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PS
STUDY MATERIAL
Class X
SOCIAL SCIENCE
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 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL – GANDHINAGAR

SOCIAL SCIENCE
COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS - X

Time: 3 Hrs. Marks: 80

Units Marks
I India and the Contemporary World - II 20
II Contemporary India - II 20

III Democratic Politics II 20

IV Understanding Economic Development 20

Total 80

Weightage to Form of Questions:

Form Of Marks Number of Serial Total
question Each Type Questions Number of Marks
Questions
Very Short 1 7 1-7 7
Answer(VSA)
Short Answer 3 11 8-18 33
(SA)
Long 5 7 19-25 35
Answer(LA)
Map 2 (History) 1 26A 5
Question(MQ) 3(Geography 26B

Total - 26 1-26 80
 HISTORY

Chapter- 2
The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China
Important question and answers
1 mark questions
Q1. Which European country colonized Vietnam?
Ans. France colonized Vietnam.
Q2. Why did the French think colonies necessary?
Ans. A. Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other essential
goods to France.
B. Like other European nations, France also claimed that it was the mission of the
advanced European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to
backward peoples.
Q3. Which movement was initiated in Vietnam in 1868 against the spread of Christianity?
Ans. The Scholar’s revolt was the movement initiated in Vietnam in 1868 against the spread of
Christianity.
Q4. Who was the founder of Hoa Hao Movement in Vietnam?
Ans. Huynh Phu So founded the Hoa Hao Movement in Vietnam.
Q5. Mention one impact of great depression of 1930s on Vietnam?
Ans. The Great Depression of 1930s led to fall in the prices of rubber and rice that
increased rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings.
Q6. Which two provinces of Vietnam were referred to as “electrical fuses”?
Ans. The province of Nghe An and Ha Tinh in Vietnam were referred to as electrical fuses.
3 marks questions
Q7. Examine the importance of colonies for the European imperialist powers.
Ans. Colonies were necessary for the French and other European powers due to the
following reasons:
(a) Colonies were rich in natural resources. They could provide raw materials to European industries.
(b) The Europeans could use colonies as markets to sell their finished goods.
(c) They wanted to spread western cultures in the colonies.
Q8. Why did the French build roads and railways network in Vietnam?
Ans. The French build roads and railways network in Vietnam because of the following
Reasons:
(a) Roads and railways were needed for the fast movement of the army.
(b) They were needed to transport raw materials from the interior parts of Vietnam to the port cities.
(c) It would link the northern and southern parts of Vietnam.
Q9. Why was the ‘Tonkin School’ started in Vietnam? Explain any three reasons.
Ans.(a) The Vietnamese were taught science, hygiene and French along with the study of
western customs.
(b) The classes for these subjects were held in the evenings for which fees were paid
separately.
(c)The traditional practice of keeping long hair was discouraged.
(d) The sought to make the students think modern and leave childish attitude and speak up openly
and frankly.
Q10. What role did religion play during nationalist movement in Vietnam?
Ans. (a) An early movement against the French control and the spread of Christianity was the
Scholar’s revolt organized by the Vietnamese in 1868.
(b) Hoa Hao movement by Huynh Phu So encouraged anti-French feelings among the
 people.
(c) Political parties too supported the religious groups in the struggle for freedom.

Q11. Mention any three contribution of Phan Boi Chau.

Ans.(a) He was a nationalist leader of Vietnam and became a major figure in the anti-colonial
resistance against the France.
(b) He is credited with setting up of the Revolutionary Society in 1903.
(c) Phan is also known for his influential book ‘The History of the Loss of Vietnam.’
Q12. Explain any three features of the “Go East Movement” in Vietnam.
Ans.(a) The “Go East Movement” was a popular movement in the first decade of the 20th
century. It attracted many Vietnamese students and nationalists who went to Japan to
acquire modern education.
(b) Its primary objective was to acquire means and support to drive out the
French from Vietnam, to overthrow the puppet emperor and to re-establish the
Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French colonizer.
(c) The nationalists tried to obtain foreign arms and help to achieve their goal
(d) The Vietnamese students also established societies to carry out their campaign to take
support from Japan.
Q13. How did the Great Depression of 1930s affect Vietnam?
Ans.(a) Farmers were badly affected. Rural debts increased.
(b) With the decrease in exports, earnings decreased sharply.
(c) Unemployment and poverty became severe. It further resulted in rural uprisings.
Q14. Explain any three developments in Japan and China that inspired Vietnamese
nationalists.
Ans.(a) Taking the example of Japan, Vietnamese students went there to study in large
numbers.
(b) The Vietnamese were inspired by the way Japan successfully resisted western
colonization.
(c) By defeating Russia in 1907, Japan has proved its military capabilities.
Q15. Explain any three points about the importance of “Ho Chi Minh Trail” to Vietnam.
Ans.(a) The trail was used by the Vietnamese in their war against the US forces.
(b) It was used to transport goods and people from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.
(c) It led to the quick movements of forces from one war front to the other and
maintained quick supply of food, arms and ammunition to the soldiers.
(d) It had support bases and hospitals along the way.
Q16. What was the main motive of the French to develop the infrastructural projects in
Vietnam? Explain how far they succeeded in their mission.
Ans.(a) They wanted to ensure regular supply of natural resources and other necessary goods
to make more profits.
(b) They began by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase
cultivation for increased export of rice in the international market.
(c) To facilitate trade, various projects were started to transport goods and military garrisons.
5 marks questions
Q17. Why did the French policy makers want to educate the people in Vietnam? How this was
made possible?
Ans (a) Some French policy makers emphasized the need to use French language as the
medium of instruction. They felt that by learning French, the Vietnamese would be
introduced to the culture and civilization of France.
(b) This would help the French to consolidate their control over the Vietnamese.
(c) The educated Vietnamese would respect French sentiments and ideals, see the
superiority of French culture and work for the French.
These ideas were made possible in the following ways:
 (a) School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule and represented the Vietnamese
as primitive and backward.
(b) New subjects like science, hygiene and French were included.
(c) Students were encouraged to adopt western style.
Q18. Mention the steps taken by the French to dismantle Chinese influence in Vietnam.
Ans.
(a) French schools were established to spread western outlook.
(b) Medium of instruction was replaced either by French or by Vietnamese.
(c) Chinese language used by the elites in Vietnam was discouraged.
(d) The Vietnamese were forced to learn French culture.
(e) Tonkin Free School was set up to provide western-style education to spread French culture.
(f) In religion, the French introduced Christianity in Vietnam which challenged Confucianism, the
Chinese religion followed by many Vietnamese.
Q19. Why did the measures adopted to prevent plague become ineffective in Vietnam?
Ans. The French hired Vietnamese workers to get rid of the plague. But their efforts
produced no effective results.
Those who did the dirty work of entering sewers found innovative ways to earn from this
menace.
A bounty was paid when a tail was given as proof that a rat had been killed. They had to produce
the tails of the rats they killed as a proof. So after clipping the tails of the rats, they were released
by the Vietnamese and this process were repeated. Many Vietnamese even began raising rats to
earn huge profits.
The Vietnamese took this opportunity to resist the colonial rule.
Thus, the measures to prevent plague proved ineffective.
Q20. Division of Vietnam set in motion series of events that turned the country into a battle
field. Support the statement.
Ans. At the Geneva Convention held in 1954, even after the defeat of France, Vietnam was
forced to accept its division. North Vietnam came under Communist regime led by Ho
Chi Minh and South Vietnam under Bao Dai. The following were the consequences of
this partition:
(a) The division of Vietnam brought along with it a series of conflicting events that turned Vietnam
into a battlefield, causing large number of deaths and widespread destruction.
(b) A repressive and authoritarian government was set up in south under Ngo Dinh Diem after
sacking Bao Dai.
(c) He was not tolerant to any sort of opposition. There began a series of arrests and killings of the
so-called communists or those who opposed him.
(d) Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism, was adopted by
Ngo Dinh Diem.
(e) There began a broad opposition under the banner of National Liberation Front against the
dictatorial rule of Ngo Dinh Diem.
(f) Fearing the spread of communist ideology, USA intervened and turned Vietnam into a
battlefield.
Q21. What were the features of the Vietnam War?
Ans.(a) It was also called the first Television war as it was shown on the daily news
programmes.
(b) This war disillusioned many about the US involvement. Within US, people praised
the efforts of Vietnamese in defending their country.
(c) The Vietnam War became the greatest threat to peace, national self-determination,
and international cooperation.
(d) It led to a worldwide condemnation.
(e) It forced the US government to negotiate an end of the war.
Q22. Explain the role of women as worriers in Vietnam during the 1960s.
Ans.(a) With the beginning of nationalist movement in Vietnam, there emerged a new image
of womanhood. Nationalist writers and political thinkers idolized women rebels.
(b) Rebel women of the past began to be celebrated. Nationalists like Phan Boi Chau
wrote a play based on the lives of Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese
domination in the past.
(c) Images of another rebel leader Trieu Au were popularized to inspire people to action.
(d) Magazines and journals having the pictures of women militia shooting down planes
began to showcase women as young brave fighters dedicated to the service of nation.
(e) Stories about women began to be written to show they felt joining army and
carrying a rifle. Some stories narrated their bravery in single-handedly killing the enemy,
like Nguyen Thi Xuan, who shot down a jet with twenty bullets.
 Chapter-3

Nationalism in India

Important question and answers

1 mark questions
Q1. Why did Gandhiji organise satyagraha in 1917 in Kheda district of Gujarat?
Ans. To protect against high revenue demand from the peasants even after crop failure and
crop
Epidemic.
Q2. With what objective did General Dyer open fire on the peaceful gathering at
Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919?
Ans. General Dyer objective was to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of the
satyagrahis.
Q3. What does the term Khalifa refer to?
Ans. The term Khalifa refers to the spiritual leader of the Muslim community.
Q4 In which Indian National Congress session, the idea of Khilafat –Non-Cooperation
movement was accepted?
Ans. The idea of Khilafat –Non-cooperation was accepted at the Indian National Congress
Session in Calcutta in September 1920.
Q5. Why was the Simon Commission sent to India?
Ans. To look into constitutional matters and suggest reforms.
Q6. At which session of Congress was the resolution of “Purana Swaraj” adopted?
Ans. The resolution of ‘Purna Swaraj’ was adopted at the Lahore Session in December 1929.
Q7. Why did Gandhiji oppose the Salt Law?
Ans. The British government acquired monopoly rights over manufacture and sale of salt. It
led to increase the prise of salt. Therefore, Gandhiji opposed the salt law.
Q8. Who organised the Dalits into Depressed Classes Association in 1930?
Ans. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar organised the Dalits into Depressed Classes Association in 1930.
Q9. Why was Gandhiji against the demand for separate electorates?
Ans. Because he felt that this would slow down the process of integration of dalits into the
main stream of the society.
Q10. Which agreement gave seats to the depressed classes in provincial and central
legislative councils?
Ans. Poona Pact of September 1932 gave seats to the depressed classes in the provincial and
central legislative councils.

3 marks questions
Q11. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the
proposed Rowlatt Act? Explain any three reasons.
Ans. A. The Rowlatt Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council
despite the united opposition of the Indian members.
B. The Act gave the colonial government enormous powers to repress political activities.
C. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Q12. Why was the Khilafat Movement supported by Gandhiji in 1919? What was his
main aim?
Ans. Gandhiji wanted a more united and broad –based movement especially for bringing the
Hindus and Muslims together. In 1919, Gandhiji supported the Khilafat Movement to
protest against the humiliation caused to Turkish Khalifa by the British. The Khalifa was
regarded as the spiritual head of the Muslims around the world. Gandhiji saw this as an
 opportunity to gain the support of the Muslim community.
Q13. How the Non-cooperation was to be launched as suggested by Gandhiji?
Ans. A. To begin with, people were asked to surrender the titles awarded by the government.
B. Next was to be the boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils,
schools and foreign goods by the Indians.
C. Following these developments, if the government used repression, a civil disobedience
campaign would be launched.
D. An extensive tour throughout India was another proposal to mobilize popular support for
the movement.
Q14. Why did some leaders of the Congress oppose the idea of a Non-Cooperation
Movement?
Ans. A. Some leaders did not want to boycott the council elections of November1920.
B. They thought that the movement would become violent.
C. They wanted to oppose the government policies by participating in legislative councils.
Q15. Explain any three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh.
Ans. A. The peasants were burdened with high rents and a variety of other cesses by the
Talukdars.
B. They were even forced to do begar in the farms of Talukdars and landlords.
C. At the same time, tenants had no security of tenure and were regularly evicted in order to
prevent them from acquiring any right over the leased land.
Q16. How was the movement against the landlords and talukdars led by Baba
Ramachandra?
Ans. A. Panchayats organised nai-dhobi bandhs to deprive the landlords of the basic services of
barbers and washermen.
B. Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up and several of its branches were organised in the villages
and around the region.
C. In some places, houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted
and grain hoards were taken over.
Q17. How did different groups of people interpret the idea of Sawaraj.
Ans. A. Plantation workers took it as the freedom to visit their native places and freedom of
movement in and out of plantations. They believed that everyone would be given land in
their own villages.
B. The different groups of people had their own idea of Swaraj. For example, for middle
class Swaraj meant the spread of education and share in the administration of the
country.
C. For the farmers, it meant reduction in land revenue and rent.
D. Tribal wanted to get back their traditional rights over forests. They wanted to use forests
for animal rearing, fruits collection, firewood collection and shifting cultivation.
Q18. Examine the significance of the Non-cooperation Movement.
Ans. A. It was a large scale movement; It attracted common people from all social groups.
B. Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement went together . It promoted Hindu-
Muslim unity.
C. Peasants and tribal movements became a significant part of the Indian National
Movement.
D. It was a non-violent movement. So, it popularized the Gandhian idea of non-violent
Satyagraha.

5 marks questions
Q19. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Ans. A. Satyagraha stressed on the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
B. It advocated that for the struggle against injustice and right cause, the use of physical
force cannot be the right way.
 C. One can win the oppressor even by appealing to his conscience.
D. Rather than using violence against him, it is important that the oppressor is made to see
the truth.
E. According to Gandhiji, Satyagraha is the most effective method of protest. It is certain
that the truth always wins.
Q20. Describe any five economic effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Ans A. The factory manufactured cheap and abundant foreign goods were boycotted, liquor
shops were picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
B. Import of foreign cloth decreased to half causing huge economic loss to the Britishers.
C. The merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade even
though it meant loss of profits to them.
D. As the Non-Cooperation Movement spread, more and more people began to discard
imported clothes and use Indian made clothes.
E. Production of Indian textiles went up which was good for Indian industrialisation and
economy.
Q21. Describe the events of the Civil Disobedience movement.
Ans. A. It began with Gandhiji breaking salt law at Dandi. People, also openly defied the colonial
laws like breaking salt laws, manufacturing salt and staging demonstrations in front of
government salt factories.
B. There was large scale boycott of foreign cloth and picketing of liquor shops. Peasants
refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
C. Village officials resigned and at many places forest people violated forest laws by going
into Reserve Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
On the other hand, colonial government too reacted with ruthless and brutal suppression.
A Fearing the intensity of the movement and huge loss to the government property, the
government arrested many eminent nationalist leaders like Gandhiji and Khan Abdul
Gaffar khan.
B Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and many were
arrested.
Q22. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement differ from Non-Cooperation
Movement?
Ans. A Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1920-22, while Civil Disobedience
Movement from 1930 to 1934.
B The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched because of the anger of Jallianwala Bagh
tragedy and the Civil Movement was launched to protest the arrival of the Simon
Commission.
C NCM began with the surrender of titles, boycott of British institutions and goods,
whereas CDM began with defying and breaking the colonial laws, like salt law.
D NCM aimed for swaraj or self-government. CDM demanded complete independence or
Purna Swaraj.
E The NCM got the support of almost all sections of society whereas CDM had many
limitations.
 Chapter-6
Work, Life and Leisure
Important question and answers
1 mark questions
Q1. Why did the city of Calcutta in the 19th century India amazed and confused writers
and others?
Ans. Calcutta in the 19th century offered a series of contrasting images and experiences like
wealth and poverty, splendour and dirt, opportunities and disappointments which
confused many.
Q2. Who were the philanthropists?
Ans. Philanthropists were people who worked for social upliftment and charity, donating time
and money for the purpose.
Q3. Who wrote several volumes on the London labour and compiled long lists of those
who made a living from crime?
Ans. Henry Mayhew.
Q4. Who were the criminals as mentioned by Henry Mayhew in his various volumes?
Ans. Criminals in fact were poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from
shops, lumps of coal and clothes drying on hedges.
Q5. What were Presidency cities?
Ans. The capitals of the Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies in British India were called
Presidency cities. These were multifunctional cities which had major ports, warehouses,
army camps, offices and libraries.
Q6. How did the British get control of the seven islands which later formed Bombay?
Ans. In 1661, control of seven islands passed into hands of the British after the marriage of
Britain’s king Charles II to the Portuguese princes.
Q7. What was ‘Girangaon’?
Ans. Girangoan was a mill village where most of the workers lived and they walked to their
place of work.
Q8. Which Indian city was the first to get Smoke Nuisance legislation?
Ans. Calcutta was the first to get Smoke Nuisance Legislation in 1863.

3 marks questions
Q9. Name three historical processes which have shaped modern cities in a decisive
ways.
Ans. A. The rise of industrial capitalism.
B. The establishment of colonial rule over large part of the world.
C. Establishment of democratic ideals.
Q10. Give brief description of London as a city in 1750s.
Ans. London was a colossal city or metropolis. It was densely populated city. It also became
the center of administration as the capital of Britain. Its population was approximately
6,75,000 .There was a rapid growth of population from 1 million in 1810 to 4 million in
1880.Migrants from rural areas were attracted to the textile mills of Manchester and
Leeds in large numbers after 1850s. Slums and social crimes increased and the
distinction between the rich and poor widened.
Q11. List some steps taken to clean up London.
Ans. A. Decongestion of localities by introduction of rent control.
B. Increasing green open spaces by building suburbs or countryside homes by the rich.
C. Pollution reduction by building green belt around London.
D. Landscaping and building cottages for single family etc.
Q12. When and why was the Rent Act in Bombay during the British days? What was its
outcome?
Ans. A. Rent Act was passed in 1918 in Bombay.
B. It was passed to keep the rent reasonable.
C. Rent Act had the opposite effects of producing housing crises because the landlords
refused to given at such low rents.
Q13. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground
railways.
Ans. The development of suburbs as part of the drive to decongest London led to the
extension of the city beyond the range where people could walk to work. Though these
suburbs had been built, people could not be persuades to leave the city and stay far away
from their workplace in the absence of some form of public transport. The Underground
railway was constructed to solve this transport problem by carrying people to their
workplace and back home.
Q14. Explain any three features of ‘Chawls’ of Bombay (Mumbai).
Ans. A. In 1860s, Chawls were built in the native part of the town. The multi-storeyed structures
were owned by private landlords.
B. A chawl was divided into several smaller one room tenements. These had no private
toilets.
C. Many families could live together in a tenement. High rents forced the tenants to share
the tenements to share the tenements with other families. People kept the windows
closed due to filthy gutters, buffalo-stables etc.

5 marks questions
Q15. Describe the features of big modern city of Calcutta as viewed by the gods in the
novel written by Durgacharan Ray.
Ans. In 1880, Durgacharan Roy wrote a novel Debganer Martye Aagaman. The main features
of the city of Calcutta as viewed by Brahma and other gods are as follows:
A. They were awe struck to see the modern marvels. The train, in which they were
travelling, the large ships on the river Ganges and factories giving out smoke.
B. They were surprised to see bridges and monuments and shops selling commodities and
goods.
C. The gods were dazzled to see that Calcutta had flourishing trade and commerce,
opportunity for education and jobs. At the same time they were disturbed when they saw
cheats and thieve the poverty and the poor quality of housing for many.
D. People accused one another as swindlers. The Brahma himself was tricked into buying
cheap pair of glasses.
E. All social distinctions had begun to break down.
Q16. Discuss how London emerged as the largest city in the world in the 19th century.
Ans. A. Increase in population. One out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in
London. Industrial Revolution started in England.
B. Colonisation and political dominance in global trade led to great wealth and capital,
making London the hub of world trade and commerce.
C. The population expanded throughout the nineteenth century from one million in 1810 to
4 million in 1880.
D. Important industries were the dockyards , clothing , footwear, metallurgy, etc.
E. During the First World War, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical
goods.

Q 17 ‘Bombay is a city of dreams’. Explain.

Ans. A. There was huge expansion of industries and infrastructure in Bombay.
B. The industries had numerous job opportunities and attracted many people from outside.
C. People from all over India came here to fulfill their dreams.
D. Bombay also became a hub of Indian films.
Q18. ‘Bombay is a city of hardships’. Explain.
Ans. A. Bombay city due to over population lacked in housing facilities.
B. Maximum people lived in chawls with minimum basic amenities.
C. . It was a costly city, which made the life of daily wage earners very miserable.
D. People had to travel long distances to reach their job locations.
E. Industrial labourers were exploited by the industrialists.
 Chapter-8
Novels, Society and History
Important question and answers
1 mark questions
Q1. Name the novel which was written in the form of series of letters.
Ans. Pamela.
Q2. Which problem of the society was focused in the novel Hard Times?
Ans. Charles Dickens wrote about the terrible effects of industrialization on people’s lives and
character.
Q3. What was the main theme of the novels written by Joseph Conrad?
Ans. Joseph Conrad wrote novels which show the darker side of colonial occupation.
Q4. Who is the pioneer of modern Hindi literature?
Ans. Bharatendu Harishchandra.
Q5. Name the author who popularised the Hindi language and Nagri Script among the
educated classes of those times.
Ans. Devaki Nandan Khatri.
Q6. What is ‘Kissa-Goi’?
Ans. Kissa-goi is a storytelling method.
Q7. Which novel depicts a topsy –turvy world in which women take the place of men?
Ans. Sultana’s Dream
Q8. Name an early Muslim writer who gained wide renown as a novelist in Malayalam.
Ans. Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer.

3 marks questions
Q9. Examine those factors that enabled the people have easier and greater access to
books in the 18th century.
Ans. A. Introduction of circulating libraries after 1740 enabled the people to borrow books.
B. Technological improvements in printing brought down the prices of books.
C. Innovations in marketing led to expanded sales.
D. In France, the publishers found that they could make super profits by hiring novels by the
hour.
Q10. For a long time the publishing market excluded the poor. Why? How did the people
have easier access to books?
Ans. A. For a long time the publishers excluded the poor. Initially the novels were very expensive
e.g. Henry Fielding Tom Jones was written in six volumes, priced at three shillings each,
which was more than what the labourer earned in a week.
B. Soon people have easier access to novels because of circulating libraries, which were
introduced in 1740.
C. Technological improvements in printing brought down the cost of books and innovations
in marketing led to expanded sales.
Q11. How did the novels became popular among the masses? Explain with examples.
Ans. A. The novels became popular because the world they portrayed seemed real, believable and
absorbing. The reader felt close to the character and looked at life through their life.
B. The novels gave double pleasure to its pleasure to its readers. They enjoyed reading a
novel in private and then experience the joy of discussing it with friends by publicly
reading it.
C. In rural areas, people gathered to hear as one of them read a novel aloud and the listeners
became deeply involved with the lives of its characters.
Q12. How did novels help in the spread of silent reading?
Ans. A. In general novels helped reading alone and in silence.
B. The novels needed concentration and recapitulation of what was already read. Individuals
 Sitting at home or travelling in a train enjoyed reading novels.
C. Even in crowed room, people enjoyed reading novels in silence. They would be lost in
the story of the novel and would try to read more and more. It was like daydreaming.
Q13. Discuss the importance of the novels of Thomas Hardy.
Ans. In the 19th century, most of the novels readers lived in cities.
The novel connected them with the life and fate of rural communities.
Thomas Hardy, an English novelist, wrote about the traditional rural communities of
England who were affected by industrialisation.
The old rural culture was vanishing due to machines used’ on land, and labourers brought
to work the machines, and produce for the market.
This change is reflected in many of Hardy’s novels, especially The Mayor of
Casterbridge. He describes the problems and changes created by the new order, and he
mourns the loss of the more personalised world.
Q14. In what way was ‘woman’ depicted in Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre?
Ans. A In the 18th and 19th centuries, women were shown to play a domestic role. They were
expected to adjust themselves to accepted social norms.
B In Charlotte Bronte’s novel the protagonist Jane Eyre as shown as an assertive and
independent woman.
C At the age of ten, Jane protests against the hypocrisy of her elders and aunt bluntly. She
tells her aunt who is always unkind to her ‘People think you a good woman, but you are
bad. You are deceitful. I will never call you aunt as long as I live.
Q15. What did G A Henty write about in his novel?
Ans. GA Henty wrote historical and adventure novels for boys. They aroused the excitement
and adventure of conquering strange lands. They were set in exotic locations like Mexico,
Alexandria, Siberia and many other countries. They were always young boys who
witness grand historical events, get involved in some military action and show what they
called ‘English’ courage. Henty was widely popular during the height of the British
empire.
Q16. Analyse the history of novels in South India.
Ans. A O. Chandu Menon tried to translate the English novel .Henrietta Temple into Malayalam.
However he gave up the idea because the people would not understand English ways of
living. Instead he wrote a novel in Malayalam called Indulekha.
B In Andhra Pradesh, Kandukri Viresalingam began translating an English novel Vicar of
Wakefield, but soon he gave up the idea. Instead he wrote an original Telegu novel
Rajasekhara Caritama.
C The other novels written in South India were Indirabai, a Kannada novel
Saraswativijayam, a novel from Kerala.
Q17. Explain any three features of the early Bengali novels.
Ans. A The early Bengali novels in the 19th century can be divided into two groups- the novels
based on historical events and domestic novels which dealt with social problems and
romantic relationship between men and women.
B The old merchant elite encouraged public forms of entertaintment. The new bhadarlok
read novels individually or in select groups. The people collected at a convenient place to
read, discuss and judge literary works. Bankim Chandra read his novel Durgeshnandini in
such a group.
C Novels were also enjoyed for their language. They were written in Colloquial language,
in Meyeli, a woman’s language.
Q18. How did novels become popular in India? Explain.
Ans. A They were the enjoyment for the people of middle class. Picture book translation from
other languages, popular songs and contemporary events, stories in newspaper and
magazines offered new type of entertainment.
B Detective and mystery novels had to be printed again and again to meet the demand of
 the reading public.
C Novels also encouraged silent reading and reading alone. Whether sitting at home or
travelling a reader could have the pleasure of reading a novel.
Q19. Why were many people worried about the effects of the novels on the readers?
Mention any three reasons.
Ans. A The critics were worried about the immoral influence of the novels. They took people
away from real surroundings to an imaginary world where anything could happen.
B Women and children were considered as soft targets that could be corrupted easily. They
were singled out for advice. They were warned against ailments and diseases which
would ruin their lives if they wasted their time in reading novels.
C Men were suspicious of women reading or writing novels. This suspicion cut across
communities. Many thought women would become rebellious and refuse to conform to
traditions.

5 marks questions
Q20. How was the problem of being modern addressed by Indian novels?
Ans. A. Pariksha-Guru reflects the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle class. The
characters in the novel are caught in a dilemma of adjusting to colonised society and at
the same time preserving their cultural identity.
B. The world of modernity is irresistible to the characters. The novel teaches them the right
way to live and remain rooted in the values of their own traditions.
C. In the novel, the characters take to new agricultural technology, modernising trading
practices, changing the use of Indian language and transmitting western science and
Indian wisdom.
D. The protagonists of the novel, Indulekha and Madhavan are both educated in English and
Sanskrit. Madhavan is a member of English educated class of Nayars from the University
of Madras. He dresses in western clothes, at the same time he keeps a long tuft of hair
according to Nayar custom. Indulekha rejects Suri Nambuthiri when he comes to marry
her. Instead she chooses Madhavan.
E. They showed the readers how Indian and foreign lifestyles could be brought together.
Q21. ‘Premchand’s novels are filled with powerful characters from all levels of society.
’Justify the statement.
Ans. A Premchand’s novels are filled with all kind of powerful characters, belonging to different
strata of society.
B His novels include aristocrats, landlords middle level peasant, middle class professionals
and people from margins of society. The women characters are strong individuals,
especially those belonging to lower castes.
C Sewasadan deals mainly with the poor condition of women in society. Issues like child
marriage and dowry are woven in the story of the novel.
D The central character of his novel Rangbhoomi is Surdas , a visually impaired beggar
from the so called ‘untouchable’ class. His land is forcibly taken for establishing a
tobacco factory.
E Godan, is the best known work of Premchand. It is an epic about Indian peasantry. The
novel tells the moving story of Hori and Dhania, a peasant couple.
Q22. How did the novels try to create a sense of pan-Indian belonging? Explain.
Ans. A In Bengal many historical novels produced a sense of pan-India belonging.
B The imagined nation was full of adventure, heroism, sacrifice. These qualities were not in
the common man of the 19th century world.
C The novels allowed the colonised to give shape to their desires and feelings.
D The first historical novel written in Bengal was Anguriya Binimoy written by Bhudeb
Mukhopadhyay. The story revolves around the battles between Aurangzeb and Shivaji.
Man Singh persuades Shivaji to make peace. Realising, Aurangzeb wanted to make him a
 house prisoner, Shivaji escapes and return to battle. Shivaji believed that he was a
nationalist fighting for the freedom of Hindus.
E Bankim outlines an imagined a nation in his novel Anandmath. The novel is about a
secret militia that fights Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. It inspired many freedom
fighters a pan Indian feeling.
 GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER- 1
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Everything available in our environment which can be

used to satisfy our needs, which are technologically
Resources - Definition accessible, economically feasible and culturally
acceptable

On the basis of ORIGIN - Biotic and Abiotic.

On the basis of EXAUSTIBILITY - Renewable and
Non- Renewable.
Types of resources On the basis of OWNERSHIP - Individual,
community, National and International.
On the basis of STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT-
Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserve.

 Identification and inventory of resource by

surveying and mapping.
 Evolving a planning structure with technology,
Stages of Resource Planning
skill and institutional set up.
 Matching resource plans with national
development plans.
ALLUVIAL SOIL BLACK SOIL (Regur Soil)
1. Made of river deposits, consist of sand 1. Made of lava flow
silt and clay 2. Ideal for cotton cultivation
2. Types- Bangar and Khadar 3. High capacity to hold moisture
3. Intensively cultivated, supports dense 4. Rich in lime, potash, magnesium and
population calcium carbonate
4. Ideal for paddy, wheat, sugarcane 5. Deccan Plateau
5. Northern plains and deltas

ARID SOIL FOREST SOIL

1. Sandy in texture, saline 1. Found in hilly forests areas.

in Nature. CLASSIFICATION 2. Loamy and silty valley sides
2. Lacks humus and Jammu Kashmir, Sikkim
OF SOIL
moisture,
3. Contain kankar
4. Western Rajasthan

LATERITE SOIL RED & YELLOW SOIL

1. Prone to leaching 1. Red colour due to diffusion of iron in

2. Low humus crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
3. Suitable for crops like Cashew nut. 2. Yellow due to hydration
4. Kerala, Karnataka,M.P,Hilly Odisha 3. Odisha and Chattisgarh
&Assam.
 Important Question and answers

1 mark question
Q:1 What are natural resources?
Ans : Natural gifts in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals are called natural resources and
Rule.
Q .2 Give examples of human-made resources?
Ans : Examples of human-made resources are:-
(i) Buildings (ii) Villages (iii) Cities (iv) Machines (v) Industries (vi) Roads (vi) Railways
Q .3 How was black soil formed?
Ans : Black soils have been formed from the weathered lava flows found in the Deccan Trap region.
Q .4. Where are black soils found in India?
Ans : Black soils are found in Maharastra, Western Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat states of India.
Q .5. Why is conservation of resources necessary?
Ans : Conservation of resources is necessary means the resources should be used in a judicious and
planned way. Non-renewable resources like minerals demand extra care as they cannot be renewed.
Q .6 Name inexhaustible resources of energy?
Ans : Geo thermal energy, Tidal energy, Wind energy etc.
Q .7 What is resource development?
Ans : Resource development is not an exploitation but preservation and reuse of the resources to satisfy
human need.
Q .10 Give examples each of resources on the basis of origin?
Ans : (i) Biotic resources:- forest and animals.
(ii) Abiotic resources:-water and soil.
Q .11 What do you mean by land degradation?
Ans : Land degradation is the depletion of the land due to faulty agricultural practices, overgrazing,
deforestation and mining.
Q .12 Name the biotic minerals?
Ans : Land degradation is the depletion of the land due to faulty agricultural practices, overgrazing,
deforestation and mining.
Q .13 State some examples of exhaustible resources which are renewable?
Ans : Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron etc are exhaustible but can be reused.
Q .14 State resources used by industries.
Ans : Forest, Agriculture, Wildlife, Water, Mineral and Power resources.
Q .15 State some adverse effect of increasing agricultural production?
Ans : To increase agricultural production, insecticides and fertilizers are used which causes pollution and
effect plant and animal life.
Q .16 What are the effects of mining?
Ans : Unscientific practices of mining releases dust and smoke and land becomes unsuitable for
agriculture.
Q .17 Which resources demand extra care and why? Give examples?
Ans : Non-renewable resources demand extra care because they can’t be renewed and their supply is
limited.
Example:- Coal, Petroleum and other minerals.
Q .18 How soil is the basic resources of agriculture?
Ans: Plants and crops grow on soil and its growth depends upon the fertility of the soil.
Q .19 How soil erosion is caused?
Ans : Soil erosion is caused due to wind, rain and human activities.
Q .20 Write two salient features of Khadar soil?
Ans : Khadar is the new alluvium containing fine particles. It is renewed frequently and is more fertile.
3 and 5 Marks questions
Q .21 What is resource planning? Mention the stages of resource planning.
Ans : It is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources. It involves the three stage as follows:-
(i) Preparation of inventory of resources.
(ii) Evaluation in terms of availability for development.
(iii) Planning for exploitation of resources.
Q .22 How is soil formed?
Ans : Soil is formed by the number of process and the most important of them are:-
(i) Parent rock
(ii) Climate
(iii) Local topography
(iv) Long period of time
Q .23 Name four broad types of soils found in India. Mention two characteristics of a soil which is
most important and widespread?
Ans : Four broad types of soils found in India are:-
(i) Alluvial soil
(ii) Black/Regur soil
(iii) Red soil
(iii) Laterite soil
The most important and widespread soil is alluvial soil. Its Characteristics are:-
(i) This soil is formed by the deposits of the river.
(ii) It covers about 43% of the total area.
(iii) The soil is very fertile.
Q .24 Name two nutrients in which alluvial soil is deficient. Briefly write how fertility of soil
affected distribution of population?
Ans : Alluvial soil is deficient in organic and nitrogenous nutrients. The distribution of population is
affected as:-
(i) Due to fertile alluvial soil West Bengal is densely populated.
(ii) The Northern plains are densely populated due to the same reason.
(iii) Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir are sparsely populated due to presence of desert and mountain
soil.
Q.25 State the methods of controlling soil erosion?
Ans : The methods are:-
(i) Reducing flow of water by constructing small bunds.
(ii) Planting trees [Afforestation]
(iii) Contour ploughing
(iv) Avoiding overgrazing
Q .26 Explain how human activities have caused land degradation?
Ans :
(i) Overgrazing and deforestation have destroyed the vegetation.
(ii) Surface mining have caused degradation of the land.
(iii) The mineral processing like:-
(a) Grinding of limestone in cement industries.
(b) Grinding of calcite and soapstone in ceramic industries which generates large amount of dust and
release in the atmosphere.
When it settles down in the surrounding area and affects infiltration of water and crop cultivation.
Q .28 Distinguish between Renewable and Non-renewable Resources?
Ans :
Renewable Resources Non-renewable Resources
(i)These resources have the ability to renew (i) These resources can’t be renewed after
themselves in a given period of time. exhaustion.
(ii) These are inexhaustible or replenishable (ii) These are exhaustible or non-replenishable
resources. resources.
(iii) They don’t require substitutes or (iii) They require substitutes or conservation. Ex.
conservation. Ex. Forest, Water, etc. Iron, Coal etc.
Q .29 Differentiate between Red soil and Laterite soil?
Ans:
Red Soil Laterite Soil
(i) They are formed in the areas of igneous and
(i) They are formed where there is heavy rainfall.
metamorphic rocks.
(ii) They are formed due to weathering. (ii) They are formed due to leaching.
(iii) They contain loose gravel which are very
(iii) They contain fine particles.
coarse.
(iv) They are found in parts of Madhya Pradesh, (iv) They are found along the Western Ghats,
Tamil Nadu, Orissa, etc. Meghalaya etc.
Q. 30. Differentiate between Alluvial soil and Black soil?
Ans :
Alluvial Soil Black Soil
(i) These have been formed from the weathered
(i) These are formed by the deposition of rivers.
lava.
(ii) These are mainly found in the Northern (ii) These are mainly found in the North-western
Plains and Coastal strips. parts of the Deccan plateau.
(iii) These soils are loamy and permeable. (iii) These soils are clayey and impermeable.
(iv) They do not develop cracks in the dry hot
(iv) They develop cracks in the dry hot season.
season.
Q .31 Differentiate between Khadar soil and Bhangar soil?
Ans:
Khadar Soil Bhangar Soil
(i) New alluvial are called khaddar. (i) Old alluvial are called bhangar.
(ii) These are found near the river in the flood
(ii) These are found away from the rivers.
plains.
(iii) These are sandy and of light colour. (iii) These are coarse and gravel like particles.
(iv) These are renewed frequently and hence are (iv) These are not renewed and hence are less
very fertile. fertile.
Q . 32 Differentiate between Biotic and Abiotic resources?
Ans :
Biotic Resources Abiotic Resources
(i) These resources are derived from living
(i) These are derived from non-living things.
being.
(ii) These resources can regenerate under (ii) These are of both types – exhaustible and
favourable condition. inexhaustible.
(iii) These are found only in the biosphere. (iii) These are found everywhere.
(iv) They depend upon biotic resources for their (iv) They are independent. Ex. Water, Soil,
substances. Ex. Animals, Plants. Minerals.
Q .33 What are the roles of human being in the process of resources development and
management?
Ans : (i) Economic development of a nation depends mainly on the richness, development and
management of resources.
(ii) Overpopulation results in overexploitation of resources.
(iii) To increase agricultural production, fertilizers and insecticides are used. This causes pollution and
affects animal and plant life.(iv) Unscientific exploitation of mineral releases dust and affect the fertility
of the land.
Q .34 Why are resources necessary for human beings?
Ans : (i) Natural resources are gift to a nation. These are the backbone of the economy of the nation.
(ii) These provide base for the economic development of a nation. These help us to create goods or
provide services. Human have created their own world of living by utilizing these resources.
(iii) Both natural resources e.g. soil, water, minerals etc. and man-made resources e.g. cities, machines
etc. are essential for living.
Q .35 How does industry cause land degradation?
Ans : The mineral processing like grinding of:-
(a) lime stone for cement industry
(b) soapstone for ceramic industry generate and release heavy amount of dust to the atmosphere. It settles
down in the
surrounding areas and affects infiltration of water and crop cultivation. Industrial effluents and wastes
have become the major cause of land and water pollution.
Q . 37 Why is conservation of resources necessary? Discuss the methods of conservation of soil
resources?
Ans : Conservation of resources is judicious and planned use of natural resources as improper and
overuse may deplete them.
Methods of conservation of soil resources:-
(i) Overgrazing should be avoided as it may destroy the vegetation cover.
(ii) Contour planning should be adopted.
(iii) Terracing should be done to form steps which will check the speed of flow of water and reduce
erosion.
(iv) Shrubs and trees should be planted to check the force of the wind.
(v) Deforestation should be avoided.
(vi) Different plant with different harvesting period should be grown in strips, so that the farm is not
without plants at any time.
 Chapter - 3
Water resources
Important points to remember:
1. Three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
2. 97.5 per cent of the total volume of world’s water exists as oceans.
3. Only 2.5 per cent is fresh water.
4. Nearly 69 per cent of this freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and the
mountainous regions of the world,
5. 30 per cent is stored as groundwater and less than 1 per cent is in lakes and rivers.
6. Freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water.
7. Water is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle thus water is a
renewable resource.
8. India receives nearly 4 per cent of the global precipitation and ranks 133 in the world in terms of water
availability per person per annum.
Multi-Purpose River Projects and Integrated Water Resources Management
Important points to remember:
1. In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system
channeling the flood water of the river Ganga.
2. During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
3. Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga,(Orissa), Nagarjunakonda
(Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka),Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.
4. In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built.
5. In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to
Siri Fort area.
6. Dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, creating a reservoir or
lake.
7. The Bhakra – Nangal project on Satluj-Beas River is used both for hydel power production and
irrigation.
8. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood
control.
9. The troubles faced by people owing to the flooding of Damodar River have given this river a name as
the river of sorrow.
10. Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’.
11. He called dams as temples because he thought they will integrate the agriculture and village economy
with industrialization and urban economy.
Q.1 Mention the important causes of water scarcity in some parts of the world.
Ans. Main causes for water scarcity are:
(a) Overpopulation.
(b) Urbanization.
(c) Industrialization.
(d) Increase in agricultural production.
(e) Over-exploitation and mismanagement of water.
(f) Water Pollution.
(g) Variation in the seasonal and annual precipitation.
Q. 2 Why the conservation and management of our water resources is needed?
Ans. The conservation and management of our water resources is necessary for:
1. To safeguard ourselves from health hazards,
2. To ensure food security,
3. Continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities
4. To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems.
 5. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will deplete water resources and
cause ecological crisis.

Q. 3 What are Multi-purpose river valley project?

Ans Multi-purpose river valley projects are the dams or series of dams which are constructed across
rivers to impound water, which is later used for various purposes such as Irrigation, Navigation,
Generation of electricity, Pisciculture, Tourism etc.
Q 4 Why the Multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great opposition?
Ans. The reasons are:
Affect natural flow of running water:
i. Hence, it causes excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir.
ii. It results in rockier stream beds.
iii. They also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for breeding.
iv. Affect natural vegetation and soil:
v.. The flood plains are deprived of silt, a natural fertiliser, further
adding on to the problem of land degradation.
Create conflicts:
i. The dams create conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water
resources.
ii. Inter-state water disputes are also becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of
the multi-purpose project.
Cause of many social movements:
i. They have been a cause of many new social movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the
‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ etc.
Displacement of people:
i. They results in the large-scale displacement of local communities.
ii. Local people often had to give up their land, livelihood for the nation.
Failure to control flood:
i. The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the
reservoir and at the time of excessive rainfall.
Eg the recent flood which hit many in the northern part of India due to the release of excess water from
Bhakra nangal (23rd August 2011)
ii. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases
and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water
Change in cropping pattern:
i. Availability of irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern.
ii. Farmers have shifted to water intensive and commercial crops.
iii. This has great ecological consequences like salinisation of the soil.
Q.5 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose river valley projects.
Q.6 Describe how the drip irrigation system is done in Meghalaya.
Ans. 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is common in
Meghalaya.
1. Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.
2. The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it is distributed into
branches, again made and laid out with different forms of bamboo pipes.
3. The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.
Q. 7 Why did Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the temples of modern India?
Ans. The reason Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed them as temples are:
1. Dams would integrate development of each sector of the economy.
2. Dams were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress,
3. They would develop agriculture and the village economy
4. They would develop industries.
5. They would help in the growth of the urban economy.
Q. 8 Describe how traditional rainwater harvesting is carried out in the semi-arid regions of
Rajasthan.
Ans. In semi-arid regions of Rajasthan traditional rainwater harvesting is carried out as follows:
1. Almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
2. The tanks could be as large as a big room. One household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1
metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide.
3. The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
4. They were built inside the main house or the courtyard.
5. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
6. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground
‘tankas’.
Q. 9 Give examples of traditional water harvesting systems developed in ancient India.
1. In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary
tradition of water-harvesting system
2. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of
the Western Himalayas for agriculture.
3 ‘Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in
Rajasthan
4 In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields 5. In arid
and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the
ater to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’in other parts of Rajasthan
 CHAPTER -3

AGRICULTURE
Sr.No. Crop &Crop Climatic Requirement Area of Production
season
1. Rice- Kharif Temperature above 25 o C, high Plains of North and North-Eastern, Coastal
(Staple crop) humidity areas and Deltaic regions
Annual rainfall above 100cm West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab
Alluvial soil ,TamilNadu , Kerala
2. Wheat- Rabi 50-75 cm annual rainfall, Punjab ,Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan
(Cereal crop) Cool growing season and bright Ganga-Satluj plains in Northern-western
sunshine at the time of ripening black soil region of Deccan.
Alluvial loamy soil.
3. Maize- Kharif Temperature 21 o – 27 o C Bihar, UP, MP, Karnataka ,Andhra Pradesh
(Fodder crop) Old alluvial soil
4. Sugarcane Temperature 21 o - 27 o C UP, Maharashtra ,Karnataka ,Tamil Nadu,
Rainfall 75-100 cm ,low rainfall Andhra Pradesh, Punjab ,Haryana, Bihar
Grow in variety of soils
5. Tea Warm – moist frost free days, Assam, hills of Darjeeling in West Bengal,
(Beverage Frequent showers evenly Tamil Nadu, Kerala , Himachal , Uttrakhand
Crop) distributed over the years , Meghalaya , Andhra Pradesh and Tripura
Well drained soil, rich in humus
6. Coffee Cool climate, hilly region Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu
(Beverage Well drained soil
Crop)
7. Rubber Temperature above 25 o C Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu ,
Moist and humid climate Meghalaya , Andaman and Nicobar
Rainfall more than 200 cm
8. Cotton-Kharif Temperature average 25 o C Maharashtra , Gujarat , UP , Punjab ,
(fibre) Rainfall- 100cm Haryana, Bihar
210 frost free days
Black soil
9. Jute – Kharif Temperature average 25 o- 30 o C Bengal , Bihar , Assam , Orissa , Meghalaya
(Golden fibre) Rainfall- 150-200 cm
Well drained fertile soil
10. Jawar Rain-fed crop- grown in moist Maharashtra is the largest producer ,
(Millets) area Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh
11. Bajra Sandy soil and shallow black Rajasthan is the largest producer , UP ,
(Millets) soil Maharashtra , Gujarat , Haryana
12. Ragi Grows in dry region, Grows Karnataka is the largest producer , Tamil
(Millets) well on red, black, sandy, loamy Nadu , Himachal Pradesh , Uttrakhand ,
and shallow black soils. Sikkim , Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh
 Important Questions and answers
3 and 5 marks Questions
Q.1 What is plantation farming? What are its main characteristics?
Ans. Plantation is a type of commercial farming. In This kind of farming a single crop is grown on a
large area. Following are its characteristics:
A. Plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
B. Cultivation of cash for export purpose.
C. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
D. Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc are important plantation crops.
Q.2 Distinguish between Subsistence and Commercial agriculture.
Ans.
Intensive Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming
In this type of farming, crops produced by the farmers In this kind of farming, crops are grown for
are mainly consumed by their families. Surplus commercial purposes, i.e. for selling in the local
production is sold in the nearby local markets. and international markets.
Crops mainly grown are: tea, coffee, jute etc.
It is labour intensive farming. Farming is mechanised and is prevalent in areas
where farms are large and market economy is
well developed.
In this kind of farming, more than one crop is Generally one crop is cultivated.
cultivated in the agricultural field.
Cereals like wheat, rice and millets are etc Wheat, cotton, sugarcane, tea and coffee etc. are
mainly raised.
Q.3 Distinguish between Primitive Subsistence and Intensive Subsistence agriculture.
Primitive Subsistence Intensive Subsistence
Farmers clear, slash and burn a small piece of land This type of farming is practiced in areas of high
and on it grow cereals and other food crops to population pressure on land.
sustain themselves.

Primitive tools such as hoe, digging sticks and dao Modern methods such as HYV seeds, fertilizer,
are used. chemical etc. are used.
No fertilizers and manures is used and land High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are
productivity is low. used for obtaining higher production.

Q.4 Distinguish between Rabi and Kharif crop.

Rabi Kharif
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to . Kharif crops are sown with the onset of monsoon in
December June
These crops are harvested in summer from April to These crops are harvested in the month of September
June. and October.
Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard are some Paddy, maize, jowar, tur, moong, urd, cotton, jute,
major rabi crops. groundnut and soyabean are some of the important
crops.
. North and north western parts of the country are Some of the most important rice-growing regions are
important for growth of rabi crops. Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and
Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan coast) along
with Uttar Pradesh Bihar.
Q.5 Why are some pulses known as leguminous crop? Why are they grown in rotation with
other crops?
Ans.
A. Maximum pulses are known as leguminous crops.
B. It helps in fixation of nitrogen.
C. Pulses are grown in rotation with other crops as they help in restoring soil fertility by using
nitrogen from the air.
Q.6 Which type of agriculture is known as slash and burn agriculture? What is the main
disadvantage of this type farming?
Ans.
A. Shifting agriculture is known as slash and burn agriculture.
B. Such type of agriculture is harmful for environment.
C. Due to burning of plants and bushes, it causes pollution.
Q.7 Explain the factor upon which the different farming practices depends.
Ans. The types of farming practiced depend on following two factors:
A. Physical factors: It includes relief, climate and location.
B. Human Factors: Human factors include the cultural background of people, availability of
irrigation and agricultural practices.
Q.8 Why is agriculture important for Indian economy?
Ans.
A. Two third population of India engaged in agricultural activities.
B. Agriculture is a primitive activity, which produces most of the food that we consume.
C. It also produces raw material for carious industries like cotton, sugar and jute industry
D. It also helps in collecting foreign exchange.
Q.9 Kerala leads in the production of rubber. Give three reasons.
Ans.
A. Rubber requires high temperature and heavy rainfall throughout the year and Kerala has both
these requirements.
B. Rubber collection is a labour oriented occupation and as such it requires cheap labour and it is
easily available in Kerala.
C. It is a tropical crop and Kerala lies near the equator.
Q.10 Why has Indian agriculture started a declining trend in food production? Explain with any
three reasons.
Ans.
A. Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition.
B. The quality of our production is not able to compete with those of the developed countries.
C. Subsidy on fertilizers, pesticides and HYV has been decreased, it lead to increase in the
production cost.

Q.11 Write briefly about the movement started by Vinoba Bhave known as Bloodless revolution?
Ans.
A. Vinobha Bhave introduced voluntary redistribution of farm-lands to poor landless farmers for
their economic well-being.
B. It started when some poor landless villagers demanded some land for their economic well being
and unexpectedly Shri Ram Chandra Reddy offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80
landless villagers.
 C. This act was known as Bhoodan and many land owners chose to provide some part of their land
to the poor farmers due the land ceiling act. This Bhoodan and Gramdan movement initiated by
Vinobha Bhave is also known as the Blood less revolution.
Q.12 What do you know about Green Revolution?

Ans. Green Revolution is phrase used to describe the tremendous increase in the production of food
grains like wheat and rice in India.
A. It has been caused by large scale use of high yielding variety of seeds and development of surface
and ground water irrigation systems.
B. Large scale use of fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides, land reforms, rural electrification and
farm mechanization has caused Green revolution.
Q.13 Which is the staple crop for majority of the people in India? What are the Geographical
conditions required for its growth. Name the major areas of its production.
Ans.
a. Introduction: Rice is the staple food crop of majority of the population.
b. Climate: Paddy is a tropical crop and grows well in the wet monsoon.
c. Temperature: Above 25o C, coupled with heavy humidity.
d. Rainfall: It requires an annual rainfall above 100 cm. It requires heavy rainfall in summer and
irrigation in areas of less rainfall.
e. Areas of Cultivation: Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas
and the deltaic region. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells have
made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and UP.
Q.14 Which is the second most important cereal crop? What are the Geographical conditions
required for its growth. Name the major areas of its production.
Or
Why is wheat mainly grown in Punjab? Give three reasons.
Ans.
a. Introduction: Wheat is the second most important cereal crop. It is Rabi Crop. It is the main food
crop, in north and north-western parts of the country.
b. Soil Type: Alluvial soil and black soil
c. Temperature: Cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
d. Rainfall: 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
e. Areas of Cultivation: There are two prominent wheat growing zones in the country-the Ganga-
Sutlej plain in the north-west and black soil region of Deccan. Wheat producing states are Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and certain parts of Madhya Pradesh.
Or
A. Cool and moist climate during growing season is found in Punjab.
B. Dry sunny warm climate at the time of ripening is also found in Punjab.
C. Fertile alluvial soil is found there.
Q.15 What are millets and why are they called coarse grains? Give some examples of millet crops
and areas they are grown in.
Ans. Jowar, Bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India. These are known as coarse grains
because they have very high nutritional value and generally consumed by rural people.
A. Jowar: Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.
B. Bajra: Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
and Haryana.
C. Ragi: Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu.
Q.16 Explain the favourable temperature, rainfall and soil conditions required for the growth of
tea. Name the leading tea producing states.
Ans.
 a. Introduction: Tea is the main beverage crop. India is the leading producer and exporter of tea in
the world.
b. Climate: Tea plants grow well in tropical and subtropical climate. Tea thrives well in a hot and
humid climate.
c. Soil Type: The soil requirement is deep fertile well drained soil which is rich in humus and
organic matter.
d. Temperature: Ideal temperature for the growth is 20o C to 30o C.
e. Rainfall: 150 to 300 cm annual rainfall is required. High humidity and frequent showers evenly
distributed throughout the year are good for rapid development of tender leaves.
Main tea producing states Assam and West Bengal.
Q.17 Explain the favourable temperature, rainfall and soil conditions required for the growth of
coffee. Name the leading Coffee producing states.
Ans.
a. Introduction: It is second most important beverage crop of India. Indian coffee is known for its
quality and is hence in great demand all over the world. The variety produced in India is Arabica
variety which was initially brought from Yemen.
b. Climate: It requires hot and humid climatic conditions for growth.
c. Soil Type: The soil requirement is deep fertile well drained soil which is rich in humus and
organic matter.
d. Temperature: 15o C and 28o C.
e. Rainfall: rainfall 50 to 200 cm annually
f. Areas of Cultivation: Its cultivation was initiated on Baba Buden hills and is today confined to
the Nilgiri in Karnataka Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Q.18. What is Horticulture? Name the fruits grown in India?
Ans.
“Horticulture:-It is an art of cultivating fruits and vegetables. India is the largest producer of fruits and
vegetables in the world. India is the producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.”
India is known for
1. Mangoes - Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
2. Oranges - Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya),
3. Bananas- Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu,
4. Lichi and guava- Uttar Pradesh and Bihar,
5. Pineapples - Meghalaya,
6. Grapes - Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
7. Apples, pears, apricots, and walnuts - Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great
demand all over the world.
India produces about 13 per cent of the world vegetables. It is an important producer of pea,
cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato
Q.19 What are the four important fiber crops of India? Describe any one of them.
Ans. four important fiber crops of India are: Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Natural silk.
Cotton:-
a. India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world.
b. Cotton grows well in the drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
c. It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210-frost-free days and bright sun-shine
for its growth.
d. It is Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
e. Major Cotton producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
Q.20 Which crop is known as golden fiber? What are the Geographical conditions required for
its growth. Name the major areas of its production.
Ans.
a. Jute is known as the golden fiber. It is used to make mats, ropes, carpets, yarns, gunny bags and
many other ornamental things.
b. Soil Type: Well drained fertile soil in the flood plains. The soil which renewed every year.
c. Temperature: High temperature at the time of growth.
d. Areas of Cultivation: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are the major Jute
producing states.
Q.21 Name the crop which is used both as food and fodder? What are the Geographical
conditions required for its growth. Name the major areas of its production?
Ans.
a. Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. It is Kharif crop.
b. Climate: 140 frost free days
c. Soil Type: It grows well in old alluvial soil.
d. Temperature: It requires temperature between 21o C to 27o C.
e. Rainfall: annual rainfall between 60 to 120 cm
f. Areas of Cultivation: In some states like Bihar maize is grown in Rabi season also. Use of
modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing
production of maize. Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
Q.22 Name the crop which is main source of Sugar and Gur? What are the Geographical
conditions required for its growth? Name the major areas of its production?
Ans.
A. Sugar cane is the main source of sugar and gur. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane
in the world after Brazil. It is tropical and sub-tropical crop.
B. Climate: It grows well in hot and humid climate.
C. Soil Type: it can be grown well on a variety of soils.
D. Temperature: Temperature requirement is 21o C to 27o C.
E. Rainfall: Annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
F. Areas of Cultivation: The major sugarcane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

Q.21 What are the basic features of Indian agriculture?

Ans.
a. Indian agriculture mainly depends on the arriving of monsoon. Though large areas in India, after
independence, have been brought under irrigation, only one-third of the cropped area is actually
irrigated in true sense.
b. Maximum farmers are not aware about the modern farming techniques.
c. Indian farmers use fertilizers. Use of these fertilizers and pesticides has increased and large areas
have been brought under high yielding variety of seeds.
d. Indian farmers, in certain parts still practice subsistence agriculture. Farmers actually own small
pieces of land and grow crops primarily for their own purpose.
e. In India animals also play a significantly role in various kinds of agricultural operations.
Q.22 Why the growth rate in agriculture has been decreasing day by day. Give reasons.
Ans.
a. Indian farmers are facing a challenge from international competition.
b. The cost of production inputs is increasing day by day.
c. Reduction in public investment in agricultural sector especially irrigation power, rural, roads,
market, etc.
d. The pressure of WTO on the Indian government to remove the subsidies given to the
e. Reduction in import duties on agricultural products.
 f. Withdrawal of investments by farmers from agriculture resulting in reducing employment in
agriculture.
Q.23 What are the efforts made by the government to modernize agriculture in India?
Ans.
a. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research Centre.
b. In 1980s and 1990s a comprehensive land development program was initiated, which include
both institutional and technical reforms.
c. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
d. Kissan Credit Card, Personal Accident Insurance schemes introduced by the Government.
e. Establishment of Agricultural universities.
f. Establishment of Veterinary services and animal breeding centres.
g. Initiating Research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast,
h. Improving the rural infrastructure.
 Chapter-5
Minerals and Energy Resources
1. Marks points to remember
1. The earth’s crust is made up of different minerals embedded in the rocks..
2. The hardest mineral is diamond and the softest is talc.
3. Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with
a definable internal structure.”
4. The physical and chemical condition under which the minerals are formed
makes is so varied.
5. Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral
mixed with other elements.
6. The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its
extraction commercially viable.
7. In north-east the coal mining is done by tribal family members in the form of a
long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat-hole’ mining.
8. Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the
production of metallic minerals.
9. Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.
10. Magnetite ore has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent.
11. Hematite iron ore is the largest used iron ore in India.
12. Hematite ore from Bailadila (hump of ox) mines are exported to Japan and
South Korea via Vishakapatnam port.
13. The Kudermukh (horse peak) mines located in Karnataka are a 100 per cent
export unit.
14. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world.
15. This ore is transported from Kudremukh as slurry through a pipeline to a port
near Mangalore.
16. Iron ore from Goa are exported through Marmagao port.
17. Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India.
18. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce more than half of India’s
copper.
19. Bauxite is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of
weathered material.
20. Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which aluminium is obtained.
21. Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India.
22. Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. Mica sheets can be so
thin that a thousand can be layered into a sheet of a few centimeters high.
23. Jharkhand is the leading producer of Mica.
24. Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for
smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
25. Mining activity is often called a “killer industry” due to high risks involved.
3 marks Questions
Q.1 How minerals are formed in sedimentary rocks? Name any two mineral formed due to
evaporation especially in arid region.
Ans.
A. In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds and layers.
B. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal
strata.
C. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat
and pressure.
D. Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are
formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid region.
Q.2 Name any one rock mineral. Write about its formation. Name the industry in which it is
used?
Ans.
1. Limestone is a rock mineral.
2. It is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonate or calcium and magnesium
carbonates.
3. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations.
4. Limestone is the basic raw material for cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the
blast furnaces.
Q.3 How can we conserve minerals?
Ans. We can conserve minerals in following ways:
A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable
manner.
B. Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.
C. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our minerals
resources for future.
Q.4 Distinguish between metallic Minerals and Non Metallic Minerals.
Ans.
Metallic Minerals
1. Minerals from which metals are extracted.
2. They can be pressed in to wires or sheets.
3. Iron gold silver are metallic minerals
Non-Metallic Minerals
1. Minerals consist of non-metals.
2. They cannot be pressed in to wires or sheets
3. Clay, Sulphur, coal and potash are all non-metallic minerals.
Q.5 Differentiate between conventional sources of energy and Non-conventional sources of
energy?
Ans.
Conventional sources of energy. Non-conventional sources of energy.
1. These have been used for some time. 1. These have been recently developed.
2. These are expensive in the long run. 2. These are cheaper in the long run.
3. These are used extensively. 3. These are used locally.
4. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and 4. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, atomic energy
hydroelectricity. and Biogas.
Q.6 Differentiate between Anthracite and Bituminous coal?
Ans.
Anthracite coal Bituminous coal
1. It has more than 80% carbon. 1. It has 60% to 80% carbon.
2. It is black, hard and compact. 2. It is less black, hard and compact.
3. It is the best quality of coal. 3. It is medium quality of coal.
4. It is scarcely available. 4. It is widely available.
5. Found only in Jammu and Kashmir. 5. Found in Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Orissa.
Q.7 Differentiate between Natural gas and Biogas?
Ans.
Natural gas Biogas
1. It is associated with or without petroleum. 1. It is obtained by the decomposition of organic
matter.
2. Used in urban areas. 2. Used in rural areas.
3. Exhaustible. 3. Inexhaustible.
4. Non-replenishable. 4. Replenishable.
5. Used for domestic and industrial purposes. 5. Used for domestic purposes only.
Q.8 What is the contribution of coal in the installed capacity of electricity? Why is the share of
coal continuing to be highest?
Ans.
A. 62% is the contribution of coal in the installed capacity of electricity.
B. The share of coal is continuing to be highest because of the following facts.
1. India has a huge resource of coal of different kinds, such as anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat.
2. The potential of India in the field of hydel power is quite high but only one sixth has been derived
developed.
3. Electricity produced by nuclear plants is only in the initial stages. This way is not properly
developed.
Q.9 Outline the uses of Energy? Explain the different sources of energy resources.
Ans.
Uses: Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel
vehicles and to drive machinery in Industry.
Sources of Energy:
a. Energy can be generated from non-conventional sources include- solar energy, wind, tidal,
geothermal, bio gas and atomic energy.
b. Energy is also generated from conventional sources include-firewood, cattle dung cake, coal,
petroleum, natural gas and electricity both hydel and thermal.
Q.10 Why the use of fire wood and dung cake should be discouraged?
Ans.
A. Fire wood and dung cattle dung cake are most common in rural India.
B. According to one estimate more than 70 per cent energy requirement in rural households is met by
these two.
C. Continuation of these is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area,
D. Moreover using dung cakes too is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure
which could be used in agriculture.
Q.11 How would you classify the types of coal on the bases of geological ages?
Ans.
A. Gondwana Coal Fields: The Gondwana coal fields are 250 million years of age. The major resources
of gondwana coal which are metallurgical coal are located in Damodar valley (West-Bengal-
Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro and important coal fields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, son and
Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.
B. Tertiary Coal Fields: The Tertiary coal fields are only 55 million years old. Tertiary coals occur in the
north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Q.12 Write a short note on HVJ Pipeline.
Ans. The HVJ pipeline is Hazira-Vijaipur-jagdishpur pipeline. It is 1700 km long. This pipeline links
Mumbai High and Bassien with fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western power and fertilizer
industries are the key users of natural gas. Use of Compressed Natural Gas for vehicles to replace liquid
fuels is gaining wide popularity in the country.
Q.13 Write about the formation of Tidal energy.
Ans.
A. Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity.
B. Floodgates dames are built across inlet. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped
when the gate is closed.
C. After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate, the water retained by
the floodgate flows back to the sea via pipes that carries it through a power- generating turbine.
Q.14 How the people of rural areas get benefited from the setting up of biogas plants?
Ans.
A. Shurbs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption
in rural areas.
B. The plants using cattle dung are known as Gobar gas plants in rural areas.
C. These provide twin benefits to the farmer of rural areas in the form of energy.
D. Farmers also get improved quality of manure.
E. Bio gas is far the most efficient use of cattle dung.
F. It also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
Q.15 Explain the different uses of mineral oil.
Ans.
A. Petroleum is a mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal.
B. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of
manufacturing industries.
C. Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry foe synthetic textile, fertilizers and numerous chemical
industries.
Q.16 How would you explain the occurrence of petroleum in India?
Ans.
A. Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticline and fault traps in the rock
formations of the tertiary age.
B. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the up fold.
C. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sand stone through which oil may flow.
D. The oil is prevented from rising or shrinking by intervening non-porous layers.

Q.17 Write any two features of natural gas. Why is it considered an environment friendly fuel?
Ans.
A. Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum.
B. It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry.
C. Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emission and
is, therefore the fuel for the present country.
Q.18 Can you explain the natural gas reserves of India?
Ans.
A. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin.
B. Along the west coast the reserves of supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
C. Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas
Q.19 Write about the composition and formation of limestone. What are the uses of it?
Ans.
Composition: Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium
and magnesium carbonate.
Formation: It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formation.
Uses: Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for iron ore in the blast
furnace.
Q.20 What are the Petroleum producing areas in India? Explain.
Ans . Most of the petroleum producing areas in India are associated with anticlines and faults traps in the
rock formations of the tertiary age. In the region folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil
 is trapped in the crest. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous rocks. Major
petroleum producing areas of India are …
1) ASSAM- Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran-Hugrijan, Namdang region
2) GUJARAT- Ankeleshwar, Lunez, Navgan
3) MUMBAI HIGH
4) Godavari – Mahanadi basin
Q.21 India now ranks as a “WIND SUPER POWER “in the world. Why?
Ans.
• India gets advantage of trade winds, western lies and monsoon winds.
• Wind energy completely pollution free and non-exhaustible that’s why it becomes popular.
• India has an ambitious program to install 250 wind driven turbines with total capacity of 45
megawatts spread over 12 suitable locations.
• India’s potential wind power generation is of 50000 megawatts of which ¼ can be easily harnessed.
• Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have favorable conditions for wind
energy. Wind power plant at LAMBA in Gujarat, is the largest in Asia.
5 marks Questions
Q.22 What are Non-Conventional Sources of Energy? Why do they have a bright future in
India?
Ans. Resources which we can use again and again and which are renewable in nature are non-
conventional resources of energy. Due to the following reasons they have bright future in India.
Resources which we can use again and again and which are renewable in nature are non- conventional
resources of energy. Due to the following reasons they have bright future in India.
A. India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and bio mass.
B. India is tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
C. India now ranks a wind super power in the world. States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Lakshadweep have important wind farms
D. In India the Gulf of Kutchh, provides ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy.
E. There are several hundred hot spot springs in India, which could be used to generate Geo Thermal
Energy.
Q.23 Write a short note on Bauxite, its formation, features and distribution in India.
Ans. Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminum is obtained. Aluminum is
an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and
also with good conductivity and great malleable ability.
Formation: Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in
aluminum silicates.
Distribution:
A. It is found in the Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur- Katni.
B. Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India.
C. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput District are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.
D. 45% of the country’s total production in 2000-01 was in Odisha.
Q.24 Why there is a need of conservation of minerals?
Ans.
A. The total Volume of workable mineral deposits in an insignificant fraction i.e. one percent of the
earth’s crust.
B. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and
concentrated.
C. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are
infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.
D. Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.
E. Mining of minerals causes great threat to the environment and health of the human beings
Due to the above discussed reasons it is necessary to conserve the minerals and use them in a judicious
way.
Q.25 How would you classify the types of coal depending on the degrees of compression?
Ans. Following are the types of coal on the degree of compression:
A. Peat: Decaying plants in swamps produced peat, which has a low carbon and high moisture contents.
It has very heating capacity.
B. Lignite: Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal
lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and used for generation of electricity.
C. Bituminous: Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperature is bituminous
coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal
which has a special value foe smelting iron in blast furnace.
D. Anthracite: It is highest quality hard coal.
Q.26 Name the non-metallic mineral, which can be easily splits into thin sheets. What are the
properties of this mineral and it is found in which areas?

Ans. Mica is the mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits easily into thin sheets.
Properties:
A. Mica sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered in to mica sheet of a few centimeters high.
B. Mica can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown, Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low
power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most
indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.
Mica producing areas:
A. Mica is found in the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Koderma Gaya- Hazaribhag belt of
Jharkhand is the leading producers.
B. In Rajasthan the major mica producing area is around Ajmer.
C. Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.
Q.27 Explain the different forms of occurrence of minerals.
Ans.
A. Occurrence of Minerals in Igneous and Metamorphic rocks: In igneous and metamorphic rocks
minerals may occur in cracks, crevices, faults and joints. The smaller occurrence is called veins and
the larger are called lodes. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc are obtained
from veins and lodes.
B. Occurrence of minerals in sedimentary rocks: In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in
beds and layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in
horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long
periods.
C. Occurrence of minerals through Decomposition of surface rocks: Another mode of formation
involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a
residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
D. Alluvial deposits: Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the
base of hills. These deposits are called placer deposits.
E. Minerals in ocean water and ocean beds: The ocean water contains vast quantities of minerals.
Common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean water. The ocean beds too
are rich in manganese nodules
Q.28 How can we conserve energy resources in India? Explain.
Ans.
Following efforts can be made to conserve energy resource in India:
i. Using public transport instead of individual vehicles.
ii. Switching of electricity when not in use.
iii. Using power saving devices.
iv. More and more use of non-conventional source of energy as they are renewable and eco- friendly.
v. In automobiles electrical motors should be introduced.
vi. Intensified exploration and research of new sources of energy.
 CHAPTER – 5

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION CLASSIFICATION OF

INDUSTRIES

PHYSICAL FACTORS On Basis of Raw Material

1. Agro based
 Availability of raw material 2. Mineral- based
 Climate On Basis of Role
 Water 1. Basic/Key Industries
2. Consumer industries
HUMAN FACTORS On Basis of Capital
1. Large-scale industries
 Labour 2. Small-Scale industries
 Capital On Basis of Ownership
1. Public sector
 Power 2. Private sector
 Market 3. Joint sector
 Transport 4. CO-operative sector
 Govt- policies On Basis of Weight of raw material
and finished goods
1. Heavy industries
2. Light industries

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING
 Modernize agriculture
 Earn foreign exchange
 Remove unemployment and poverty
 Economic development
 Reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them
jobs
Classification of industries:
On the basis of source of raw materials used:
i. Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
ii. Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
On the basis of their main role:
i. Basic or key industries which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g.
iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
ii. Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper,
sewing machines, fans etc.
On the basis of capital investment:
i. Small scale industry: having rupees one crore as the maximum investment on the assets of a unit.
ii. Large scale industry: If investment is more than one crore on any industry.
On the basis of ownership:
i. Public sector: owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
ii. Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj
Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
iii. Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil
India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
iv. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials,
workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the
sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.
Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
i. Heavy industries such as iron and steel
ii. Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.
3 and 5 marks questions
Q.1 “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of
manufacturing industries.” Justify this statement with four examples.
Ans i. Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
ii. They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs.
iii. Industrial development reduces unemployment and poverty.
1v. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings foreign exchange.
v. Industrial sector contributes 27 % of GDP and manufacturing contributes 17 % of GDP.
Q.2 “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.” Justify
this statement.
Ans.i. Agro-based industries have given a boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
ii. Agro-based industries depend on the agriculture for their raw materials such as cotton, sugarcane, jute
etc.
iii. Agriculture depends on industries for products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides,
pesticides, machines and tools, etc.
iv. Industrial development helps agriculture in increasing their production and make production
processes very efficient.
Q.3 Explain the any 5 factors which influences the location of an industry.
Ans. Industries maximize profits by reducing costs therefore industries are located where the costs are
minimum. The factors influencing are:
i. Access to Market:
Areas/regions having high purchasing power provide large market therefore such as luxury items
producing industries are located in these regions.
ii. Access to Raw Material:
Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport.
a. E.g. Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material (ores) are located close to the sources
of raw material such as steel, sugar, and cement industries.
b. E.g. Industries using perishable raw material are located closer to the source of the raw material such
as Agro-processing and dairy industries.
iii. Access to Labour Supply: Some types of manufacturing require skilled labour therefore IT
industries are located near urban-educational centres where skilled labours are easily available.
iv. Access to Sources of Energy: Industries which use more power are located close to the source of the
energy supply such as the aluminium industry.
v. Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities:
Speedy and efficient transport facilities reduce the cost of transport. Therefore industries are attracted in
regions having good transport facilities.
vi. Government Policy: Governments adopt ‘regional policies’ to promote ‘balanced’ economic
development and hence set up industries in backward and tribal areas..
Q.4 Why do industries tend to locate themselves near cities or urban centres?
Ans. Some industries tend to locate near urban centres because of:
i. Some cities provide markets to the industrial products,
ii. Cities also provide services such as banking, insurance, consultants and financial advice, transport,
labour, etc. to the industry.
iii. Cities or urban centres provide benefits of agglomeration economies.
iv. Coastal Urban places help in overseas trade.
Q.5 Why the textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy?
Ans. The significance of textile industry in India can be judged by
i. It contributes 14 percent to industrial production.
ii. It provides and generates employment for 35 million persons directly.
iii. It earns 25 per cent of foreign exchange.
iv. It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.
v. It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from
raw material to the highest value added products.
Q.6 Why in early years the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the states of
Gujarat and Maharashtra?
Ans. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the Gujarat and Maharashtra
because of:
a. Maharashtra and Gujarat are traditional cotton growing belt of India. Raw cotton is available from
nearby areas thus reducing the cost of obtaining raw material at site.
b. Urban cetres of these states offer large market to cotton products.
c. Transport including accessible port facilities help in reducing costs.
d. Abundant labour from nearby densely populated region.
e. Moist climate due to nearness to Arabian Sea help in industrial production.
Q.7 Mention the major drawbacks and problems of cotton textile industry in India.
Ans. Cotton textile industry in India suffers from some problems:
i. India has world class production and quality in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric
because they are fragmented small units.
ii. Cotton textile industries face the problem of erratic Power supply which decreases the labour
productivity.
iii. Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular.
iv. Output of labour is low due to poor machines and power supply.
v. There is a Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
Q.8 Why most of our jute mills are located along the banks of the Hugli River in
West Bengal?
Ans. Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:
i. Proximity of the jute producing areas,
ii. Inexpensive water transport,
iii. Support of a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw
material to the mills,
iv. Abundant water for processing raw jute,
v. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
vi. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute
goods.
Q.9 State the importance of jute textile industry in India.
Ans.
i. The jute industry supports 2.61 lakh workers directly.
ii. It also supports another 40 lakhs small and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of jute.
iii. India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after
Bangladesh.
Q.10 What are the challenges faced by the jute industry in India?
Ans. Challenges faced by the industry are:
i. Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
ii. Stiff competition from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
iii. The internal demand needs to be increased; however it has increased recently due to the Government
policy of mandatory use of jute packaging.
Q.11 What are the objectives of the National Jute Policy formulated in 2005?
Ans. The National jute policy was formulated in 2005 for:
i. Increasing jute productivity,
ii. Improving its quality,
iii. Ensuring good prices for crops to the jute farmers
iv. Enhancing the yield per hectare of jute crops.
Q.12 Explain why 60% of sugar mills are located in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Ans. Sugar industry is located in the sugarcane growing regions because:
i. The raw material (sugarcane) used in this industry is bulky and difficult to transport at low costs.
ii. The sucrose content in the sugarcane reduces during its transportation.
iii. Cooler climates allows the longer crushing season.
iv. Sugar industry is ideally suited for cooperative sector because it’s a seasonal industry.
v. Sugarcane grows well during hot and humid climates only.
Q.13 Why in recent years the sugar mills have shifted to southern and western states?
Ans. The sugar mills in recent years have shifted and concentrated in the southern and western states,
especially in Maharashtra, This is because -
i. The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
ii. The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
iii. The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Q.14 What are the major challenges faced by the sugar industry in India?
Ans. The major challenges include:
i. The seasonal nature of the industry,
ii. Old and inefficient methods of production,
iii. Transport delay in reaching cane to factories
iv. The need to maximize the use of baggase.
Q.15 Explain why most the iron and steel industry are concentrated in Chotanagpur
plateau region.
Ans. Chotanagpur region has relative advantages such as:
i. This region is rich in the raw material needed to produce the steel such as iron ore, coal, limestone, etc.
ii. These raw material are heavy and bulky therefore difficult and costly to transport to the plant.
iii. This region has well connected railway lines which offer easy transportation of the finished products
for their distribution to the markets and consumers.
iv. This region gets its power supply from Damodar valley.
v. Availability of cheap labour from surrounding regions.
Q.16 Explain why India is not able to produce steel as per its full potential.
Ans. Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, we are not able to
perform to our full potential largely due to:
(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal
(b) Lower productivity of labour
(c) Irregular supply of energy and
(d) Poor infrastructure.
Q. 17 How do industries pollute the environment?
Ans. Industries are the reason there is an increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise and resulting
degradation of environment.
Air pollution – Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting
plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories because of which undesirable gases, such as
sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide is contaminating the air.
Water pollution – Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents are often discharged into rivers
by industries like paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and
electroplating. As a result it kills the aquatic life and pollute the water and the ecosystem.
Noise pollution – Industrial and construction activities create a lot of unwanted sound that can cause
various physiological effects like hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure. Unwanted
sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
Q.18 Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry?
a) Industries should be located with careful planning and better design.
b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.
c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.
d) Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters and separate harmful materials from the
waste.
e) Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers.
f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste.
g) Polluting industries should be located away from town and cities.
 CHAPTER-6
Lifelines of National Economy

1 mark and 3 marks questions

QWhat .1 are national highways?
Ans. National highways link all major cities of extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road
systems. They are maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).
Q.2 What are state highways?
Ans. Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and
Union Territories.
Q.3 What are district roads?
Ans. Roads which connects the district headquarters with other places of the district are called district
roads. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
Q.4 What are rural roads?
Ans. Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads. Under the
Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana scheme special provisions are made so that every village in the
country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season motorable road.
Q.5 What are border roads? Mention its two importance.
Ans. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads. These
roads are in the northern and northeastern border areas. Importance of Border roads: -
1) Border roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.
2) They have helped in the economic development of border areas.
3) Used to supply military equipments to the borders of our country.
Q.6 State any four problems of Road transport in the country.
Ans. Major problems are:
i. Road transportation in India is inadequate keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers.
ii. About half of the roads are un-metalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season.
iii. The National Highways are inadequate too.
iv. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities
v. Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.
Q.7 Name Six classes of roads in India according to their capacity.
Ans. The six classifications of roads in India are:
i. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
ii. National Highways
iii. State Highways
iv. District Roads
v. Other Roads
vi. Border Roads
Q.8 What are super highways? Name 3 major super highway projects.
Ans. Super highways are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of the country for speedy
movement of goods and passengers. They are developed by NHAI for reducing time and distance. 3
super highways are:
1) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: It links Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six-
lane Super Highways.
2) The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu)
3) East-West Corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat)
Q.9 Mention some of the problems faced by the Indian Railways.
Ans. Rail transport in our country suffer from certain problems such as -
i. Many passengers travel without tickets.
ii. Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely.
iii. People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the railway.
Q.10 Describe the importance of Pipelines in India.
Ans. Pipelines are important for -
i. They are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil fields and natural
gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.
ii. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
iii. Because of pipelines, refineries at Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants, could be
located in the interiors of India.
iv. Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
v. Pipelines rules out trans-shipment (during transportation) losses or delays.
Q.11 Name three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.
Ans. The 3 important networks of pipelines are -
i. Pipeline from oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh).
ii. Pipeline from Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab,
iii. Pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh.
Q.12 Mention the importance of water transport.
Ans. Water transport is important for -
i. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
ii. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
iii. It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
Q.13 Name three National Waterways of our country.
Ans. The 3 National waterways are -
i. The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1
ii. The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)-N.W. No.2
iii. The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and
Champakkara canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3
Q.14 Mention the importance of airways.
Ans. The importance of airways is -
i. It is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport.
ii. It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, and dense forests.
iii. It can also cover long oceanic stretches with great ease.
iv. Airways have made access easier in the north-eastern part of the country which has big rivers,
dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers.
Q.15 Name six mail channels introduced by Indian postal network.
Ans. Six mail channels for quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities:
i. Rajdhani Channel,
ii. Metro Channel,
iii. Green Channel,
iv. Business Channel,
v. Bulk Mail Channel
vi. Periodical Channel.
Q.16 Define international trade. Why it is considered as economic barometer of a country?
Ans. International trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services between two or more
countries.
It is also considered as economic barometer because
a. Advancement in international trade of a country leads to economic prosperity.
b. Income earned from international trade constitutes a major part in the net national income.
c. Large international trade leads to revival of domestic economy.
Q.17 Define balance of trade. Distinguish between favourable balance of trade and unfavourable
balance of trade.
Ans. The difference between export and import is known as balance of trade. Difference between
favourable and unfavourable balance of trade:
a. If the value of exports is more than the value of imports, it is called favourable balance of trade. And if
the value of imports is greater than the value of exports it is known as unfavourable balance of trade.
b. Favourable balance of trade is regarded good for the economic development whereas unfavourable
balance of trade is seen harmful for the domestic economy.
5 marks questions
Q.18 “Efficient means of transport and communication has converted the world into a large
village”. Explain this statement with the help of examples.
OR
Explain why the means of transport and communication are called lifelines of our
national economy?
OR
Explain why a dense and efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for
local, national and global trade of today.
Ans.
a. Through transport and communication we are well-linked with the rest of the world
b. India is united despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality.
c. Railways, airways, water ways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have
been contributing to India’s socio-economic progress in many ways.
d. The trades from local to international levels have added to the strength of our economy.
e. It has enriched our life and added amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.
OR
a. They help in increasing cooperation and assistance between countries by easy movement of goods and
material between countries.
b. They help in trade and commerce within country.
c. They have reduced distances thus bringing the world closer.
d. They help in both production and distribution of goods and movement of large
number of people and over long distance.
e. They provide important links between producers and consumers of goods.
f. They bring people very close to one another by promoting interdependence among people.
Q.19 Describe the factors which influence the distribution pattern of Railway network in India.
Ans. The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by
physiographic, economic and administrative factors.
i. The density railway network is high in the northern plains because they are vast level land, have high
population density and rich agricultural resources. But, a large number of rivers create obstacles because
it requires construction of bridges across their wide beds.
ii. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels
therefore it difficult to construct railway lines.
iii. The Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to
high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
iv. It is difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested
tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand.
v. Sinking of track in some areas and landslides makes it difficult for railways.
Q.20 Describe the importance of Railways in India.
Ans. Indian Railways has been
i. The principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.
ii. Suitable for long distance travel.
iii. Conduct of multiple activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of
goods.
iv. Plays an important role of national integration.
v. Bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and
agriculture.
vi. The largest public sector undertaking in the country.
Q.21 Why the importance of road transport vis-à-vis rail transport is growing in India?
Ans. In India, roadways have preceded railways. The growing importance of road transport is due to the
following reasons –
i. Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines,
ii. Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography,
iii. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the
Himalayas,
iv. Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods
over short distances.
v. It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
vi. Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between
railway stations, air and sea ports.
Q.22 Mention the importance of mass communication.
Ans. The importance of mass communications are -
i. Mass communication provides entertainment.
ii. They create awareness among people about various national programmes and policies.
iii. They provide variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories
of people, spread over different parts of the country.
iv. They strengthen democracy in the country by providing news and information to the masses.
v. They help in rural development which is suffering from illiteracy and superstitious social practices.
vi. It helps in agriculture sector by helping farmers by providing them information about new agricultural
practices.
Q.23 Mention the importance of tourism as a trade.
Ans. The importance is -
i. Our country earns foreign exchange through Tourism.
ii. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
iii. Tourism also promotes national integration,
iv. It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
v. It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
vi. Heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business
tourism promotes development of all sectors of economy.
Q.24 Name major commodities which India import and export.
Ans.
i. Major Exports:
a. Gems and jewellery.
b. Agriculture and allied products.
c. Petroleum products.
d. Ores and Minerals
e. Chemical products.
f. Engineering goods.
ii. Major Imports:
a. Petroleum and petroleum products such as crude oil, natural gas, synthetic
raw materials.
b. Pearls and precious stone
c. Inorganic chemicals
d. coal, coke and briquettes
e. Machinery
 DEMOCRATIC POLITICS

Chapter-1
POWER SHARING
Important question and answers

3 marks questions
Q.1 Describe in brief, the majoritarian measures adopted by the democratically elected
government in Sri Lanka to establish Sinhala supremacy.
Ans.  In 1956, an act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language
disregarding Tamil.
 The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for
university positions and government jobs.
 The state will protect and foster Buddhism.
Q.2 What have been the positive effects of the power-sharing arrangement in Belgium?
Ans.  It helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.
 It has also avoided the possible division of the country on linguistic lines.
 When many countries of Europe came together to form the European Union, Brussels
was chosen as its headquarters.
Q.3 Why power-sharing is desirable?
Ans.  It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
 It ensures the stability of political order.
 Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
 A democratic rules involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise.
 People have to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
Q.4 “Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have
social divisions”. Justify the statement.
Ans.  The basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power.
 People rule themselves through institutions of self-governance.
 In a democracy, due respect is given to diverse groups and view that exit in a society.
 Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.
 In a democracy political power should be distributed among as many citizens as
possible.
5 marks questions
Q.5 Describe in brief the major forms of power sharing arrangement in modern democracies.
Ans.  Power is shared among different organs of government, such as legislature, executive
and judiciary.
 Power can be shared among governments at different levels, a general government for
entire country and regional government.
 Power is shared among the different social groups such as the religious and linguistic
groups.
 Power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and
social groups.
 The government formed by this alliance is called coalition government.
Q.6 What do you learn from the two stories of Sri Lanka and Belgium?
OR
Compare the power sharing model of Sri Lanka and Belgium.
Ans.  In Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible by
respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions.
 Sri Lanka shows us that if a majority community wants to force dominance over others
and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.
Q.7 How many times did the Constitution of Belgium get amended? Discuss the main
 elements of the power sharing model evolved in Belgium.
Ans.  The Belgian leaders amended the constitutuion for four times.
Main elements:-
 The number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central
government.
 The state government is not subordinate to the Central government.
 Brussels, the capital of Belgium has a separate government in which both the
communities have equal representation.
 The third kind of government called community government is formed regarding
culture, education and language related issues of each linguistic group.
 CHAPTER - 2
Federalism

3 and 5 marks questions

Q.1 Describe the structure of a federal government.
Ans.  The government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects.
 The government at state level that looks after much of the day to day administering of
the state.
 Local governments are formed in different districts and blocks of a state.
Q.2 Differentiate between federal form of government and a unitary government.
Ans.  Federal govt.  Unitary govt.
1. There are two or more levels of 1. There is only one level of government.
government. 2. The sub-units are subordinate to the
2. The sub-units are not subordinate to central gov.
the central gov. 3. The state govt. does not have powers of its
3. The state govt. has powers of its own.
own.
Q.3 Discuss the achievements of the new system of local self-government.
Ans.  Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen the democracy.
 It has increased the women’s representation.
 It has increased the voice of people in democracy.
Q.4 ‘In India’s federal system the central government is more powerful than state
government.’ Justify with the help of examples.
Ans.  The central government has the power to look after Union list subjects as well as
Concurrent list where in case of conflict, the law made by Central government prevails.
 The subjects which came after the independence are looked after by Central
government.
 The President always acts on the advice of the Central government and can dismiss a
state government.
Q.5 Write a short note on Panchayati Raj system.
Ans.  Each village has a gram panchayat. They are directly elected by the adult population of
a village.
 A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form a panchayat samiti or block or
mandal.
 All the panchayat samitis and mandals in a district together constitute the zilla parishad.
Q.6 How can the existing power sharing arrangements be changed in India?
Ans.  The Parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement.
 Any change to it has to be first passed by both the houses of Parliament with at least 2/3
majority.
 Then it has to be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total states.
Q.7 Explain in brief the language policy in India.
Ans.  The Constitution of India does not provide any language the status of National
language.
 Hindi is declared as the official language of India.
 Each state has its own official language. Most of the official work in each state takes
place in its official language.
 There are 21 languages which are recognized as Scheduled languages and safeguarded.
 English remains the language of communication and judiciary.
Q.8 What do you mean by ‘decentralization’? Why do we need it?
Ans.  When power is taken away from central govt. and state governments and given to local
government, it is called decentralization.
  There are large numbers of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level.
 People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
 They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more
effectively.
 It is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making at local level.
Q.9 Discuss the features of federalism.
Ans.  There are two or more levels of government.
 Each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and
administration.
 The existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
 The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed.
 Courts have power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of
government.
 Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its
financial autonomy.
Q.10 State the changes brought about in local government after the constitutional amendment
in 1992.
Ans.  It is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
 Seats are reserved for SC, ST and Other Backward Castes.
 At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
 An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in
each state to conduct panchayat and municipal election.
 The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local
government bodies.
Q.11 What do you mean by the term federalism?
Mention the ways in which federalism has been strengthened in India.
Ans.  Federalism is a system of government in which the powers are divided between a
central authority and various constituent units.
1. Linguistic states-It has united the country and made administration easier.
2. Language policy-NO National language Hindi as an official language and each state has
its own official language.
3. Centre-state relation-Restructuring the center state relation where central govt. cannot
misuse the constitution to dismiss the state governments.
4. Decentralization of power-Constitutional powers has decentralized to the local govt.
which led to increase the voice in democracy.
 CHAPTER-3
Democracy and Diversity

3 and 5 marks questions

Q.1 How do social differences not necessarily lead to division but can unite people?
Ans.  It is possible for people from different religions to have same caste and feel close to each other.
 We all have more than one identity and thus belong to more than one social group.
 We have different identities in different context.
Q.2 Differentiate between over-lapping and cross-cutting social differences.
Ans.  Over-lapping  Cross-cutting
1. It takes place when there are two 1. It means that groups share a common interest on
more than two social differences. one issue are likely to be different side on different
2. It creates the possibilities of deep issue.
social divisions and tensions. 2. These are easier to accommodate in political
3. E.g.The difference between upper arena.
caste and lower caste in India. 3. E.g.The difference between the different linguistic
groups in Belgium.
Q.3 Discuss the two origins of social differences with examples.
Ans.  Based on accident of birth-We don’t choose to belong to our community but we belong to
it as we were born into it. People around us are male or female,tall or short,have different
physical abilities or disabilities.
 Based on choice-Most of choose what to study,which occupation to take up,wich game to
play or which cultural activity to take part in.
Q.4 Discuss the three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social division.
Ans.  Perception of people-If people see their identities are multiple and are complementary
with national identity, it is easier to reconcile.
 Political leaders-If political leaders raise the demands of one community within
constitutional framework and not at the cost of another community, it is easy to
accommodate.
 Reaction of govt.-If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable
demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the
country.
Q.5 “A positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it do not come
about easily”. Explain the statement.
Ans.  People who feel marginalized and discriminated have to fight against the injustices.
 Such a fight often voices their demand in a peaceful manner and seeks a fair position
through election.
 Sometimes such a fight takes the path of violence and defiance of power.
Q.6 How do social division affect the politics?
Ans.  The combination of politics and social divisions is very explosive and dangerous.
 Democracy involves competition among various political parties which tends to divide
the society.
 It can further lead to violence or even disintegration of a country.
 At the same time every expression does not lead to division of society.
 Political parties look after due representation of various communities and make policies
to redress their grievances.
Q.7 How did the three athletes contribute to the Civil Rights Movement in the USA?
Ans.  US athlete wore black gloves and raised clenched fists to show Black Power.
 US athlete wore black socks and no shoes to show Black poverty.
 The white Australian athlete wore a human rights badge on his shirt to show his support.
 Chapter-4
Gender, Religion and Caste.

3 and 5 marks questions

Q.1 What is ‘sexual division of labour’?
Ans.  The main responsibility of women is house work and bringing up children.
 Women do all work inside the home such as cooking, tailoring, cleaning, etc.
 Men do all the work outside the home.
Q.2. Clear the ideology of ‘communalism’ prevailing in India.
Ans.  The followers of religion must belong to one community.
 Their fundamental interests are the same.
 Any difference that they have is irrelevant.
 If the followers of same religion have some commonalities, these are superficial and
immaterial.
 Their interest is bound to be different and involve conflict.
Q.3 How does the caste get politicized?
Ans.  Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within a neighboring castes
or sub-castes.
 Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes.
 New kinds of caste groups have into the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’
caste groups.
Q.4 What type of relationship between religion and politics is desirable to strengthening the
democracy?
Ans.  Politics to be guided by the ethics drawn from religion.
 Political leaders to be regulated certain religious practices.
 Religion must not discriminate any such as women ,lower caste, etc.
Q.5 What are the positive aspects of caste system in Indian politics?
Ans.  Expression of caste differences in politics gives many disadvantaged communities the
space to demand their share of power.
 Caste has helped people from Dalits and OBC castes to gain better access to decision
making.
 Several organizations have been demanding and agitating for more dignity and more
access to land, resources and opportunities.
Q.6 What forms can caste take in politics?
Ans.  When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition
of the electorate and nominate the candidate.
 When a government is formed, political parties take care that representatives of
different caste find a place in it.
 Political parties make appeal to caste sentiments in order to muster support.
 Due to political equality political leaders have to mobilize and secure political support.
 Some political parties are known to favour some castes.
 CHAPTER - 6
Political Parties

Q.1 Why do we need political parties?

Ans.  They are the most visible institution of a democracy.
 For most ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.
 It helps in making the public opinion and forms the government.
Q.2 What are the characteristics of political parties?
Ans  They promote the collective good of the society.
 A party is known for which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose
interest it upholds.
 It implements policies by winning popular support through elections.
Q.3 ”The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative
democracies”. Comment.
Ans.  As societies became large and complex, they needed the agency that gather the views
of the people and present them to government.
 They needed some ways to bring various representatives together so that a responsible
government could be formed.
 They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies,
justify or oppose them.
Q.4 How many parties should we have? List the factors that determine the party system in
any country.
Ans.  The nature of society
 Social and regional division
 History of politics
 System of election
Q.5 Differentiate between a National and a Regional / State party.
Ans.  A party that secures at least 6% of total votes in an election to the Legislative
Assembly of a State and wins at least 2 seats is recognized as a State party e.g. Akali
Dal of Punjab, Sikkim Democratic Front, Biju Janta Dal, Telugu Desam of AP etc.
 A party that secures at least 6% of total votes in Lok Sabha or Assembly elections in
four States and wins at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a National party
e.g. Indian National Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Communist Party of India -
Marxist (CPI - M), Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) etc.
 The national parties take interest in National as well as State issues whereas Regional /
State parties are interested in promoting regional or state interests only.

Q.6 What is the role of ‘Opposition’ in democracy?

Ans.  It is voicing different views of the people.
 It is criticising government for its failures and wrong policies.
 It also mobilise opposition to the government.
Q.7 What is multi-party system? What are its advantages?
Ans.  If several parties compete for power and have reasonable chance of coming to power
is known as ‘multi-party system’
 Advantages-
1. It allows a variety of opinion and interests to enjoy political representation.
2. It allows the formation of coalition government.
Q.8 What are the main functions of a political party?
Ans.  To contest elections
In democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by different
political parties
 Forming policies and programmes
Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from
them.
 Making laws
When parties come into power, they make laws for the country.
 Parties form and run government
Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run government in
the way they want.
 Role of opposition
Parties that lose in elections, play the role of opposition to the parties in power by
criticizing the government for its failure or wrong policies.
 Shaping public opinion
They raise and highlight issues
 Access to government machinery and welfare schemes
For any ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government
officer.
Q.9 What are the challenges faced by political parties?
Ans.  Lack of Internal Democracy
a. All over the world there is a tendency of political parties towards concentration of
power in one or few leaders at the top.
b. Not keeping membership register.
c. They do not hold regular organizational meetings.
d. They do not conduct internal elections regularly.
e. Ordinary members of the party do not have sufficient access or information about
the party affairs.
 Absence of Transparency
a. Since most of the parties do not practice transparent procedures for their function,
it becomes very difficult for ordinary members to rise to the top in the party.
b. Leaders in such parties take undue advantage to favour people close to them or
even their family members.
c. In many such parties, the top positions are generally controlled by members of
one family. This is bad for democracy since people without adequate experience
or electoral support come to occupy positions of power.
 Money and Muscle Power
a. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they resolve to unethical
methods to win elections.
b. Parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lot of money.
c. Rich people or organizations that provide funds to the parties tend to influence on
policies and decision making of the party.
 Meaningful Choices
a. In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different.
b. In absence of the above, those who really want different policies have no option
available to them.
c. Sometimes, people can not elect actually different people since the same set of
candidates keep shifting from one party to another.
 CHAPTER -7
Outcomes of Democracy

Important questions and answers

Q.1 On what factors do the outcomes of democracy depend?
Ans.  Social situation in country
 Economic achievement and economic development
 Culture and civilization
Q.2 How is dignity and freedom of the citizens ensured in India?
Ans.  Making the legal recognition for women representation
 Untouchability has legal basis
 Declaring reserved constituencies for weaker section of the society
 Ensuring Human Rights to every individual
Q.3 “Democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt to be not so good in its practice”.
Prove the statement.
Ans.  Most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone and in
subjecting every decision to public debate.
 It does not have good record when it comes to sharing of information with citizens.
 It often frustrate the needs of the people.
 It often ignores the demands of a majority of its population.
 It is also not free from corruption.
Q.4 How can you say that democratic government is better than any other alternatives?
Ans.  Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
 It enhances the dignity of the citizens.
 It improves the quality of decision making.
 It provides a method to resolve conflicts.
 It allows room to correct mistakes.
Q.5 Explain the outcomes of democracy in terms of equal distribution of income and
removal of poverty.
Ans.  A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and
income.
 Their share in the total income of the country is increasing.
 Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon.
 Their share in the total income has been declining.
 Sometimes they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as food,
clothing, house, education and health.
Q.6 Compare democracies and dictatorship in terms of economic growth.
Ans.  Dictatorship has better record in terms of economic growth.
 Democracy has achieved slightly lower economic growth.
 Dictatorship is very quick in implementing economic reforms.
 CHAPTER - 8

Challenges of Democracy

Important questions and answers

Q.1 “A challenge is difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress”.
Explain
Ans.  A challenge is not just any problem.
 Challenges are those difficulties which are significant and can be overcome.
 Once we overcome the challenge we go up tp a higher level than before.
Q.2 Discuss the three challenges faced by the countries of the world.
Ans.  Challenge of Foundation-It is about transition to democracy and instituting
democratic set up.
 Challenge of Expansion-It is about applying the basic principle of democracy
across regions, different social groups, and various institutions.
 Deepening of democracy-It is about strengthening of the institutions and practice
of democracy.
Q.3 Discuss the challenges faced by India.
Ans.  Corruption
 Casteism
 Regionalism
 Communalism
 Poverty
Q.4 Suggest guidelines to reform democracy in India.
Ans.  Law can be made to ban all undesirable things.
 The Right to Information Act can empower the people and act as watchdog of
democracy.
 By democratic practices in routine.
 By political activists and movements.
 It can be also done by increasing and improving the quality of political
participation by ordinary citizens.
 ECONOMICS

Chapter – 1
Development

Important question and answers

Q.1: Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following
explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Ans. Because life situations of persons are different. The requirements vary according to the living
conditions of people. Therefore, people seek those things that are most important to them, i.e. the things
which can fulfil their aspirations and desires.
Q.2: Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer:
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Ans. No, the above two statements do not have the same meaning. This can be justified by the following
example -
A boy from a rich urban family desires to get quality education and capital to invest. On the other hand,
an Adivasi from Narmada valley wants rehabilitation and regular work. These developmental goals are
different but not conflicting.
Q.3: Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Ans. There are factors other than income which are also important aspects in our lives. For example,
(1) In the case of rural woman, gender equality is more important factor than income.
(2) For scheduled castes and tribes social equality, self-confidence and self-esteem are more important
factor than income.
(3) Similarly in the case of child labour, proper education and freedom are more important factor than
income.
(4) Job security is more important than more income for a casual labour.
Q.4 Give three examples where an average is used for comparing the situations.
Ans. In the following cases, an average can be used for comparing the situations:
1. To compare the performance of cricket players,
2. We find out average daily income to compare income and living status of a casual labour.
3. Average is used for comparing performance of students in an examination.
Q.5 Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Ans. For comparison between countries, total income is not useful measure as countries have different
populations and so, total income does not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Therefore,
average income or per capita income which is the total income of the country divided by its population,
as an important criterion for development.
Q.6 Beside size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing
two or more societies?
Ans. Per capita income is useful for comparison. But it does not indicate how this income is distributed
among people. So, apart from the size of per capita income, equitable distribution of income is important
in comparing two or more societies.
Q.7 Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period
of time. From this can we conclude that all sections o the economy have become better? Illustrate
your answer with an example.
Ans. No, the increase in average income of a country over a period does not mean that all sections of
the economy have become better. Let us take an example from India. Average income of India has
continuously been increasing since independence except in some particular years, but share of agriculture
in total income of the economy has been decreasing.
Q.8 Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed
country.
Ans. To become a developed country, India should accelerate its GDP growth. Special emphasis should
be given on agriculture and small scale industries.
More than 60% of India’s labour force is engaged agriculture sector which contribute only about 27% in
GDP. Moreover, in the globalization process, this sector has been neglected. As a result, the growth rate
of this sector has decreased. There is urgent need to increase its growth rate by providing modern
agricultural inputs, training, credit, marketing facilities etc. to the farmers.
Just to compare nearly 15% of Chinese labour force involved in industry sector contribute more than
50% in Chinese GDP. On the other hand, about 16% of our labour force engaged in industry sector
contributes only 25% in India’s GDP. So, we need to develop our infrastructure, labour-intensive
techniques, credit & marketing facilities and must reduce corruption.
Apart from these, there are other areas where India requires to pay more attention are such as health and
sanitation, vocational training, employment generation etc.
 CHAPTER – 2
Sectors of Indian Economy

Q.1. Explain the difference in employment condition in organised and unorganised sectors.

Q.2. Explain the objectives of implementing the NREGA 2005.

Ans. (i) To provide work to those who are able and are in need of work, in rural areas.
(ii) They are to be provided guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year.
(iii) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowance to the
worker.
(iv) The types of work that would in future help to increase agricultural production will be given
preference under the Act.
Q.3. Explain the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors by giving examples of each.
Ans. Primary Sector: - All those economic activities that are undertaken by directly using natural
resources are included in primary sector. For example, mining, forestry, fishing, poultry etc.
Secondary sector: - It cover activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through
ways of manufacturing that we generally associate with industrial activities. For example, after obtaining
a crop, say cotton, we need machines to change it into yarn and cloth.
Tertiary Sector: - These are the activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary
sectors. These activities, by themselves do not produce any good but they are an aid or a support for the
production process. For example, any good produced in primary or secondary sector need to be
transported to the market. That will be done by tertiary sector. It is also called service sector.
Q.4. ‘Economic activities, though grouped into three different categories, are highly
interdependent.’
Ans. All Economic activities are interdependent as no activity can sustain itself alone –
Economics activities in all sectors are interdependent. Primary sector provides raw materials for
secondary sector. For example, tobacco is needed for cigarette industry, sugarcane is needed for sugar
industry. To provide transportation, banking facilities, management to the primary and secondary
sectors, tertiary sector is needed.
Q.5. Write any three ways to increase employment opportunities for people in India.
Ans. Employment opportunities for people can be increased in the following ways :–
(a) In villages more irrigational facilities should be provided so that farmers can grow more crops and
they would be engaged thoughout the year.
(b) Agro-based industries should be set up in villages so that farmers could get good prices for their
products. For example, sugar mills.
Q.6. Describe any three problems faced by workers in the unorganised sector.
Ans. The workers of unorganised sector face following problems :–
(a) They are not paid according to government rules. They are underpaid.
(b) They are not given other facilities like holidays, medical facility, gratuity, etc.
(c) They can be asked to leave without any reason. There is no job security. Workers are hired as and when
needed and then asked to leave job without any compensation.
Q.7. Explain the term GDP. Why are only ‘final goods and services’ counted in GDP?
Ans. GDP means Gross Domestic Product of a country. It is the value of all final goods and services
produced within a country during a particular year. Only the final goods and services are counted in the
GDP. For example, if wheat is sold at Rs. 8 per kg. to floor mill, which sells flour to Biscuit company
which then uses flour to make biscuits. Then the value of biscuits would be counted, not the value of
flour. The value of biscuits contains the value of intermediary goods their production.
Q.8. Explain what is meant by disguised unemployment? Give examples from rural and urban
areas where disguised unemployment exists.
Ans. Disguised employment is a hidden unemployment. It means a person seems to be obing a job but
actually he is not required there. If he is taken out of the job, no difference in the productivity would be
felt.
In rural areas all family members work on the agricultural field but all the work can be done only by one
person alone. Rest are just engaged. In urban areas, casual workers do petty jobs. They are not employed
adequately.
Q.9. Service sector in India employs different kinds of people. Explain with example.
Ans. Service sector employ different kinds of people.
There are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons,
transport persons etc. These people barely manage to earn a living. Services like management, banking,
finance, marketing, insurance, transport and communication are included in the tertiary sector. So,
obviously different kinds of people are engaged in the service sector or tertiary sector.
Q.10. Why is agriculture an activity of unorganised sector in India?
Ans. Agriculture is a sector which is not regulated by the government because land belongs to an
individual. Hence farmer or whoever owns the land hires workers as and when required. So government
cannot intervene in hiring or regulating work conditions. Agriculture is fully dependent on natural
factors, and these factors are not within control of any human being or government. Moreover, most of
the fields are small and scattered being cultivated by small and marginal farmers. It is just not possible to
put agriculture in organised sector.
Q.11. Differentiate between the public sector and private sector by giving examples.
Ans. In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. In the
private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or
companies. Railways and Post Office is an example of the public sector whereas companies like Tata
Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) and Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) are in private sector.
Q.12. Suggest any three ways to create more employment avenues in urban sector.
(i) Industrialisation – Developing private sector industries by giving more incentives
(ii) Creating Special Economic Zones in urban areas.
(iii) Laying more emphasis on export of goods.
(iv) Developing new sectors like tourism-promoting regional craft industry.
(v) Expanding IT sector.
Q.13. How can the workers in the unorganised sector be protected? Explain.
Ans. In the rural areas, the unorganised sector mostly comprises of landless labourers, small and
marginal farmers, artisans, etc. These people need to be supported through adequate facility for timely
delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage facilities and marketing outlets. In the urban areas,
unorganised sector comprises mainly workers in small-scale industry, casual workers in trade, transport
and construction, etc. Small scale industries need government support for procuring raw material and
marketing of output. The casual workers need to be protected by law. A separate body of rules and
regulations need to be made to manage activities in the unorganised sector.

Q.14. What steps should be taken to create more employment? Explain.

Ans. Following steps can be taken to create more employment:—
(i) Increase in irrigation facilities: - Without irrigation only a single crop is grown in most agricultural
fields. It means less working opportunities, but if irrigation is provided two or three crops can be grown
on the same field. So more people will be employed.
(ii) Improved Roads and Transportation: - If village roads are better built, good transportation facilities
are provided then, surplus produce could be sold in city market. This would fetch more income.
(iii) Provide them easy loan: - If people are provided easy bank loans then they could start small business
which will make them self-dependent.
Q.16. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of India.
Ans. Public sector is an important sector for the development of economy.
(i) There are several things needed by the society as a whole but which the private sector will not provide
at a reasonable cost. As huge sum of amount is needed which private sector can not afford, so public
sector is needed there. For example, building bridges, railway etc.
(ii) There are several basic activities which government has to support, for example, selling electricity at
lower cost, providing drinking water at affordable rate etc.
(iii) There are some activities which government has to perform like providing health and education
facilities. So public sector is needed.
Q.17. In which sector are most of the people employed and why?
Ans. Most of the workers are employed in Primary Sector, because:—
(i) Not enough jobs have been created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
(ii) More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector although Primary
sector contributes only one third of G.D.P.
Q.18. What do you mean by tertiary sector? Explain the role of this sector in the Indian economy.
Ans. The economic activities that support primary and secondary sectors are included in tertiary sector.
This includes transport facilities, banking facilities, medical facilities, education facilities etc. This sector
is very important for an economy.
It is going to be more important for India because due to rapid industrialisation several activities are
needed like, transport, banking, marketing, insurance etc. Skilled educated class is required for all sector
which has to be provided by education sector. When income level increase people demand more services
like catering, tourism etc.
Several new services like information technology have come up which are providing great employment
opportunities.
Q.19. Why is the tertiary sector growing so rapidly in India? Explain it with four reasons.
Ans. Tertiary sector is growing rapidly because:
(i) India’s economy is growing fast. Several services like hospital, educational institutions, post,
telegraph, police, courts, municipality, transport, banks, insurance etc are needed.
(ii) Development of agriculture and industry lead to the development of services such as transport, trade,
storage etc, so these would be in greater demand.
(iii) As income level increases certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating
out, tourism, shopping, private hospital etc.
(iv) Certain new services have emerged like information and communication technology which have
become important.
Q.19. Why is the tertiary sector becoming more important than other sectors in India? Give
four reasons.
Ans. Tertiary sector has become important in India due to
(i) Basic services like hospitals, education, post and telegraph, courts etc. are the responsibility of the
government.
(ii) Demand for services such as transport, trade, storage has increased with the development of primary
and secondary sectors.
(iii) Demand for tourism, shopping, private schools, private hospitals etc. increased with the increase in
the level of income.
(iv) Rapid growth of service sector also benefitted from external demand such as software industry and
call centre services.
 CHAPTER – 3
Money and Credit

3 and 5 marks questions and answers

Q.1. What do the banks do with the 'Public Deposits'? Describe their working mechanism.
Ans.
1.Banks accept deposits from the Public and use the major portion of these deposits to extend
loans. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.
2. Banks make use of these deposits to meet the loan requirement of the people and thereby earn
interest. This is, the main source of income of the bank.
3. In this way, bank acts as a mediator between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and
those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers). Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans
than what they offer on deposits.
Q.2 What are demand deposits? Describe any three salient features of demand deposits?
Ans.
1. People with surplus money or extra amount deposit it in banks. The banks keep the money safe
and give an interest on it. The deposits can be drawn at any time on demand by the depositors.
That is why they are called 'demand deposits.
2. The demand deposits encash able by issuing cheques have the essential features of money.
3. They make it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash.
4. Since demand drafts/cheques are widely accepted as a means of payment along with
currency, they constitute money in the modern economy.
Q.3 Explain any two features each of formal sector loans and informal sector loans.
Ans. Formal Sector Loans:
1. Formal sectors provide cheap and affordable loans and their rate of interest is monitored by
RBI.
2. Formal sector strictly follows the terms of credit which includes interest rate, collateral,
documentation and the mode of repayment.
3. Formal sector loans include loans Banks, co-operatives etc.
Informal Sector Loans:
1. Their credit activities are not governed by any organisation, therefore they charge higher rate of
interest.
2. Informal sector loan providers know the borrowers personally, and hence they provide loans on
easy terms without collateral and documentation.
3. Informal sector loans include loans from moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives, friends
etc.
Q.4 What are the two main reasons for formal credit not being available to the rural poor?
Why is there a need to expand rural credit?
Ans. The two main reasons for formal credit not being available to rural poor are :
(i) Absence of collateral and documentation is the main reason which prevents rural poor from
getting bank loans.
(ii) The arrangements of informal sector loans are flexible in terms of timelines, procedural
requirements, interest rates etc. They are adjustable according to the needs and convenience of the
borrower.
There is a need to expand rural credit from the side of formal sector because:
(i) Informal sectors exploit rural poor’s by putting them in debt-traps.
(ii) Cheap and affordable credit for rural poor’s is important for the country’s overall development.
Q.5 Why do the rural borrowers depend on the informal sector for credit? What steps can be
taken to encourage them to take loans from the formal sources? Explain any two.
Ans. The rural borrowers depend on the informal sector for credit because:
(i) Absence of collateral and documentation with rural borrowers.
(ii) Flexible loans in term of timelines, interest rates, procedural requirements etc. are provided to
rural borrowers by informal sectors.
Steps that can be adopted to encourage them to take loans from the formal sources are
(i) Awareness among rural borrowers against the exploitation of informal sectors. Need to aware
them regarding high rate of interest and debt traps made by such moneylenders.
(ii) Promotion to self-help groups. These groups collect their savings as per their own ability to
save. Members can take small loans from the groups to meet their requirements. If the group is
regular in savings for year or two, it can avail loan from the bank.
Q.6. ‘Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development’. Explain.
Or
Why do we need to expand formal source of credit in India? Explain any four reasons.
Ans. If the loans are cheap and affordable, this can lead to countries development in the following
ways :
(i) Cheap loans results in higher incomes and higher profits which can help in the expansion of
business.
(ii) More and more people can be benefitted by the loans in their businesses.
(iii) This can help in making more and more agricultural activities, small-scale industries etc.
Credit can be distributed more equally which helps in benefitting the poor’s by the help of cheaper
loans.
Q.7. Answers the following questions :
(a) Why are banks unwilling to lend loans to small farmers?
(b) Besides banks, what are the other sources of credit from which the small farmers can
borrow?
(c) Explain how terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmers.
(d) From where can small farmers get cheap loans?
(a) Banks provide loans after collateral and documentation securities, which generally the small
farmers failed to comply with. Therefore, banks are unwilling to lend loans to small farmers.
(b) There are several informal sources of credit like landlords, moneylenders, traders, relatives and
friends etc.
(c) Terms of informal credit can put the small farmers into debt-traps. Higher rate of interest and
unfavourable conditions exploit farmers by the situation of multiple loans.
(d) Farmers can get cheap and safe loans from formal credit providers i.e., banks and cooperative
societies.

Q.6. Which are the two major sources of formal sector credit in India? Why do we need to
expand formal sources of credit?
Ans. The two major sources of formal sector credit in India are — commercial banks and
cooperative societies.
We need to expand formal sources of credit due to following reasons :
(a) Informal sources of credit exploit the poor’s resulting in putting them into debt-traps.
(b) Formal sources of credit are cheaper and thus they help in country’s development.
Q.7. What is meant by term of credit? What does it include?
Ans. Terms of credit are the requirements need to be satisfied for any credit arrangements. It
includes interest rate, collateral, documentation and mode of repayment. However the terms of
credit vary depending upon the nature of lender, borrower and loan.
Q.8. How does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this
necessary?
Ans. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervised the banks in the following ways :
(i) It monitors the balance kept by banks for day-to-day transactions.
(ii) It checks that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to
small borrowers.
(iii) Periodically banks have to give details about lending, borrowers and interest rate to RBI. It is
necessary for securing public welfare. It avoids the bank to run the business with profit motive
only. (iv) It also keeps a check on interest rate of credit facilities provided by bank. RBI makes
sure that the loans from the banks are affordable and cheap.
Q.9. Describe four features of Self-Help Group (SHG).
Ans. The features of Self-Help Group (SHG) are :
(i) People form their personal groups for the purpose of savings and also lend money among
themselves.
(ii) Rate of interest is lower than informal service providers.
(iii) They can also avail loans from banks if their savings are regular.
(iv) Decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by group members.
Q.10. What is double coincidence of want? How has money solved this problem?
Ans. Things exchanged for other things without the use of money is known as barter system. The
barter system laid the foundation of trade but trade was limited to the bounds of a village or town.
Hence, in a barter system when both the parties agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities, it
is known as double coincidence of wants. Whatever commodity a person desires to sell is exactly
what commodity the other wishes to buy. Without double coincidence of wants exchange of goods
is not possible. Therefore, it is an essential feature. Money eliminates the need of double
coincidence of wants. One can easily exchange their goods in exchange of money and later on pay
money for the desired commodities. Money acts as a intermediate in the process of exchange, it is
called as medium of exchange.
Q.11. How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need
money?
Ans. People keep their surplus money in banks for safety and interest which is provided by banks
to them. Banks again keep only a small proportion of their cash with themselves. These days banks
keep only 15% of the total deposits with them. Rest of the money banks keep to extend loans.
Banks charge interest on loans which is higher than the interest on deposits. This surplus interest
becomes the source of income for the banks. The 15% of cash deposits which banks keep with
themselves helps to carry on with, day-to-day transactions. Like everyday, depositors come to
withdraw some of their cash.

Q.12 Mention four characteristics each of the formal and informal sources of credit in India.
Ans. Features of formal sources of credit are :
(a) Formal sources of credit are provided by banks and cooperative societies to the borrowers.
(b) Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governs the functioning of formal source of credit. RBI
periodically checks the interest rate and other details of these sources.
(c) They follow proper terms of credit which includes collateral, documentation, rate of interest
and mode of repayment.
(d) They provide cheap and affordable credits with common terms of credit for all.
Features of informal sources of credit are :
(a) Informal sources of credit are moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives, friends etc.
(b) There is no government or private organisation that manages or check the credit activities
performed by informal sources.
(c) Their terms of credit are flexible for the personal benefit of the lenders and condition of
borrowers.
(d) They generally charge higher rates of interest and exploit the borrowers for their own benefits.
 Q.13. What are the modern forms of money currency in India? Why is it accepted as a
medium of exchange? How is it executed?
Ans. Modern forms of money include currency (paper notes) and coins. It is accepted as a medium
of exchange because the currency is authorised by the government of India. No individual in India
can legally refuse a payment made in rupee. Any person holding money can easily exchange it
with any commodity or service that he desires. It acts as intermediate in the exchange process of
different countries.
Q.14. Why is transactions made in money? Explain with suitable examples.
Ans. Money is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the
government of India. In money transactions, money can be paid for any goods or services one
desires. For example: the producer of shoes may want wheat in exchange for his shoes. But he may
find it difficult to find a person who is also willing to exchange his wheat for shoes. So
simultaneous fulfilment of mutual wants is the first and foremost condition to buy and sell the
commodity. In money transaction one can buy a commodity whenever one wants it. One does not
have to wait for another person to agree to an exchange of goods.
Q.15. What are the various sources of credit in rural areas? Which one of them is the most
convenient source of credit? Why is it most convenient? Give two reasons.
Ans. Various sources of credit in rural areas are:
(i) Agricultural traders,
(ii) Moneylenders,
(iii) Commercial banks,
(iv) Co-operative societies and
(v) Relatives and friends.
The most convenient source of credit is a moneylender.
It is most convenient because of the following two reasons :
(i) There is no need of documentation process while taking loan from informal sources
(moneylenders).
(ii) No collateral is required. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building,
livestock etc.) and uses this as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid.
 CHAPTER - 4
Globalisation in India

Q .1 Define liberalization?
Ans: Liberalization of economy means to free it from direct or physical control imposed by the
government.
Q .2 What is globalization?
Ans: integrating our economy with world economy is called globalization. Reduction in economic gap
between different nations is done by removing all restrictions between nations on the movement of
goods, services, capital, technology and labour.
Q .3 What is privatization?
Ans: Privatization is defined as the transfer of ownership and control from the public sector to the
private sector. It means there is greater role of private capital and enterprise in the in the functioning of
an economy.
Q .4 State a positive aspect of India’s development strategy prior to 1991?
Ans: The strategy has helped India in creating a large industrial base and increase in industrial
production.
Q .5 State a negative aspect of India’s development strategy prior to 1991?
Answer: Laws formulated to regulate private sector failed to reduce the concentration of economic
power in the private sector. Corruptions, inefficiency in work, mismanagement were the common
features in the public enterprises.
Short Answer Questions
Q.1 Explain any three ways in which MNCs set up or control production in other countries.
Ans. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their factories or production units close to markets
where they can get desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at low costs along with other factors of
production. After ensuring these conditions MNCs set up production units in the following ways :
(a) Jointly with some local companies of the existing country.
(b) Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of modern technology.
(c) They place orders for small producers and sell these products under their own brand name to the
customers worldwide.
Q.2. How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across the countries? Give any three
examples.
Ans. Foreign trade is the main channel which connects the markets of various countries. Foreign trade
lead to integration of markets across the countries as follows :
(a) Creates opportunities for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets or the markets of their
own countries.
(b) Import of goods from various countries provides choice of goods for consumer beyond the goods that
are produced domestically.
(c) Producers of different countries compete with each other although they are thousands of miles away.
Q.3. Enumerate any three features of Multinational Corporations.
Ans. Multinational Companies (MNCs) are the company that own or control the production of their
goods in more than one country. The main features of MNCs are
(a) They set up their factories and offices in more than one country.
(b) They set up their units where the cost of production is low and higher profits can be earned.
(c) They produce and sell their finished products globally.
Q.4. Why did India put barriers on foreign trade and investment after independence? Why was
the policy changed in 1991? Mention any two reasons.
Ans. Soon after independence India put barriers on foreign trade and independent to create a large
industrial base which helped in increasing the industrial production. Policies were changed in 1991
because:
(a) Global competition of Indian producers will improve the quality of Indian goods.
(b) Reduce the problems like unemployment, poverty, inflation etc. and support industrialisation.
 Q.5. What is globalization? How can the government ensure fair globalization to its people? Give
two points.
Ans. Globalisation means unification or integration of the domestic economy with the world economy
through trade, capital and technology flows.
Government can ensure fair globalization to its people in the following ways :
(a) Government needs to care about the labour laws so that workers get their rights and support small
producers to improve their performance.
(b) Government can negotiate with world trade organisation for fairer rules and can align with
developing countries to stand against the domination of developed countries.
Q.6. Should more Indian companies emerge as MNCs? How would it benefit the people in the
country?
Ans. Yes, more Indian companies should emerge as MNCs. It would benefit the people in the country in
the following ways :
(a) New job opportunities have been created by the emergence of Indian companies as MNCs.
(b) Local companies that provide raw material and other services to these companies have prospered.
(c) Rise in production standards, improved the standard of living of the people.
Q.7 Analyse any three impacts of globalization in India.
Ans. Impacts of globalization in India are as follows :
(a) It improves the productivity and efficiency in the use of resources through the process of competition.
(b) Growth rate of economy has gone up with the increase in foreign investment and foreign technology
in India.
(c) It allows the consumers to enjoy a wider range of goods and services at a lower cost.
Q.8 Suggest any three measures to make globalisation just and fair.
Ans. Globalisation means unification or integration of the domestic economy with the world economy
through trade, capital and technology flows.
Government can ensure fair globalization to its people in the following ways :
(a) Government needs to care about the labour laws so that workers get their trade union rights and
support small producers to improve their performance.
(b) Government can negotiate with world trade organisation for fairer rules and can align with
developing countries to stand against the domination of developed countries.
Q.9 How has liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?
Explain.
Ans. Economic liberalisation means reducing government interference in economic activities and
removing trade and business barriers. Liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the
globalisation process in the following ways :
(a) Businesses are free to make decisions for foreign import and export.
(b) Foreign companies could easily set up factories and industries in a country after liberalisation.
Q.10 Describe any three factors which have enabled globalisation in India.
Ans. Globalisation means unification or integration of the domestic economy with the world economy
through trade, capital and technological flows. Factors that supported globalisation in India are as
follows :
(a) Reduction of trade barriers with a view to allowing free flow of goods to and from other countries.
(b) Involvement of various local producers with MNCs in various ways.
(c) Some of the large Indian companies like Tata Motors, Infosys (IT), Ranbaxy, Asian Paints etc.
emerged as MNCs and start working globally.
Q.11 Describe any three ways in which Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have spread their
production and interaction with local producers in other countries.
Ans. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their factories or production units close to markets
where they can get desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at low costs along with other factors of
production. After ensuring these conditions, MNCs set up production units in the following ways :
(a) Set up jointly with some local companies of the country.
(b) Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of modern technology.
(c) They place orders for small producers and sell their products under their own brand name to the
customers worldwide.
Q.12 ‘‘The impact of globalization has not been uniform’’. Explain this statement.
Ans. It is true that the impact of globalisation has not been uniform. This can be explained through
following points :
(a) It has some negative impacts on employment and real wages. Ushering in of new technology, output
is increasing but the employment opportunities are not much especially in rural areas where 75% of the
population lives.
(b) It is mainly beneficial to large capitalists, industries and large companies. Consequently it increases
the concentration of economic power and lead to inequality.
(c) In India, during 1990-91 more than 1/3rd of national product originated in agricultural sector, this
share has come down to 23% in 2004-05.
Q.14 What is meant by trade barrier? Why do governments use it?
Ans. Barriers or restrictions that are imposed by government on free import and export activities are
called trade barrier. Tax on imports is a vital trade barrier. Government can use the trade barriers in the
following ways :
(a) Increase or decrease of foreign trade of the country.
(b) With the help of trade barriers government can decide what kinds of goods and how much of each,
should be traded in the country.
Q.15 Describe the impact of globalization on the lives of consumers.
Ans. (a) Globalization has improved the quality of the products.
(b) Wide variety of products are available in the markets due to globalisation which has improved the
standard of living of the consumers.
(c) Products are available at cheap rate.
Q.16 Mention any three steps which have been taken by the government of India to attract foreign
investment in recent years?
Ans. Investment made by MNCs is known as foreign investment. In order to attract foreign investment
following steps are taken by the Indian government :
(i) Restrictions on trade and investment, have been removed to a large extent.
(ii) Special economic zones have been created.
(iii)MNCs have been allowed to make flexibility in labour laws.
Q.17 ‘‘In spite of numerous advantages, there are many problems that globalisation still faces’’.
Support the statement with three problems.
Ans. The problems with globalisation are as follows :
(a) It has sometimes negative impacts on employment and real wages. With the introduction of new
technology, output is increasing but the employment opportunities are not.
(b) Because of foreign technology, the problems of energy crisis, water shortage and pollution are
increasing very fast.
(c) It is more beneficial to large-scale producers and consequently increasing concentration of economic
power.
Q.18 What is WTO? What are its main aims? Mention any one of its limitation.
Ans. World Trade Organisation (WTO): It is an international organisation which was established on 1st
January, 1995 by the members of the UN to promote trade among countries.
The main aims of WTO are :
(a) To act as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations.
(b) Resolve trade disputes.
(c) Liberalise international trade and follow free trade for all.
One limitation of WTO is:
Developed countries unfairly impose trade barriers whereas WTO forces the developing countries to
follow completely free trade.
Q.19 Should more Indian companies emerge as MNCs?
Ans. There is much scope for Indian companies to emerge as MNCs. These are the companies mainly
related to Information Technology (IT sector), accounting and administrative sector. It will benefit the
people in the country by providing them gainful employment and further enhance their quality of life.
MNCs have enormous wealth with them. They have a strong influence on production in different
countries.
 CHAPTER – 5
Consumer Rights

Important question and answer:

Q.1 Define Consumer Awareness.
Ans. Consumer's consciousness towards their rights and the social and legal obligations of the business
and the government towards consumers is known as consumer awareness.
Q.2 What do you mean by Consumer Protection?
Ans. Consumer protection means protection of consumers from the mis-shappening due to technical and
manufacturing fault of commodities.
Q.3 Define Consumer Rights.
Ans. The rights which help the consumers in protecting himself from being exploited are known as
consumer rights.
Q.4 List the right of the consumer.
Ans. Following are the rights of the consumers:
(i) Right to safety
(ii) Right to be informed
(iii) Right to choose
(iv) Right to be heard
(v) Right to seek redressal
(vi) Right to consumer education
Q.5 When was the Right to Information Act passed?
Ans. The Right to Information Act was passed in October, 2005.
Q.6 What do you mean by COPRA?
Ans. COPRA is the short form of Consumer Protection Act.
Q.7 Name any two ways by which the shopkeeper exploit the customers.
Ans. The ways are as follows:
(i) By giving bad quality product
(ii) By charging more price than max. Retail price for the product.
Q.8 When is 'World Consumers Rights Day' celebrated?
Ans. 'The World Consumers Rights Day' is celebrated on March 15, every year.
Q.9 Mention a few organisations that provide certification of standardisation for goods and
services in India.
Ans. (i) ISI, (ii) AGMARK, (iii) HALLMARK
Q.10 What is meant by Adulteration?
Ans. Adulteration usually refers to mixing an inferior and sometimes harmful quality of a matter with
food and drink intended to be sold. In other words, it is mixing something impure with something
genuine.
Q.11. State the organization that sets standards of products at the international level.
Ans. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO).
3 and 5 marks questions
Q.1. Explain any three ways by which people may be exploited in the market.
Ans. Consumer may be exploited in the market in the following ways :
(a) Sub-standard quality: Selling of medicines beyond their expiry date, supply of defective home
appliances etc. are the activities by traders in which they sell substandard quality of goods.
(b) Higher prices: Traders sometimes charge a price higher than the retail price (MRP).
(c) Duplicate Articles: Many false and duplicate products are being sold to the consumers.
Q.2.What are the rights given under COPRA for the redressal of grievances? Explain.
Ans. The rights given under COPRA for the redressal of grievances are as follows :
(i) Right to safety: This is the right to be protected against the marketing of goods which are hazardous to
health and life.
(ii) Right to be informed: Consumers have the right to get all information about the product or service
before making a choice or a decision. This will enable the consumers not to fall prey to the sellers tactics.
(iii) Right to choose: Consumers the right to choose from amongst a variety of goods and services
available in the market at competitive prices.
(iv) Right to be heard: Every consumer’s complaints or grievances regarding any product or services will
be considered.
(v) Right to seek redressal: When consumers are cheated or exploited, they have a right to get claims
settled against the manufacturer.
(vi) Right to consumer education: A consumer can protect himself against various malpractices when he
knows his rights and the remedies available to him.
Q.3. How is a consumer benefitted by the right to be informed?
Ans. Consumer can ask about the facts, information about quality, date of manufacture, price,
precautions etc. about a product he is willing to buy. After getting the complete information, a consumer
has a complete freedom to deny or accept the product.
Q.4. Briefly explain the three-tier quasi-judicial machinery set up under the Consumer Protection
Act of 1986.
Ans. The government enacted a specific law called the Consumer Protection Act, 1985. Most important
feature of the Act is the provision for setting up a three-tier system as follows:
National Consumer Commission-cases above 1 crore
State Consumer Commission-cases between 20 lakhs and 1 crore
District Forum-cases below 20 lakhs
These courts look into the grievances and complaints of the consumers against the traders and
manufacturers and provide the necessary relief and compensation to the consumers.
Q.5. Highlight any three problems which a consumer may face in the process of redressal?
Ans. The problems which a consumer may face in the process of redressal are :
(a) It may be time-consuming.
(b) It may be expensive as a consumer has to engage the lawyers.
(c) If cash memos are not issued then it makes the collection of evidences difficult.
Q.6. Describe any three features of Consumer Forum?
Ans. Features of Consumer Forum are as follows:
(i) They guide the consumers on filing the cases in consumer courts.
(ii) In many cases, they represent the individual consumer at the consumer courts.
(iii) They create awareness among the people.
Q.7. Explain any three factors that led to the growth of consumer movements in India.
Ans. Factors that led to the growth of consumer movements in India are :
(i) Exploitation of consumers by the traders or shopkeepers.
(ii) To avoid black marketing, adulteration of food etc. by traders.
(iii) To check the malpractices at ration shops and even at road passenger transport.
Q.8 What are the duties that consumers must fulfill to secure the right.
Ans: Duties of consumers :-
(i) Consumers should be more alert and questioning about the price and quality of goods and services.
(ii) Consumers must be assured to get a fair deal.
(iii) To organize together as consumers to develop the strength and influence to promote and protect their
interests.
(iv) To purchase ISI or AGMARK marked products.
(v) To ask for the cash memo.
(vi) To complain for genuine grievances.
(vii) Consumer should know their right and must exercise them. available.
 CLASS X
SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE 087)
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2018-19

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:
a) The question paper is divided into four sections – Section A, Section B, Section C and
Section D.
b) The question paper has 26 questions in all.
c) All questions are compulsory.
d) Marks are indicated against each question.
e) Questions from serial number 1 to 7 are very short answer type questions. Each question
carries one mark.
f) Questions from serial number 8 to 18 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions
should not exceed 80 words each.
g) Questions from serial number 19 to 25 are 5 marks questions. Answer of these questions
should not exceed 100 words each.
h) Question number 26 is a map question of 5 marks with two parts -26 A from History (2
marks) and 26 B from Geography (3 marks).

SECTION A (1 X 7=7)

1 Why did Slavic nationalist struggle in the 19th century? Give one reason. 1
OR
Why did France take up the idea of civilizing mission during mid- nineteenth century? Give
one reason.

2 Why did Charles Dickens write about the terrible effects of industrialisation on people’s lives 1
and characters'? Give one reason.
OR
Interpret any one fear in the minds of religious authorities and monarchs about the printed
texts during 16th century in Europe.

3 “Conservation of resource is vital for development.” Give one example regarding the 1
statement.
OR
“Degradation of land is a cause of worry.” Give one reason to support the statement.

4 Recognize the form of power sharing which is represented by the Community Government in 1
Belgium.
5 Why is money called a medium of exchange? 1
OR
Why do banks ask for collateral while giving loans?

6 The MNC’s of a country sets up a production jointly with the local company of other country. 1
State any one benefit of this joint production to the local company.

7 Suppose you buy a bag of cement for the purpose of repair work in your house, which logo or 1
mark will you look for?

SECTION B (3 X 11=33)
8 Describe the ideology of liberalism during early 19th century. 3
OR
Describe the role of Ho Chi Minh in the Vietnamese struggle for independence.

9 “Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred.” Support the 3
statement with suitable arguments.
OR
“Pariksha Guru is considered landmark in the history of Hindi novel.” Justify the statement
with suitable arguments.

10 “Multi- purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny.” Identify the 3
problems caused by the setting up of these projects and dams.
OR
“India is heading towards water scarcity.” Trace the possible solutions to tackle this problem.

11 Establish the difference between Commercial farming and Subsistence farming with the help 3
of a suitable example.

12 State any three important features of Federalism. 3

OR
State any three major steps taken by the Indian Government towards decentralization in 1992.

13 “In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy.” 3
Illustrate with suitable examples.

14 How is Democracy a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other 3
alternative government?

15 ‘Sustainable Development is a crucial step for the development of a country’. Explain with 3
 suitable examples.

16 Why are formal sources of credit preferred over the informal source of credit? Give three 3
reasons.
OR
Why is credit a crucial element in the economic development?

17 Critically examine the impact of globalization in India. 3

OR
Evaluate the role of MNCs in the economic development of a country.

18 “Consumer movement can be effective only with the consumer’s active involvement.” 3
Keeping the statement in mind highlight the ways through which consumers can express their
solidarity.

SECTION C (5 X 7 = 35)

19 Describe the impact of Great Depression on Indian economy. 5

OR
Describe the impact of the First World war on Indian industries.
OR
Describe the effects of nineteenth century city development on ecology and environment?

20 The Civil Disobedience Movement saw the participation of different social classes and groups. 5
Give reasons for the participation of the following: a) rich peasants b) poor peasants c)
business classes d) industrial working classes e) women 1x5
OR
The middle classes played an important role in the Non-Cooperation Movement in the cities.
Explain. Why do you think that the movement slowed down in the cities? 3+2

21 Why are maximum Jute textile mills located in the Hugli Basin? 5

22 “Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity”. 5

Elaborate with examples.

23 Mention any three forms in which communalism is expressed in politics. Describe the solution 5
provided by the Constitution framers of India to meet this challenge? (3+2)

24 Illustrate the situations which display lack of internal democracy within a political party. 5
OR
Exhibit the role of money and muscle power among political parties during elections.
25 Show how tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India. 5

SECTION D (1 X 5 = 5)
26A Two places A and B are marked on the outline political map of India, identify these places 2
with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines marked near +
them: 3
=
a. The place where Jallianwala Bagh massacre happened.
5
b. The place where Non- Cooperation Movement ended abruptly due to violence.
1X2 = 2

26B Locate and label ANY THREE of the following with appropriate symbols on the same given
outline political map of India.

i. Rawat Bhata Nuclear power plant

ii. Chhatrapati Shivaji Airport
iii. Bhadravati - Iron and Steel plant
iv. Noida Software Technology Park
v. Vijaynagar Iron and Steel Industry 1X3 =3

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired candidates only in lieu of Q.
No. 26. ANY FIVE to be attempted: 1X5 =5

(i) Name the state where Indigo planters organized Satyagraha.

(ii) Name the state where Non- Cooperation Movement ended abruptly due to violence.
(iii) Name the state where Chhatrapati Shivaji Airport is located.
(iv) Name the state where Bhadravati Iron and Steel Plant is located.
(v) Name the state where Rawat Bhata Nuclear Power Plant is located.
(vi) Name the software technology park in Uttar Pradesh.
(vii)Name the iron and steel plant in Karnataka.
 QUESTION 26
A and 26 B

b
 CLASS X
SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE 087)
MARKING SCHEME 2018-19

SECTION A (1 X 7=7)
Ans 1 To define their identity and independence. 1
Ch- 1,Nationalism in Europe, Page no. 26
OR
To bring the benefits of civilization to the backward people of Vietnam. 1
Ch-2, Nationalism in Indo-China Page no. 32

Ans. 2 Charles Dickens wanted to make the society aware of the terrible effects of industrialisation 1
on people’s lives and characters.

History, Novels, Society and History, page no.180

OR
Fears in the minds of religious authorities and monarchs - 1

i. They were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to printed word
would have on people’s minds.
ii. It was feared that there was no control over what was printed.
iii. Rebellious and irreligious thoughts and ideas could spread.
(Any one to be mentioned)
History, Print culture and the modern world page no.160

Ans. 3 Conservation of resources- afforestation, water treatment. 1

Geography, Page No.4
OR
Degradation of land is a cause of worry because it can cause ecological imbalance. 1
Geography, Page No. 6

Ans. 4 Power sharing among different social groups like the religious and linguistic groups. 1
Political Science, Ch-1 Power Sharing, Page No. 9

Ans. 5 Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process. 1

Economics, Page No.40
OR
Banks use collateral as a guarantee until the loan is repaid. 1
Economics, Page No.44

Ans. 6 Benefits of Joint Production: 1

1. MNC can provide money for additional investment.
 2. MNC might bring latest technology for production. (any 1 to be mentioned)
Economics , Page No.57

Ans. 7 ISI Economics , Page No.85 1

SECTION B (3 X 11=33)

Ans. 8 i. Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality 3
to all before law for the new middle classes.
ii. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
iii. It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
(Any other relevant point)
History, Ch-1 The rise of Nationalism in Europe Page no. 9
OR
Role of Ho Chi Minh 3
i. Ho Chi Minh was the nationalist leader of Vietnamese communist party and formed
Vietminh army and fought against Japan.
ii. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and he became the chairman.
iii. He initiated Ho Chi Minh Trail against America
(Any other relevant point)
History Ch 2 Nationalism in Indo China page no. 47
Ans. 9 Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred. 3
i. Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.
ii. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic powers of the state; thus,
eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. Voltaire and Rousseau were widely
read.
iii. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that was
inquisitive, critical and rational. Hence, new ideas of social revolution came into being.
iv. By the 1780s Literature mocked the royalty and criticized their morality. This led to the growth
of hostile sentiments against the monarch.
History, Ch-7 Print culture and the modern world, Page no. 162
OR
Pariksha Guru-The novel tells a story of the extravagance of Hindu bankers and traders. Its theme 3
is not to adopt Western culture. It propagated the following issues which no other novel did before:
i. It cautioned young men of well to do families about the ill effects of bad company.
ii. It then shows how to live a practical life that preserves traditional values in honour and
dignity.
iii. Children are advised to read the newspaper.
iv. The author emphasised that modernity should be embraced without giving up middle class
values.
v. The novel tries to teach the reader the ‘right way’ to live and expects all ‘sensible men’ to be
worldly-wise and practical, to remain rooted in the values of their own tradition and culture,
and to live with dignity and honour
vi. In the novel we see the characters attempting to bridge two different worlds through their
actions: they take to new agricultural technology, modernise trading practices, change the
use of Indian languages, making them capable of transmitting both Western sciences and
Indian wisdom.
 (Any three to be analysed.)
History Ch 8 Novels Society and History page no.188

Ans. 10 Problems caused by setting up of Multi-purpose projects and large dams: 3

i. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow
ii.Dams fragment rivers
iii. Difficulty for aquatic fauna to migrate
iv. Submergence of existing vegetation
v. Decomposition of soil
vi. Large scale displacement of local communities
(Any three to be explained)
Geography Page No. 27
OR
Possible Solutions to tackle water scarcity 3
i. Rain water harvesting
ii. Bamboo drip irrigation system
v. iii. Avoiding wastage of water in day to day life activities
vi. Any other relevant point
Geography Page No. 31

Ans. 11 A. Commercial Farming 3

i. Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc.
ii. Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to another
iii. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming
iv. Use of well-developed network of transport and communication
v. High productivity for commercial purpose

B. Subsistence Farming

i. Is practiced on small patches of land

ii. Labour intensive farming
iii. Use of primitive tools
iv. Dependent on Monsoons
v. Called as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture.
vi. Low productivity
(Any two to be mentioned in each unit)
C. Example: Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab but in Odisha it is a
subsistence crop.
Geography Page No. 35
Note: Explanation of 2 differences – 2 marks and Example - 1 mark

Ans. 12 Key features of federalism : 3

i. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
ii. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own
jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
iii The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the
constitution.
 iv. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one
level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
v. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of
government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of
government in the exercise of their respective powers.
Any three to be explained.
Political Science, Ch-2 Federalism, Page No. 15
OR
Major steps taken by Indian Government towards decentralization in 1992. 3

i. Constitution mandate to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

ii. Reservation of seats in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for
the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes.
iii. Reservation of at least one third of all positions for women.
iv. Creation of an independent institution called the State Election Commission in each state
to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
v. The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local
government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from state to state.
Any three to be explained.
Political Science, Ch-2 Federalism, Page No. 24

Ans. 13 Political Expression of Social Division- 3

i. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances
and get the government to attend to these.

ii. They can voice their demand in a peaceful and constitutional manner through elections
iii They can fight for their recognition and also to accommodate diversity.
All the points to be explained.
Political Science, Ch-3 Democracy and Diversity, Page No. 37

Ans. 14 Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any 3
other alternative form of government because it:
i Promotes equality among citizens
ii Enhances the dignity of the individual
iii Improves the quality of decision making
iv. Provides a method to resolve conflicts
v. Allows room to correct mistakes.
Any three points to be explained
Political Science, Ch-7 Outcomes of Democracy, Page No. 90

Ans. 15 Sustainable development is crucial for development of a country as it: 3

i. Promotes use of renewable resources like solar energy, tidal energy, etc
ii. Puts a check on over usage of resources
iii. Promotes protection and conservation of resources for future generation
 All three points to be explained.
Economics, Page No. 14-15

Ans. 16 Formal sources of credit preferred over Informal sources of credit because: 3
i.Formal sources have low cost of borrowing
ii.Higher Income through cheap borrowing
iii.No exploitation and debt trap.
iv. Any other relevant point
(All three points to be explained)
Economics , Page No.49
OR
Credit is a crucial element in economic development of a country because: 3
i. It helps to meet the ongoing expenses of production
ii. It helps in increasing earnings
iii. It helps in completing production in time.
iv. Any other relevant point
(All three points to be explained)
Economics, Page no. 43

Ans. 17 Impact of Globalization in India: 3

i. Stiff competition for local producers and manufacturers.
ii. No job security
iii. Workers are denied their fair share of benefit
iv. Long working hours and low wages to the worker.
v. Expansion of unorganized sector.
vi. New opportunities for IT sector
vii. Increase in investment and foreign trade
viii. Any other relevant point
(Any three to be explained)
Economics, Page No.68-69
OR
Role of MNCs in the economic development: 3
i. MNCs place order for production with small producers
ii. MNCs are setting up partnerships with local companies.
iii. They are interlinking markets all over the world.
iv. Any other relevant point.
(Any three to be explained)

Economics, Page No.58

Ans. 18 Consumer Solidarity 3

i. Right to the consumers – Right to information, Right to choose, Right to seek
redressal, Right to represent and right to be heard.
ii. COPRA – a three tier judicial machinery
iii. Consumer forums
(All the three points to be explained) Economics , Page No.80-84
 SECTION C (5 X 7 = 35)

Ans. 19 The impact of Great Depression on Indian Economy: 5

i. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and1934.
ii As agricultural prices fell sharply internationally as a result of this prices plunged in India.
iii Despite of this, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands.
iv. iv. Peasants’ indebtedness increased. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold
their jewellery and precious metals.
v. v. India became exporter of metal
vi. vi. Town dwellers found themselves better off
vii. vii. Industrial investment grew
viii. Any other relevant point
(To be evaluated as a whole)
History, Ch-4 The making of the global world, Page no. 96-97
OR
The First world war created a dramatically new situation for the Indian industries. 5
i. With the British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army,
Manchester imports into India declined.
ii Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
iii. As the war prolonged Indian industries were called upon to supply war needs like, jute
bags, cloth for army uniforms, etc
iv. New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts.
v. Many new workers were employed and everyone worked for longer hours.
vi. Over the war years industrial production boomed.
vii Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.
viii Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
Local industries consolidated their position capturing the home market.
ix. Any other relevant point
(To be evaluated as a whole)
History, The Age of Industrialisation Page 121 and 122.
OR
City development occurred at the expense of ecology and environment 5
i. Natural features were flattened out or transformed in response the growing demand for
space for factories and other institutions.
ii. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted water and air, while excessive
noise became a feature of urban life.
iii.Widespread use of coal in homes and industries caused serious problems.
iv. In industrial cities like Leeds, Manchester and Bradford, hundreds of chimneys spewed
black smoke
v. People complained about the black fog which descended on their homes causing bad
tempers, smoke related illnesses and dirty clothes.
vi. Any other relevant point
(To be evaluated as a whole)
History, Work, Life and Leisure, Page 148
Ans. 20 The reasons for the participation of various social classes and groups in Civil 5
Disobedience Movement are as follows:
i. Rich peasants- rich peasant communities like patidars of Gujrat & the jats of Uttar
Pradesh joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops they
were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. Due to the refusal of the
government to reduce the revenue demand made them fight against high revenues.
ii. Poor peasants- joined the movement because they found it difficult to pay rent.
They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
iii. Business class- they reacted against colonial policies that restricted activities
because they were keen on expanding their business and for this they wanted
protection against imports of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel
colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without restrictions.
iv. Industrial working class- they did not participate in large numbers except in the
Nagpur region. Some workers did participate in, selectively adopting some of the
Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as a part of their own
movements against low wages and poor working conditions.
v. Women- there were large scale participation of women in the movement. They
participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and
liquor shops. Many went to jail. 1X5=5
History, Ch-3 Nationalism in India Page no. 65-67
OR
Middle classes played an important role in the Non-cooperation movement in the cities 5
i. Thousands of students left the government- controlled schools and colleges,
headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
ii. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
iii. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in
huge bonfires.
The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons-
i. Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people
could not afford it and therefore could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
ii. Similarly boycotting British institutions also posed a problem as there were no
alternative national institutions to fulfil the educational needs.
iii. As a result students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and
lawyers joined back work in government courts.
iv. Any other relevant point 3+2=5
History, Ch-3 Nationalism in India, Page no. 58

Ans. 21 Location of Jute industries in Hugli basin: 5

i. Proximity of jute producing areas.
ii. Inexpensive water transport.
iii. Good network of roadways, railways and waterways
iv. Abundant water for processing raw jute
v. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states
vi. Good banking, insurance and poor facilities in Kolkata.
(Any five to be explained)
Geography Page No. 70
Ans. 22 Advancement of International Trade: 5
i. Trade between two countries through sea, air or land route helps in the development of
country.
ii. No country can survive without International trade.
iii. Export and Import are the component of Trade.
iv. Commodities in export- agriculture and allied products, areas and minerals, gems and
jewellery etc.
v. The commodities imported to India include Petroleum and its products, precious stores,
chemicals etc.
Geography, Page No. 91

Ans. 23 Communalism can take various forms in politics: 5

i. The routinely beliefs involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities
and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.
ii. A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious
community.
iii. For those belonging to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian
dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire
to form a separate political unit.
iv. Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This
involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in
order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena.
v. Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and
massacre.
(Any three to be explained)

The makers of our Constitution were aware of this challenge. That is why they chose
the model of a secular state. This choice was reflected in several constitutional
provisions like-
i. There is no official religion for the Indian state.
ii. The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice
and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
iii. The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
iv. At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion
in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
(Any two to be explained )
Political Science, Ch-4 Gender, Religion and Caste, Page Nos. 47-48

Ans. 24 Situations which display lack of internal democracy within a political party – 5
i. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not
conduct internal elections regularly.
ii. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside
the party.
iii. They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions. As a
result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
iv. Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who disagree with
the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party.
v. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes
 more important.
OR
Role of money and muscle power among political parties during elections – 5
i. Since parties are focussed only on winning elections, they tend to use shortcuts to win
elections.
ii. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
iii. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the
policies and decisions of the party.
iv. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
v. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big
companies in democratic politics. (with explanation)
Political Science, Ch-6 Political Parties, Page Nos. 83-84

Ans. 25 Importance of Tertiary Sector : 5

i. Basic services like hospitals, educational institutions, defence, and transport are
the part of tertiary sector.
ii. Development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services
iii. As the income level rises, tourism, shopping, private schools and professional
training also expands. People start demanding more services this leads to the
expansion of the tertiary sector.
iv. Information and communication technology also play an important role in this
expansion.
v. Large number of workers are engaged in this sector, as the demand for services
grow.
Economics Page No. 24-25

SECTION D (1 X 5 = 5)
Ans. a. Amritsar
26A b. Chauri Chaura
1X2 = 2
26B To be located on the map 1X3=3

The questions for Visually Impaired candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 26. ANY FIVE to
be attempted: 1X5 =5
(i) The state where the Indigo planters organized Satyagraha.-Champaran-Bihar
(ii) The state where Non- Cooperation Movement ended abruptly due to violence.-Chauri-
Chaura-UP
(iii) The state where Chhatrapati Shivaji Airport is located.- Mumbai- Maharashtra
(iv) The state where Bhadravati Iron and Steel Plant is located.-Karnataka
(v) The state where Rawat Bhata Nuclear Power Plant is located- Rajasthan
(vi) Noida Software Technology Park in Uttar Pradesh
(vii) Vijaynagar Iron and Steel Industry in Karnataka