Tatars

The Tatars (/ˈtɑːtərz/; Tatar: татарлар; Russian: татары) are a

Tatars
Turkic ethnic group[10] living mainly in Tatarstan and the wider
Tатарлар
Volga-Ural region. They speak Tatar, a Kipchak Turkic language.
The vast majority of Tatars today reside in post-Soviet countries, Total population
primarily in Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The vast majority c. 6,800,000[1]
of Tatars are Muslims.[11] Regions with significant
populations
The name Tatar first appears in written form on the Kul Tigin
monument as 𐰺𐱃𐱃, Ta-tar and likely was referring to the Tatar Russia 5,319,877
confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated (excluding the
into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various Republic of Crimea)
steppe tribes.[12] Historically, the term Tatars (or Tartars) was 477,875
applied to anyone originating from the vast Northern and Central Uzbekistan
Asian landmass then known as Tartary, which was dominated by Ukraine 319,377 (including
various mostly Turco-Mongol semi-nomadic empires and Crimea)[2]
kingdoms. More recently, however, the term has come to refer
240,000
more narrowly to related ethnic groups who refer to themselves
Kazakhstan
as Tatars or who speak languages that are commonly referred to
as Tatar, namely Tatar by Volga Tatars (Tatars proper), Crimean Turkey 175,500
Tatar by Crimean Tatars and Siberian Tatar by Siberian Tatars. 36,355
Turkmenistan
The largest group amongst the Tatars by far and the one called 28,334
"Tatars" in Russian, are the Volga Tatars, native to the Volga Kyrgyzstan
region (Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), who for this reason are
25,900
often also simply known as "Tatars". They compose 53% of the
Azerbaijan
population in Tatarstan. Their language is known as the Tatar
language. As of 2002, there were an estimated 5 million ethnic Romania 20,282[3]
Tatars in Russia. Mongolia 18,567
Israel 15,000
There is a common belief that Russians and Tatars are closely
intermingled, illustrated by the famous saying "scratch any Belarus 7,300
Russian just a little and you will discover a Tatar underneath"[13] France 7,000
and the fact that a number of noble families in the Tsardom of Lithuania 6,800-7,200
Russia had Tatar origins;[14] however, genetics show that
China 5,000
majority of Russians form a cluster with Northern and Eastern
Europeans (especially Belarusians and Ukrainians), and are Canada 4,825[4]
relatively far from Tatar peoples.[15][16] In modern-day Tatarstan, (Includes those of
however, Russian-Tatar marriages are very common.[17] mixed ancestry)
Estonia 1,981
Poland 1,916
Contents Bulgaria 1,803
Finland 1,000
Name
 History Japan 600-2,000[5]
Languages Australia 500+[6]
Contemporary groups Czech 300+[7]
Volga Tatars Republic
Crimean Tatars 150[8]
Crimean Tatars in Romania and Bulgaria Switzerland
Lipka Tatars Languages
Astrakhan Tatars
Russian, Tatar, Siberian Tatar,
Siberian Tatars
Crimean Tatar
Genetics
Religion
Y-DNA
Predominantly Sunni Islam
mtDNA
Eastern Orthodox and shamanist
Gallery minorities[9]
Flags
Related ethnic groups
Pictures
Paintings Other Turkic peoples (particularly
Language other descendants of Bulgars such
as the Chuvash people)
See also
References
External links

Name
The name "Tatar" likely originated amongst the nomadic
Mongolic-speaking Tatar confederation in the north-eastern Gobi
desert in the 5th century.[18] The name "Tatar" was first recorded
on the Orkhon inscriptions: Kul Tigin (732 CE) and Bilge
Khagan (735 CW) monuments as 𐰕𐱃𐰆⁚𐰣𐰑𐰆𐰉⁚𐰺𐱃𐱃, Otuz Tatar
Bodun, 'Thirty Tatar clan'[19] and 𐰕𐱃𐰸⁚𐰺𐱃𐱃, Tokuz Tatar, 'Nine
Tatar'[20][21][22][23] referring to the Tatar confederation.

Tatar became a name for populations of the former Golden Horde

in Europe, such as those of the former Kazan, Crimean,
Astrakhan, Qasim, and Siberian Khanates. The form Tartar has
its origins in either Latin or French, coming to Western European
languages from Turkish and the Persian language (tātār,
"mounted messenger"). From the beginning, the extra r was
present in the Western forms, and according to the Oxford
English Dictionary this was most likely due to an association
with Tartarus.[24][25] Ottoman miniature of the Szigetvár
campaign showing Ottoman troops
The Persian word is first recorded in the 13th century in reference and Tatars as vanguard
to the hordes of Genghis Khan and is of unknown origin,
according to OED "said to be" ultimately from tata, a name of the
Mongols for themselves. The Arabic word for Tatars is ‫ﺗﺘﺎر‬. Tatars themselves wrote their name as ‫ﺗﺎﺗﺎر‬
or ‫ﻃﺎﻃﺎر‬. The Chinese term for Tatars was 韃靼; Dádá, especially after the end of the Yuan period (14th
century), but also recorded as a term for Mongolian-speaking peoples of the northern steppes during the
Tang period (8th century).[26] The name Tatars was used as an alternative term for the Shiwei, a nomadic
confederation to which these Tatar people belonged.

Russians and Europeans used the name Tatar to denote Mongols as well as Turkic peoples under Mongol
rule (especially in the Golden Horde). Later, it applied to any Turkic or Mongolic-speaking people
encountered by Russians. Eventually, however, the name became associated with the Turkic Muslims of
Ukraine and Russia, namely the descendants of Muslim Volga Bulgars, Kipchaks, Cumans, and
Turkicized Mongols or Turko-Mongols (Nogais), as well as other Turkic-speaking peoples (Siberian
Tatars, Qasim Tatars, and Mishar Tatars)[27][28][29][30][31] in the territory of the former Russian Empire
(and as such generally includes all Northwestern Turkic-speaking peoples).[32]

Nowadays Tatar is usually used to refer to the people, but Tartar is still almost always used for derived
terms such as tartar sauce, steak tartare, and the Tartar missile.[33]

All Turkic peoples living within the Russian Empire were named Tatar (as a Russian exonym). Some of
these populations still use Tatar as a self-designation, others do not.[34]

Kipchak groups
Kipchak–Bulgar branch, or "Tatar" in the narrow sense
Volga Tatars
Astrakhan Tatars
Lipka Tatars
Kipchak–Cuman branch
Crimean Tatars
Karachays and Balkars: Mountain Tatars
Kumyks: Daghestan Tatars
Kipchak–Nogai branch:
Nogais: Nogai Tatars, includes the Karagash subgroup of Nogais—Kundrov Tatars
Siberian branch:
Siberian Tatars
Altay people: Altay Tatars, including the Tubalar or Chernevo Tatars[35]
Chulyms or Chulym Tatars
Khakas people: Yenisei Tatars (also Abakan Tatars or Achin Tatars), still use the Tatar
designation
Shors: Kuznetsk Tatars
Oghuz branch
Azerbaijani people: Caucasus Tatars (also Transcaucasia Tatars or Azerbaijan Tatars)
The name Tatar is also an endonym to a number of peoples of Siberia and Russian Far East, namely the
Khakas people.

History
As various nomadic groups became part of Genghis Khan's army
in the early 13th century, a fusion of Mongol and Turkic elements
took place, and the invaders of Rus' and the Pannonian Basin
became known to Europeans as Tatars or Tartars (see Tatar
yoke).[18] After the breakup of the Mongol Empire, the Tatars
became especially identified with the western part of the empire,
known as the Golden Horde.[18]

The various Tatar khanates of the early modern period represent

the remnants of the breakup of the Golden Horde and of its Drawing of Mongols of the Golden
successor, the Great Horde. These include: Horde outside Vladimir, presumably
demanding submission, before
the Khanate of Kazan (1438), conquered by the sacking the city
Tsardom of Russia in 1552; continued as a Russian
vassal state within the Qasim Khanate (established
1452), until 1681
the Nogai Horde (1440s), conquered by Russia in 1634
the Khanate of Crimea (1441), conquered by the
Russian Empire in 1783
the Kazakh Khanate (1456), gradual Russian conquest
in the 18th century, finally absorbed into the Russian
Empire in 1847
the Khanate of Astrakhan (1466), conquered by Russia
in 1556
the Tyumen Khanate (1468, later Khanate of Sibir), Map of Tartaria (1705)
conquered by the Tsardom of Russia in 1598
The Mongol dominance in Central Asia was absolute during the
14th and 15th centuries. The Crimean-Nogai raids into Russia and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
aimed especially at the capture of slaves, most of whom were exported to the Ottoman Empire. The raids
were an important drain of the human and economic resources of both countries. They largely prevented
the settlement of the "Wild Fields" – the steppe and forest-steppe land that extends from about 160 km
(100 mi) south of Moscow to the Black Sea. The raids were also important in the development of the
Cossacks.[36]

The end of absolute Tatar dominance came in the late 15th century, heralded by the Great stand on the
Ugra river in 1480. During the 16th through 18th centuries, the gradual expansion of Russia led to the
absorption of the Tatar khanates into Russian territory. The Crimean Tatars attacked Russia in 1507,
followed by two centuries of Russo-Crimean Wars for the Volga basin. Similarly, the Russo-Kazan Wars
lasted for the best part of a century and ended with the Russian conquest of the Kazan khanate.

The last of the Tatar khanates, the Kazakhs, remained independent until 1822. Their last ruler, Kenesary
Khan, was proclaimed khan of the Kazakhs when the Russian Empire was already fully in control of
Kazakhstan; Russian law prohibited the Kazakhs from selecting their leader after 1822. The popular rise
of Kenesary Khan was in defiance of Russian control of Kazakhstan, and his time as khan was spent on
continuous fighting with the Russian imperial forces until his death in 1847.

Languages
The Tatar language, together with the Bashkir language, forms
the Kypchak-Bolgar (also "Uralo-Caspian") group within the
Kipchak languages (also known as Northwestern Turkic).

There are two Tatar dialects – Central and Western.[37] The

Western dialect (Misher) is spoken mostly by Mishärs, the
Central dialect is spoken by Kazan and Astrakhan Tatars. Both
dialects have subdialects. Central Tatar furnishes the base of
literary Tatar. Contemporary distribution of Kipchak
languages: Kipchak–Bolgar
The Siberian Tatar language are independent of Volga–Ural Tatar. Kipchak–Cuman Kipchak–Nogay
The dialects are quite remote from Standard Tatar and from each and Kyrgyz–Kipchak
other, often preventing mutual comprehension. The claim that
Siberian Tarar is part of the modern Tatar language is typically
supported by linguists in Kazan and denounced by Siberian Tatars.

Crimean Tatar[38] is the indigenous language of the Crimean Tatar people. Because of its common name,
Crimean Tatar is sometimes mistakenly seen as a dialect of Kazan Tatar. Although these languages are
related (as both are Turkic), the Kypchak languages closest to Crimean Tatar are (as mentioned above)
Kumyk and Karachay-Balkar, not Kazan Tatar.

Contemporary groups
The largest Tatar populations are the Volga Tatars, native to the Volga region, and the Crimean Tatars of
Crimea. Smaller groups of Lipka Tatars and Astrakhan Tatars live in Europe and the Siberian Tatars in
Asia.

Volga Tatars
The Volga Bulgars, who settled on the Volga river in the 7th
century AD and converted to Islam in 922 during the missionary
work of Ahmad ibn Fadlan, inhabited the present-day territory of
Tatarstan. After the Mongol invasions of 1223–1236, the Golden
Horde annexed Volga Bulgaria. Most of the population survived,
and there may have been a certain degree of mixing between it
and the Kipchaks of the Horde during the ensuing period. The The areas of settlement of Tatars in
group as a whole accepted the exonym "Tatars" (finally in the end Russia according to the National
of the 19th century; although the name Bulgars persisted in some Population Census 2010
places; the majority identified themselves simply as the Muslims)
and the language of the Kipchaks; on the other hand, the invaders
eventually converted to Islam. As the Golden Horde disintegrated in the 15th century, the area became
the territory of the Kazan khanate, which Russia ultimately conquered in the 16th century.

Some Volga Tatars speak different dialects of the Tatar language. Accordingly, they form distinct groups
such as the Mişär group and the Qasim group:

Mişär-Tatars (or Mishars) are a group of Tatars speaking a dialect of the Tatar language.
They live in Chelyabinsk, Tambov, Penza, Ryazan and Nizhegorodskaya oblasts of Russia
 and in Bashkortostan and Mordovia. They lived near and along the Volga River, in
Tatarstan.
The Western Tatars have their capital in the town of Qasím (Kasimov, Russian: Касимов) in
Ryazan Oblast, with a Tatar population of 1100.
A minority of Christianized Volga Tatars are known as Keräşens.

The Volga Tatars used the Turkic Old Tatar language for their
literature between the 15th and 19th centuries. It was written in
the İske imlâ variant of the Arabic script, but actual spelling
varied regionally. The older literary language included many
Arabic and Persian loanwords. The modern literary language,
however, often uses Russian and other European-derived words
instead.

Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak Russian as their

first language (in cities such as Moscow, Saint-Petersburg,
Nizhniy Novgorod, Tashkent, Almaty, and cities of the Ural and
western Siberia) and other languages in a worldwide diaspora. Volga Tatar operatic soprano Aida
Garifullina
In the 1910s the Volga Tatars numbered about half a million in
the Kazan Governorate in Tatarstan, their historical homeland,
about 400,000 in each of the governments of Ufa, 100,000 in
Samara and Simbirsk, and about 30,000 in Vyatka, Saratov,
Tambov, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm and Orenburg. An
additional 15,000 had migrated to Ryazan or were settled as
prisoners in the 16th and 17th centuries in Lithuania (Vilnius,
Grodno and Podolia). An additional 2000 resided in St.
Petersburg.[12]

Most Kazan Tatars practise Sunni Islam. The Kazan Tatars speak Hillary Clinton with a Volga Tatar
woman and President Mintimer
the Tatar language, a Turkic language with a substantial amount
Shaimiev of Tatarstan in Kazan,
of Russian and Arabic loanwords. capital of the Russian autonomous
Republic of Tatarstan
Before 1917, polygamy was practiced[39] only by the wealthier
classes and was a waning institution.[12]

An ethnic nationalist movement among Kazan Tatars that stresses descent from the Bulgars is known as
Bulgarism – there have been graffiti on the walls in the streets of Kazan with phrases such as "Bulgaria is
alive" (Булгария жива) (http://www.omda.bg/uploaded_files/pics/articles/kazan.jpg)

A significant number of Volga Tatars emigrated during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, mostly to
Turkey and to Harbin, China. According to the Chinese government (http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/prema
de/9052/autonomy.htm), 5,100 Tatars still live in Xinjiang province.

Crimean Tatars
The number of Crimean Tatars is estimated by UNPO to be between 240,000 and 300,000[40]. The
Crimean Tatars emerged as a nation at the time of the Crimean Khanate (1441–1783). The Crimean
Khanate was a Turkic-speaking Muslim state that was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe
until the beginning of the 18th century.[41]

The nobles and rulers of the Crimean Tatars descended from Hacı
I Giray, a Jochid descendant of Genghis Khan and of his
grandson Batu Khan of the Mongol Golden Horde. The Crimean
Tatars mostly adopted Islam in the 14th century and thereafter
Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization. The
Khanate officially operated as a vassal state of the Ottoman Cossacks fighting Tatars of the
Empire, with great autonomy after 1448. The Russo-Turkish War Crimean Khanate.
of 1768 to 1774 resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by the
Russians, and according to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774)
signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to
protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea, Imperial Russia violated the
treaty and annexed the Crimean Khanate in 1783.

The Crimean Tatars comprise three sub-ethnic groups:

the Tats (not to be confused with Tat people, living in the Caucasus region) who used to
inhabit the Crimean Mountains before 1944 (about 55%)
the Yalıboyu who lived on the southern coast of the peninsula (about 30%)
the Noğay (about 15%)

Crimean Tatars in Romania and Bulgaria

Some Crimean Tatars have lived in the territory of today's Romania and Bulgaria since the 13th century.
In Romania, according to the 2002 census, 24,000 people declared their ethnicity as Tatar, most of them
being Crimean Tatars living in Constanța County in the region of Dobrogea. The Ottoman Empire re-
settled Crimean Tatars there as colonists by the beginning in the 17th century.

Lipka Tatars
The Lipka Tatars are a group of Turkic-speaking Tatars who
originally settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the
beginning of the 14th century. The first settlers tried to preserve
their shamanistic religion and sought asylum amongst the non-
Christian Lithuanians.[42] Towards the end of the 14th century
Grand Duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania (ruled 1392–1430)
invited another wave of Tatars —Muslims, this time— into the
Grand Duchy. These Tatars first settled in Lithuania proper
around Vilnius, Trakai, Hrodna and Kaunas[42] and spread to
Swedish King Charles X Gustav in a
other parts of the Grand Duchy that later became part of the skirmish with Tatars near Warsaw
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569. These areas comprise during the Second Northern War of
parts of present-day Lithuania, Belarus and Poland. From the 1655–1660.
very beginning of their settlement in Lithuania they were known
as the Lipka Tatars.

From the 13th to 17th centuries various groups of Tatars settled and/or found refuge within the Polish–
Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grand Dukes of Lithuania especially promoted the migrations because
of the Tatars' reputation as skilled warriors. The Tatar settlers were all granted szlachta (nobility) status, a
tradition that survived until the end of the Commonwealth in the late-18th century. Such migrants
included the Lipka Tatars (13th–14th centuries) as well as Crimean and Nogay Tatars (15th–16th
centuries), all of which were notable in Polish military history, as well as Volga Tatars (16th–17th
centuries). They all mostly settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Various estimates of the Tatars in the Commonwealth in the 17th

century place their numbers at about 15,000 persons and 60
villages with mosques. Numerous royal privileges, as well as
internal autonomy granted by the monarchs, allowed the Tatars to
preserve their religion, traditions, and culture over the centuries.
The Tatars were allowed to intermarry with Christians,a practice
uncommon in Europe at the time. The May Constitution of 1791 At the Battle of Warsaw in 1656
gave the Tatars representation in the Polish Sejm (parliament). Tatars fought with the Poles against
the Swedes
Although by the 18th century the Tatars had adopted the local
language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions (e.g. the
sacrifice of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals) survived. This led to the formation
of a distinctive Muslim culture, in which the elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious
tolerance formed a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally
had the same rights and status as men, and could attend non-segregated schools.

About 5,500 Tatars lived within the inter-war boundaries of

Poland (1920–1939), and a Tatar cavalry unit had fought for the
country's independence. The Tatars had preserved their cultural
identity and sustained a number of Tatar organisations, including
Tatar archives and a museum in Vilnius.

The Tatars suffered serious losses during World War II and

furthermore, after the border change in 1945, a large part of them
found themselves in the Soviet Union. It is estimated that about
3000 Tatars live in present-day Poland, of which about 500
declared Tatar (rather than Polish) nationality in the 2002 census.
There are two Tatar villages (Bohoniki and Kruszyniany) in the
north-east of present-day Poland, as well as urban Tatar Lithuanian Tartars of the Imperial
communities in Warsaw, Gdańsk, Białystok, and Gorzów Guard at the charge, by Richard
Wielkopolski. Tatars in Poland sometimes have a Muslim Knötel
surname with a Polish ending: Ryzwanowicz; another surname
sometimes adopted by more assimilated Tatars is Tatara or
Tataranowicz or Taterczyński, which literally mean "son of a Tatar".

The Tatars played a relatively prominent role for such a small community in the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life. In modern-day
Poland, their presence is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels of
Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916), which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish
intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e.g. the prominent historian Jerzy Łojek.

A small community of Polish-speaking Tatars settled in Brooklyn, New York City, in the early-20th
century. They established a mosque that remained in use as of 2017.[43]
Astrakhan Tatars
The Astrakhan Tatars (around 80,000) are a group of Tatars,
descendants of the Astrakhan Khanate's population, who live
mostly in Astrakhan Oblast. In the Russian census in 2010, most
Astrakhan Tatars declared themselves simply as Tatars and few
declared themselves as Astrakhan Tatars. Many Volga Tatars live
in Astrakhan Oblast and differences between them have been
disappearing.

Siberian Tatars Tatar cavalry training in their sarai.

The Siberian Tatars occupy three distinct regions:

a strip running west to east from Tobolsk to Tomsk

the Altay and its spurs
South Yeniseisk
They originated in the agglomerations of various indigenous North Asian groups which, in the region
north of the Altay, reached some degree of culture between the 4th and 5th centuries, but were subdued
and enslaved by the Mongols.[12] The 2010 census recorded 6,779 Siberian Tatars in Russia. According
to the 2002 census there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but 400,000 of them are Volga Tatars who settled
in Siberia during periods of colonization.[44]

Genetics
Comparison of the proportions of Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics in the gene pools of ethnic
groups in the Volga-Ural region revealed a heterogenous pattern. Data on the proportions of major racial
components in the nuclear genome indicated that the Mongoloid characters were most prevalent in
Bashkirs, Maris, Volga Tatars, and Chuvashes, while the Caucasoid component was maximum in
Mordovians, Komis, and Udmurts. Data on restriction-deletion polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) also indicated an increased Caucasoid contribution to Mordovian, Udmurt, and Komi gene
pools and an increased Mongoloid component in Chuvashes and Volga Tatars. In general, the results
obtained agree with ethnic anthropological data indicating the greatest Caucasoid contribution to the
Mordovian and Komi gene pools and an increased Mongoloid component in Turkic populations of the
Volga-Ural region (Volga Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvashes).[45]

Y-DNA
Haplogroups of 450 Tatars, summarized from the studies Rootsi 2007, Tambets 2004, Balanovsky in
prep., Wells 2001[46]

N1c2: 21,0%
R1a: 19,0%
I1: 13,2%
N1c1: 13,0%
J2: 8,1%
R1b1b2: 6,0%
E1b1a: 4,0%
 O: 3,0%
I2a1: 2,8%
C: 2,7%
I2a2: 1,8%
G: 1,0%
J1: 1,0%
L: 1,0%
Q: 1,0%
T: 1,0%
Haplogroups in Volga Tatars(122 samples):[47]

C2: 2%
E: 4% (V13: 3%)
G2a: 2%
I1: 6%
I2a1: 5%
I2a2: 2%
J2a: 7%
J2b: 2%
L1: 2%
N1c2: 9%
N1c1: 16%
O3: 2%
Q1: 2%
R1a: 33% (Z282: 19%, Z93: 14%)
Haplogroups in Crimean Tatars(22 samples):[48]

R-M17: 32%
R-M173: 9%
O-M175: 5%
O-M122: 5%
J-M172: 14%
I-M170: 5%
F-M89: 18%
C-M130: 9%
E-M96: 5%

mtDNA
According to Mylyarchuk et al.:

It was found that mtDNA of the Volga Tatars consists of two parts, but western Eurasian
component prevails considerably (84% on average) over eastern Asian one (16%).

among 197 Kazan Tatars and Mishars.[49]

The study of Suslova et al. found indications of two non-Kipchak sources of admixture, Finno-Ugric and
Bulgar.

Gallery

Flags

Flag of Nogai Flag of the Crimean Flag of Tatarstan Flag of the Kazan
Khanate Tatars Khanate

Golden Horde flag Tartary flag

Pictures
Tatars in Kazan, Mintimer Shaimiyev Siberian Tatars Crimean Tatars,
1871 (left), the president 1891
of the republic of
Tatarstan, in the
Qolşärif Mosque,
Kazan, with
Gurbanguly
Berdimuhamedow
(right)

Crimean Tatar
women, early 1900s

Paintings
Tatar elder and his Tatar in Ottoman Tatar woman Tatar woman
horse. service.

Tatar woman Tatar woman Tatar shepherd-boy Tatars

Lithuanian Tatars of Tatar elder Tatar family Tatar family in 1843

Napoleonic army

Siberian Tatars Tatar girl in 1682 Tatar girl ca. 19th Tatar child ca. 19th
century century
Tatars' raid on Tatar riders Recovery of Tatar Tatar costumes.
Moscow captives.

Tatar rider Tatar elder inviting Tatar horsemen Tatars in the

guests. vanguard of the
Ottoman army

Kazan Tatars 1862

Language
Quran of the Tatars. The word Qazan – Cover page of Tatar A Tatar alphabet
‫ ﻗﺎزان‬is written in Yana imla book, book printed in
Yaña imlâ in the printed with 1778. Arabic script
semblance of a Separated Tatar is used, Cyrillic text
Zilant. language in Arabic is in Russian.
script in 1924. Хальфин, Сагит.
Азбука татарского
языка. — М., 1778.
— 52 с. (https://uplo
ad.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/9/
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0_1778.pdf)

Tatar sign on a
madrasah in Nizhny
Novgorod, written in
both Arabic and
Cyrilic Tatar scripts.
See also
Tartary
List of Tatars
Turkic peoples

References
1. "Tatars facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Tatars" (http://www.en
cyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/tatars).
www.encyclopedia.com.
2. "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the
population 2001" (http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/). Ukraine
Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
3. "Ethnic composition of Romania 2011" (http://pop-stat.mashke.org/romania-ethnic-comm20
11.htm).
4. "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]" (http://www12.sta
tcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Cod
e1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&Se
archPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1). 2017-02-08.
5. Представитель культурной ассоциации «Идель-Урал» считал, что количество татар в
Японии в 1930-е годы могло достигать 10000 человек (http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2007/ad
utov_jap.html) (in Russian)
6. http://www.australiantatars.com/tatarsau/default.aspx
7. "Президент РТ" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084220/http://president.tatarstan.ru/
tat/news/view/117668).
8. "Rustam Minnikhanov meets representatives of the Tatar Diaspora in Switzerland" (http://pr
esident.tatarstan.ru/eng/index.htm/news/1156035.htm).
9. "Tatars" (http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-Russia/Tatars.html#ixzz585Tr6aJy).
World Culture Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
10. "Tatar - people" (http://global.britannica.com/topic/Tatar).
11. "Tatars" (http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-Russia/Tatars.html#ixzz585Tr6aJy).
World Culture Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
12. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain: Kropotkin, Peter; Eliot, Charles (1911). "Tatars". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 448–449.
13. Matthias Kappler, Intercultural Aspects in and Around Turkic Literatures: Proceedings of the
International Conference Held on October 11th-12th, 2003 in Nicosia, Otto Harrassowitz
Verlag (2006), p. 165
14. Thomas Riha, Readings in Russian Civilization, Volume 1: Russia Before Peter the Great,
900-1700, University of Chicago Press (2009), p. 186
15. Orekhov, V; Poltoraus, A; Zhivotovsky, LA; Spitsyn, V; Ivanov, P; Yankovsky, N (1999).
"Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in Russians". FEBS Lett. 445 (1): 197–201.
doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00115-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0014-5793%2899%2900
115-5). PMID 10069400 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10069400).
16. Balanovsky, Oleg (2008). "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their
Eurasian Context" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976). The American
Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–250. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019 (https://doi.or
g/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.09.019). PMC 2253976 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC2253976). PMID 18179905 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18179905).
17. "Взаимоотношения супругов в моно- и полиэтнических браках русских и татар" (http://p
syjournals.ru/sgu_socialpsy/issue/30318_full.shtml). 2010.
18. Tatar. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from Encyclopædia
Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9071375
19. "Kül Tiğin (Gültekin) Yazıtı Tam Metni (Full text of Kul Tigin monument with Turkish
transcription)" (https://gokturkanitlari.appspot.com/kultigin.html). Retrieved 5 April 2014.
20. "Bilge Kağan Yazıtı Tam Metni (Full text of Bilge Khagan monument with Turkish
transcription)" (https://gokturkanitlari.appspot.com/bilgekagan.html). Retrieved 5 April 2014.
21. "The Kultegin's Memorial Complex" (http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&lang=e).
Retrieved 5 April 2014.
22. Ross, E. Denison; Vilhelm Thomsen (1930). "The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being a Translation
of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering". Bulletin of the School of Oriental
Studies, University of London. 5 (4, 1930): 861–876. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090558 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00090558). JSTOR 607024 (https://www.jstor.org/stabl
e/607024).
23. Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peter (1896). Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées (https://archive.
org/details/inscriptionsdel00thomgoog). Helsingfors, Impr. de la Société de littérature
finnoise. p. 140.
24. citing a letter to St Louis of Frances dated 1270 which makes the connection explicit, "In the
present danger of the Tartars either we shall push them back into the Tartarus whence they
are come, or they will bring us all into heaven"
25. Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies" (https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id
=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=82). Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 72.
26. Chen Dezhi 陳得芝, Jia Jingyan 賈敬顔 (1992). "Dada 達靼", in: Zhongguo da baike
quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhongguo lishi 中國歷史, vol. 1, pp. 132–133. Cited after "Dada
韃靼 Tatars (http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tatars.html)" by Ulrich Theobald,
chinaknowledge.de.
27. Encyclopædia Britannica: Tatar, also spelled Tartar, any member of several Turkic-
speaking peoples ... [1] (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/584107/Tatar)
28. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Tatars (tä´tərz) or Tartars (tär´tərz), Turkic-speaking peoples
living primarily in Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. [2] (http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/T
atars.aspx#2)
29. Merriam-Webster: Tatar – a member of any of a group of Turkic peoples found mainly in
the Tatar Republic of Russia and parts of Siberia and central Asia [3] (http://www.merriam-w
ebster.com/dictionary/tatar)
30. Oxford Dictionaries: Tatar – a member of a Turkic people living in Tatarstan and various
other parts of Russia and Ukraine.[4] (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Tatar)
31. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa: Turks are an ethnolinguistic
group living in a broad geographic expanse extending from southeastern Europe through
Anatolia and the Caucasus Mountains and throughout Central Asia. Thus Turks include the
Turks of Turkey, the Azeris of Azerbaijan, and the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Turkmen, and
Uzbeks of Central Asia, as well as many smaller groups in Asia speaking Turkic languages.
[5] (http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Turks.aspx#4)
32. Encyclopædia Britannica: Tatar, also spelled Tartar, any member of several Turkic-
speaking peoples ... [6] (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/584107/Tatar) The
Columbia Encyclopedia: Tatars (tä´tərz) or Tartars (tär´tərz), Turkic-speaking peoples
living primarily in Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. [7] (http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/T
atars.aspx#2) Merriam-Webster: Tatar – a member of any of a group of Turkic peoples
found mainly in the Tatar Republic of Russia and parts of Siberia and central Asia [8] (http://
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tatar) Oxford Dictionaries: Tatar – a member of a
Turkic people living in Tatarstan and various other parts of Russia and Ukraine. They are
the descendants of the Tartars who ruled central Asia in the 14th century. [9] (http://oxforddi
ctionaries.com/definition/english/Tatar) Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and
North Africa: Turks are an ethnolinguistic group living in a broad geographic expanse
extending from southeastern Europe through Anatolia and the Caucasus Mountains and
throughout Central Asia. Thus Turks include the Turks of Turkey, the Azeris of Azerbaijan,
and the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Turkmen, and Uzbeks of Central Asia, as well as many
smaller groups in Asia speaking Turkic languages. [10] (http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/
Turks.aspx#4)
33. "Tartar, Tatar, n.2 (a.)" (http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50247333). (1989). In Oxford
English Dictionary. Retrieved 11 September 2008, from Oxford English Dictionary Online.
34. Татары (http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/index.php?title=Татары) (in Russian).
Энциклопедия «Вокруг света». Retrieved 29 May 2014.
35. The name originating from the name of Spruce-fir Taiga forests in Russian language:
черневая тайга
36. Mikhail, Kizilov (2007). "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of
Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources" (https://www.academia.edu/2971600). Journal of
Early Modern History. 11 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1163/157006507780385125 (https://doi.org/10.1
163%2F157006507780385125).
37. Akhatov G. "Tatar dialectology". Kazan, 1984. (Tatar language)
38. also called Crimean language or Crimean Turkish
39. Culture of Tartars (http://www.westmifflinmoritz.com/Honors%20Cultures/2012-2013%20Po
wer%20Point/Tartars_Bytzura.pdf) (PDF).
40. "UNPO: Crimean Tatars" (https://unpo.org/members/7871). unpo.org. Retrieved
2019-11-13.
41. Halil İnalcik, 1942
42. (in Lithuanian) Lietuvos totoriai ir jų šventoji knyga – Koranas (http://www.galve.lt/lt/numeria
i/2007062225/Trakai%20ir%20pasaulio%20paveldas/koranas) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20071029035259/http://www.galve.lt/lt/numeriai/2007062225/Trakai%20ir%20pas
aulio%20paveldas/koranas) 2007-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
43. Amid Tatar Renaissance In Europe, An American Mosque Turns To Its Roots (https://www.rf
erl.org/a/lipka-tatar-community-brooklyn-poland-baltic/28513760.html) - "A Lipka Tatar -- a
Muslim ethnic group native to the Baltic region -- Jakub Szynkiewicz was selected to be
Poland's first mufti in 1925, around the time that his community's U.S. diaspora was moving
into the very mosque in Brooklyn where his portrait still hangs."
44. Siberian Tatars (http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm)
2002-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
45. Khusnutdinova EK, Viktorova TV, Fatkhlislamova RI, Galeeva AR, [11] (https://www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/pubmed/10546116), Evaluation of the relative contribution of Caucasoid and
Mongoloid components in the formation of ethnic groups of the Volga-Ural region according
to data of DNA polymorphism, Genetics 35:8, pages 1132–1137, August 1999.
46. "Балановский О.П., Пшеничнов А.С., Сычев Р.С., Евсеева И.В., Балановская Е.В. Y-
base: частоты гаплогрупп Y хромосомы у народов мира, 2010
47. "Data" (http://pereformat.ru/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/russian-plain-01.jpg).
pereformat.ru.
48. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161114003549/http://s017.radikal.ru/i415/1
112/bf/0ea62065dd07.jpg). Archived from the original (http://s017.radikal.ru/i415/1112/bf/0e
a62065dd07.jpg) on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
49. Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Kravtsova, Olga (1 October
2010). "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia" (http://mbe.o
xfordjournals.org/content/27/10/2220.full). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (10): 2220–
2226. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq065).
ISSN 0737-4038 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038). PMID 20457583 (https://www.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20457583).

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