is that these

new plastics are biodegradable and are not bound to last until the finish of man.

Plastic from Rice Waste? A Biodegradable Option. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.natureworldnews.com/amp/articles/8638/20140

820/plastic-rice-waste-biodegradable-option.htm

Your seats, manufactured floor coverings and plastic packs would one be able to

day be made out of cocoa, rice and vegetable waste instead of oil, researchers are

currently announcing. The novel procedure they created and their outcomes, which

could assist the world manage its agrarian and plastic waste issues, show up in the

ACS journal Macromolecules.

They swung to a natural corrosive that likewise happens normally and can

process cellulose, which is the principle building part of plants and furthermore the

most copious polymer in nature. They blended the corrosive with parsley and spinach

9
stems, and husks from rice and cocoa units. At that point, they emptied the subsequent

arrangements into lab dishes. Whenever tried, the movies that framed demonstrated a

promising scope of qualities from weak and unbending to delicate and stretchable —

like business plastics. "This opens up conceivable outcomes for supplanting a portion

of the non-debasing polymers with the present bioplastics acquired from agro-

squander," the analysts close.

Turning waste from rice, parsley and other foods into biodegradable. (n.d.). Retrieved

from https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2014/acs-presspac-

august-20-2014/turning-waste-from-rice-parsley-and-other-foods-into-biodegradable-

plastic.html

Biodegradable plastics are as of now being produced using crude materials

like potatoes and corns yet the issue is, they are crude materials and it might convey

damage to our sustenance creation. We needed to search for something that acquires

no negative effect any way and we wound up picking rice as our principle element for

our profile plastic. In light of research done, the primary segment to make

biodegradable plastic is the starch content in the natural materials that we are

utilizing. For a moment, let us take a gander at the nourishment squander that is being

discarded by us regular and what amount of the sustenance squander is really rice?

For me being a Malaysian, our staple nourishment is rice and in light of

measurements around 8000 tons of sustenance is being tossed regular and the greater

part of the extra nourishment is rice.

My colleague and I displayed this thought at the 34th Science and Design

Exhibition 2014 in my college, University Technology of PETRONAS, Perak,

10
Malaysia and it was really one of the undertakings that was said to have a splendid

future. Glancing back at the proposed thought, plastics from rice have there claim

shortcomings, which is; it isn't solid because of little granules of rice starch. A

recommended thought is by including normal filaments, for example, coconut shell,

hemp and bananas to include the normal for a plasticiser. Including characteristic

filaments into the way toward making bio plastic was hard for us as understudies as it

requires abnormal state hardware and we were not given the overabundance to it.

Hypothetically, I trust that this thought will really tackle two noteworthy issues the

world is confronting as of now. Right off the bat, lessening the utilization of oil

vitality or petroleum.

Reusing leftover rice to make bio-plastic. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.shellideas360.com/ideas/reusing-leftover-rice-make-bio-plastic/

BIOPLASTICS or natural plastics are a type of plastics got from sustainable

biomass sources, for example, vegetable oil, corn/pea starch, Microbiota. Kanjivellam

is 'Malayalam' word for the water (vellum) depleted from bubbled rice (kanji). Rice

water is the suspension of starch gotten by depleting bubbled rice. Here, starch is

removed from Kanjivellam and this starch-based bioplastic is compostable which can

separate in either anaerobic or vigorous situations. Flexibiliser and Plasticizer, for

example, sorbitol and glycerine are added to it to influence Thermoplastic to starch.

Entering water-repellent synthetics, for example, receptive silanes and siloxane

pitches are utilized to make it waterproof. Qualities (quality, tractable) of the material

can be customized to particular needs by other concoction added substances, for

example, vinegar.

11
 Thermoplastic starch presently speaks to the most generally utilized bioplastic,

constituting around half of the bioplastics showcase. Unadulterated starch can

assimilate mugginess, and is in this manner a reasonable material for the generation of

medication cases by the pharmaceutical part. Flexibiliser and plasticiser, for example,

sorbitol and glycerine can likewise be included so the starch can likewise be prepared

thermo plastically. The qualities of the subsequent bioplastic (likewise called

"thermo-plastical Bioplastic") can be custom-made to particular needs by altering the

measures of these added substances. Starch-based bioplastics are regularly mixed with

biodegradable polyesters to deliver starch/polycaprolactone or starch/Ecoflex mixes.

These mixes are utilized for mechanical applications and are likewise compostable.

Chakraborty, D. (2015, July 01). Bioplastics from Kanjivellam (Rice-Water) ::

Create the Future Design Contest. Retrieved from

https://contest.techbriefs.com/2015/entries/consumer-products/6045

Bioplastics from dissolve blending of cassava flour, rice flour and their mixes

with organizations of between 0/100 and 100/0 %wt were effectively gotten utilizing

twin-screw expulsion and pressure forming forms. The impact of mix sythesis on the

bioplastic's properties was contemplated. It was discovered that the flour mixes were

consistently blended. The ductile properties and dynamic properties of the flour

bioplastics were inspected. The elasticity and capacity modulus of pressure formed

bioplastics in view of rice flour was more prominent than those of the cassava flour,

however their adaptability was lower. The elasticity and capacity modulus of the flour

mix bioplastics expanded with expanding rice flour content. The flour bioplastics

indicated two glass advances, one comparing to glycerol rich stage and the other

12
relating to plasticized starch. For plasticized flour mixes, the glass advances were not

influenced by the mix sythesis. The change in the mechanical properties of the

bioplastics delivered from the cassava/rice flour mix could be clarified by an

expansion in the crystallinity level coming about because of the higher grouping of

rice flour. Utilizing flour mixes got from cassava and rice flours, the bioplastics

created in this investigation offer a more noteworthy execution while keeping up

natural similarity and maintainability, which takes into account a substitution of

custom bioplastics from cassava starch.

Bioplastics from Blends of Cassava and Rice Flours: The Effect of Blend

Composition. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hanser-

elibrary.com/doi/abs/10.3139/217.2532

Local Study

Individuals fall back on the utilization of the material because of its toughness,

adaptability, quality, and assortment of conceivable purposes. Late examinations

demonstrate that over a billion tons of plastics are discarded each year. The

exploration was directed to decide whether rice starch was a decent part of

biodegradable plastics. Rice starch was separated by absorbing processed rice harsh

pop for a few hours. The fluid was gathered and centrifuged. After centrifugation, the

starch at the base was gathered, washed with water, and was left to tap. The

supernatant was disposed of and the starch was spread onto aluminum plate to totally

dry into gem. The starch was then blended with polyvinyl liquor utilizing distinctive

percent by mass focuses extending from 20%-80% by mass starch content. The

examples were isolated into three and were prepared in an unexpected way. The first

13
was heated in aluminum plate at 140°C. The second was spread meagerly onto Petri

dishes and were likewise prepared at 140°C. The latter was spread as daintily as

conceivable in Petri dishes and was air-dried. Adaptable plastics were created from

those blends containing under 70% starch. Delicate and fragile plastics were delivered

from those that contained 70% starch or more. Additionally examine on what

different polymers could be utilized with the starch is suggested. The utilization of an

extruder may yield better outcomes on the grounds that the essential temperature and

weight for the responses to happen between the segments could be given.

(n.d.). Retrieved from

http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/ShowSearchResult.php?s=2&f=&p=&x=&page=&sid

=1&id=Rice starch as a component of biodegradable plastics&Mtype=PROJECTS

Bioplastic in light of starch as the grid and cellulose nanocrystals from rice straw

as strengthening filler were set up in this investigation. The disengagement of

cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) took after a progression of steps: delignification, sulfuric

corrosive hydrolysis, and sonication. The procedure managed short, pole like CNCs

with molecule distance across extending from 10 to 12 nm and crystallinity file of

76.1%. Fourier change infrared examination of the CNCs likewise affirmed retention

designs run of the mill of cellulose and the evacuation of silica. Bioplastic with

various starch-to-CNC proportions were set up by arrangement throwing and

vanishing technique. Filtering electron micrographs of the movies indicated uniform

scattering of CNC in the starch network. Mechanical tests uncovered that both rigidity

and modulus essentially expanded with expanding CNC stack while percent stretching

diminished. The dampness take-up of the movies fortified with CNC likewise

14
diminished a sign of change in water obstruction. Be that as it may, the warm security

of the movies diminished by the expansion of CNC.

Bioplastic based on starch and cellulose nanocrystals from rice straw. (n.d.).

Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0731684414558325

Starch degradability was studied in six indigenous Philippine rice cultivars

differing in amylose contents. An in vitro enzymatic starch digestion method was

applied in order to estimate the expected glycemic index in vivo based on the kinetics

of starch hydrolysis in vitro. Two different treatments were investigated: first,

samples were cooked and analysed immediately; second, samples were cooked and

stored in a refrigerator for 24 h at a temperature of 4 °C in order to induce a

retrogradation effect. The results indicate substantial differences in the estimated

glycemic index between rice cultivars. Values ranged between 68 and 109 for cooked

rice and between 64 and 87 for stored rice containing retrograded starch. Starch

hydrolysis tended to be more rapid and more complete for waxy cultivars than for

high amylose cultivars. Storing rice in the refrigerator led to a reduction of the

estimated glycemic index for all cultivars. The highest decrease in starch hydrolysis

after cool storing was seen for the waxy cultivars.

Frei, Michael & Siddhuraju, P & Becker, K. (2003). Studies on the in vitro starch

digestibility and the glycemic index of six different indigenous rice cultivars from the

Philippines. Food Chemistry. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223302390_Studies_on_the_in_vitro_starch

_digestibility_and_the_glycemic_index_of_six_different_indigenous_rice_cultivars_f

rom_the_Philippines

15
 Utilizing glutinous rice is in creating biodegradable plastics is one major advance

to diminish, if not add up to take out, our worldwide concerns. "Malagkit" is tagalog

word for glutinous rice. Here in Philippines, glutinous rice is developed for the most

part in Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog as extremely prevalent nourishment

fixing in the Philippines. It is broadly utilized as a part of making local treats such

suman, puto, biko, etc.Why is it so sticky? Everything comes down to starch content:

the starch in rice has two segments, amylose and amylopectin. Medium and long-

grain rices have a higher extent of amylose, though the starch in short-grain glutinous

rice is all amylopectin, adding to its clammy and stickier surface.

Biodegradable plastic will be plastic that decays normally in the earth. This is

accomplished when microorganisms in the earth process and separate the structure of

biodegradable plastic. The final product is one which is less destructive to the earth

than conventional plastics. Biodegradable plastics are produced using all-normal plant

materials. These can incorporate corn oil, orange peels, starch, and plants.

Conventional plastic is made with synthetic fillers that can be hurtful to the earth

when discharged when the plastic is softened down. With biodegradable plastic, you

get a substance produced using regular sources that does not contain these concoction

fillers, and does not represent a similar hazard to the earth. We realized that cassava

starch was powerful as a segment for biodegradable plastic however the reseachers

need to look at the glutinous rice in cassava starch if this segment is likewise viable

for biodegradable plastic.

Bustillo, C. (n.d.). BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. Retrieved from

http://www.academia.edu/27806109/BACKGROUND_OF_THE_STUDY

16
 Chapter III: Methodology

Research Design

In order to know the effectiveness of left-over rice starch as an alternate

ingredient for the production of bio-plastic, experimentation was conducted.

This is an experimental study that has employed mixed data collection and analysis

– Quantitative Science Investigatory Project. The aim of the study is to describe the

occurring problem, to prove that bio plastic from left over rice can be an alternate

solution to control the continuing waste of our organic and natural materials.

The researchers utilized the quantitative type as their approach in designs and

examines the production of bio plastic from leftover rice starch through quantifiable

evidence, and often relies on statistical analysis of many causes to create valid and

reliable general claims.

Quantitative research is a research type that convey numerically what is being seen

in the research and to arrive at specific and observable conditions. Quantitative

approach was used in the Production of Bio plastic from leftover rice starch.

The researchers used powdered rice starch to compare its result to the leftover rice

starch to prove if rice starch can be used as a polymer.

Data Gathering

The researchers gathered their data by using experimental processes.

The researchers used powdered rice starch and leftover rice starch to know the

difference in the results of the experiment. The researchers gathered the necessary data

17
needed through 3 batches each in left-over rice starch and powdered rice starch with

different quantities in each batch that affects the quality of the product. The data are

gathered through the result of the experiment, how the different quantities of polymer

(rice starch) and plasticizer (glycerol) affects the resulting product.

Data Analysis

The data was analyzed through the result of the different batches while using

left-over rice starch as polymer and while using powdered rice starch as the polymer in

the production of bio-plastic. While using left-over rice starch as the polymer, the

researchers used 3 different batches with different quantities of polymer (rice starch) to

analyze the data and know the results. In the first batch it contains 60ml of rice starch,

in the second batch it contains 70ml of rice starch and on the last one it contains 80ml

of rice starch. Same were done on powdered rice starch 3 batches were made to analyze

the data needed and to know the result, in the powdered rice starch the plasticizer

(glycerin) was also controlled. In the first batch, it contains 45ml of rice starch and 5ml

of glycerin, on the second batch it contains 30ml of rice starch and 5ml of glycerin and

on the last one it contains 30 ml of rice starch and 10 ml of glycerin. It was done to

analyze the data needed in the result of the said experiment.

Research Locale

This experimental research was conducted inside the locale of St. James School

of Subic Inc. and the experimentation was done in subic, zambales in only 1 house. The

experiment was done in a closed environment and dried under room temperature.

18
Description of Proposed Procedure

This experimental research procedure started with the making of the bio-plastic

by using left-over rice starch.

1. The left-over rice was processed to become “lugaw” or “malagkit” to get its

starch;

2. Rice was put to a cloth so that the starch content of the rice will be extracted.

3. The extracted rice starch was then placed in a stove for the mixture to be heated

19
4. Glycerin which is the plasticizer was then added

5. Vinegar was added to the heated mixture

6. The mixture was stirred until it reached the consistency that we need

20
 7. The mixture was then in an aluminum foil after stirring.

After placing the mixture in an aluminum foil, it will be dried under room

temperature for an estimated time of 2 days before removing it off in the aluminum foil.

21
 Chapter IV: Experimental Set-up

Data Acquisition Protocol

The obtained data collection should have an accurate variety of each said given

ingredients especially the controlled variables. Researchers set up a 3 batches of bio-

plastic with specific amounts in both variety of rice starch which is left-over and

powdered rice starch to able to know the difference to one another. The main data

collection is to note which is more durable and flexible between the varieties of rice

starch.

Data Preprocessing

Researchers controlled the data in measuring the amount of left-over and

powdered rice starch to be able determine the difference to one another. They used table

and graph to differentiate each other and to represent and generalized the data. Also,

the researcher tested the effectiveness of the both variety of rice starch by getting of the

dried bioplastic after 2 days and just by looking on it which is more compact, durable

and less damage between the left-over and powdered rice starch.

22
Experimental Set-up

Test of Plastic Properties (Bio-plastic vs. Commercially made Bio-plastic)

Properties Bio-plastic Commercially made

Bio-plastic

Elasticity 8 cm 10.6 cm

Durability Yes Yes

Flammability 2:20.86 sec 21.68 sec

Water Resistance/ Yes Yes

Absorption Test

Interpretation:

Elasticity:

The property of elasticity was tested in both Bio-plastic and

commercially made bio-plastic. In Bio-plastic it doesn’t have the property of elasticity
base on the test. It was not able to stretch due to its hard and compact texture. The size
of the Bio-plastic remain which is both length and width is 8 cm. While the
Commercially made bio-plastic does have the property of elasticity which it was able
to stretch and there’s small amount of measurement added to its original measurement
which is 2.6 cm.

Durability:

The property of durability was tested in both bio-plastic made from left
over rice starch and commercially made bio-plastic. In bio-plastic made from left over
rice starch it does have the property of durability in the sense of its texture due to its
compactness and hardness. However it was easily torn apart when the researchers tied
a string into it. As well as in commercially made bio-plastic it also had the compactness
and hardness on its texture but when the researchers tied the string on it, it was also
easily torn apart.

23
 Flammability:

The property of flammability was tested in both Bio-plastic and

commercially made bio-plastic. In Bio-plastic it was able to sustain the temperature of
heat coming from the flame and lasted for about 2:20.86 seconds. While the
commercially made bio-plastic was not able to sustain the heat much longer and lasted
for about 21.68 seconds only.

Water Resistance/Absorption Test

The property of water resistance and absorption was tested in both Bio-
plastic and commercially made bio-plastic. In Bio-plastic it can resist and hold the
water but in short period of time and small volume of water only. In absorption test,
the Bio-plastic was able to absorb small amount of water but it affects the texture
which it becomes softer and jelly-like. While in commercially made bio-plastic it was
able to resist and hold much more volume of water. When it comes to absorption test,
it was not able absorb any amount of water due to its compact texture.

24
 Chapter V: Data Analysis

Results and Discussion

In this chapter we will discuss the interpretation of the data that was used in

the experiment. It will show the different ingredients by batch that was used in the

said experiment. It was arranged in tabular form and will be interpreted in a graph.

TABLE 1: LEFT-OVER RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

1st Batch:

Name of Ingredients Measurements

Distilled water 60 ml

Left-over rice starch 60 ml

Glycerin 5 ml

Vinegar 5 ml

25
 This table shows the composition of bio-plastic with the amount of 60 ml of
left-over rice starch.

Figure 1:

LEFT-OVER RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Distilled water Left-over rice starch Glycerin Vinegar

Based on the result in the experiment of left-over rice starch in 1st batch the
texture is much more jelly-like wherein it stick together and it is not durable and
flexible.

TABLE 2: LEFT-OVER RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

2nd Batch:

26
 Name of Ingredients Measurements

Distilled water 60 ml

Left-over rice starch 70 ml

Glycerin 5 ml

Vinegar 5 ml

This table shows the composition of bio-plastic with the amount of 70 ml of

left-over rice starch.

Figure 2:

LEFT-OVER RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Distilled water Left-over rice starch Glycerin Vinegar

Based on the result in the experiment of left-over rice starch in 2nd batch the
texture is much more like plastic which it is more durable and flexible.

27
 TABLE 3: LEFT-OVER RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN
INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

3rd Batch:

Name of Ingredients Measurements

Distilled water 60 ml

Left-over rice starch 80 ml

Glycerin 5 ml

Vinegar 5 ml

This table shows the composition of bio-plastic with the amount of 80 ml of

left-over rice starch.

28
Figure 3:

LEFT-OVER RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Distilled water Left-over rice starch Glycerin Vinegar

Based on the result in the experiment of left-over rice starch in 3rd batch the
texture is much more jelly-like wherein it stick together and it can easily rip off
and it is not durable and flexible.

TABLE 4: POWDERED RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

1st Batch:

29
 Name of Ingredients Measurements

Distilled water 60 ml

Powdered rice starch 45 ml

Glycerin 5 ml

Vinegar 5 ml

This table shows the composition of bio-plastic with the amount of 45 ml of

powdered rice starch.

Figure 4:

POWDERED RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Distilled water Powdered rice starch Glycerin Vinegar

Based on the result in the experiment of powdered rice starch in 1st batch the
texture is much more like plastic wherein it cannot easily rip off because of its
firmness and it is more durable and flexible.

30
 TABLE 5: POWDERED RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN
INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

2nd Batch:

Name of Ingredients Measurements

Distilled water 60 ml

Powdered rice starch 30 ml

Glycerin 5 ml

Vinegar 5 ml

This table shows the composition of bio-plastic with the amount of 30 ml of

powdered rice starch.

31
Figure 5:

POWDERED RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

70
60

50
40
30
20

10
0
Ditilled water Powdered rice startch Glycerin Vinegar

Based on the result in the experiment of powdered rice starch in 2nd batch the
texture is much more like plastic wherein it is durable and flexible.

TABLE 6: POWDERED RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC

3rd Batch:

32
 Name of Ingredients Measurements

Distilled water 60 ml

Powdered rice starch 30 ml

Glycerin 10 ml

Vinegar 5 ml

This table shows the composition of bio-plastic with the amount of 30 ml of

powdered rice starch and 10 ml of glycerin.

Figure 6:

POWDERED RICE STARCH AND OTHER GIVEN

INGREDIENTS IN PRODUCING BIOPLASTIC
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Ditilled water Powdered rice starch Glycerin Vinergar

Based on the result in the experiment of left-over rice starch in 3rd batch the
texture is much more like plastic but it can be rip off and it is not much durable
and flexible.

33
 Chapter VI: Conclusion

Conclusion

After performing the said experiment and getting the result, we therefore

conclude the following:

 By using left-over rice starch as the polymer, the amount of the polymer or the left-

over rice starch must be exact for the production of bio-plastic.

 By using left-over rice starch, less polymer (rice starch) results to a product which

is stickier than the other batches while more polymer (rice starch) results to a more

jelly-like texture of bio-plastic.

 Bio-plastic made from powdered rice starch has greater texture than the left over

rice starch, but still the left-over rice starch has great texture as a bio-plastic.

 Left-over rice starch can be used to produce a bio-plastic with the correct amount

of starch. By resulting to a production of bio-plastic made from left over rice starch,

it makes the null hypothesis void.

 Rice starch, leftover rice starch can produce bio-plastic which can be used and be

improved to help in the environment.

 Bio-plastic made from left-over rice starch can resist flame longer than

commercially made plastic, it is durable and can resist water also absorb small

amount of water. But the bio-plastic made from left over rice starch is not flexible

while the commercially made bio-plastic has a flexible property.

34
Recommendations

Upon the experimentation and the making of this investigatory project, we

have our recommendations for future research for it to improve.

1. Give more variety of batches upon the experimentation to know exactly the

right amount of polymer/plasticizer in production of bio-plastic

2. Be accurate in getting the needed amount in the experiment.

3. Make sure that all parts of the bio-plastic after the experiment is already

dried before removing it from the aluminum foil.

4. Be careful on every processes while doing it, one mistake will cause the

result of the experiment

5. Accuracy and precision is the key on getting this experiment right as well as

right products to be used for this experiment to be successful.

6. Be more prepared and ready for the experiment. Gather more materials and

equipment to be used for the experiment for it to have a better product, also to be

tested more effectively.

Possibilities of Further Research

Possibilities of further research may include the following:

1. Leftover rice starch can be used to make an improved version of bio-

plastic.

35
2. The resulting product which is bio-plastic from left-over rice starch can be

improved in future researches to use it in real life.

3. Future researchers can find a way of making one product out of the bio-

plastic that is made from left-over rice starch.

4. Bio-plastic strips that were produced in the experiment can be improved

to make or produce a product that can be used for your everyday lives.

With the equipment and materials or such machines, it can be possible to

make one product like plastic bags.

36
 Bibliography

Bergius, W. (2014, July 30). Strong, Clear Bioplastic Containers Could Be Made

from Rice. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strong-clear-

bioplastic-containers-could-be-made-from-rice/

Plastic from Rice Waste? A Biodegradable Option. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.natureworldnews.com/amp/articles/8638/20140

820/plastic-rice-waste-biodegradable-option.htm

Turning waste from rice, parsley and other foods into biodegradable. (n.d.). Retrieved

from https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2014/acs-presspac-

august-20-2014/turning-waste-from-rice-parsley-and-other-foods-into-biodegradable-

plastic.html

Reusing leftover rice to make bio-plastic. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.shellideas360.com/ideas/reusing-leftover-rice-make-bio-plastic/

Chakraborty, D. (2015, July 01). Bioplastics from Kanjivellam (Rice-Water) :: Create

the Future Design Contest. Retrieved from

https://contest.techbriefs.com/2015/entries/consumer-products/6045

Bioplastics from Blends of Cassava and Rice Flours: The Effect of Blend

Composition. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hanser-

elibrary.com/doi/abs/10.3139/217.2532

37
(n.d.). Retrieved from

http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/ShowSearchResult.php?s=2&f=&p=&x=&page=&sid

=1&id=Rice starch as a component of biodegradable plastics&Mtype=PROJECTS

Bioplastic based on starch and cellulose nanocrystals from rice straw. (n.d.).

Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0731684414558325

Frei, Michael & Siddhuraju, P & Becker, K. (2003). Studies on the in vitro starch

digestibility and the glycemic index of six different indigenous rice cultivars from the

Philippines. Food Chemistry. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223302390_Studies_on_the_in_vitro_starch

_digestibility_and_the_glycemic_index_of_six_different_indigenous_rice_cultivars_f

rom_the_Philippines

Bustillo, C. (n.d.). BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. Retrieved from

http://www.academia.edu/27806109/BACKGROUND_OF_THE_STUDY

E. (2013, April 08). Bioplastic from starch - home made. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1joh_t1thc&t=22s

WikiHow. (2018, September 06). How to Make Bioplastic. Retrieved from

https://www.wikihow.com/Make-Bioplastic

Kitchen, N. (2017, November 15). How to remove starch from rice. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYapFglZiHA

38
 Appendices

BENEDICT JEAN FERRER FELARCA

Executive Village Mangan-Vaca, Subic, Zambales

09295878958
[email protected]

Objective:

To be able to achieve my dream of being a successful Electronics and

Communications Engineer. To reach my goals and succeed in my mission in life. To
help my family, and other people. To become a successful person according to God’s
plan.

Personal Information

Full name: Benedict Jean Ferrer Felarca

Age: 17 years old
Birthdate: October 23, 2000
Birthplace: Olongapo, City
Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Address: Executive Village Mangan-Vaca, Subic, Zambales
Father’s Name: Jose Benedicto D. Felarca
Mother’s Name: Genevieve F. Felarca

Educational Attainment

Primary level

St. Anne School of Subic

Ilwas, Subic, Zambales

S.Y. 2007-2013

39
Secondary level

St. James School of Subic Inc.

Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales

S.Y. 2013-2019

Skills and Abilities

 Communication Skills
 Computer and Technology Skills
 Time Management Abilities
 Critical Thinking
 Performing detailed calculations
 Good Visualization Skill
 High level of technical knowledge and IT skills
 Strong analysis and practical problem-solving abilities to improve designs

Character References

 Mr. John Ray Corpuz

Teacher
Manggahan, Subic, Zambales

 Mr. Oliver Famularcano Pablo

Teacher
Wlac, San Marcelino, Zambales
(Available upon request)

I do hereby that the above information are correct and true.

Benedict Jean F. Felarca

Signature

40
GIANDALE JAVIER SORIANO

#0323 Purok Calapandayan, Subic, Zambales

09453297911
[email protected]

Objective:

To be able to achieve my dreams in life with the help of my skills and talents.
To continue gaining knowledge and experience and be a successful aeronautical
engineer in future. And to live happily ever after.

Personal Information

Full name: Giandale J. Soriano

Age: 17 years old
Birthdate: June 23, 2001
Birthplace: Isabela, City
Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Address: #0323 Purok 3 Calapandayan, Subic, Zambales
Father’s Name: Rodel A. Soriano
Mother’s Name: Marian J. Soriano

Educational Attainment

Primary level

St. Anne School of Subic

Ilwas, Subic, Zambales

S.Y. 2007-2013

Secondary level

St. James School of Subic Inc.

Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales

S.Y. 2013-2019

41
Skills and Abilities

 Communication Skills
 Computer and Technology Skills
 Time Management Abilities
 Critical Thinking
 Performing detailed calculations
 Good Visualization Skill
 High level of technical knowledge and IT skills
 Strong analysis and practical problem-solving abilities to improve designs

Character References

 Mr. Fidel Soriano

Brgy. Captain
Calapandayan, Subic, Zambales
0908-4289-399

 Mr. Lui Avelino

Photographer
(Available upon request)

I do hereby that the above information are correct and true.

Giandale J. Soriano

Signature

42
JOHN PETER D. LIWAG

#0435 Purok 3 Calapandayan, Subic, Zambales

09453328053
[email protected]

Objective:

To be able to share my knowledge and skills within different fields.

Personal Information

Full name: John Peter D. Liwag

Age: 17 years old
Birthdate: June 10, 2001
Birthplace: San Marcelino, Zambales
Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Address: #0435 Purok 3 Calapandayan, Subic, Zambales
Father’s Name: Peter L. Liwag
Mother’s Name: Evangeline Dagondon

Educational Attainment

Primary level

Calapandayan Elementary School

Calapandayan, Subic, Zambales

S.Y. 2007-2013

Secondary level

St. James School of Subic Inc.

Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales

S.Y. 2013-2019

Skills and Abilities

 Time management

43
 Computer and technology skills
 Decision making
 Leadership
 Critical Thinking
 Hardworking
 Good visualization skill

Character References

 Mr. Egay Aximoso

Brgy. Captain
Calapandayan, Subic, Zambales
0908-4289-399

 Ms. Victoria Vergara

Engineer
San Marcelino, Zambales
(Available upon request)

I do hereby that the above information are correct and true.

John Peter D. Liwag

Signature

44
JORGE B. BACUDIO

Blk 19 Lot 22 St.Theodore Homes Mangan-Vaca

Subic, Zambales
09298291676
[email protected]

Objective:

To share the true meaning of life and to know the purpose of my existence.

Personal Information

Full name: Jorge B. Bacudio

Age: 18 years old
Birthdate: June 30, 2000
Birthplace: Pasay General Hospital
Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Address: Blk 19 Lot 22 St.Theodore Homes Mangan-Vaca Subic, Zambales
Father’s Name: Ronnel N. Bacudio
Mother’s Name: Arlene B. Bacudio

Educational Attainment

Primary level

Christ the King Catholic School

Sta. Rita, Olongapo City

S.Y. 2007-2013

Secondary level

St. James School of Subic Inc.

Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales

S.Y. 2013-2019

Skills and Abilities

45
 Time management
 Know how to handle stress
 Critical Thinking
 Hardworking

Character References

 Mr. Melvin Beso

Mechanical Engineer
Buhi, Camarines Sur
0956-6051-767

 Mr. Nonoy Beso

Marine Engineer
Buhi, Camarines Sur
0977-0738-400
I do hereby that the above information are correct and true.

Jorge B. Bacudio

Signature

46