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Oracle Java Notes

The document discusses Java primitive data types including boolean, integer types like decimal, hexadecimal, and binary, and floating-point types. It also discusses valid and invalid placements of underscores in numeric literals. The document then summarizes the Numbers wrapper classes and differences between parsing and valueOf methods. It describes inheritance of constructors and members. Finally, it provides an overview of the StringBuilder class for mutable string operations like append and insert versus the immutable String class.

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189 views3 pages

Oracle Java Notes

The document discusses Java primitive data types including boolean, integer types like decimal, hexadecimal, and binary, and floating-point types. It also discusses valid and invalid placements of underscores in numeric literals. The document then summarizes the Numbers wrapper classes and differences between parsing and valueOf methods. It describes inheritance of constructors and members. Finally, it provides an overview of the StringBuilder class for mutable string operations like append and insert versus the immutable String class.

Uploaded by

mićo_banović
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Oracle Java Tutorials 

Primitive data types 

● Boolean: This data type represents one bit of information, but its "size" isn't
something that's precisely defined.
● The prefix 0x indicates hexadecimal and 0b indicates binary:
// The number 26, in decimal
int decVal = 26;
// The number 26, in hexadecimal
int hexVal = 0x1a;
// The number 26, in binary
int binVal = 0b11010;
● The floating point types (float and double) can also be expressed using E or e (for
scientific notation), F or f (32-bit float literal) and D or d (64-bit double literal; this is
the default and by convention is omitted).

double d1 = 123.4;
// same value as d1, but in scientific notation
double d2 = 1.234e2;
float f1 = 123.4f;
● Unicode escape sequences may be used elsewhere in a program (such as in field
names, for example), not just in char or String literals.
● Finally, there's also a special kind of literal called a class literal, formed by taking a
type name and appending ".class"; for example, String.class. This refers to the object
(of type Class) that represents the type itself.
● You can place underscores only between digits; you cannot place underscores in the
following places:

At the beginning or end of a number


Adjacent to a decimal point in a floating point literal
Prior to an F or L suffix
In positions where a string of digits is expected
The following examples demonstrate valid and invalid underscore placements (which
are highlighted) in numeric literals:

// Invalid: cannot put underscores


// adjacent to a decimal point
float pi1 = 3_.1415F;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// adjacent to a decimal point
float pi2 = 3._1415F;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// prior to an L suffix
long socialSecurityNumber1 = 999_99_9999_L;
// OK (decimal literal)
int x1 = 5_2;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// At the end of a literal
int x2 = 52_;
// OK (decimal literal)
int x3 = 5_______2;

// Invalid: cannot put underscores


// in the 0x radix prefix
int x4 = 0_x52;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// at the beginning of a number
int x5 = 0x_52;
// OK (hexadecimal literal)
int x6 = 0x5_2;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// at the end of a number
int x7 = 0x52_;

The Numbers Classes 

● All of the numeric wrapper classes are subclasses of the abstract class Number.
Note: There are four other subclasses of Number that are not discussed here.
BigDecimal and BigInteger are used for high-precision calculations. AtomicInteger
and AtomicLong are used for multi-threaded applications.
● Note the difference:
int parseInt (String)
Integer valueOf (String)
Integer decode (String) - Can accept string representations of decimal, octal, or
hexadecimal numbers as input.

Inheritance 
● Constructors are not members, so they are not inherited by subclasses
● A subclass does not inherit the private members of its parent class. However, if the
superclass has public or protected methods for accessing its private fields, these can
also be used by the subclass.
● A nested class has access to all the private members of its enclosing class—both
fields and methods. Therefore, a public or protected nested class inherited by a
subclass has indirect access to all of the private members of the superclass.

StringBuilder class 
● Internally, these objects are treated like variable-length arrays that contain a
sequence of characters.
● Strings should always be used unless string builders offer an advantage in terms of
simpler code (see the sample program at the end of this section) or better
performance. For example, if you need to concatenate a large number of strings,
appending to a StringBuilder object is more efficient.
● The principal operations on a StringBuilder that are not available in String are the
append() and insert() methods, which are overloaded so as to accept data of any
type.
● There is also a StringBuffer class that is exactly the same as the StringBuilder class,
except that it is thread-safe by virtue of having its methods synchronized.

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