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DISCUSSION
A. Perspective On Nursing Theory.
Theories are a set of interrelated concepts that give a systematic view of a phenomenon (an
observable fact or event) that is explanatory & predictive in nature. Theories are composed
of concepts, definitions, models, propositions & are based on assumptions. They are derived
through two principal methods; deductive reasoning and inductive easoning. Nursing
theorists use both of these methods. Theory is “a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas
that projects a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena”. A theory makes it
possible to “organize the relationship among the concepts to describe, explain, predict, and
control practice”
Definition
• Concepts are basically vehicles of thought that involve images.
Concepts are words that describe objects, properties, or events & are basic components of
theory.
• Types: Empirical concepts
Inferential concepts
Abstract concepts
• Models are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing
patterns.
• Propositions are statements that explain the relationship between the concepts.
• Process it is a series of actions, changes or functions intended to bring about a desired
result. During a process one takes systemic & continuous steps to meet a goal & uses both
assessments & feedback to direct actions to the goal.
• A particular theory or conceptual frame work directs how these actions are carried out.
The delivery of nursing care within the nursing process is directed by the way specific
conceptual frameworks & theories define the person (patient), the environment, health &
nursing.
• The terms ‘model’ and ‘theory’ are often wrongly used interchangeably, which further
confounds matters.
• In nursing, models are often designed by theory authors to depict the beliefs in their
theory (Lancaster and Lancaster 1981).
• They provide an overview of the thinking behind the theory and may demonstrate how
theory can be introduced into practice, for example, through specific methods of
assessment.
• Models are useful as they allow the concepts in nursing theory to be successfully applied
to nursing practice (Lancaster and Lancaster 1981).
• Their main limitation is that they are only as accurate or useful
as the underlying theory. Importance of nursing theories
• Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and explain the phenomenon of nursing (Chinn
and Jacobs1978).
• It should provide the foundations of nursing practice, help to generate further knowledge
and indicate in which direction nursing should develop in the future (Brown 1964).
• Theory is important because it helps us to decide what we know and what we need to
know (Parsons1949).
• It helps to distinguish what should form the basis of practice by explicitly describing
nursing.
• The benefits of having a defined body of theory in nursing include better patient care,
enhanced professional status for nurses, improved communication between nurses, and
guidance for research and education (Nolan 1996). In addition, because
• The main exponent of nursing – caring – cannot be measured, it is vital to have the theory
to analyze and explain what nurses do.
• As medicine tries to make a move towards adopting a more multidisciplinary approach to
health care, nursing continues to strive to establish a unique body of knowledge.
• This can be seen as an attempt by the nursing profession to maintain its professional
boundaries.
The characteristics of theories
Theories are :
Adaptation Theory
• It defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other liiving things & to
environmental conditions.
• Adaptation is a continuously occurring process that effects change & involves interaction
& response. Human adaptation occurs on three levels :
1. The internal (self)
2. The social (others) &
3. the physical (biochemical reactions)
Developmental Theory
• It outlines the process of growth & development of humans as orderly & predictable,
beginning with conception & ending with death.
• The progress & behaviors of an individual within each stage are unique.
• The growth & development of an individual are influenced by heredity, temperament,
emotional, & physical environment, life experiences & health status.
Common concepts in nursing theories
Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence &
determine nursing practice are:
1. The person (patient).
2. The environment
3. Health
4. Nursing (goals, roles, functions)
First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer fisinihed writing the
paper entitled “Nusing” right in the calculated time.
The purpose in Witing this paper is to fulfill the assigment that given by Mrs. Mira as
lecturer in english major.
In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but eith help of
many individuals, those obstructions could passed. Writer also realized there are still many
mistakes in process of writing this paper.
Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of
writing this paper. Hopefully Allah replies all helps and bless you all. The writer realized that
this paper still imperfect in arrangement and the content. Then the writer hope the criticsm
from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper. Last but not the least
Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to again more knowledge about samantics
major.
Nursing has a long history as a way to provide help to patients as they work toward health goals.
From the earliest nuns who cared for the sick and dying to the modern men and women who work in
hospitals, clinics, and homes to help people achieve and maintain health, nursing is a way to get
involved in the health care industry and work with patients on a personal level. Though different
nursing jobs require different duties and responsibilities, the definition of nursing has not gone
through as many changes as the career itself.Nursing theory is defined as "a creative and rigorous
structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena".
Through systematic inquiry, whether in nursing research or practice, nurses are able to develop
knowledge relevant to 8improving the care of patients. Theory refers to "a coherent group of
general propositions used as principles of explanation".
B. Problem Identification
B. Advice
From the conclusions, we as prospective nurses must continue to improve their
competence, one of them is through nursing education that is supported, so that we do not
need to increase the interest of international nursing. In addition, as prospective nurses we
can discuss how the development of existing nursing, so that we can debate about the
nursing profession and through that we can learn about the profession we live.