Sugar Cane Thesis

8
Azores tried to establish stable economy around sugarcanes in 16 th and 17th
century, but vast new lands in the New World offered better climate. Because of
that, sugarcanes were quickly introduced to the Americas, where landowners
created vast plants ages of this plant. Because growing and processing of
sugarcanes was not easy, and demand for sugar was extremely high, organized
culling of Africa for slaves became very profitable and popular. With over 12
million slaves displaced from Africa, production of sugar skyrocketed, managing
to drop on price and become available to everyone during 19th century
(sugarhistory.net).
Sugarcane residue
Sugarcane is not only a source of sugarcane juice that will be produce as
sugar but also provide bagasse as its residue. Bagasse is the dry pulpy fibrous
residue that remains after sugarcane of sorghum stalks are crushed to extract
their juice. Bagasse, also called megass, fiber remaining after the extraction of
sugar-bearing juice from sugarcane. The word bagasse came from the French
bagage via the Spanish bagazo, originally meant “rubbish,” “refuse,” “trash.” It
was applied first to the debris of olives, palm nuts and grapes, subsequently used
to mean residues from other processed plant material such as sisal, sugarcane
and sugar beets. In modern use, the word is limited to the by-product of the
sugarcane mill (Melissaa Petruzzello).

9
Sugarcane Bagasse waste
Globally, it is estimated that 5.4 x108 dry tons of sugarcane are processed
each and every year. Generally, for every single ton of sugarcane, approximately
280 kg of sugarcane bagasse is generated (Motaung Tshwafo). The Philippines
is mainly an agricultural country with a land area of 30 million hectares, 47
percent of which is agricultural. The total area devoted to agricultural crops is 13
million hectares distributed among food grains, food crops and non-food crops.
Among the crops grown, rice, coconut and sugarcane are major contributors to
biomass energy resources.With the passing of Biofuels Act of 2006, the sugar
industry in the Philippines which is the major source of ethanol and domestic
sugar will become a major thriving industry. Around 380,000 hectares of land is
devoted to sugarcane cultivation. It is estimated that 1.17 million tonnes of
sugarcane trash is recoverable as a biomass resource in the Philippines itself. In
addition, 6.4 million tonnes of surplus bagasse is available from sugar mills.
There are 29 operating sugar mills in the country with an average capacity of
6,900 tonnes of cane per day. Majority is located in Negros Island which provides
about 46% of the country’s annual sugar production (Salman Zafar).

10
Concrete Roof Tiles
Roof tiles are ideal material used for roofing, made of mixture of sand,
cement and water, which are molded under heat and high pressure. The
exposed surface of a tile may be finished with paint like material. Concrete tiles
have additional water locks or interlocking ribs on the edges that prevent water
infiltration. Concrete tiles come in three main appearances the flat profile, low
profile and high profile. They are resistant to hail, wind and fire making them a
very safe roofing material when properly installed (roofcostestimator.com).
Concrete roof tile was probably introduced in Germany during the early
1800’s when a German farmer made some flat thin slabs from new portland
cement concrete and used them as roof tiles for his barn. Concrete roof tiles
were first introduced in America in the early years of this century. Like the early
European tiles, concrete was mixed and poured into metal or wooden molds and
allowed to harden. By 1930, several machinery manufacturers were producing
self-propelled, low pressure tile extrusion machines that troweled, tamped or
vibrated wet tiles to gain compaction. The manufacture of concrete roof tile is
now an exact science. The sand is graded and tested under laboratory
conditions. Tiles are tested in machines designed for the purpose. The colors
used are metallic oxide, both natural and synthetic, with exact analysis known
and the fitness carefully controlled. Tiles are no longer pressed but instead
extruded eliminating the laminations which resulted from pressing
(dancoroofinginc.com).
11
In Philippines, there is a manufacturer of concrete roof tile, namely
Andorra Tile Roofing’s INC owned and operated by Manuel R Torres group of
companies and establish in 1997. The plant is equipped with the latest
automated and highly mechanized facility for manufacturing pre-painted concrete
roofing tile in the Philippines. The Andorra roofing tile is 16-1/2’x 13’in dimension
and weights about 4.5kg and does have an effective coverage of approximately
10-11 pieces per square meter. The design and profile of Andorra Tile is used all
over Spanish Mediterranean countries and has been proven in various conditions
(andorratile.ph).
Function of Roof Tile
Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made
from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials
such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have waterproof
glaze.
Roof tiles are ‘hung’ from the framework of a roof by fixing them with nails.
The tiles are usually hung in parallel rows, with each row overlapping the row
below it to exclude rainwater and to cover the nails that hold te row below. There
are also roof tiles for special positions, particularly where the planes of the
several pitches meet. They include ridge, hip and valley tiles. These can either
be bedded and pointed in cement mortar or mechanically fixed
(en.mwikipedia.org).
12
Bagasse as Component of Concrete
According to the of Siva Kishore et al., (2017) entitled An experiment
study on partial replacement of cement with bagasse ash in concrete. They use
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as partial replacement to concrete, where it is
not only waste-minimizing technique but it also saves the amount f cement to be
used. And it gives higher compressive strength as compared tho the normal
strength concrete. Thus, up to 5% replacement of SCBA is used to reach the
strength data gathered for a concrete.
According to Muhamad Azami Yahya et al., (2013) entitled Usage of
Sugarcane Bagasse as Concrete Retarder. The blended sugarcane bagasse
was mixed in making concrete and was found out that sugarcane bagasse as
concrete retarder was a success however it affects the compressive strength of
the concrete. By 1% added the compressive strength increases from 28.97 to
48.83 however, during 3% added the compressive strength slightly decreases
but still can be considered because it is higher than the controlled sample.
According to Prashant O Modami et al., (2013) entitled Utilization of
Bagasse Ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. On the basis
of experimental investigation carried out, the effective percentage of partial
replacement in aggregate is 10 to 20 percent. The compressive strength results
represented that 10 to 20% bagasse ash increases at later 28 days as compare
to 7 days that may be due to pozzolanic effect of the bagasse ash. In its purest
form the bagasse ash can prove to be a potential ingredient of concrete since it
can be an effective replacement to cement and fine aggregates.

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8

Azores tried to establish stable economy around sugarcanes in 16 th and 17th

that, sugarcanes were quickly introduced to the Americas, where landowners

million slaves displaced from Africa, production of sugar skyrocketed, managing

to drop on price and become available to everyone during 19th century

Sugarcane is not only a source of sugarcane juice that will be produce as

sugarcane mill (Melissaa Petruzzello).

Sugarcane Bagasse waste

280 kg of sugarcane bagasse is generated (Motaung Tshwafo). The Philippines

is mainly an agricultural country with a land area of 30 million hectares, 47

percent of which is agricultural. The total area devoted to agricultural crops is 13

devoted to sugarcane cultivation. It is estimated that 1.17 million tonnes of

sugarcane trash is recoverable as a biomass resource in the Philippines itself. In

about 46% of the country’s annual sugar production (Salman Zafar).

Concrete Roof Tiles

very safe roofing material when properly installed (roofcostestimator.com).

allowed to harden. By 1930, several machinery manufacturers were producing

self-propelled, low pressure tile extrusion machines that troweled, tamped or

extruded eliminating the laminations which resulted from pressing

In Philippines, there is a manufacturer of concrete roof tile, namely

automated and highly mechanized facility for manufacturing pre-painted concrete

Function of Roof Tile

from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials

be bedded and pointed in cement mortar or mechanically fixed

Bagasse as Component of Concrete

According to the of Siva Kishore et al., (2017) entitled An experiment

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as partial replacement to concrete, where it is

strength concrete. Thus, up to 5% replacement of SCBA is used to reach the

strength data gathered for a concrete.

According to Muhamad Azami Yahya et al., (2013) entitled Usage of

Sugarcane Bagasse as Concrete Retarder. The blended sugarcane bagasse

concrete retarder was a success however it affects the compressive strength of

the concrete. By 1% added the compressive strength increases from 28.97 to

48.83 however, during 3% added the compressive strength slightly decreases

According to Prashant O Modami et al., (2013) entitled Utilization of

Bagasse Ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. On the basis

of experimental investigation carried out, the effective percentage of partial

replacement in aggregate is 10 to 20 percent. The compressive strength results

represented that 10 to 20% bagasse ash increases at later 28 days as compare

can be an effective replacement to cement and fine aggregates.

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