CMB 847

Courtesy A. V. Roe Canada Limited, Malton, Out.
FIGURE I. A CF-100 "Canuck" all-weather, long-range interceptor as used by the Royal Canadian Air Force. This aircraft is equipped with two
Orenda turbo-jet engines.
DEPARTMENT OF MINES ■AND TECHNICAL SURVEYS, OTTAWA
COBALT IN CANADA
R. J. JONES
MINES BRANCH No. 847

89218-13.
EDMOND CLOUTIER, C.M.G., O.A., D.S.P.
QUEEN'S PRINTER AND CONTROLLER OF STATIONERY
OTTAWA, 1954.
PREFACE
The importance of cobalt metal has increased immeasurably in recent

years, because of its widening use in both industrial and defence applications.
Cobalt metal and its alloys, in addition to a wide variety of other uses, perform
vital functions in turbo-jet engines, guided missiles, magnets, rockets and in
the field of atomic energy developments.
The President's Materials Policy Commission, in its "Resources for
Freedom", has estimated that by 1975 consumption of cobalt in United States
will have increased some 344 per cent over that of 1950. With the sole
exception of magnesium, this is the largest increase predicted in the field
of metals.
The large-scale and continuing expansion of the Canadian nickel industry
is the most important commercial opportunity for a substantial increase in
Canadian cobalt production.
Very little published information is available on cobalt in Canada, and
that is either widely scattered or incomplete. It is the purpose of this report,
therefore, to collect all such information and to present it, together with the
most recent developments, between the covers of one book.
The author tenders grateful acknowledgment to Canadian producers, pro-
cessors and consumers of cobalt who supplied much of the information contained
in this volume.
JOHN CONVEY,
December 7, 1953.
Director, Mines Branch.
iii
CONTENTS
Preface iii
CHAPTERS I. General History 1

• H. Cobalt and its Ores and Minerals 9
Canadian Mine Production of Cobalt 13

Sudbury Nickel District 15
Temiskaming Silver-Cobalt Area 18
Werner Lake Area 19
Great Bear Lake Area 25
Lynn Lake Area 25
IV. Other Canadian Occurrences 27

Yukon ,27
British Columbia 27
Northwest Territories 30
Saskatchewan 20
Manitoba 30
Ontario 31
Quebec 32
V. World Mine Production of Cobalt 34

Africa 34
United States 35
Burma 35
Russia 35
Australia 36
Finland . 36
New Caledonia 36
VI. Metallurgy 38
VII. Consumption and Use 48
High temperature alloys 48
Stellites 53
Permanent magnets 53
High speed and hot work steel 64
Radioactive cobalt 66
Cemented carbides 68
Ceramics and porcelain enamels 68
Paints and driers 74
Animal nutrition 75
Miscellaneous 77
VIII. Foreign Trade 79
IX. International Controls 85
X. Bibliography 87
V
CONTENTS
APPENDICES A. Canadian Incentive Price Schedule during World War ll 93
D. Canadian Incentive Price Schedule during Korean emer-
gency 94
C. Canadian Incentive Price Schedule during Korean emer-
gency 95
D. United States Government Stockpile Specifications 95
FIGURES I. A CF-100 "Canuck" all-weather, long range interceptor

as used by the Royal Canadian Air Force frontispiece
Il. Graph—Average Yearly Price of Silver, 1911-1952 . . . . 3

III. Graph—Average Cobalt Metal Prices,1912-1953 4
IV. Graph— Cobalt Production in Canada, 1903-1952 10
V. Key Map of Canada, showing cobalt occurrences 12
VI. Key Map of Sudbury District, Ontario 14
VII. Key Map of Cobalt Area, Ontario 16
VIII. Key Map of the World Mine Production of Cobalt 33
IX. Graph—Cobalt Production of Canada, Belgian Congo,
and Northern Rhodesia since Commencement. Also
. World Total Since 1937 37
X. Plant of Deloro Smelting and Refining Co. Ltd., Deloro,

Ontario 39
XI. Research Laboratory of the Deloro Smelter 41
XII. Flow of Cobalt in Canada, October, 1953 42
XIII. Flow Sheet of Process Used by De/oro Smelting and

Refining Company, Ltd., Deloro, Ont. as at
November, 1 953 43
AIL Flow Sheet of Process Used By Sherritt Gordon Mines,
Limited, Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta 45
XV. Flow Sheet of Processes in Cobalt Production of the
International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited . 48
XVI. Exploded View of an Orenda Turbo-jet Engine 50
XVII. Cross-section of an Orenda Turbo-jet Engine 51
XVIII. Nozzle Guide Vane for the Orenda Turbo-Jet Engine.. 52
vi
CONTENTS
FIGURES ( coed) XIX. Worn Bores of Drill Chucks Rebuilt with Stellite Facing . 54
XX. Discs and Rings of an 18-inch Valve for 0i/ Pipe Line,
Faced with Stellite 55
XXI. Pouring Alnico Magnet Alloy from Induction Melting

Furnace into a Stack of Cores 57
XXII. Inspection of Precision-cast Alnico Magnets 58
XXIII. Precision-cast Alnico Magnets 59
XXIV. An 8 .00 per cent Cobalt Too/ Bit Making a Deep Hogg-
ing i-inch Cut the Full Length of a 15 foot Steel Bar
on a Large Planer 65
XXV. Cobalt 60 and Lead Container Used in Industrial
Radiography 66
XXVI. Aluminum Tools Used in Handling Cobalt 60 in Industrial

Radiography 67
XXVII. Pill Pressing of Tungsten Carbide Tool Inserts 69
XXVIII. Tungsten Carbide Tipped Cutting Tools 70
XXIX. Graph—Canadian Imports of Cobalt Ores, 1937-1952 81
XXX. Graph—Canadian Exports of Cobalt Ores,1929-1952 82
XXXI. Graph—Canadian Exports of Cobalt Metal, Alloys,

Oxides and Salts, 1926-1952 83
TABLES 1. Price Changes in Cobalt Meta/, 1921-1953 8
2. Operating Companies in Cobalt Area, Ontario

(November, 1953) 17
3. Total Shipments from Cobalt Area, 1904-1952 20
4. Total Shipments from Gowganda Area, 1910-1952 22
5. Shipments from Cobalt-Gowganda Areas of Ontario,

via Temiskaming Testing Laboratories, Cobalt, Ont.,
7940-7952 23
6. Total Production of Cobalt from Ontario Ores, 1904–

1952 24
1. Production of Cobalt from Eldorado Mine, 7950-1952 . 25
8. Bounties Paid Under the Metal Refining Bounty Act 40
vii
89218-
CONTENTS
TABLES (cont'd) 9. Products of the Deloro Smelter 44
10. Cobalt Consumed in the United States, 1946-1952, by

Uses, in Pounds of Cobalt 47
11. Analyses of Some Cobalt High-Temperature Alloys 49
12. Composition and Hardness of Deloro Cobalt Base Alloys 56
13. Physical Properties of Deloro Stellite Alloys 56
14. Magnetic Properties of Permanent Magnet Materials. . 60
15. Physical Properties of Permanent Magnet Materials. .. 62
16. Physical Properties of Cemented Carbides 71

17. Canadian Imports of Cobalt Ores & Oxides,7937-1952 79
18. CanOclian Exports of Cobalt Metal, Alloys, Oxides, Salts,
Ores and Re-exported Foreign Metal, 1928-1952. 84
19. Allocations of Cobalt by the International Materials
Conference 86
viii
CHAPTER I
GENERAL HISTORY
New Caledonia, a French island in the South Pacific, enjoyed a monopoly
of the world cobalt ore markets for many years by reason of its large nickel-
cobalt reserves. However with the discovery of the silver-cobalt ores of
Cobalt, Ontario, in 1903 it was suddenly supplanted in these markets by
Canada. Production from New Caledonia which exceeded 2,360 metric tons
in 1908, fell to 548 tons in 1909, to 54 tons in 1910 and to nothing in 1911.
The sudden influx of Canadian ores caused the prices of cobalt compounds
to fluctuate wildly. In 1905 the price offered for cobalt contained in 6 per cent
ore fell from 65 cents to 35 cents a pound. Between 1905 and 1909, 10 cents
a pound was paid for cobalt in 6 per cent ore or over, except when it contained
more nickel than cobalt. Consumption of cobalt during this period was confined
mainly to the ceramic trade and in the manufacture of the cheaper varieties
of whiteware as a corrective for the yellowish tone of the ware and to impart
a clearer hue to white goods.
Between 1909 and the outbreak of World War I cobalt was almost
unsaleable, except in high-grade ores. Producers received nothing for the
cobalt content of their lower grade ores; consequently the cobalt veins
remained more or less unmined and output of the Cobalt camp dropped very
sharply from 1909 to 1915.
However, Mr. Elwood Haynes, President of Haynes Automobile Company,
Kokomo, Indiana, had begun experimenting with cobalt and chromium alloys.
Because of the great impact his work was to have on the future demand and
uses of cobalt, his statement in The Iron Trade Review of August 4, 1910 is
quoted in part:
A pocket-knife b/ade and several table-knife blades were made from
this material and were found to be satisfactory in every respect. One of
these table-knife blades has now been in use for more than two years in
the kitchen, where it was used for all sorts of purposes, such as cutting
bread, turning griddle cakes, peeling and paring vegetables, and for,
various other purposes, such as are known only to the culinary art. After
all this use and abuse, the knife shows not the slightest trace of tarnish,
and has held its lustre so wel/ that when exposed to the sun it shows a
reflection which dazzles the eyes. . . . An alloy of 75 per cent cobalt and
25 per cent chromium, to which small quantities of other metals are
added, is not only sufficiently hard for good edge tools, but is quite tough
and can, be bent much beyond its elastic limit without cracking; resembling
in this respect the alloy steels, but, generally speaking, it is much harder.
1
89218-2 ;1
2
It is especially adapted to the manufacture of pocket knives, on account

of the beauty of its co/our and the bri//iancy of its lustre, both of which
remain, permanent under all circumstances, thus giving the blades a
particularly attractive appearance. Knives of this description may be
used for cutting fruit without danger of marring their lustre in the
slightest degree. Alloys in certain proportions will also doubtless fi nd a
wide use in surgical instruments, since they resist perfectly a// sterilizing
solutions. The al/oy is perhaps better adapted for table cut/ery than
anything that has ever yet been produced. We all know too well that a
silver-plated knife, for example, is i// adapted for any service requiring
a sharp edge, and it cannot be sharpened without destroying the plating.
Steel knives, on the other hand, while they cut well, require endless
labour to keep them in presentable condition, and at best, they are
unsightly in appearance. . . .
It is admirably adapted for the manufacture of fine weights for
balances, scrapers, spatulas and other /aboratory appliances. . . . The
alloy is also particularly well adapted for the manufacture of standard,
weights and measures. . . .
The aUoy cou/d readily be made into /aboratory vessels, cooking
utensils, spoons, forks, etc., and is limited in this respect on/y by its cost.
Little did Mr. Haynes realize the effect that his alloy—which he named
"stellite"—would have on future consumption of cobalt metal in that form.
The modern high-temperature alloy metallurgist will no doubt smile when
he considers the simple uses which Haynes advocated for his new alloy.
The advent of World War I stimulated the demands for alloy steels and
the use of metallic cobalt, and consequently the price in United States had
risen from a low of about $1.50 a pound to $2.50 a pound . by November, 1918:
Furthermore, the uses of cobalt had widened to such an extent and the produc-
tion in Canada had decreased to such a low ebb by 1921, that the price continued
upwards to the $6.00 level. Thereafter, production of cobalt in Canada began
to rise and reached a high of about 550 tons in 1925 when the price was
stabilized at $2.50 a pound.
Silver, which was the main product of the Cobalt mines, fell in price from
a peak of $1.33 an ounce in January, 1920, to about 69 cents an ounce in 1925.
The large mines in Cobalt were closed down by this time and within the next
seven years, when the price of silver dropped successively to a new low of
25 cents an ounce in December 1932, the remaining mines closed down and
Cobalt became, for mining purposes, almost a ghost town.
By this time groups of lessees began to appear on the scene. They obtained
leases from the former operators, employed up to 10 men and commenced to
produce cobalt ore by picking over the' waste dumps. Some sold bagged ore
containing over 10 per cent cobalt directly to the Deloro smelter and to
purchasers in the United States, while others produced ore which had to be
concentrated in custom mills operated by individuals who rented the mills
from the original companies. After the dumps had been largely picked over
the lessees began to operate underground. The mines were shallow, the
operators pumped out the old mines to the first or second levels and followed
narrow cobalt veins which had been left behind by the former operators
and also slashed off small pockets of ore when it was found.
A great aid in this type of operation was the cheap supply of air which
was compressed by falling water at Hound Chutes, a few miles from Cobalt.
The plant was built during the more prosperous days and relieved lessees of
expense involved in electrical and compressing equipment. The compressed
140
130 HIGHEST MONTHLY AVERAGE FIGURE II

OF 1•33 IN JAN. 1920
120
AVERAGE YEARLY PRICE
OF SILVER 1911-1952
110
uj 100
LOWEST MONTHLY AVERAGE
Z 90 OF 25 CENTS IN DEC. 1932.
0 80
CE NTS PER
70
60
-
50
40
30
20
10
0
1911 1915 1920 1925 . 1950 1935 1940 1945 1950
YEAR
4.00
3.001--
D
0
a.
CC
w 2.00
CA
CC l• 50 —
<
_1_J
00 um- FIGURE Ill
AVERAGE COBALT METAL PRICES
1912. - 1953
• 0.501--
ilt „ I III ti ll
1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 I 940 1945 1950

YEAR
5
air was simply piped to the leasing operations and the operators paid for the
amount of air by metered consumption. Aid was also forthcoming from the
Ontario Government which set up the Temiskaming Testing Laboratories. This
plant operated as a sampling, assaying and weighing agent for the producers.
Nearly all shipments of cobalt ore were handled by the Temiskaming Testing
Laboratories who also weighed and loaded the assayed concentrates into
railway cars for shipment. The weight and assay certificates of the Labora-
tories became acceptable to all buyers of ore.
About 1920, the Union minière du Haut Katanga began to recover cobalt
from the copper-cobalt ores of Katanga in the Belgian Congo. In 1926 the
Belgian Congo became the leading producer and its production is still increasing.
Production was commenced from the high-grade copper deposits of the Rhokana
Corporation Limited at Nkana, Northern Rhodesia in 1932, the same year that
production was commenced from the nickel-gold-silver-cobalt ores of
La Société minière de Bou Azzer et du Graara at its property near Bou Azzer,
French Morocco.
In the early 1930's, Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, Limited at
Deloro, Ontario, and the Union minière du Haut Katanga established an agree-
ment to control the marketing of their products and to maintain the cobalt
price. When the Rhodesian and Moroccan producers entered the market they
also entered the Cobalt Association. During 1935 the Association, which then
consisted of Union minière du Haut Katanga, Deloro Smelting' and Refining
Company, Rhokana Corporation, Limited and La Société minière de Bou Azzer
et du Graara, signed a trade pact with the Association of German Cobalt
Producers in respect to the marketing of cobalt and cobalt salts. The German
producers were dependent upon the importation of foreign low grade ores for
their raw material and the trade pact supplied facilities for selling their output
in the world market. In 1936, the Finnish Corporation, Osakeyhtio Vucksen-
niska Aktiebolag of Vucksenniska, Finland joined the association which then
controlled almost 90 per cent of the world output. The agreement was
renewed in August, 1936 for a further five-year period but was dissolved
during the early part of World War II, following which the Union minière du
Haut Katanga became the principal producer and its quoted price became the
established world price, now generally followed by all producers of the metal.
During the early years of World War II the Cobalt, Ontario ores and
concentrates were marketed for the most part with United States chemical
firms and the remainder was stockpiled at the Deloro smelter. No Canadian
concentrates were treated, as the Deloro smelter was operating mainly on
cobalt-copper-iron alloy residues from Northern Rhodesia plus a supplementary
supply from the Belgian Congo.
To stimulate Canadian production when supplies of cobalt from Africa
and other overseas points were being seriously threatened by the German
U-boat fleet, a contract was entered into between Metals Reserve Company
of the United States Government and the Canadian Crown Company, War
Supplies Limited, under which War Supplies Limited appointed Deloro Smelt-
ing and Refining Company, Limited as its buying agent for cobalt ores from
Cobalt, Ontario. The producers were advised that all their output of cobalt
concentrates up to a total of 7,000 tons would be purchased at premium prices
and stockpiled for the account of Metals Reserve Company. Under this
contract, slightly more than 3,000 tons were delivered between April 1, 1942,
and February 22, 1944, when the contract was cancelled as the period of
emergency had passed.
6
The prices effective under this contract were f.o.b. rail cars, Cobalt, Ontario
as follows:
Price per lb. of
Cobalt Content Contained Cobalt
8.00-8.99% $0.88
9.00-9.99% 0.99
10.00 and over 1.10
Payment for the nickel and silver content of the ores was also provided
for, with a penalty for copper content exceeding 1.5 per cent.
• Upon termination of the Metals Reserve Company's contract, the uncer-
tainty as to the intentions of the United States Government regarding the
stockpile of its accumulated cobalt ore at Deloro, Ontario, coupled with the
fact that the Deloro smelter had accumulated for its own account a large
stockpile of untreated ores, resulted in an unsettled market and a number of
operators closed their mines pending stabilization. Only one carload of
cobalt ore left the Cobalt area in 1944 following termination of the contract,
and it was exported to Shepherd Chemical Company of Cincinnati, Ohio.
During 1947 and 1948, the United States Government withdrew its stockpile
froih Deloro, Ontario to New Jersey.
Following World War II, production from Cobalt, Ontario remained at a
low level with most of the output coming from the Agaunico mine of the
Silanco Minirig and Smelting Company. In August, 1943 this company took
over the mines and 100-ton concentrating plant of Cobalt Products Limited and
in 1945 began the erection of a cobalt smelter 5 miles south of Cobalt, on the
Ontario Northern Railway. The company had stockpiled all its concentrates
in anticipation of the erection of its smelter, which was to operate as Cobalt
Chemical and Refining Company, Limited. However, j -ust as the smelter had
reached the production stage it was destroyed by fire in April, 1950, and
operations were suspended.
In 1940 International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited, commenced the
recovery of cobalt at its nickel refinery in Clydach, Wales, from nickel matte
shipped from Canada. Such output has not been reflected as part of Canadian
production in any statistics issued by various sources. In June, 1947, the
company also began. extracting an impure cobalt oxide at Port Colborne,
Ontario which it shipped to Clydach for refining into salts. In July, 1952,
Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Limited, began the production of electrolytic cobalt
at its refinery at Kristiansand, Norway from nickel-copper matte produced
at its Falconbridge, Ontario smelter.
Production of cobalt ores and concentrates from the Cobalt area was at a
low ebb at the beginning of 1951. In order to stimulate further production to
meet future defence and essential requirements in the light of the Korean
emergency, the Right Honourable C. D. Howe, Minister of Trade and Commerce,
announced in the House of Commons on February 15, 1951 that the Canadian
Government would purchase concentrates for a period of three years on the
following basis:
Price per lb. of
10• 00 — 11 •99% $1.35
1200-13.99% 1.40
14-00 and over 1.45
The Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, Limited, Deloro, Ontario, was
appointed governmental agent and authorized to purchase ores and concentrates
on the basis of assay and weight determinations by the Temiskaming Testing
7
Laboratory at Cobalt, Ontario, in minimum shipments of 5-ton lots. The

prices quoted were on a f.o.b., Cobalt, Ontario basis with freight and further
processing costs to Government account. The silver content of such shipments
was settled for by the Deloro smelter to the producer on the basis of the
customary smelter tariff.
On March 30, 1951 this price plan was revised as follows on authority of
the Minister of the Department of Defence Production:
Price per lb. of
7 00— 7 . 99% $1.00
8.00— 8.99% 1.15
9.00— 9.99% 1.30
10 •00-10.99% 1.40
11.00-11.99% 1.50
1200
. and over 1.60
By the end of 1951 it became apparent that cobalt production was not
sufficient to meet the Government's requirements and accordingly on December
28, 1951 the Minister of Defence Production announced that effective January 1,
1952 and until 600,000 pounds of recoverable cobalt metal had been accumulated
or until March 31, 1954, thé premium prices paid to producers would be set
as follows:
Price per lb. of
7.00— 7.99 0/ $1.20
8.00— 8.99% 1.50
9.00— 9.99% 1.80
10.00 and over 2.00
It was further stipulated that in the event that the 600,000 pounds of
recoverable cobalt metal was accumulated before March 31, 1954, the price
schedule would revert to that in effect prior to January 1, 1952, up until
March 31, 1954.
The Temiskaming Testing Laboratories shipped 484,186 pounds of contained
cobalt during 1952 in cobalt ore shipments weighing 4,382,820 pounds and
also containing 140,843 ounces of silver, 202,807 pounds of nickel and 37,483
pounds of copper. The main producers of cobalt ore during 1952 were Silver
Miller Mines Limited and Silanco Mining and Refining Company Limited with
the following making smaller shipments: Mensilvo Mines Limited, Harrison
Hibbert Mines Limited, Norbert Silver Mines Limited, Penn Cobalt Silver
Mines Limited, Cross Lake Lease, Siscoe Metals of Ontario Limited, Shag
Silver Mines Limited (Nipissing O'Brien), J. H. Sutherland and C. Tasse, Jr.
Cobalt ore shipments to the Deloro smelter under the premium price plan
during the first quarter of 1953 were 264,435 pounds of contained cobalt plus
37,778 ounces of silver, 126,483 pounds of nickel and 24,694 pounds of copper
contained in 2,328,089 pounds of concentrate. This amount of cobalt plus 1952
shipments was more than enough to make up the 600,000 pounds of recoverable
cobalt metal and hence during the first quarter of 1953, the incentive price
schedule was reduced to that in effect prior to January 1, 1952, to remain in
effect until March 31, 1954.
Since the beginning of 1951 and until January, 1953 the Canadian Govern-
ment did not grant permits for the export of cobalt in the form of ores and
concentrates. The principal reason for this ban was to assure the stockpiling plan
of the Government and to prevent cobalt from reaching undesirable outlets.
8
TABLE 1
PRICE CHANGÉS IN COBALT METAL 1921-1953
per pound
January, 1921 $5.10
February, 1921 4.50
April, 1921 4.20
May, 1921 4.00
July, 1921 3.12
January, 1923 2.85
June, 1923 3.00
February, 1924 2.50
September, 1937 1.92
January, 1940 2.11
October, 1944 1.50
July, 1947 1.65
April, 1949 1.80
January, 1951 2.10
September, 1951 2.12
October, 1951 2.40
November, 1953 2.60
CHAPTER II
COBALT AND ITS ORES AND MINERALS

Cobalt is generally considered as a by-product metal and occupies position
number 27 in the periodic system with an atomic weight of 58.94. It is a
bluish silvery, magnetic metal and resists corrosion like nickel which it closely
resembles. Its melting point is 1480°C or about 2696°F and its boiling point
about 5250°F. Its specific gravity is 8.9. Its hardness is about 5.5 on Mohs
scale.
Chemically, its normal valence is two (cobaltous) while it is trivalent in
some compounds (cobaltic). Electrochemically it behaves similarly to iron
and nickel. The metal can be isolated in pure form by hydrogen reduction
of the oxide.
The tensile strength varies from about 34,000 p.s.i. for cast and unannealed
metal to around 100,000 p.s.i. when swaged into wire.
The important minerals of cobalt are sulphides, arsenides and oxidized
compounds.
Cobaltite (CoAsS or C0S2.CoAs2 ).

Cobaltite, or cobalt glance, contains 35.5 per cent cobalt and is the most
important cobalt mineral of the Cobalt, Ontario area. It has a hardness of 5.5
and a specific gravity of about 6.3. Cobaltite has a silver-white colour, with
a pink tint.
Safflorite (CoAs,..).
Safflorite is the second cobalt mineral of the Cobalt, Ontario area. It has
a hardness of about 4.5 with a specific gravity of about 7. It has a bright
metallic colour but tarnishes quickly. Safilorite has a cobalt content of 28.2
which is decreased when iron is present.
Skutterudite (CoAs3 ).
This mineral has a cobalt content of 20.8 per cent and occurs in the ores
of Cobalt, Ontario.
Smaltite (CoAS2 ).
Smaltite is the last cobalt mineral in order of abundance in the Cobalt,
Ontario, ores. It has a hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of about 6.5. It
is steel grey in colour when fresh but tarnishes to a darker grey. The cobalt
content is 28.2 per cent.
9
1600
1400 FIGURE IV
COBALT PRODUCTION IN CANADA
1903-1952
1200 S OU R C E: DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS
NOTE:- PRODUCTION INCLUDES ONLY COBALT RECOVERED IN
CANADA FROM CANADIAN ORES PLUS COBALT CONTENT OF
ORES EXPORTED
1000
SHORT TONS
800
600
400E-
200
0 411111111 it' 'lilt Ill! t IHr t!I II II !Ill -71111i
. 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
YEAR
11
Erythrite (CoAs208.8H20).
Erythrite, or cobalt bloom, is a mineral of secondary origin, found com-
monly in the upper weathered portion of cobalt-bearing deposits. It is soft,
having a hardness of about 2, and a specific gravity of about 3. It contains
29-5 per cent cobalt. It serves as a valuable indication of mineral outcrops
containing cobalt, and has a characteristic peach-red colour.
Heterogenite (Co0.2Co 208.6H20).

This mineral contains from 48 to 60 per cent cobalt and is one of the
principal minerals of the deposits at Katanga, Belgian Congo, and Nkana,
Northern Rhodesia. It has a hardness of 3-5 and a specific gravity of 3-45.
Like erythrite, it is a secondary mineral.
Linnaeite (Co.S.).
Linnaeite is another important ore mineral of the Katanga and Nkana
deposits. It contains from 30 to 40 per cent cobalt, depending upon the amount
of iron, nickel or copper that may be available to replace cobalt. The mineral
in the form of Co3S4 has a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 4-6.
Carrollite (CuCO2S4) is a variation of linnaeite.
Ash() lite (Co02.Mn02.4H20).

Asbolite, or cobaltiferous wad, is a mixture of manganese and cobalt
oxides. It is the chief ore mineral of New Caledonia, and contains from 4 to
35 per cent cobalt.
Other cobalt minerals and their formulae are as follows:
gersdorffite — (Ni, Fe, Co) AsS
sphaerocobaltite —CoCO 3
glaucodot — (Co, Fe) AsS
stainerite — (Co, Fe, A1) 303.H30
roselite — (Ca, Co, Mg) 3 As303. 21120
forbesite — Co), As303. 81130 •
bieberite —CoS0..7H20
badenite — (Co, Ni, Fe) 3 (As.Bo) 8
cobaltnickelpyrite — (Co, Ni, Fe) S,
bismuthosmaltite — Co (As, Bi).
willyamite —Co3NiS2. CoSb, NiSb2
Ise me 120' nc ec 60' 40 20
/N
----- ' •• I ei••• /
//
.,
/
/
■ . lt"
i
\\ \
.... e, /
ACTIVE PRODUCING AREAS -1, , I
< • ,/
\ / eSe
9. Sudbury District 0 •
3. Eldorado Mine 4- • \ e / .
50 ‘9 4‘.--..
11. Gowganda Area \
.. .
12.
7.
Cobalt Area
Lynn Lake Mine
/
,\
,
4
13 fr
OTHER OCCURRENCES 'r
0 3, Pik
1. Little Gem Mine ,.
•
2. Nickel Plate Mine -N. / ; 4 / - --i - - _ _.efIF=5
Hedley Mascot Mine . /O .t.,-/ t„,
4. B.M. Group
).
5. Francois River 7...E I T 0
I
6. Goldfields-Beaverlodge '40
Lake Area
-----
8. Werner Lake
10. Massey Claims
13. Kluane Lake •
14. Estella Mine / `-'''
,,,... •S„...
15. Victoria Mine . As . MAN .
16. Hart Township Q ue. I9 .,.. ' "' ... \
5..
17. Lake Shebandowan

18. Calumet Island e 7 ••• .. . I -....•
ONT.
19. Mount Wright
20. Western Nickel Mine
/ i \eh :. • le
21. Maskwa and Oiseau River -
r 1.
.,
..,-
II ; ez:f
Area e4S.
22. Palmer Township s ..
23. Otter Township :
/
•,
/ s ..
A
... .
.."-- • •
12C I•IC IOU 90. eo•

TIONAL MUSEUM OF CANAO4
70* 60.
FIGURE V. KEY MAP OF CANADA SHOWING COBALT OCCURRENCES. • PRODUCING AREAS

0 OTHER OCCURRENCES
CHAPTER III
CANADIAN MINE PRODUCTION OF COBALT

Mine production of cobalt in Canada is derived from the following sources:
(a) by-product from the refining of copper-nickel ores from the Sudbury
nickel district, Ontario.
(b) Cobalt and silver ores and concentrates from the Temiskaming silver-
cobalt area.
(c) by-product from the refining of uranium-radium ore of Great Bear
Lake, Northwest Territories, plus a small intermittent production
from the hand-cobbing of this ore.
In early 1954 production of cobalt will commence as a by-product from
the refining of nickel-copper ores from Lynn Lake, Manitoba. Some cobalt
was produced during World War II from the Werner Lake area of Ontario.
Official statistics on cobalt production in Canada from 1903 to 1952 are
given in graphic form in Figure IV. These include cobalt recovered in Canada
from Canadian ores plus the cobalt content of ores and concentrates
exported, irrespective of the year when the cobalt ores and concentrates were
actually mined or shipped. Consequently these statistics tend to be misleading
until it is realized that, contrary to the Figure IV graph, production rose during
World War II due to the Canadian Government's incentive price plan. The
ore output, however, was stockpiled and not counted as production until the
concentrates were shipped from Deloro to the United States some years later
(1947-1948). Actual production from the Temiskaming silver-cobalt area
fell off steeply following World War II until the Korean emergency necessitated
another incentive price plan. Figures in Table 5 give a .more accurate picture,
as they indicate shipments via the Temiskaming Testing Laboratories.
References to Key Map of Sudbury Nickel District, Ontario (Fig. VI).

Active Producing Mines and Operators
1. Creighton (International Nickel Co.)
2. Murray (International Nickel Co.)
3. McKim (Falconbridge Nickel Mines Ltd.)
4. Frood (International Nickel Co.)
5. Stobie (International Nickel Co.)
6. Garson (International Nickel. Co.)
7. Falconbridge (Falconbridge Nickel Mines Ltd.)
8. East Rim (East Rim Nickel Mines Ltd.)
9. Milnet (Milnet Mines Ltd.)
13
14
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SUDBURY NICKEL DISTRICT
—
• PRODUCING MINES
0 UNDER DEVELOPMENT
SCALE
0 MILES
FIGURE VI.* KEY MAP OF SUDBURY DISTRICT, ONTARIO.

15
10. Nickel Offsets (Nickel Offsets Ltd.)

11. Levack (International Nickel Co.)
12. Hardy (Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd.)
Mines Under Development and Operators

13. Boundary (Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd.)
14. Fecunis Lake (Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd.)
15. Strathcona West (Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd.)
16. Longvac (Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd.)
17. East Falconbridge (Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd.)
18. Mount Nickel (Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd.)
19. Blezard (Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd.)
20. Crean Hill (International Nickel Co.)
Reference numbers following sub-headings refer to numbers on the key lnap of

Canada, showing cobalt occurrences (Fig. V).
ONTARIO
Sudbury Nickel District (9)
Cobalt is believed to occur in the ores of the Sudbury district as a complex
suite of cobalt-nickel-iron arsenides and is closely associated with the nickel
mineral, pentlandite. Minerals that have been identified are cobaltite and
gersdorffite. No analytical control is carried out by the operators in respect
to cobalt content of the ores, as this element is determined with nickel. How-
ever, the average content of some of the ores of the district is roughly about
0•07 per cent.
Recovery of the cobalt present in nickel matte from Sudbury was com-
menced in 1940 by Mond Nickel Company, Limited at Clydach, Wales. The
Clydach nickel refinery of Mond Nickel Company was erected in 1902 and
produces nickel by the carbonyl process developed by the late Dr. Ludwig
Mond. Cobalt produced from this source has never been included in official
Canadian statistics.
Since 1947, International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited has recovered
cobalt oxide from the electrolyte at its nickel refinery at Port Colborne,
Ontario. The cobalt is separated by precipitation and is shipped as an impure
cobalt oxide, containing approximately 71 per cent cobalt, to the Clydach
works of the Mond Nickel Company, Limited. This crude oxide together
with that produced at the Clydach nickel refinery forms the feed for the
chemical salts plant at the Clydach works for the production of high grade
black and grey cobalt oxides and an extensive range of cobalt salts including
sulphate, hydrate, acetate and chloride. The cobalt output of the Clydach salts
plant is sold to consumers in the United Kingdom and many foreign countries.
Production of electrolytic cobalt metal was commenced in mid-1952 from
the nickel-copper matte exported by Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Limited to
its nickel refinery at Kristiansand, Norway. The nickel-copper matte is
refined by the Hybinette process. The separation of cobalt involves the precipi-
tation and removal of an impure nickel-copper product from the nickel electro-
lyte. The cobalt content of this product is increased by chemical treatment
and the resultant product is dried, melted and cast into cobalt anodes which
are refined electrolytically.
A large proportion of the company's production for some years has been
sold to the United States Government. The rest is sold commercially, mainly
in the United States.
The largest known commercial reserves of cobalt in Canada are contained
in the nickel-copper deposits of the Sudbury district.
16
2021
, ARE 30 MILES NORTHYsiEST
11,12,19 ARE 40 MILES NORTHWEST
, PROVINCE.
OF
•. Q U EBEC
r !Aid&
1 "
ilr el_
PROVINCE
IsOu•ào cmurs
OF
'ff.*. SSE CI
ONTARIO
COBALT AREA
• P RODUCI ■NG UNES
.4 UNDER D E VELD...MEN!'
SOUTH
LORRAINE
• wn
• IS
•8
FIGURE VII. KEY MAP OF COBALT AREA, ONTARIO.

TABLE 2
OPERATING COMPANIES IN COBALT AREA, ONTARIO (NOVEMBER, 1953 )
Key Mill
Name of " Original Name Ore Custom
Map Operator Capacity Notes
Reference Property of Property Milled By
in Tons
Cobalt Ore Shippers

1 Silver Miller Mines, Limited Larose Larose 1 200
2 Lawson Lawsonf
3 Cobalt Consolidated Mining Corp..... Agaunico Agaunico 200
4 .... Cobalt Lake Mining Corp., Right of Way,
Buffalo.
5 ‘, .... Penn Cobalt Penn Canadian, Crown Re-
serve, Kerr Lake.
6 Mens,ilvo Mines, Limited Mensilvo Silver Bar 50 Some by United Cobalt
Mill.
7 Harrison Hibbert Mines, Limited .... Harrison Ruby United Cobalt.
8 Norbert Silver Mines, Limited Norbert Hand Cobbed Ore.
9 Cordon Cobalt Mines, Limited Hudson Bay Hudson Bay United Cobalt.
10 Nipissing-O'Brien Mines, Limited.... Nipissing Nipissing 125 Starting in Dec. 1953
Silver Ore Shippers
11 Castle Trethewey Mines, Limited.... Castle Trethewey. Castle Trethewey 100
12 Siscoe Metals of Ontario, Limited.... O'Brien Miller Lake-O'Brien 300
13 Silver Miller Mines, Limited Brady Lake Lumsden Rochester 100
14 Cobalt Consolidated Mining Corp..... Cobalt Lode Adanac Same mill used for
15 .... Gilg-reer Canadian Lorraine 200 cobalt ores.
,‘
16
‘‘
.... Colonial Colonial 1
4 .... Cobalt Lake Right of Way, Mining Corp. 750 Tailings mill.
7 Harrison Hibbert Mines, Limited .... Harrison Hibbert . Ruby United Cobalt.
17 Shag Silver Mines, Limited Cross Lake Cross Lake O'Brien, Rein- Cobalt Consolidated
hardt. Mining Corp.
18 Nipissing-O'Brien Mines, Limited.... O'Brien O'Brien 125 Same mill used for
cobalt ores.
19 New Morrison Mines, Limited Tonapa Tonapa Siscoe Metals of Ont., Ltd.
Possible New Producers

20 Roy Silver Mines, Limited Roy Silver 50 Cobalt ores.
21 Cotley Mines, Limited Siscoe Metals of Ont., Ltd. Silver ores.
Exploration Companies
22 Mayfair Mines, Limited Mayfair John Black 75
23 Juno Metals Corporation Juno White
18
Temiskaming Silver Cobalt Area (11, 12)
-
The town of Cobalt is situated about 100 miles north of North Bay, Ontario
on the main line of 'the Ontario Northland Railway. The ore-W:1131es at Cobalt
were discovered in 1903 during the construction of the railway. Other ore-
bodies were found in areas some distance from the town in South Lorrain
(south-east of Cobalt), in Casey township (15 miles north-east), and Gowganda,
27 miles west of Elk Lake lying 40 miles north-west of Cobalt.
Most of the mines at Cobalt were grouped within an area of about 6
square miles. A sill of Nipissing diabase about 1,000 feet thick intrudes the
gently dipping strata of the Cobalt series -which are laid down on steeply
folded Keewatin lavas, tuffs, and iron formation. The Nipissing diabase sill
dips gently east, and erosion has removed part of it so that the western part
of the area is occupied by Keewatin and Cobalt strata that lie below the sill,
whereas the eastern part is underlain by the sill itself, together with some
areas of Keewatin or Cobalt strata that overlies the sill.
The silver-cobalt ores emanated from the diabase sill. All the ores were
found within a few hundred feet of the diabase contact. About 80 per cent of
the production veins occurred in the Cobalt series within 100 to 200 feet of
the Keewatin contact the remaining 20 per cent being divided between the
Keewatin and Nipissing diabase.
The high-grade veins contained a great variety of minerals, of which the
chief were calcite, cobaltite, smaltite, niccolite, and native silver. Typical
high-grade ore averaged about 10 per cent silver, 9 per cent cobalt, 6 per cent
nickel, and 39 per cent arsenic. Some silver ores ran as high as 7,000 ounces
to the ton.
J. A. Reid in his "Special Report on the Mineral Resources of the
Temiskaming Silver-Cobalt Area" written in 1943, gives an interesting table
on the character of the ore, as under:
Mineral Composition Percentage
Silver Predominantly native *14.0

Cobaltite CoAsS 13.5
Saffiorite CoAs2 10.5
Arsenopyrite FeAsS 8.7
Rammelsbergite NiAs2 8.2
Skutterudite CoAs3 8.0
Niccolite NiAs 6.1
Lollingite FeAs 6.0
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
2 4.4
Galena PbS 4.1
Smaltite CoAsa 2.9
Chloanthite NiAs3 2 •6
Gersdorffite NiAsS 2.6
Tetrahedrite 3Cu2S Sb2B3 2.4
Pyrite FeS2 1.8
Pyrrhotite Fe7S 1.7
Breithauptite NiSb 1.3
Sphalerite ZnS 1.2
Total 100.0
19
The above mixture or aggregate has a calculated specific gravity of 6.58

and a chemical composition as given below:
Element Percentage
Arsenic 42.6
Silver 14.0 (4183.3 oz. per ton)
Sulphur 10•6
Cobalt 10.0
Iron 7.8
Nickel 6.9
Lead 3-5
Copper 2.6
Antimony 1-2
Zinc •8
Total 100 •0
Table 2 and Figure VII give the location of operating companies of the
area together with the original name of the property being worked, the
capacity of the mill, or where the ore from the mine is milled on a custom basis.
W erner Lake Area (8)

The property known as the Werner Lake Cobalt Mine consists of four
claims at the west end of Werner Lake which is situated about 13 miles east
of the Ontario-Manitoba boundary, and 36 miles from Minaki on the Canadian
National Railway.
The property was discovered in 1920 but the claims were allowed to
lapse. The property was restaked in 1928 by Kenora Prospectors and Miners
Limited, a subsidiary of Ventures Limited. A shaft was sunk to 35 feet and
in 1932, 67 tons of hand-cobbed ore was shipped by air. This shipment con-
tained about 20,000 pounds of cobalt and was exported to the United States.
The property lay dormant until 1940 when Norman B. Davis of Ottawa,
Ontario leased the property from Ventures Limited and commenced shipping
out sorted ore running about 12.5 per cent cobalt from mine ore assaying 1.2
per cent cobalt. These ores were bagged and moved to Werner Lake for ship-
ment by air to Kenora, from whence they were sold to Shepherd Chemical
Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. Following some diamond drilling carried out in
1942 and the discovery of further ore, a contract was entered into with the
Metals Reserve Company, the then U.S. stockpiling agency. A small mill was
erected in the spring of 1943 and operated for a little over a year, and then
closed down because of the termination of the supply contract at the end of
1943 and the lack of further developed ore. Total production during the war
period amounted to 123,386 pounds of contained cobalt.
Cobaltite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and a little arsenopyrite occurred
in a band of gneiss on the contact of granite into Keewatin sediments. The
high grade ore occurred in lenses over a width of 3 to 4 feet with good milling
ore over widths of up to 12 feet.
TABLE 3
TOTAL SHIPMENTS FROM COBALT AREA, 1904-1952
Source: Ontario Dept. of Mines
Ore Ore Cobalt Content Silver Content Nickel Content Copper Content Total
Year Raised and Conc. Value
Tons Shipped $
Tons EDS. S OZ. S EDS. S UDS. 8
1904 475 158 32,500 19,960 75,693 96,296 27,679 3,467 119,723
1905 2,598 2,084 326,300 100,015 2,451,356 1,355,306 79,885 9,030 1,464,351
1906 7,708 3,531 448,964 82,017 5,401,766 3667,551 20,000 3,000 3,752,568
1907 32,180 14,739 354,675 93,315 9,996,887 6,146,904 65,557 1,255 6,241,474
1908 52,310 19,670 1,083,874 110,342 19,430,393 9,130,083 9,240,425
1909 109,147 27,774 1,030,788 92,957 25,779,150 12,531,425 118 14 12,624,396
1910 257,218 26,034 616,279 53,052 30,099,367 15,227,483 15,280,535
1911 254,935 . 16,416 ,
29,981,423 15,183,449 15,183,449
1912 361,275 28,293 2,900 174 28,607,083 16,465,616 7,920 396 16,466,186
1913 489,700 43,746 33,380 3,324 28,177,232 15,653,116 15,666,440
1914 618,014 52,996 13,428 1,609 24,110,786 12,297,397 12,299,006
1915 555,543 43,743 58,600 7,967 23,811,588 11,688,986 11,696,953
1916 467,884 75,714 674,712 75,205 18,960,372 12,039,316 12,114,521
1917 59,013 914,046 138,187 18,327,258 15,224,478 4,058 203 15,362,868
1918 51,950 877,163 199,410 16,482,824 16,506,512 16,705,922
1919 18,016 322,211 120,316 10,285,027 11,722,801 11,843,117
1920 77,074 811,170 523,287 . 10,402,124 10,224,525 10,747,812
1921 342,922 87,777 138,881 28,071 7,664,304 5,149,034 5,177,105
1922 243,352 8,709 322,407 147,037 9,226,809 6,653,452 25,170 1,950 6,802,439
1923 401,215 18,795 506,898 113,230 7,257,460 4,660,267 - 65,512 5,210 4,778,707
1924 353,775 56,332 560,635 153,515 6,719,140 4,534,205 22,543 1,572 4,689,292
1925 261,851 63,838 418,041 . 93,585 7,193,782 4,954,138 114,114 13,794 5,061,517
1926 248,723 62,419 369,468 103,667 5,706,426 3,477,507 15,840 1,567 3,582,741
1927 208,066 54,055 324,876 90,718 4,526,427 2,603,652 31,077 2,364 2,697,481
1028 180,003 62,556 333,416 89,652 3,934,021 2,297,561 20,412 1,526 2,370,749
1929 151,424 52,471 384,440 140,884 4,819,571 2,512;241 7,800 1,014 2,654,139
1930 139,168 32,708 689,206 328,199 5,240,077 • 1,946,616 2,567 250 33,054 3,728 2,278,793
1931 114,434 6,638 1,105,819 511,790 3,706,619 1,173,374 57,941 5,438 1,592,618
1932 38,941 2,886 130,711 48,122 3,261,715 1,007,915 36,714 2,152 1,058,953
1933 29,293 1,594 121,182 36,862 2,397,118 864,428 1,861 350 38,052 2,802 904,927
1934 32,545 2,691 255,898 76,330 1,989,973 910,726 24,745 86 987,187
1935 30,959 7,815 498,273 154,402 2,678,974 1,711,176 137,519 20,025 35,969 234 1,891,101
1936 34,174 5,761 583,815 210,615 1,504,953 664,593 137,593 15,874 37,644 3,445 895,240
1937 34,215 8,504 227,217 115,350 1,060,073 470,533 3,677 576 45,910 6,057 593,687
1938 31,799 4,242 194,521 112,357 814,787 351,386 21,367 3,714 29,822 2,910 470,974
1939 33,995 2,556 330,519 279,341 920,963 354,053 63,446 7,648 20,821 528 641,694
1940 15,414 2,835 558,139 522,995 785,867 263,124 158,966 9,779 10,832 699 796,662
1941 11,299 2,515 427,278 369,280 345,772 106,463 112,635 3,945 479,688
1942 6,173 3,394 403,338 400,519 512,076 169,728 127,091 4,064 53,687 3,758 578,069
1943 2,750 2,409 411,963 427,844 450,439 166,068 104,881 3,256 56,462 5,383 602,551
1944 2,687 757 174,472 154,212 242,175 93,365 63,951 10,964 22,644 317 258,858
1945 34,965 680 130,834 96,560 107,569 46,490 71,300 10,631 6,297 629 154,310
1946 29,939 982 76,537 72,328 287,013 234,412 30,601 5,508 10,455 1,338 313,586
1947 13,464 756 181,853 55,756 321,970 223,764 30,095 7,223 12,350 2,099 288,842
1948 5,837 872 142,282 209,844 362,412 313,943 8,537 1,651 525,438
1949 16,778 361 91,708 43,562 707,775 522,674 566,236
1950 37,719 1,485 78,136 34,857 2,625,996 2,190,595 9,870 1,081 12,186 3,104 2,229,637
1951 87,960 3,424 276,811 633,986 3,195,873 3,021,758 39,121 21,829 51,069 14,137 3,691,710
1952 67,441 3,492 613,698 1,441,985 2,502,129 2,089,887 37,246 20,373 90,403 25,800 3,578,045 bD
22
TABLE 4
TOTAL SHIPMENTS FROM GOWGANDA AREA, 1910-1952
Ore Ore and Cobalt Content

Cone Silver Content Total
Year Ihdsed p Value
Tons SW] ped
Tons IS. $ OZ. $ $
1910 855 463 5,592 1,084 481,883 239,235 240,319

1911 5,923 190 469,197 239,618 239,618
1912 9,623 338 549,976 319,128 319,128
1913 56 183 502,370 293,664 293,664
1914 3,620 132 399,300 211,180 211,180
1915 6,790 , 110 ' •242,229 116,856 116,856
1916 9,891 182 383,393 253,218 253,718
1917 356 1,064,635 888,393 888,393
1918 190 26,994 4,049 638,198 617,597 621,646
1919 226 27,404 3,886 723,764 825,927 829,813
1920 188 15,236 1,989 434,780 423,441 425,430
1921 11,703 133 9,187 950 258,292 176,757 177,707
1922 11,322 85 8,478 912 170,651 113,363 114,275
1923 1,147 670 7,494 750 160,721 103,201 103,951
1924 19,848 190 18,148 2,623 598,057 400,925 403,548
1925 51,087 509 41,135 6,026 1,355,156 931,579 937,605
1926 48,105 441 36,731 5,503 1,236,640 742,534 748,037
1927 62,321 698 49,284 6,032 1,741,614 976,643 982,675
1928 66,855 595 59,860 7,451 1,677,429 967,022 974,473
1929 72,002 643 72,112 11,185 2,081,894 1,041,722 1,052,907
1930 65,467 668 107,264 15,067 2,140,017 761,211 776,278
1931 28,542 507 104,223 11,356 1,697,242 532,004 543,360
1932 30,130 530 72,081 10,469 1,374,780 422,446 432,915
1933 30,932 366 40,729 1,244,812 497,799 497,799
1934 21,680 270 32,273 1,039,565 506,494 506,494
1935 21,402 807 20,818 829,195 532,460 532,460
1936 22,532 282 24,724 187 640,114 288,460 288,647
1937 21,519 201 20,848 674 522,151 234,922 235,596
1938 25,665 204 16,778 1,036 502,871 218,448 219,484
1939 20,877 202 19,433 2,933 498,043 206,086 209,019
1940 1 5 207 47 5,343 1,811 1,858
1941 No recorded p roduction
1942 69 69 7,194 1,587 191,526 67,910 69,497
1943 70 60 5,205 883 172,698 67,697 68,580
1944 105- 71 9,000 2,264 250,676 100,270 102,534
1945 75 11 1,185 194 44,585 18,896 19,090
1946 No recorded p .oduction
1947 95 94,301 63,795 63,795
1948 3,068 507 183,163 169,883 ' 169;883
1949 20,714 723 6,000 1,900 626,254 491,342 493,242
1950 22,972 1,182 18,470 1,370 836,047 711,020 712,390
1951 32,542 1,427 38,009 87,040 1,359,714 1,285,609 1,372,689
1952 60,931 1,833 36,557 85,908 1,869,493 1,561,400 1,647,308
TABLE 5
SHIPMENTS FROM COBALT-GOV/GANDA AREAS OF ONTARIO, VIA TEMISKAMING
TESTING LABORATORIES, COBALT, ONT., 1940-1952.
SILVER ORE SHIPMENTS COBALT ORE SHIPMENTS

Year Contained Contained Contained Contained Gross Contained Contained Contained Contained Gross
Silver Cobalt Nickel Copper Weight ' Silver Cobalt Nickel Copper Weight
oz. lbs. -. lbs. lbs. ,..lbs. oz. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1940 278,170 13,465 3,817 616,867 167,521 445,324 162,031 4,344,406

1941 705,836 34,934 6,989 607,715 137,694 411,328 123,724 4,037,340
1942 ' 606,627 24,844 896 288 464,417 112,276 384,652 130,419 55,330 3,816,767
1943 298,002 11,933 1,742 176 176,203 51,385 161,992 48,745 23,549 1,620,872
1944 410,634 17,302 1,254 92 339,683 81,096 173,928 48,076 17,296 1,499,920
1945 219,146 21,683 17,067 6,024 398,468 9,723 106,935 58,331 6,638 953,310
1946 288,982 5,946 755 3,320 193,134 12,281 73,900 30,590 9,902 657,787
1947 270,015 5,730 1,124 471 416,162 95,543 188,247 43,016 16,061 1,873,424
1948 481,072 10,096 493 9,191 1,526,480 30,467 139,024 53,360 10,709 1,230,021
1949 1,124,068 19,476 2,181 1,701,695 27,239 73,031 20,792 5,253 718,918
1950 2,979,810 105,820 14,609 28,556 4,955,177 30,983 92,360 30,248 17,106 583,912
1951 3,547,164 213,447 45,494 31,237 3,661,440 40,365 88,674 31,788 19,954 935,203
1952 2,979,923 , 171,708 37,485 17,817 3,167,474 146,844 484,185 202,810 37,4. 82 4,382,820
24
TABLE 6
TOTAL PRODUCTION OF COBALT FROM ONTARIO ORES, 1904-1952
Includes (1) Shipments from the Deloro Smelter of Ontario ores as metal, oxides and salts.
(2) Export shipments of Ontario ores.
(3) Cobalt oxide shipments from International Nickel Company since 1947.
(4) Cobalt metal production from Falconbridge matte since 1952.
Year Cobalt Value

Tons
1904 36,620 includes content from Sudbury nickel ores

1905 118 100,000
1906 321 80,704
1907 739 92,751
1908 1,224 111,118
1909 1,533 94,965
1910 1,098 54,699
1911 852 170,890
1912 934 315,781 •
1913 821 420,386

1914 351 546,479 1- 45,189 nickel.and cobalt compoundà
1915 206 379,657 gh 9,227 " " "
1916 400 762,327 1- 60,956 " " "
“
1917 337 1,122,779 1- 42,026
1918 380 1,615,130. gh 73,347 "
“
"
“
"
1919 298 868,107 1-188,083
1920 238 1,603,736
1921 126 502,370
1922 776 1,080,873
1923 476 1,456,583
Cobalt
lbs.
1924 1,279,777 1,662,526
1925 1,466,262 2,328,517
1926 664,778 1,136,014
1927 880,590, 1,764,534
1928 954,860 1,671,900
1929 929,415 1,801,915
1930 694,163 1,144,007
1931 521,051 651,179
1932 490,631 587,957
1933 466,702 597,752
1934 594,671 592,497
1935 681,419 512,705
1936 887,592 803,580
1937 507,064 848,145
1938 459,226 790,913
1939 732,561 1,213,454
1940 794,359 1,235,220
1941 263,257 255,904
1942 83,871 88,444
1943 175,961 191,407
1944 36,283 34,106
1945 109,123 90,026
1946 75,848 64,471
1947 578,403 955,917
1948 1,545,744 2,624,410
1949 619,065 • 952,469
1950 583,806 964,003
1951 951,607 1,999,612
1952 1,421,923 3,226,903
25
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES .
Great Bear Lake Area (3)
The Eldorado mine, which lies about 35 miles south of the Arctic circle, at
Port Radium on Echo Bay, Great Bear Lake, was discovered by G. Labine
and E. C. St. Paul in May, 1930.
Associated with the pitchblende-silver veins is a system of cobalt-nickel-
bismuth-copper-quartz veins. These usually cut across the pitchblende veins
and the metallic minerals occur in the carbonate filling of small vugs in the
quartz. Cobalt occurs as skutterudite and smaltite-chloanthite.
In 1932 shipments of pitchblende and high grade silver ores were com-
menced. A refinery was completed at Port Hope, Ontario early in 1933, when
concentrates from Great Bear Lake were first shipped out. The concentrates
shipped later were (1) pitchblende-silver, (2) silver-copper, (3) cobbed pitch-
blende-silver, and (4) cobbed cobalt ores. The pitchblende-silver concentrates
were treated at Port Hope, while copper-silver concentrates went to Tacoma,
Washington for treatment. A cobalt-copper-nickel speiss was later produced
at the refinery and shipped together with hand-cobbed cobalt ores to Deloro,
Ontario.
By Order in Council P.C. 535 of January 27th, 1944 the Canadian Govern-
ment expropriated all the issued stock of the then operating Company, Eldorado
Mining and Refining Limited and then by a further order in council set up a
Crown company, Eldorado Mining and Refining (1944) Limited to operate
the mine, plant and refinery as a source of urgently required uranium.
The Port Hope refinery residue now contains 3-5 per cent cobalt from
which a speiss is produced averaging 12-7 per cent cobalt. This is shipped to
the plant of Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, Limited for refining. A
small amount of hand-cobbed ore is occasionally shipped, the last being in 1951.
TABLE 7
PRODUCTION OF COBALT FROM ELDORADO MINE, 1950-1952
Speiss Cobalt Cobalt

Year lbs. Content % Content lbs.
1950 604,216 13.99 84,500

1951 489,820 12.57 61,552
1951 (cobbed ore) 6,409
1952 481,248 11.46 55,166
MANITOBA
Lynn Lake Area (7)
The Lynn Lake deposit of Sherritt Gordon Mines, Limited is located in
Northern Manitoba, 10 miles south of the 57th parallel and 36 miles from the
Manitoba-Saskatchewan border.
The first discovery was made in 1941 by Austin McVeigh who noticed a
small exposure of sulphides. In 1945 a diamond drilling program outlined a
89218—n
26
large orebody. By, the end of 1952; 14,055,000 tons of ore containing 1.223
per cent nickel, 0.618 per cent copper and some cobalt had been blocked out.
Present plans call for the mining and milling of 2,000 tons of ore per day.
Professor F. A. Forward of the University of British Columbia commenced
an investigation during 1947 on a leaching process to treat the nickel concen-
trate. It was f ound that a concentrate with the following analysis gave the
best economic return:
nickel 10-14%
copper 1-2%
cobalt 0.3-0.4%
iron 33-40%
sulphur 28-34%
insolubles 8-14%
Precious Metals—less than 0.02 oz. per ton.
A flotation pilot plant was installed during 1948 at Sherridon, Manitoba

with a capacity of 50 tons a day. During 1949 and 1950 the pilot plant was
operated at Lynn Lake, the mine site. The first ammonia-leach pilot plant
was operated at the Mines Branch at Ottawa under the supervision of Sherritt
Gordon Mines Limited and Chemical Construction Corporation of New York.
After a series of successively larger pilot plants, a 3,000 pound per day opera-
tion commenced in Ottawa in March, 1953 which reproduced every operation
of the commercial plant being built at Fort Saskatchewan near Edmonton,
Alberta. It is expected that the Fort Saskatchewan plant will commence pro-
duction during 1954. When in full-scale production the plant will produce
about 17,000,000 pounds of nickel, 9,000,000 pounds of copper, and 300,000
pounds of cobalt a year.
• A contract was made with the stockpiling agency of the U.S. Government
for the sale of a substantial portion of the nickel, copper and cobalt output for
the first five years of production. This contract covers about 60 per cent of
the nickel output or 50,000,000 pounds; 55 per cent of the copper or 25,000,000
pounds and 50 per cent of the cobalt or 750,000 pounds. Deliveries are to
commence in 1954. The balance of the company's output of nickel has been
contracted to U.S. steel companies.
Normal production of cobalt powder will have the following analysis:
cobalt 99.5%
nickel 0 18 %
iron 0.11%
sulphur 0.02%
copper nil
Among the cobalt salts which could be produced as intermediate products

fi-om the circuit are:
(1) Cobaltous ammonium sulphate-25% cobalt. 2 CoSo4 (NH4)2 SO4. H20
which can be obtained from the decomposition of cobaltic hexammine
sulphate, and
(2) Cobaltous ammonium sulphate-14% cobalt which can be obtained by
dissolving cobaltous ammonium sulphate in water and the adding of
(NH4)2 SO4 and crystallization.
Pilot plant work has shown that 50 to 75 per cent of the Cobalt contained
in the nickel concentrate should be recovered.
CHAPTER IV
OTHER CANADIAN OCCURRENCES

There are many small showings of cobalt in Canada, but most of them
are too small to have any economic significance. However, in certain instances
cobalt may or could be produced as a by-product.
Reference numbers following sub-headings refer to numbers on key nzap of

Canada showing cobalt occurrences (Fig. V).
YUKON
Quill Creek, Kluane Lake (13)
This deposit, known as the Wellgreen property, was discovered in June,
1952 by prospectors of Hudson Bay Exploration and Development Company.
Work during 1952 consisted of building a 10 mile rough road into the
property from the Alaska Highway, erecting camp buildings, carrying out
geological mapping and a limited amount of diamond drilling. During 1952,
five diamond drills were at work. Early channel samples yielded the following
assays: •
nickel 3.2%
copper 2.2%
cobalt 0.14%
plus some platinum group metals.
However the drilling results of 1952 work outlined a conservative 67,000
tons of ore having average assay values as follows:
copper 1-33%
nickel 1.96%
cobalt 0.056%
gold 0.004 oz. per ton
platinum 0.078 " " "
palladium 0.053 " " "
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Nickel Plate Mine, Hedley (2)
The Nickel Plate Mine, operated by Kelowna Mines Hedley Limited, is
situated 4 miles north of Hedley, Osoyoos Mining Division, and has been in
production since before 1900. The company ships a gold-copper flotation
27
28
concentrate averaging 1.1 ounces of gold, 1.1 per cent copper, 0.6-0.8 per cent
cobalt, 30 per cent arsenic, and 20 per cent sulphur, the balance being- iron,
silica and insolubles. The flotation concentrate is shipped to the Tacoma,
Washington smelter of the American Smelting and Refining Company. The
company receives payment for the gold and copper content of the concentrate,
but the cobalt is not recovered. It is estimated that about 70,000 pounds of
cobalt is lost yearly.
The ore deposits lie in the upper portion of Nickel Plate Mountain where
basic igneous rock has intruded inclined sedimentary beds of Triassic age.
The ore is of the contact metamorphic type and replacement has played an
important part in determining the position and size of the ore shoots.
Cobalt in the Nickel Plate ore occurs as cobaltite and Safflorite.
A considerable amount of work was done in the laboratories of the
University of British Columbia at Vancouver during the war in an endeavour
to recover this cobalt. A process of roasting and leaching the flotation concen-
trates was devised whereby up to 90 per cent of the cobalt and 95 per cent of the
copper could be abstracted, with the acid-leached residue going to the cyanide
circuit to recover the gold.
However a problem was raised by the effect which the fumes from the
roaster would have on the fruit districts near the mine and also the disposition
of a sizeable quantity of arsenic, plus capital cost of equipment.
During 1950 an investigation was carried out in the Mines Branch Labora-
tories, Ottawa to check the chemistry of the process used in the laboratories
of the University of British Columbia. The récoveries of copper, cobalt and
gold claimed for the process were substantiated.
Cobalt occurs in a similar manner at the Hedley Mascot mine adjoining the
Nickel Plate Mine. This also is not recovered.
Western Nickel Mines Limited (20)

This property was formerly known as B.C. Nickel. Mines' Limited and
also as Pacific Nickel Mines, Limited and is now controlled jointly by Pacific
Nickel Mines Limited and Newmont Mining Corporation. It is situated 7 miles
from Choate on the C.P.R., 95 miles east of Vancouver.
The property was developed during the early 1930's. During 1936 and
1937, about 5,000 tons of development ore plus concentrates were shipped to
Japan. In 1940 ore reserves were estimated to be 1,000,000 tons averaging 1.39
per cent nickel and 0.5 per cent copper.
The property is now being developed for large scale mining, and produc-
tion is expected to begin in the early part of 1955 with concentrates being
shipped to the Fort Saskatchewan refinery.
shipment of 2,500 pounds of ore was tested at the Mines Branch
Laboratories, Ottawa during 1940 and it was found that the amount of cobalt
in the feed was 0.20 per cent.
Little Gem Mine (1)

The Little Gem prospect is situated close to the top of a 7,000 foot ridge near
Roxy Creek, a tributary of Gun Creek, in the Lillooet Mining Division.
The ore occurs as rich sulphide lenses in a shear zone and consists of a
mixture of arsenopyrite, danaite, and lollingite-safflorite, with a little gold,
uraninite and molybdenite in a gangue of quartz, feldspar, and altered country
rock.
29
Samples of ore from the prospect analyzed at the University of British

Columbia Laboratories during World War II, ran as follows:
cobalt 6.8%
nickel 0-5%
iron 22.1%
arsenic 39.0%
sulphur 141%
insolubles 11.4%
A considerable amount of work was carried out in developing a treatment

process for this ore in order to recover both gold and a cobalt residue high
enough in grade to be shipped to a refinery. It was found that by sintering the
crude ore, and smelting the sinter with the addition of some crude ore plus silica
in an electric furnace, a speiss was formed which was then roasted at 875°C. in
a small hand-rabbled furnace. An analysis of the roasted speiss was as
f ollows :
cobalt 30-35%
iron 35-40%
arsenic 3-5 %
gold 5-8 oz. per ton
It was claimed that this process would recover about 90 per cent of the
cobalt and 98 to 99 per cent of the gold.
Estella Mine (14)

The mill site is at Wasa, 11 miles north of Fort Steele, and the mine is
about 5 miles to the east, in a basin at the head of Tracy Creek in the Rocky
Mountains. The property was first staked in the 1890's. Milling commenced
on November 1st, 1951 by Estella Mines, Limited. The ore is a replacement
by sphalerite, galena, and pyrite containing a relatively high percentage of
cobalt, and for that reason was not acceptable at the Trail smelter. The British
Columbia Department of Mines assayed over 100 samples of mine ore and the
soluble cobalt in each ranged from 0.0007 to 0.06 per cent. The arithmetical
mean of the samples was 0.0153 per cent soluble cobalt. The lead concentrate
only was shipped to the Trail smelter during 1951 while the zinc concentrate
was smelted at Bartlesville, Oklahoma.
There are small amounts of cobalt present in other British Columbia zinc
ores but the amount is insufficient to make recovery worthwhile at the Trail
smelter.
Victoria Mine (15)

The Victoria group of claims are 5 miles south of Hazelton, on the north-
west slope of Rocher Déboulé Mountain. Between 1916 and 1928 a vein was
developed and several lots of gold-molybdenum-cobalt ore were shipped in
the period 1918-28 and in 1940 and 1941. Data on the analysis of some of the
shipments are based on information obtained from the Annual Reports of the
Minister of Mines of British Columbia. The analyses are shown in the follow-
ing table:
30
Au Ag As Mo Co Zn
Year Tons
oz./ton oz./ton % - % % ito
1918 26.6 1.24 8.98 0.96 1.18

1926 22-0 4.65 42.3 4.6
1940 7.7 2.18 0.2 6.6 2.6 Nil
1941 7 •3 2.02 0.2 6.1 1.4 0.6

1941 3.4 3.92 0-3 33.3 4.40
Arsenopyrite, cobalt-nickel arsenides, cobalt bloom, molybdenite, and small

amounts of other sulphides occur in veins in the fault-fissures and fractures
. and are irregularly disseminated in the hornblende rock. The sulphide veins
are generally less than a foot wide.
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
B.M. Group (4)
The B.M. group of sixteen claims is 80 miles east of Yellowknife, and 4
miles northwest of Sachowia Point on the north shore of the east arm of
Great Slave Lake. The claims were staked in August, 1940 on behalf of the
Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. The property
is reported to contain a small deposit of cobalt and nickel arsenides.
Francois River (5)

This deposit lies east of Francois River on the north shore of Great Slave
Lake, one and à half miles south of Caribou Lake. Niccolite occurs in two
veins lying within a hundred feet of each other. The veins have a maximum
width of 15 inches and are formed chiefly of massive niccolite, with some
smaltite and chloanthite, in a carbonate gangue. The surfaces of the nickel
and cobalt arsenides are coated with green and pink, nickel and cobalt bloom.
SASKATCHEWAN
Goldfields-Beaverlodge Lake Area (6)
This area is situated near Goldfields, about midway along the north shore
of Lake Athabasca.
. Uranium is the principal mineral of the various deposits and occurs as
pitchblende in veins and uraninite in pegmatites. Variable amounts of cobalt-
nickel minerals occtir in the complex pitchblende deposits. The main operator
of the district is the Crown-owned, Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited
which brought its Ace-Fay property into production in 1953. However cobalt
will not be recovered by the company from this operation.
MANITOBA
Maskwa and Oiseau River Areas (21)
Cobalt occurs in the nickel-copper occurrences of the Maskwa River and
Oiseau (Bird) River areas, Lac du Bonnet Mining Division, southeast Manitoba.
Maskwa Nickel Chrome Mines, Limited a subsidiary of Falconbridge Nickel
31
Mines Limited and Ventures Limited, acquired a number of claims in 1951.

Electromagnetic and geophysical surveys have been made and diamond drilling
carried out.
Diamond drilling caiTied out prior to 1930 indicated 300,000 tons averaging
1.17 per cent nickel and 0.78 per cent copper on the Maskwa deposit and
400,000 tons averaging 1.31 per cent nickel and 0.35 per cent copper on the
Oiseau River deposit.
Preliminary examination during recent years by Falconbridge Nickel Mines,
Limited has indicated a higher proportion of cobalt to nickel than in the
Sudbury nickel-copper ores.
ONTARIO
Hart Township (16)
A small occurrence of cobalt in a body of magnetite is found in lots 7
and 8, concession V, Hart township, about 4 miles • west of Cartier, a
division point on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The mineral
ization is similar to that of the Cornwall, Pennsylvania magnetite deposit
from which cobalt is being recovered. A mineralographic examination of
the primary cobalt mineralization shows it to consist almost entirely of a
ferriferous and nickeliferous cobaltite.
Massey Claims (10)

These claims are located in the north-central part of Harrow Township,
about 5 miles from the town of Massey on the Canadian Pacific Railway
line to Sault Ste. Marie, about 75 miles west of Sudbury. A small amount
of surface work such as stripping and shallow pits has disclosed a small
amount of cobalt. The main vein averages 3 feet in width. A sample sub-
mitted to the Ore Dressing and Metallurgical Laboratories, Department of
Mines and Resources in 1942 indicated that the metallic minerals occur as
skutterudite together with smaltite-chloanthite in a gangue of milky white
quartz with abundant, finely disseminated carbonate. In come places the
quartz is a pinkibh brown to red colour, probably due to the presence of
erythrite.
A head sample cut from the shipment, was assayed and reported as
follows:
cobalt 2 . 13%
nickel 0.21%
arsenic 3 . 32%
sulphur • 1 . 43 %
silver 0.20 oz. per ton
It was found that the ore responded readily to table concentration and
that with flotation of the table tailing, a recovery of 90 per cent of the cobalt
could be expected.
Palmer Township (22)

A copper-gold prospect is being developed in the central part of the town-
ship in the Sault Ste. Marie Minine Division by Glenrock Gold Mines, Limited.
It is situated a few miles north of Batchawana Bay on the east shore of
Lake Superior about 40 miles from Sault Ste. Marie.
Cobalt bloom was discovered in late 1951 and further work showed
that cobaltite was present with gold and minor amounts of nickel and silver.
According to samples assayed by the company a width over 3 feet averaged
0.56 per cent cobalt and 0.13 ounces of gold per ton.
89218-4
32
Otter Township (23)

Cobalt occurs with gold, bismuth and nickel in some deposits north of
Thessalon in the Sault Ste. Marie Mining Division.
A shipment of 3.7 tons of ore was made to the Temiskaming Testing
Laboratories and the concentrate produced assayed 14.66 per cent cobalt,
9.16 per cent nickel and 9 ounces of silver per ton.
In 1943 a sample of 150 pounds of ore was received by the Mines Branch
Laboratories, Ottawa, for testing which assayed as follows:
silver 0.38 " " "
nickel 1.01%
cobalt 1.41%
bismuth 4.18%
iron 7.54%
sulphur 3.38%
arsenic 124%
The metallic minerals were examined by polished sections and were found
to be smaltite-chloanthite, native bismuth, niccolite, and erythrite in order
of decreasing abundance.
, The ore was tested by flotation, table concentration and a combination
of both but these tests were unsatisfactory because it was impossible to
separate the bismuth from the cobalt and nickel, or to obtain a satisfactory
recovery of any of the metals.
QUEBEC
Mount Wright (19)
This occurrence which was examined during the past three years by
Quebec Cobalt and Exploration Limited in cooperation with Quebec Metal-
lurgical Industries Limited lies about 185 miles north of Seven Islands in
New Quebec. Nickel and a small amount of gold and silver occurs with cobalt
as cobaltite. Some trenching was carried out in 1951 and 1952 but it is under-
stood that the results were not encouraging.
Calumet Island (18)

There are numerous occurrences of nickeliferous pyrrhotite and pyrite
in the southern part of Calumet Island. Some development work was carried
out on the Ostram claims during the early 1930's.
An analysis of a 3-ton sample submitted to the Mines Branch Laboratories,
Ottawa in 1933 was as follows:
nickel 088%
• cobalt 0.17%
iron 18.8 %
insolubles •
54.9 %
gold 0-02 oz. per ton
FIGURE VIII KEY
_ MAP OF WORLD MINE PRODUCTION OF COBALT
MINES AND OPEFLATORS
I. KAUNGA,BELGIAN CONGO. (UNION MINIERE DU HAUT KATANGA 7. LYNN LAKE MINE,CANADA (SHERFUTT GORDON MINES, LTD) 12 BAWDW1N MINE, BURMA . (BURMA CORP. LTD)
2. NKANA, t4ORTHEtN RHODESIA. (RHOKANA CORPORATION LTD) 8. ELDORADO MINE, CANADA. (ELDORADO MIN I NG 1. 13.PETSAMO AREA:ROSSI A.
3. BOU-AZZER, FRENCH MOROCCO (LA SOCIETE MINIERE CEBOU-AZZER) REFINING (1944) LIMITED) 14. BROKEN H1U.,AUSTRAUA. (BROKEN HILL PROP. CO)
4 suceuRy AREA, CANADA. (VARIOUS OPERATORS) 9. CORNWAU- MINE,U.S.A. (BETHLEHEM STEEL CO) 15. READ ROSEBERY, AUSTRAUA. (ELECTROLYTIC ZINC CO)
5. COBALT AREA, CANADA. (VARIOUS OPERATORS) 10.sucK BIRD MINE , U.S.A. (CALERA MINING CO) 16.OUTOKUMPU. FINLAND. (OUTOKUMPU OY.)
6. GOWGANDA AREA, CANADA (VARIOUS OPERATORS) ILFREDERIC.KTOWN, U.S.A. (NATIONAL LEAD CO.) 17. NEW CALEDONIA. (VARIOUS OPERATORS)
CHAPTER V
WORLD MINE PRODUCTION OF COBALT

Reference numbers following sub-headings refer to numbers on key map of world
mine production of cobalt, (Fig. VIII).
Belgian Congo (1)

The Belgian Congo is the world's largest source of cobalt. Production
began in 1924 and is a by-product in the refining of copper ores of Union
minière du Haut Katanga. Metallic cobalt is produced at the electrolytic
refinery at Jadotville while cobalt white alloy is exported to the Niagara Falls,
New York refinery of African Metals Corporation, operated by the Electro
Metallurgical Company, and also to the Oolen, Belgian refinery of Société
générale métallurgique de Hoboken. The refinery at. Niagara Falls produces
mainly cobalt metal, while metal, oxides and salts are produced in Belgium.
The cobalt content of the oxidized copper ores is a little less than 0.5 per cent
cobalt.
Northern Rhodesia (2)

Northern Rhodesia is the second largest source of cobalt production and
it is derived as a by-product from the refining of the Nkana copper ores of the
Rhokana Corporation, Limited. During World War II the cobalt white alloy
was smelted in Canada by the Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, Limited.
However since the termination of the Deloro contract the alloy has been treated
by Murex, Limited at Rainham, United Kingdom for the production of metal
and oxides. An electrolytic plant has been built at Nkana and has been produc-
ing electrolytic cobalt since 1952.
French Morocco (3)

The ores at Bou Azzer contain nickel, gold and arsenic in addition to
cobalt. Arsenical ores can only be treated in smelters which specialize in this
raw material. In the past the ores were treated at three refineries in France,
namely: Société d'electrochimie, d'electroLmétallurgie et des aciéries electri-
ques d'Ugine at Savoie, Bozel-Maletra at Paris and Société (d'utilisation des
métaux at Paris.
However, since 1948, ever increasing amounts of these ores have entered
Canada for treatment at the Deloro smelter for the account of the United
States GoVernment.
34
35
Canada (4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
These producers have been described in a preceding chapter.
Cornwall Mine, U.S.A. (9)

The magnetite mined at Cornwall, Pennsylvania by the Bethlehem Steel
Co. contains sulphides in which cobalt occurs and which has been recovered
since 1940. A calcine which contains the cobalt is shipped to the Pyrites
Company at Wilmington, Delaware where the cobalt is recovered by a chemical
process. Cobalt metal, sulphate, oxide and hydrate are produced.
Blackbird Mine, .U.S.A. (10)

The Blackbird property is situated in the Salmon National Forest of Idaho
and is operated by the Calera Mining Company, a subsidiary of the Howe
Sound Company. The ore contains about 14 pounds of cobalt and 32 pounds of
copper per ton plus a little gold. A flotation concentrate is produced at the
mine which is shipped to Garfield, Utah for refining by an acid high-pressure
leaching process. Cobalt metal is produced under contract with the United
States Government, but to date production has been small because of corrosion
problems.
Frederiektown, U.S.A.. (11)

The St. Louis Smelting and Refining Division of National Lead Company
have been producing since 1944 an iron concentrate containing cobalt, nickel,
and copper at its property at Fredericktown, Missouri. A plant was constructed
by Cobalt-Nickel Reduction Company during 1952 to produce cobalt, nickel
and copper. The expected annual rate of cobalt production is 1,386,000 pounds.
It is believed that this operation is also troubled with corrosion problems.
Bawdwin Mine, Burina (12)

Until 1949, The Burma Corporation operated a silver-lead-zinc-copper-
nickel-cobalt mine equipped with a concentrator and refinery. Production was
resumed on a small scale in mid-1952 by The Burma Corporation (1951),
Limited but it is not known whether any cobalt bearing matte or speiss is
being produced. Before World War II this matte and speiss was treated
at the Nord-Deutsche Affinerie, Hamburg, Germany.
Petsamo Area, Russia (13)

No doubt cobalt is recovered in the U.S.S.R. from the nickel-copper deposit
at Petsamo, formerly Finnish territory. The ore is said to contain approxi-
mately 1.6 per cent nickel, 1.3 per cent copper and 0.06 per cent cobalt.
Broken Hill, Australia (14)

Cobalt occurs in the zinc concentrates produced at Broken Hill, New South
Wales by Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Ltd. The concentrates are treated by
the Electrolytic Zinc Company at Risdon near Hobart, Tasmania and cobalt
oxide is produced'as a by-product. The cobalt content of the ores ranges from
0.002 to 0.007 per cent.
Read Rosebery, Australia (15)

-
Zinc concentrates from the property of the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of

Australasia, Ltd. at Rosebery, Tasmania are refined at the company's electro-
lytic plant at Risdon, Tasmania and cobalt oxide is produced. The average
cobalt content of all zinc concentrates treated amounts to about 0.015 per cent.
36
Outokumpu Mine, Finland (16)

The cupriferous pyrite of this government-owned mine contains 3.5 per
cent copper, 25 per cent sulphur, 28 per cent iron, 1 per cent zinc, 0.2 per cent
cobalt, 0.1 per cent nickel and a little gold, silver and tin. A pyrite sinter
containing about 0.5 per cent cobalt is shipped to Germany and treated on a
toll basis by Duisburger Kupferhutte, Duisburg. Some cobalt metal is returned
to Finland. Experiments have been carried out in Finland with a view to the
construction of a cobalt recovery plant there.
New Caledonia (17)

Cobalt oxide is produced intermittently from the asbolite ores of the
French island of New Caledonia. The ore is shipped to foreign smelters for
refining into commercial products. Prior to the commencement of production
from Cobalt, Ontario, New Caledonia was the world's largest supplier of cobalt.
FIGURE IX
F- COBALT PRODUCTION OF CANADA, BELGIAN CONGO
-J
AND NORTHERN RHODESIA SINCE COMMENCEMENT.
co ALSO WORLD TOTAL SI NCE 1937
O
C:1 1 0,000
PRODUCTION BEGAN IN
Z 9000 NORTHERN RHODESIA
I— 8000
PRODUCTION BEGAN IN
BELGIAN CONGO
0 7000
o
—PRODUCTION BEGAN
6 000 WORLD TOTAL
IN CANADA
0 5000
I- • À
4000 Y
U
3000 BELGIAN CONGO
W 2000 /CANADA
NORTHERN RHODESIA
2 /
./.'
'
— Oe ..
1000 „ *../ ■........,-,,,c,....--:::...
\ — --/
iiii i s+--7- 7-; - - ï -- kr -1"
0
1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
YEAR
CHAPTER VI
METALLURGY
In 1902, the Ontario Government commenced the building of a railway with
the object of opening up the clay belt of Northern Ontario for colonization.
During the summer of 1903, workers employed by the construction companies
discovered silver ores at Long Lake, later called Cobalt Lake.
Prior to 1904 the only recorded production of cobalt was a small amount
which had been derived from the nickel-copper ores of Sudbury, Ontario. In
1906, the Canadian Copper Company established near its nickel-copper smelter
at Copper Cliff, a plant for the treatment of cobalt-silver ores from Cobalt,
Ontario. The plant closed down in 1913 because of the extended treatment
of silver ores in cyanide plants at the mine sites. Cobalt and nickel oxides
produced by this company from Cobalt, /Ontario ores amounted to 2,318,916
pounds of contained cobalt and 1,585,712 pounds of contained nickel.
The smelter at Deloro, Ontario which had been operated as an arsenic
refinery by Canadian Goldfields was refurnished with new equipment in 1907
and commenced to produce mixed nickel-cobalt oxides in 1910. The smelter's
main work was the smelting of ores and concentrates from the O'Brien and
Miller-Lake O'Brien Mines at Cobalt and Gowganda, respectively, although it
processed purchased ores and concentrates in order to run the smelter at
capacity.
The early exports of cobalt were to England, France, Germany and the
United States in the form of oxide and mixed nickel-cobalt oxide. The Euro-
pean buyers in turn refined the oxides and sold the final oxide in the world
market as their own brand. The producers at Cobalt were usually paid only
for the silver content of the ores and concentrates and consequently the cobalt
veins were either incompletely developed or entirely disregarded.
With a view to encouraging the production of refined nickel, refined cobalt
metal, oxides, and salts, the Ontario Government in 1907 passed the "Metal
Refining l3ounty Act" under which a bounty of six cents a pound was payable
to smelters on the cobalt content of their finished products. The Act was in
force for five years until April 20, 1912 at which time it was extended for a
further period of five years until its expiry in April, 1917.
The quantity of the various cobalt products upon which the bounty was
paid was as follows:
oxide 1,209 long tons
metal 203 " "
sulphate 38 ,c ‘‘
stellite 53 ei
carbonate 3 ‘‘
hydroxide 3 4t it
38
Courtesy Detoro Smelting and Refining Co. Ltd., Detor°, Ont.
FIGURE X. Plant of Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, Limited, at Deloro, Ontario.
40
TABLE 8
BOUNTIES PAID UNDER THE METAL REFINING BOUNTY ACT,
1907-1917
Company Cobalt Nickel Total
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
Deloro Smelting and Refining Co., Ltd 48,930 93 8,166 96 • 57,097 89

Coniagas Reduction Co., Ltd 67,174 99 27,539 01 94,714 01
Metals Chemical, Ltd 9,577 60 6,766 04 16,343 65
Canadian Smelting & Refining Co., Ltd 1,026 05 681 84 1,707 89
Standard Smelting and Refining Co.; Ltd 214 92 214 92
Dominion Refineries, Ltd. 62 59 62 59
$126,987 08 843,153 85 $170,140 95
As may be seen from the foregoing table several new cobalt refineries came
into being during the term of the Act although it cannot be claimed that the
bounty was the main cause but rather the large rise in production of silver and
cobalt ores.
In 1907, the Coniagas Reduction Company, Limited commenced the erec-
tion of a smelter at Thorold, Ontario, a site chosen because of the abundant
cheap power available in the Niagara Peninsula. Smelting commenced in May,
1908 on ores from the Coniagas Mine at Cobalt. The company produced refined
silver, cobalt metal, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, and white arsenic. The plant
closed down in 1925.
During the early part of 1911 the plant of Canadian Smelting and Refining
Company, Limited, at Orillia, Ontario commenced the production of refined
silver, white arsenic and mixed cobalt-nickel oxide. Capacity of the plant
was 13 tons of ore per day. The plant was destroyed by fire in 1913, rebuilt in
1914 and closed down sivirtly afterwards.
Dominion Refineries, Limited at North Bay entered the field of cobalt
oxide recovery in 1912. This company went into bankruptcy and the smelter
was taken over by the Standard Smelting and Refining Company, Limited
during 1914. The plant was moved to Orillia in 1915 and closed down in 1916.
Metals Chemical, Limited erected a plant during 1913 at Welland, Ontario.
It had a capacity of 30 tons of ore per day and the products were refined silver,
cobalt oxide, cobalt carbonate, cobalt sulphate, nickel oxide, nickel sulphate,
and white arsenic. This plant was sold in March, 1920 to Ontario Smelters
and Refiners Company, Limited, who operated the plant until 1922 when it
closed down.
After the Coniagas plant at Welland was closed in 1925, the Deloro
Smelting and Refining Company, Limited at Delora, Ontario remained as the
only smelter in Canada capable of treating the Cobalt, Ontario ores. This
plant operated on ores and residues from Cobalt, Ontario and residues from
the refining of radium ores at Port Hope, Ontario until the outbreak. of
World War II in 1939. Prior to 1939 only very minor amounts of foreign cobalt
ores and residues had been treated in Canada, but in order to assure a con-
tinued supply of refined cobalt from the copper-cobalt-iron alloy residues of
the Northern Rhodesian copper mines, it was decided to trat these residues
at the Deloro smelter. The Deloro smelter erected a new plant which com-
menced production in 1940. The residues from Africa contained about 40 per
cent cobalt as compared with 10 per cent in the ores from Cobalt, Ontario, and
Courtesy Deloro Smelting and Refining Co. Ltd., Deloro, Ont.
Gums XI. Research Laboratory of the Deloro Smelter.

INTERNATIONAL FALCON BRIDGE SHERR I TT GORDON COBALT - GOWGANDA ELDORADO
NICKEL (COMMENCING 1954) AREA, ONTARIO (sniss)
COBALT CONTAINED COBALT CONTAINED COBALT CONTAINED

PORT COLBORNE MOND
IN IN IN FLOTATION
NICKEL' NICKEL
REFINERY REFINERY COBALT ORES SILVER ORES CONCENTRATES
_L.
EXPORT
CANADIAN
GOVERNMENT
NORANDAr SMELTER
( NO RECOVERY)
C LY DA CH
SALTS STOCK PILE
PLANT NORWEGIAN FORT
REFINERY
SASKATCHEWAN
REFINERY 11' FRENCH MORROCCO
ORES
DE LO R 0 U.S. GOVERNMENT I
U.K. AND SMELTER STOCKPILE OF
FOREIGN
MARKETS I
UNITeD
r WORLD WAR 11 CONC. Ls,
STATES SCRAP I
MARKETS
DE LORO DELORO
STELLITE U.K.STELLITE EXPORT
U.S. GOVERNMENT PLANT PLANT
STOCKPILE
SMALL IMPORTS OF
OXIDE- AND SALTS
CANADIAN
MARKETS
IMPORTS OF MIXED
Li TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
POWDER
FIGURE XII. FLOW OF COBALT IN CANADA, OCTOBER 1953

SPEISS
COBALT ORES a CONC. I SILVER ORES
JAW CRUSHER
I
CONVEYOR
NO.1 ELÉVATOR
Î .NO I LECTROMELT
SCREEN
UNDE+SIZE OVER^SIZE SPÿ ISS BU +LION SLAG
SAM^LING SYMONS CONE SPEISE SILVER

BIN REF^ NERY
NO. 2 ELEVATOR ^
i SILVER
BINS i
MARKET
COBALT ORES 6k CONC. SPEISS (ALLSOURCES) SILVER ORE a
FLUX
COKE (
^ FLUX i LIMESTONE, SILICA,
IIRON ORE AS REQD.
BLAST I FURNACE
SLAG CRUDE BULLION SPEISS (Co, Ni, A9, FeCu. ARSENIDE) FLUE DUST 81 ARSENIC
---^
TO WASTE FURNACE REFINING BAG+HOUSE
HARDINGE MILL
SILVER- GOLD BULLION -__ ARSENIC REFINING FURNACE
TO CUSTOMS SMELTER I SLAG FUME

CALCINE FUME
I BLASTtFURNACE AS CHAMBERS
I
SULPHATING (CALCINE a ACID) AS2 03 FUME
HEATING OF SULPHATE MIX

MARKET
DISSOLVERS (2 SERIES)
DORR THICKENER
(Co. Ni, Cu,Fe SULPHATE SOLN)OVERFLOW UNDER FLOW

f
OXIDATION d IRON PRECIPITATION DORR THICKENER
DORR THICKENERS (COUNTER

CURRENT) UNDERFLOW OVER FLOW
f
UNDERFLOW OVERFLOW DRYER
IRON HYDRATE SOLUTIONyCo,Ni,Cu BLAST FURNACE

^ P
TO WASTE COPPER REMOVAL CELLS
i Co-Ni SOLN. + Cu-Fe. MINOR AMOUNTS)
IMPURE COPPER
Co-Ni SOLN. FINAL Cu-Fe REMOVAL)
SOLD TO COPPER SMELTER I
SOD. HYPOCHLORITE (Co PRECIPITATION)
i
COBALT y YDROXIDE NICKEL SOLUTION
CAUSTIC SOI:N.
FILTERi PRESS
Ni (OH)2 Pf RECIPITATION
CONVERSION TO OXIDE
THICKENERS
CONVERSION + TO METAL SHOT r -I
UNDERFLOW OVERyLOW
MARKET
PRESS TO WASTE
DRYER
CONVERSION TO Ni 0
GRINDER
MARKET
FIGURE XIII. FLOW SHEET OF PROCESS USED BY DELORO SMELTING ^

REFINING CO. LTD., DELORO, ONTARIO AS AT NOVEMBER, 1953.
43
no arsenic. In 1940 the Deloro smelter changed its whole plant over to the
treatment of Northern Rhodesian residues because the supply of cobalt ores
and concentrates from Cobalt, Ontario was not sufficient to keep the plant
ope ating at capacity. Rhodesian supplies were augmented by imports of a
similar alloy from the Belgian Congo. The Deloro smelter continued operating
on these materials until May, 1946, when imports ceased and production ended
in 1047. The Deloro smelter then commenced to draw from its stockpile of
Canadian concentrates and in 1948 arranged a contract to treat ores from
French Morocco containing about 9-12 per cent cobalt, 50 per cent arsenic and
a little gold. This contract is still in effect.
In 1952 the Deloro smelter also entered into a contract with the United
States Government for the treatment of Canadian ores and concentrates which
were mined at Cobalt, Ontario during 1942-1944, purchased by the Metals
Reserve Company of the United States Government, and moved from Deloro
to New Jersey in 1947 and 1948. They were returned to Canada in 1952 and
1953 for this purpose.
Quebec Metallurgical Industries, Limited are at present engaged in the
rehabilitation of the smelter which was operated by Cobalt Chemical and
Refining Company, Limited 5 miles south of Cobalt, Ontario, and destroyed by
fire in April, 1950. Unfortunately nothing is available as to the plans and
metallurgical processes of the company.
Il,^^oro Smelting and Re fining Company, Limited

Modern treatment of Ontario and Moroccan cobalt ores is carried out at
Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, Deloro, Ontario.
Typical analyses of cobalt bearing materials processed are as follows:
Canadian French Canadian

Cobalt Moroccan Silver
Ores Ores Ores
Ag (oz. Per ton) .......................... 100-900 6•7 2500•0

Co % .......................... 11•3 9•6 5.56
9•0 0•33 0•92
Cu % ....................... 0•90 -0•11 0•l3
Fe % ........................ 6•00 1•8 20•8
As % .......................... 31•0 43•0 11•5
S % .......................... 10•0 1•7 3•0
SiO2 % .......................... 10•7 27•5 19-4
CaO % 3•5 4•5 9.3
Ores are crushed in jaw and cone crushers to 2-inch and sampled by a
Vezin sampler which cuts about sixty pounds from a fifty ton lot.
The crushed ore and concentrate are charged to a 36 x 72-inch Traylor
blast furnace with coke, iron scrap, limestone, or silica as required. Arsenic
fume and dust are collected in a bag house and purified by sublimation in a
small reverberatory type furnace to yield 99 per cent As.O, and a residue of
silver, cobalt, lead and nickel, returnable to the blast furnace.
The slag runs continuously from the furnace on to an inclined bucket
conveyor delivering to waste. Slag percentage composition is approximately
26 • 5 SiO2, 13 • 0 Fe, 20 • 0 CaO, 12 • 0 A12O, 7- 0 MgO with under 1 per cent Co
plus Ni. Speiss, matte, and bullion are tapped together into pots to separate into
layers, bullion on the bottom, speiss next, matte on top. On cooling, the layers
can be broken apart and separated.
44
The bullion is fluxed and air blown in an oil-fired Schwartz furnace to

remove arsenic, sulphur, lead and copper to yield silver 998 fine or silver-gold
bullion suitable for electrolytic separation of silver and gold.
The speiss and small amount of matte are crushed and ground to minus
80 xnesh for roasting in an oil-fired Edwards roaster to eliminate arsenic and
sulphur and oxidize the iron at 650-750°C.
The roasted speiss containing 10-12 per cent As as arsenate, 2.5 Cu, 23
Co, 9 Ni, 21.5 Fe, 8.6 S and 700-1,000 ozs. Ag is mixed with water and
sulphuric acid to convert the cobalt, nickel, copper and iron to water soluble
sulphates. Solution of the sulphated material is carried out in mechanical
agitators which discharge to Dorr thickeners. The solids are returned to the
smelter while the solution passes to the iron-arsenic removal tanks comprising
first oxidation of the iron by sodium chlorate, followed by neutralization with
lime to a pH of 3.5 to precipitate ferric arsenate, ferric hydroxide, and calcium
sulphate. Copper remains in solution if the pH does not exceed 3.5.
The iron precipitate is washed in Dorr thickeners counter currently and
discarded. Copper is next removed by scrap iron or in electrolytic cells. In
either case the residual iron and copper in the solution are removed by lime
precipitation. The pulp is filtered in pressure filters, the filter cake being
re-treated for cobalt recovery and the solution containing cobalt and nickel,
passes to the final stage of cobalt precipitation. Cobalt separation depends on
the fact that in neutral solutions cobalt is more readily oxidized than nickel.
The oxidized cobalt compound hydrolyzes and precipitates, leaving nickel in
solution.
Oxidation and precipitation is effected by sodium hypochlorite to yield,
first pure Co(OH) 3 and then a mixed hydroxide of Co(OH) a and Ni(OH) a
which are recirculated.
The cobalt precipitate is filter-pressed, the solution going to the nickel
recovery plant and the cobalt hydrate heated to convert to oxide. Soda ash
is also added to convert sulphur to Na2SO4 which is removed by washing.
The washed oxide is mixed with charcoal and reduced to metal fines in
an oil-fired rotary kiln at 1,000°C. The metal fines are then melted in an
electric furnace and granulated in water.
TABLE 9
PRODUCTS OF THE DELORO SMELTER
Form of Cobalt
Metal Black Grey Sulphate

Oxide Oxide Amorphous
Composition—Per cent
Co 98.3-98.6 70-71.5 75-76 35-36
Ni 0.65-0.75 0.9-1.2 , 1.0-1.3 0.5-1.5
Fe 0 • 30-0.50 0 • 3-0.7 0.4-0 • 8 0.4-1.0
Cu 0.03-0.05 0.02-0.03 '0.03-0.04 .
Mn 0 .08-0 • 12 0.15-0.18 0.16-0.18
Si • 0.09-0.11
0.030•15C 0.1-0 • 2S 0.2-0.3S 1.2% water
0.3-0 • 5Ca0 0.4-0.6Ca0 insol.
CONCENTRATE
Ni 10-14%
Cu I- 2%
Co 0.3-04%
Fe 33-40%
r - - - FIRST LEACH
F 1 LTRATION
PREGNANT LEACHED
LI 0 UOR SOLIDS
— —AIR
SECOND LEACH - N H3
L-BNYe - -
FILTRATION
•••
TAILING
L_ Ni 0.6-1.40%
Cu 0.2-0.25%
NH 3 Co 0.12-0 • 25V
COPPER
SULPHIDE
Cu 70%
Ni 0.9%
AIR HYDROLYSIS
PRESSURE
-->1 NICKEL PRECIPITATION

NICKEL \
Ni + Co 99.95%
Co 0.10%
HaS COBALT STRIP Fe 0.10%
N H 3 -----1
LEACH
.A I R
NICKEL SALTS
COBALT
Co 99 • 6%
Ha )1 COBALT REDUCTION Ni 015%
Fe 0.20%
EVAPORATION
AMMONIUM
SULPHATE
Ni 21%
S 25.1%
WATER
FIGURE XIV. FLOW SHEET OF PROCESS USED BY

SHERRITT GORDON MINES. LTD., FORT SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA.
45
Sherrill Gordon Mines, Limited

The nickel-copper-cobalt concentrate from the Lynn Lake concentrator
will be shipped by rail to the refinery at Fort Saskatchewan. A novel process
is used to separate the valuable metals. The concentrate is leached in two
stages at a temperature between 150°F. and 220°F. and under a pressure of less
than 125 pounds per square inch. The leached solids are filtered and sent to
waste.
The pregnant liquor from the leaching operation is boiled in a still to
remove some of the excess ammonia and with the resultant effect of precipitating
the copper as a sulphide.
The remaining liquor is then heated wider pressure in the presence of air.
Precipitation of the nickel then takes place by agitating the liquor with hydro-
gen in high pressure autoclaves. The nickel salts react with hydrogen more
readily than do cobalt salts. The nickel is removed from the circuit as small
particles of from 50 to 80 microns in diameter.
The remaining solution which contains about 95 per cent of the cobalt is
treated with ILS to precipitate the cobalt and the rest of the nickel. The
cobalt-nickel precipitate is leached with NH , and air, the cobalt is removed and
reduced with hydrogen under pressure to metallic cobalt powder. The residual
nickel is returned to the nickel circuit for further treatment and recovery.
The final solution is evaporated to produce ammonium sulphate.
Between 50 and 75 per cent of the cobalt is recovered by the process. The
cobalt powder runs 99.6 per cent cobalt with 0.15 per cent nickel and 0-20 per
cent iron.
PORT COLBORNE FLOW SHEET CLYDACH FLOW SHEET
IMPURE ANOLYTE FROM NICKEL ELECTROLYSIS RESIDUE FROM NICKEL REFINING PROCESS
1
PRECIPITATION AND REMOVAL BY FILTRATION OF LEACHING PROCESS , COPPER REMOVED AS
IRON , LEAD , ARSENIC. RESIDUE , MOST OF COBALT GOES INTO SOLUTION
PRECIPITATION AND SEPARATION OF COBALT AS COPPER BEARING RESIDUE LEACHED FOR

MIXED HYDRATE OF COBALT AND NICKEL RECOVERY OF COPPER FOR PRODUCTION AS
COPPER SULPHATE
REDUCTION AND RESOLUTION

RESIDUE FR OM ABOVE RETREATED FOR RECOVERY
OF REMAINING COBALT
PRECIPITATION AND REMOVAL BY FILTRATION
OF I R ON AND CO PPER
COBALT BEARING SOLUTION TREATED FOR IRON
ELIMINATION BY PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION
PR ECI PITA1 ION AND REMOVAL OF COBALT AS
HYDRATEOXI COBALT PRECIPITATION
CALCINATION TO BLACK COBALT OXIDE CRUDE COBALT CAKE
TO CHEMICAL SALTS PLANT OF MOND NICKEL CO, TO CHEMICAL SALTS PLANT

LTD., CLYDAC H
FIGURE XV. FLOW SHEET OF COBALT PRODUCTION OF INTERNATIONAL

NICKEL COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED.
TABLE 10
COBALT CONSUMED IN UNITED STATES, 1946-1952, BY USES, IN POUNDS OF COBALT
Use 1946 1947 1948 1949 1 1950 1951 1952
Metallic:
High speed steel 224,049 223,148 283,391 283,496 235,227 316,064 208,957
Other steel 201,949 386,354 503,082 472,193 252,885 79,885 104,014
Permanent-magnet alloysl 1,463,539 1,016,147 1,352,371 1,194,920 2,834,040 2,052,042 1,664.842
Soft-magnetic alloys f 42,965 37,552 58,652 18,727
Cast cobalt-chromium-tungsten molybdenum
alloys 526,504 642,452 826,329 928,528 2,226,199 4,899,591 6,414,352
Alloy hdrd-facing rods and materials. 53,874 71,545 116,313 82,965 260,371 575,268 505,132
Cemented carbides 45,100 51.917 85,314 118,522 136.935 297,751 610,750
Other metallics 81,988 99,476 115,255 116,344 208,574 276,222 132,730
Total Metallic 2,597,003 2,491,039 3,288,055 3,239,933 6,191,783 8,555,475 9,659,504
Nonmetallic
Ground-coat frit 412,766 607,316 613,745 424,051 683,358 448,983 308,217
Pigments 170,662 207,928 232,725 188,606 262,441 50,073 75,582
Other Nonmetallies 39,596 51,439 66,699 84,336 43,826 60,462 42,410
Total Nonmetallic 623,024 866,683 913,169 696,993 989,625 559,518 426,209
Salts and Driers

(Estimate) 885,000 797,000 818,000 76 5
. ,000 1,102,000 818,000 701,000
Grand Total 4,105,027 4,154,722 5,019,224 4,701,926 8,283,408 9,932,993 10,786,713
CHAPTER YII
CONSUMPTION AND USE

The main cobalt consuming countries in the free world are the following,
in order: (1) United States, (2) United Kirigdom, (3) Germany, (4) France,
(5) Japan, (6) Sweden and (7) Canada.
An indication of the breakdown. of world consumption according to uses
of cobalt may be had by an examination of the United States consumption in
Table 10. The United States consumes over one-half of the free world supply.
In the period 1949 to 1952, consumption in the United States increased by
well over 100 per cent. It will be noted that the largest increase was in the
cobalt-chromium-tungsten-moly.bdenum alloys, consumption of which increased
to about 7 times that, of 1949. However the decrease in consumption of non-
metallic salts. and driers may be due to the effect of Control Order M-10 issued
by the United States National Production Authority effective February 1, 1951.
By this order the -cons umption of cobalt was placed under allocation, inven-
tories were limited and certain uses prohibited. Prohibited uses are mainly
reflected in the consumption of cobalt in the form of oxide, salts and driers.
Statistics on the consumption of cobalt in Canada are not available. How-
ever from anexamination of allocations- of cobalt to Canada by the International
Materials Conference during 1952, domestic consumption is apparently in the
neighborhood of 150 tons of contained cobalt per year. Most of the domestic
supply for consumption comes from Deloro Smelting and Refiriing Company,
Limited. Some cobalt is imported in the form of metal, oxides and salts by
the ceramic and drier trade. In addition, the Canadian producers of tungsten
carbide products import mixed tungsten carbide powder, chiefly from the
United States, which contains from 3 to 25 per cent cobalt.
High Temperature Alloys

A striking feature of the alloys used in high temperature applications is
the amount of cobalt, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten employed
in their manufacture. Most of the cobalt supply is consumed in this field,
which is continually widening its applications. It is reasonable to expect that
with the increasing speeds required of military aircraft, guided aircraft and
rockets, more cobalt will be directed into this use.
The first cobalt-base high temperature alloy used for gas turbine blading,
etc. was a modification of vitallium, a dental alloy.
Both the turbine wheel blades and nozzle guide vanes of a modern jet
engine are subject to temperatures as high as 1500-1600 degrees F., and to hot
expanding gases, while the blades also undergo high stresses in transmitting the
48
TABLE 11
ANALYSES OF SOME COBALT HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOYS
Name of Alloy Co Cr Ni Fe Mo W Mn Si Cb C Other Elements
Refractalloy 26 20 18 38 16 3.2 0.8 1.0 0-03 Ti 3-0 Al 0.2

Stellite 27 30 26 36 1 6-0 0-5 0.4 0.42
Stellite 30 51 26 15 1 6-0 0.5 0.4 0.42
Stellite 21 64 26 2 1 5.5 0.3 0.6 0-2
Nimonic 90 18 18 62 1 0-1 Ti 2.0 A11•5
VitaIlium 64 27 2 2 5-0 0.3 0.25 0.3
Multimet 20 20 . 20 30 3.0 2 •0 1-0 0.5 1.0 0.15 NO-14
K-40 54 25 10 0.6 7•0 0.5
Low-carbon N-153 13 16 15 48 3.0 2-0 1.50 0.5 1.0 0.15 N0.14
S-816 41 20 20 4 4.0 4.0 1.5 0-6 4.0 0.37
K-42B 22 18 42 14 0.7 0.7 0.03 Ti 2.1 Al 0.2
N-155 20 21 20 30 3.0 2•5 1.5 0.6 1.0 0-12 NO.15
G-32 45 19 12 15 2.0 1-2 0-30 V2-8
S-590 20 20 20 27 4.0 4.0 1.5 0.6 4.0 0.43
Courtesy A. V. Roe Canada Limited, Mallon, Ont
0 ELECTRIC STARTER
° POWER TAKE-OFF
0 FIXED INTAKE SCREEN

(D INTAKE CASTING
®BEVEL DRIVE GEARSOX
0 AUXILIARIES GEARBOX
0 OIL PUMP GEARBOX
® FRONT BEARING
0 UPPER COMPRESSOR STATOR CASING
c,
@LOWER COMPRESSOR STATOR CASING
@COMPRESSOR ROTOR
@ CINTRE BEARING
@REXHILE COUPLING
@PERIPHERAL MAL
()CENTRASIG
@ MONT MOUNTING
0 OREWALL
@BACKBONE CASTING
@REAR MOUNTING
@ COMBUSTION SYSTEM
0 NOZZLE box
@NOZZLE GUIDE VANES AND TURBINE SHROUD
TURIIINE ROTOR AND REAR 'FARING
TAR. CONE
FictntE XVI. Exploded view of an Orenda turbo-jet engine.

Courtesy A. V. Roe Canada Limited, Malton, Ont.
FIGURE XVII. Cross-section of an Orenda turbo-jet engine. Cobalt-base alloy is used in the nozzle guide vanes. Each engine contains
about 27 pounds of cobalt.
52
Courtesy Deloro Smelting and Refining Co. Ltd., De/oro, Ont.
FIGURE XVIII. Nozzle guide vane for Orenda turbo-jet engine.
power to the turbine wheels which, in some cases, rotate at speeds up to 10,000
r.p.m. Such parts as the linings of the combustion system and nozzle box, and
the tail cone are also subjected to high temperatures.
Turbine blades are manufactured by forging, by sintering metal powders
and by the precision or investment casting method depending upon the alloy
used.
Due to the ease of manufacture, elimination of machining operations, and
low scrap loss in the investment casting method, mass production of blades and
certain other components is carried out by this process. It is an adaptation
of the lost wax process which has been practiced on other metals and alloys
for centuries. The first step in the process is to make a master pattern of steel
or some other metal. From this pattern the expendable patterns of wax or
plastic are made and placed in a very fine refractory slurry. The assembly
of pattern and feeders are placed in a cylinder which is then filled with refrac-
tory material. The refractory material is allowed to cure and the molds are
then placed in a furnace which causes the wax or plastic pattern to evaporate,
leaving a well-defined and clean cavity in the mold.
The molds are pre-heated and the molten alloy is then poured into the
mold by static, centrifugal or pressure means. After a controlled cooling
53
period the ceramic material is removed and the gates sawn or ground from
the casting. The casting is then cleaned by sand blasting or a caustic base salt
bath and inspected by radiograph.
The Deloro Smelting and Refining Company Limited, Deloro, Ontario, manu-
factures a wide range of cobalt-base products by the investment casting method
both for high-temperature and other uses. Among their products are nozzle
guide vanes for jet engines, cams, valve rotors, extrusion die inserts, die cores
and components for small arms.
Stellites
Stellites are a group of cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloys containing about
2 per cent carbon together with a small amount of silicon and iron. Chromium
imparts hardness and strength, tungsten gives red hardness and cobalt renders
stellite more resistant to oxidation.
Stellite is produced by melting cobalt, chromium and tungsten metal in an
electric furnace together with the required quantity of carbon. In order to
obtain the required crystal structure the metal is cast into graphite molds which
causes the stellite to cool rapidly. Any further work required on the cast alloy
is done by grinding.
In Canada, stellite is produced by Deloro Smelting and Refining Company,
Limited who supply three types of welding rod chiefly used for hard facing.
The application of stellite on a metal surface is carried out with either an oxy-
acetylene torch or electric arc. It is used for the surfacing of such equipment
as drill chucks, drill sharpening dies, dipper teeth, bucket lips, pump shafts
and sleeves and other parts of machinery which are subject to rapid wear.
Another grade of Deloro stellite is used in the manufacture of high speed
cutting tools and cutting tool bits for machining cast iron and steel.
Permanent Magnets
Two types of permanent magnets are in use today, namely the magnet
steels which contain carbon as a hardening constituent, and the more recent
magnet alloys which are free from carbon.
Commercial types of magnet steels contain from 8 to 41 per cent cobalt,
1 to 9 per cent tungsten, 2 to 9 per cent chromium, 0.30 to 0.90 per cent
manganese and carbon up to 0.90 per cent. Magnet steels are generally made
in a similar manner to tool steels.
Tungsten steels were used as magnets in the early part of the century
but were replaced with chromium steels during World War I due to the high
price of tungsten at that time. In 1916 it was discovered that by replacing
part of the iron in a tungsten magnet steel with cobalt, a much better perman-
ent magnet material could be produced. This led to the development of the
cobalt magnet steels which produced much stronger magnets than those used
before and permitted the use of smaller magnets.
Until the early 1930's this type of magnet was used almost exclusively,
when it was found that certain carbon-free permanent magnet alloys were
even stronger than the cobalt magnet steels. The first of these alloys was
"Alnic" which contained no cobalt, only iron, nickel and aluminum. This
alloy was developed into the "Alnico" group by the replacement of part of the
nickel with cobalt. It was then found that by increasing the cobalt content
still further and adding a little copper, the coercive force could be increased
further; this resulted in Alnico 2. From these initial alloys a whole series of
Alnico magnets were developed. They are now made by the sintering process
and the precision-cast process.
Courtesy Deloro Smelting and Refining Co. Ltd., Deloro, Ont.
FIGURE XIX. Worn bores of drill chucks rebuilt with Stellite facing.
55
' Courtesy Deloro Smelting and Refining Co. Ltd., Deloro, Ont.
FIGURE XX. Discs and rings of an 18-inch valve for oil pipe line, faced with Stellite.
89218-5
TABLI 12
COMPOSITION AND HARDNESS OF DELORO COBALT BASE ALLOYS
Composition-Per cent
Designation Rockwell
Co Ni Cr W Mo Fe Si "C" Scale
No. 1 Welding Rod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50•0 33-0 13.0 2•0 2•0 1•0 54-56
No. 6 « « .............................
« 64•0 25•5 4•7 2•5 1•0 1-7 39-42.
No. 12 « ............................. 58•0 29•0 9-0 1-5 1-8 1•5 48-51
Cutting Alloys (Grade 100) ...................... 42-48 30-35 15-19 1-5 ].•75-2•5 1-5 59-68
Grade 4 ........ ................... ....:........ 50-65 28-32 5-15 1-5 0•75-1•25 1•0 45-50
Alloy "C". .................................... 17-5 5•0 5•5 0-20 0-80
Delfer ......................................... 16•5 13-50 5-50 52-50 2-50 0.80 55-60
Dental .............:....................:..... 58•0 29•0 I......... 0•80 0-40 0-30 30-32
TABLE 13
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DELORO STELLITE ALLOYS
Alloy Designation Grade 1 Grade 12 Grade 6 Grade 100 Grade 4
Yield Strength-p.s.i .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .............. .............. .............. ............. ......... .....
Tensile Strength-p.s.i .......................................... 79,550 95,400 118,300 60,700 ..............
Elongation- % ............................................... 0 0 1-2 0 0-1•0
H ar d ness-Roc k we ll "C" -Grap hite Cast . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 59 54 44 66 50
Sand Cast ............................ 56 51 42 62 47
Density lb./cu in ............................................ 0•315 0-303 0-303 ........ .....
Specific Gravit,y ............................................... 8-50 8-43 8 - 39 8 - 70
Melting Point °C ........................................ ....... 1250 1263 1275 1290 ...............
Specific Heat, Cal per Deg. C .................................. 0•0983 0-0978 0-1010 ...... ........ .......... ....
Thermal Exp. Coeff. x 10-Weg. C. 25-100°C ..................:.. 1•09 1-15 1•29 .............. ....:........ .
100-200°C ..................... 1•11 1-21 1•42 1-37 ............. .
Thermal C.oriductivity (32-212°F), Btu/sq. ft./hr./°F/in........... ... . 102-7
Electrical Rèsistivity (25°C) Ohms per cm. cube .................. 94 x 10-6 88 x 10"1 84 x 10"6 111 x 10-1 87 x 10-6
Young's Modulus of Elasticity x 101 p.s.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 • 95 . 30-4 40 • 95 32 • 27
Torsional Modulus of Elasticity x 101 p.s.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-8 . . 12 • 75 .
Impact-Charpy -Izod Notch-ft.lbs. 20°C .................... 1•08 1•80 2•53 ............ 1•45
250 .................... 1•O8 145 2•90
Electrical conductivity compared to copper at room temperature- jo 1• 74 1 84 1 85 15
57
Courtesy Canadian General Electric Co., Toronto, Ont.
FIGURE XXI. Pouring Alnico magnet alloy from induction melting furnace into a stack of cores.
89218-5i
58
Canadian Genèral Electric Company, Limited—In 1938 Alnico manu-

facture was begun in the Peterborough works of the company. It was orig-
inally produced for use in the company's watt hour meters only. The
company commenced marketing Alnico magnets in Canada in 1941 upon
importation from the United States. However due to expanded sales, opera-
tions were commenced in Canada and by 1947, all Canadian requirements
came from the Quebec works just outside of Quebec City, Quebec.
Courtesy Canadian General. Electric Co., Toronto, Ont.
Flouez XXII. Inspection of precision-cast Alnico magnets.
Cobalt metal is purchased from Deloro Smelting and Refining Company,

Limited. The allowable limits on impurities for processing into Alnico are
as follows:
CaO 0 • 35%
Mn (max) 0-12%
Si 0.16%
0-15%
0 05% -
Ni 0-75%
Fe O-35%
Cu O- 10%
Zn Trace
The process used by the company is as follows:
Preparation of Molds—Sharp core sand, with synthetic resins as a •
binder, is shaped on a permanent pattern molding machine and baked. The

resultant molds are called "cores".
59
FIGURE XXIII. Precision-cast Alnico magnets.
Melting—The raw materials, cobalt, electrolytic nickel, aluminum and

iron, are carefully weighed and placed in a crucible in an Ajax Induction Melt-
ing Furnace. Two furnaces are used, one with a capacity of 50 pounds and the
other 100 pounds. Melting takes approximately one-half hour and the alumi-
num is not added until shortly before pouring. The pouring temperature is in
the order of 3500°F.
Pouring—Cores are stacked in sufficient numbers to use up a complete
heat from the melting furnace and the metal is poured down a central gate,
through horizontal sprues and fills the actual mold. A large number of small
magnets can be cast in one melt and pour by this method of stacking. Control
over the direction of grain growth (directional grain magnets) is obtained by
inserting chilling plates so that most of the grain growth occurs from one
surface of the magnet.
Heat Treatment—In the heat treatment, theoretically all phases go into
solid solution. Heat treatment can be carried out at either 1700°F. or around
2300°F. With the aid of small chemical additions, it is possible to heat treat
Alnico 5 at approximately 1700°F. After a soak of about 20 minutes at this
temperature, Alnico 5 is transferred from the furnace to water-cooled solenoids
and allowed to cool through the Curie point in a magnetic field whose direc-
tion is parallel to the direction of final magnetization of the magnets. Magnets
TABLE 14
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF PERMANENT' MAGNET MATERIALS
Minimum„„
Ma.gnetiz- Magnetic Residual a"m mum Minimum External Energy
Typical Chemical ing Force Induction Induction Coercive Maxi- Commercial
. Magnet Material Composition Percent Form Occurs at mum Methours of
H max B max Br * Force II* (Bdlid) Permea-
Oersteds Fabrication .
GaussesGausses Oersteds m„* B H bility
Carbon Steel 1 C, 0-5 Mn, Bal. Fe.. Bar 300 14,800 8,600 48 180,000 6,000 25 110 Hot Forge,
Machine, Punch
Tungsten Steel 5W, 1 C, Bal. Fe Bar 300 14,500 10,300 70 320,000 7,400 50 120 Hot Forge, Cast,
- Machine, Punch
(Thin Sections)
Chromium Steel 3.5 Cr, .1 C, Bal. Fe. Bar 300 13,500 9,000 63 290,000 6,000 35 105 Hot Forge, Cast,
Machine, Punch
- (Thin Sections)
36% Cobalt Steel.... 36 Co, 3•5 Cr, 3W, 0.85 Bar 1,000 15,500 9,000 210 936,000 6,300 140 35 Hot Forge, Cast,
C, Bal. Fe Machine, Punch
Alnico 1 12 Al, 20 Ni, 5 Co, Bal. Cast 2,000 12,350 7,100 400 1, 300, 000 4,200 300 14 Cast, Grind
Fe
Alnico 2 10 Al, 17 Ni, 12.5 Co, Cast 2,000 12,600 7,200 540 1, 600, 000 4,500 365 11 Cast, Grind
6 Cu, Bal. Fe
Alnico 2 10 Al, 17 Ni, 12-5 Co, Sintered 2,000 12,000 6,900 520 1, 430, 000 4,300 350 12 Sinter, Grind
6 Cu, Bal. Fe
-Alnico 3 (Cross Sec- 12 Al, 25 Ni, Bal. Fe... Cast 2, 000 12,000 6,700 450 1, 380, 000 4,300 320 12 Cast, Grind
tion under e x n
Alnico 4 12 _91, 28 Ni, 5 Co, Bal. Cast, sintered. 3,000 11,850 5,200 700 1, 200, 000 3,000 380 6 Cast, Sinter,
Fe Grind
Alnico 5 8 Al, 14 Ni, 24 Co, 3 Cu, Cast 2,000 15,700 12,000 575 4,500,000 9,050 500 18 Cast, Grind
Bal. Fe
Alnico 6 8 AI, 15 Ni, 24 Co, 3 Cu, Cast 3,000 14,300 10,000 750 3,500,000 7,000 475 11 Cast, Grind
1-25 Ti, Bal. Fe
Alnico 12 6 Al, 18 Ni, 35 Co, 8 Ti, Cast 3,000 12,800 5,800 950 1,500,000 3,000 500 4 Cast, Grind
Bal. Fe
Cunife (under 0.155" 60 Cu, 20 Ni, 20 Fe.... Wire, strip 2,400 8,400 5,400 550 1,500,000 4,000 375 8 Cast, Cold Roll,
diarneter) Machine, Punch
Cunico 50 Cu, 21 Ni, 29 Co.... Strip, rod, wire, 3,200 8,000 3,400 660 800,000 2,000 400 3-8 Machine, Punch,
cast Cast, Cold Roll
Vectolite 30 Fe2Oi Sintered 3,000 4,800 1,600 1,000 600,000 900 670 3 Sinter, Grind
44 Fe304
26 Co203
Silmanal 86 •75 Ag, 8-8 Mn, 4.45 Rod, strip, 20,000 20,830 550 550 76,000 275 275 1-11 Cold Roll,
Al sheet t t Machine, Punch
Bi =830 Hi-- 6,000
* Guaranteed minimum values.

t Bi and Hi values are on the basis of intrinsic induction.
TABLE 15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PERMANENT MAGNET MATERIALS
Coefficient Resistivity
General Average Tensile Transverse Hardness of Thermal Microhms
Magnet Material Form Mechanical Density Strength Modulus of Rock- Expansion per cm Remarks
Properties lbs./cu. lbs./sq . Rupture well 1° C - per cm,
in. in. lbs./sq. in. Scale f 20° C at 25° C
( X10- 6)t300. c
Carbon Steel Bar Hard, relatively 0.280 C-60 35 High aging and loxv coercive
strong force offset very low cost
- except where space permits
very large magnets.
Tungsten Steel Bar Hard, relatively 0.292 C-65 35 Highest Br for lowest cost but
strong generally replaced by chrome
steel with slight loss of
quality but considerably
lower cost.
Chromium Steel Bar Hard, relatively 0.281 C-65 45 Low cost material for magnets
strong of comparatively good mag-
netic external energy and
uniformity where space or
weight is not too limited.
36% Cobalt Steel Bar Hard, relatively 0.296 C-56-64 76 Used where good magnetic
strong quality combined with ma-
chinability is required, but
Alnicos are less expensive.
Alnico 1 Cast, grind.... Hard, brittle.... 0.249 4,100 13,900 C-45 12.6 75 General purpose grade of cast
Alnico having good magnet
qualities at reasonable cost.
Alnico 2 Cast, grind.... Hard, brittle.... 0.256 3,000 7,200 C-45 12.4 65 Better magnetic qualities than
Alnico 1 at slight additional
cost.
Alnico 2 Sintered, grind Hard 0.243 65,000 70,000 C-43 12.4 68 For small or complicated
shapes.
Alnico 3 (cross section Cast, grind.... Hard, brittle.... 0.249 12,000 22,500 C-45 13.0 60 Lowest cost grade of cast Al-
under F x r) nico commercially available.
Alnico 4 Cast, grind.... Hard, brittle.... 0-253 9,100 24,000 C-45 13-1 75 High coercive force grade of
low cost Alnico. TJsed where
short magnets are required.
Alnico 4 Sintered, grind Hard, brittle.... 0.232 60,000 85,000 C-42 13.1 68 For small or complicated
shapes.
Alnico 5 Cast, grind.... Hard, brittle.... 0.264 5,450 10,500 C-50 11.3 47 Highest external energy and
residual flux Alnico. Mag-
• netically directional.
Alnico 6 Cast, grind.... Hard, brittle.... 0.268 23,000 45,000 C-56 11.4 50 Higher coercive force than
Alnico 5, with lower residual
induction and external energy.
Magnetically directional.
Alnico 12 Cast, grind.... Hard, brittle.... 0-264 39,500 50.000 C-58 11-0 62 Highest coercive force of Alni-
co:3. Should be cast to size
as material is very difficult
to work.
Cunife (under 0.155 Wire, strip Ductile, malle- 0.311 120,000 B-73 14.0 22 Good fabricating properties
inches in diameter) able combined with magnetic
hardness. Magnetically di-
rectional in direction of work-
ing.
Cunico Strip, rod, wire, Ductile, malle- 0.300 85,000 B-95 14.0 32 Readily workable, highly co-
cast able ercive force alloy.
Vectolite Sintered Low strength, 0.113 2,600 8.5 225 x 105 High coercive force, low resi-
brittle 4,000* dual, high resistivity mate-
rial. Light weight. Mag-
netically directional. Per-
mits short magnets with long
air gaps.
Silmanal Rod,strip,sheet Workable 0.325 B-95 19, Extremely high coercive force
• and permanency. Low resi-
dual and relativity high cost.
Limited applicability for spe-
cial purposes.
* Transverse modulus of rupture when impregnated.

64
are allowed to cool down to almost room temperature and are then put in a
draw furnace for an extended period of time depending upon the size. The
time is in the order of one hour at a temperature of 1100°F.
All steps in the heat treatment are of the utmost importance in developing
good magnetic properties. In general during the initial heating cycle the
aluminum is taken into solid solution and upon cooling to room temperature
most of the aluminum stays in solid solution. The re-heating actually produces
a form of secondary hardening and results in the controlled precipitation of
aluminum particles within the grains.
Products—The company is producing Alnico 1, Alnico 2, Alnico 3 and
Alnico 5, and are in a position to 'produce Alnico 4 and Alnico 6. These
magnets are supplied to Canadian customers for radio speakers, watt hour
meters, instruments, magnetos, alarm systems, television focussing assemblies,
telephones and toys.
High Speed Steel

Cobalt is added to tool steels to increase the strength or hardness of those
required to operate at high speed and high temperature, but is not used in
various grades of high speed steel where it can be replaced for certain uses by
a cheaper additive metal.
Steels required for machining operations, where the temperature of
cutting points or edges of the tools exceeds 300°F., are known as high speed
steels. When reference is made to that field of tool steel applications known
as "hot work", it is intended to include all applications that become heated
over 300°F. with the exception of high speed and die block steels. Tool steels
required for hot work must have red hardness or resistance to deformation,
resistance to wear or erosion at the operating temperature, and resistance to
thermal shock when suddenly heated and cooled in operation.
Atlas Steels Limited, Welland, Ontario—This company has manufac-
tured a wide range of tool steels since 1931, including several grades contain-
ing cobalt. Prior to 1931 cobalt bearing tool steels were rolled or hammered
only at the company's works, the billets being impofted.
Cobalt is purchased in the form of rondelles or granules and is added to
the electric melting furnace charge or the molten bath. In the application of
cobalt to these specialized steels it is important that the cobalt content of the
metal be as high as possible with other elements as low as possible. The
company supplies such steels as finished toolbits or in the form of bars to be
manufactured by users into various forms of tools and dies.
Two cobalt bearing high , speed steels manufactured by the company
contain the following:
(A) Co 8 • 00 % (B) Co 5.00%
0.78 C 0.75
Mn 0.25 Mn 0.25
Si 0.30 Si 0.30
1900
. 1900
.
Cr 4.00 Cr 4.00
Va 2.00 Va 1.25
Mo 0 • 80
Type (A) steel is recommended for heavy cuts and feeds at high speeds
on hard, gritty or scaly metals as well as for the machining of material such
as the austenitic stainless steels, which work harden under any form of stress
65
Courtesy Atlas Steels Limited, Welland, Ont.
FIGURE XXIV. An 8.00 per cent cobalt tool bit making a deep hogging i-inch cut the full
length of a 15-ft. steel bar on a large planer. The heat generated turns the steel
chips dark blue, yet the cutting edge of the tool remains sharp even alter it becomes
visibly red after repeated cuts.
and machining operation. The degree of toughness possessed by this type

usually limits its use to single point and single edge cutting tools such as
lathe, shaper, and planer tool bits and form cutters.
Typical applications are heavy duty turning, boring, planing, form cutting,
and slotting on rough castings, car wheels, locomotive tires, rolls, heat-treated
alloy steels and die blocks, and the machining of stainless steels.
Type (B) is designed to supplement Type (A) for heavy duty single point
and form cutter applications requiring somewhat better toughness. This
additional toughness is obtained at some sacrifice in red hardness. Typical
applications are similar to those for Type (A) but Type (B) is preferable for
jobs where a cobalt high speed steel is required for a multiple point or a
multiple edge cutting tool, such as a milling cutter or hob cutter.
Atlas Steels Limited have developed a series of steels for hot work and
typical applications are extrusion dies for brass, bronze, austenitic steels,
valve steels, etc., hot forming dies, flat coining dies, hot tie-plate dies and
punches, hot shear blades and trimming dies for light sections, glass forming
dies, hot nut piercers, hot cut-off tools, spike dies, hot creasers, and die casting
cylinder liners.
89218-8i
66
The company manufactures one cobalt bearing hot work steel which
contains the following:
Co 50% .
0-35
Mn 0-30
Si 1.00
4.50
Cr 5-00
Va 0-30
Mo 0.30
This steel is especially suitable for extrusion mandrels, accurate jobs such
as certain die casting and extrusion dies, and intermittent water-cooled jobs
such as shell piercing tips.
Radioactive Cobalt
The radioisotope cobalt 60 is finding an increasing use in the field of indus-
trial radiography and in beam therapy units in the war against cancer.
Courtesy Defence Research Board, Department of National Defence, Canada.
novae XXV. Cobalt 80 and lead container used in industrial radiography.
The main value of these isotopes is the radiation which they emit. In
the case of industrial radiography the isotope is placed on one side of the
material to be checked such as a weld, forging, casting, etc. and photographic
film is placed on the other side. Flaws permit more radiation to penetrate the
67
material being tested and cause greater film exposure. Cobalt 60 has certain
advantages over radium, chief of which are its lower cost and the fact that
its container is much smaller and therefore more easily placed in out-of-the-
way or difficult locations.
At the Naval Research Dockyard Laboratory at Halifax, Nova Scotia, the
source of radiation for checking the new all-welded naval vessels is, a cylin-
drical pellet, 1 94 mm. in diameter and consists of 503 mgms. of cobalt 60.
This is enclosed in an aluminum container which in turn is enclosed in a
hexagonal durai container. It has a radiation output equivalent to that pro-
duced by 621 mgms. of radium filtered with inch of lead and inch of
aluminum. A comparable radium source would cost about $10,300.00 whereas
the cobalt 60 costs $600.00. Special lightweight aluminum tools are used to
handle the material because of the radiation hazard. Cobalt 60 has a half-life
of 53 years.
Courtesy Defence Research Board, Department of Nationat Defence, Canada.
FIGURE XXVI. Aluminum tools used in handling Cobalt 60 in industry radiography.
In the case of cobalt 60 used in place of radium in the cure for cancer,
the radiation source consists of a small cylinder of metal about inch high and
1 inch in diameter. In Canada the metal is exposed to the radiations of the
atomic pile at Chalk River, Ontario, which produces the radioactive isotope.
The isotope is then placed in a beam therapy unit in which it is surrounded
by over a ton of lead in order to control the radiation emitted in all directions.
Experiments have also been conducted on the use of cobalt 60 as a means
of controlling bacteria in meat and milk.
Cobalt 60 is sold in Canada to industry and hospitals by Eldorado Mining
and Refining Limited, Ottawa, Ontario.
68
Cemented Carbides
Cobalt is used as a cement or binder for particles of tungsten, molybdenum
and tantalum carbides.
.In the case of tungsten carbide, cobalt oxide or a cobalt salt is reduced to
cobalt metal powder by means of a reducing gas such as hydrogen. The powder
is added °ïo tungsten carbide powder in varying proportioris of from 3 to 25 per
cent of the total weight of the mixed tungsten carbide powder, and thoroughly
mixed in a porcelain or stainless steel ball mill.
The mixed powder is then treated with a small amount of paraffin wax
dissolved in, carbon tetrachloride in order to assist in pressing. Pressing is
accomplished in hydraulic presses at a pressure of from 10 to 40 tons per
square inch. The ingots so produced are then prefired at a temperature varying
from 700° to 1000°C. for about one-half hour, which strengthens them and
enables them to be handled and worked more easily, besides removing the wax.
The shaped ingots are cut to a size which will allow a shrinkage of approxi-
mately,.- 2A,° per cent during final sintering and also to allow a small oversize
allowarice`iii the sintered product.
The-!. shaped pieces are then packed in alundum, in graphite boats and
are sintered in an electric furnace with a hydrogen atmosphere at 1400° C, for
about 30 minutes; the exact period of sintering depends on the composition of
the piece. This operation causes the cobalt to fill the cavities between the
carbide particles and, on cooling, cements the tungsten carbide product.
Tungsten carbide inserts are used in detachable bits for mining drills, tips
for high speed` é' utting tools, drawing• dies, drills, lathe and grinder centres
and wear-resistant parts such as gripping discs for gauge tips, valve balls and
seats.
Another important use and a large 'consumer of cobalt in wartime is the
tungsten-carbide armor piercing shell core. A cavity in the body of the shell
contains the core, covered by a nose-piece which in turn is covered by a
windshield. Such cores were used during World War II and were successful
in penetrating the armor of German Tiger tanks in France. The Afrika Corps
of the German Army however had made prior successful use of thesé projectiles
against British tanks in North Africa.
Several companies such as Canadian General Electric Company, Limited,
Toronto, Ontario; A. C. Wickman (Canada) Limited, Toronto, Ontario; and
Kennametal of Canada Limited, Victoria, B.C., manufacture tungsten carbide
products from imported mixed tungsten carbide powder.
Kennametal Incorporated of Latrobe, U.S.A. has established its Macro
Tungsten Refinery at Port Coquitlam, B.C. where tungsten carbide powder is
produced directly from tungsten ores. No doubt when this operation has
progressed beyond the development stages, cobalt metal powder will be
consumed in the manufacture.of mixed tungsten carbide powder.
Ceramics and Porcelain Enamels

Probably the oldest use of cobalt oxide and salts is in the ceramic industry
where these materials assume a very important role. They are mainly used
for the following purposes:
(a) As a body stain
Clays usually contain colourizing substances such as iron, titanium, etc.

These impurities introduce a cream or straw-like unattractive discôlourization.
Cobalt added in the form of oxide or sulphate counteracts this by producing a
complementary blue colouration which neutralizes the cream or yellow colour
and gives a pure white. At Medalta Potteries Limited, Medicine Hat, Alberta,
Courtesy Canadian Generai Electric Co., Toronto, Ont.
FIGURE XXVII. Pill pressing of tungsten carbide tool inserts.

70
FIGURE XXVIII. Tungsten carbide tipped cutting tools.

TABLE 16
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENTED CARBIDES
Corn- Proportional Impact Endurance Coefficient

Rockwell Transverse Young's pressive Limit in
Density Hardness Rupture Modulus Strength Limit of Thermal
Composition Strength Compression Expansion
(gm/cc) (A scale) (psi) (psi x 10 6 ) (psi) (psi) Ct./lbs.) (psi)
97% WC, 3% Co 15.25 92-7 170,090 97.5 815,000 780,000

95-5% WC, 4.5% Co 15-05 92.3 200,000 90-5 890,000 740,000
94% WC, 6% Co 14.85 90-92 225,000 88 750,000 600,000 0.73 95,000 5.0 x 10-,
91% WC, 9% Co 14.60 89.5-91.5 275,000 685,000 540,000
87% WC, 13% Co. 14.15 87-5-90 300,000 80 625,000 525,000 1.10 105,000 5-9 x 10-,
80% WC, 20% Co 13.55 85-87 350,000 550,000 425,000 1.75
Predominantly WC, with TaC and 13% Co.. 13.90 87-88 275,000 610,000 475,000 7-25 x 10- 6
Predominantly WC, with TaC and 6% Co... 14.70 91-92 220,000 752,000 670,000 0-65 85,000
Predominantly WC, with TiC and 6% Co... 11.20 92-93 160,000 700,000 0.40 90,000 6-8 x 10-6
Predominantly WC, with less TiC than
above and 8% Co 12-80 91-5-92.5 250,000 570,000 560,000 0.60 90,000
Predominantly WC, larger amount of TiC,
7% Co 9.00 92-93 150,000 725,000 7.0 x 10-6
Predominantly WC, with TaC and TiC, 8%
Co 11.7 91-5-92-5 165,000 72 720,000 6-75 x 10-,
Co 11.6 90.5-91.5 175,000 680,000 0.60 85,000 6.0 x 10-6
Co 11-4 89-5-90-5 190,000 67 670,000 0-92 7.5 x 10-,
72
cobalt sulphate is consum.ed at the rate of 1 pound per ton of clay to decolourize
whiteware. The cobalt sulphate as purchased is dissolved in warm water, the
non-solubles are removed by decantation, and the sulphate is introduced into
the liquid clay "slip".
Cobalt oxide is also used in larger proportions than for its neutralizing
effect for colouring pottery bodies various shades of blue. More generally a
coloured "slip" or film of coloured clay is applied over a non-coloured body.
An example of this is the famous Wedgewood jasper which is obtained by add-
ing cobalt oxide to a body containing a large proportion of barium compounds.
In combination with oxides of manganese, chromium, and nickel all shades of
blue and green slips may be made with cobalt oxide.
(b) As an enamel colour and glaze stain

Base or blended colours are used by the porcelain enamelling industry
for colouring of enamels, and by the pottery industry for colouring of glazes. ,
Cobalt oxide is used as a raw material in the production of these ceramic
colours. A typical formula might be:
cobalt oxide 50%
chrome oxid.e 10%
silica 10%
aluminum sulphate 20%
zinc oxide 10%
The batch is carefully weighed out in 600 lb. lots and charged into a ball
mill with porcelain lining and porcelain grinding balls, and ground with a large
proportion of water, usually 60% to 70%. Grinding is continued for several
hours in order to obtain a homogeneous admixture of a high degree of fineness.
The slurry is discharged from the mill and dried in trays in a forced air drier,
using electrical heating elements to heat the air. When completely dry, it is
removed and broken into small fragments which are placed in porous refractory
(fire clay) saggers, each containing about 30 lbs. of material.
A number of loaded saggers are placed in a kiln heated by electricity, gas
or oil, and heated up to a predetermined temperature usually between 1000°F.
and 2500°F. It is soaked at this temperature long enough to attain the desired
degree of chemical combination. Temperature cycle and soaking time must be
carefully controlled to consistently produce the desired tone and hue of colour.
The batch is cooled in the saggers, where it has formed a fairly hard cake
during the calcining operation. It is broken out of the saggers into small pieces
which are charged into a porcelain-lined ball mill and ground with an appro-
priate amount of water to a fineness of 100% passing a 325 mesh sieve.
The slurry is removed from the mill and allowed to settle in porcelain
enamelled steel drums, and surplus water, which contains soluble salts, is
removed by syphoning. It is then washed by decantation with hot water
several times till soluble salts have been removed. In some cases this opera-
tion is carried out on an Oliver Filter.
The material is then dried and put through a micropulverizer, which pro-
duces the colour as a fine homogeneous powder. Two or more base colours may
be. mechanically blended to produce a wide range of colours.
In the enamelling plant, the colour is added to the ball mill along with the
frit and clay in an amount to give the desired colour. In the case of pastel
blues, an opaque frit is used, and, for medium blues, a semi-opaque frit. For
very dark blues, normally a blue frit would be used which would not require
any colour, at the mill.
In the pottery industry, glaze stains are added at the mill in the same
way, though in this case the glaze may be either fritted or raw glaze, or a
combination.
73
(c) As overglaze and screening colours

One or more base colours are ground with a fritted flux by a wet ball mill-
ing operation with alcohol; the alcohol is then removed by evaporation. This
is done to obtain an extremely fine product which is used by the pottery indus-
try for applying overglaze decoration on their glazed ware, which is fused on by
a separate firing operation. It is also used, by blending with oils as a vehicle,
to produce "screening colours" used by the porcelain enamelling industry. The
design or decoration is applied over fired enamel and fused by a separate firing.
(d) As underglaze colours

One or more base colours are ground by wet ball milling with alcohol to
produce a product of a high degree of fineness. The alcohol is removed by
evaporation and the dry powder is used by the pottery industry for "underglaze
decoration". The colour, using oil or water as a medium, is applied to the fired
ceramic body and covered with a transparent glaze. The decoration and glaze
are fired in one operation.
A full range of base colours and glaze stains, etc. are manufactured by
Ferro Enamels (Canada) Limited at Oakville, Ontario.
(e) As grourul coat frit

Cobalt, in the form of black oxide (Co304 ) is used in all ground coat
enamels and its main function is to promote adherence between enamel and the
steel to which it is applied. It is also used in finish, coat blue and black enamels,
for both steel and cast iron, for its strong blue colour. The blue finish coat
enamels depend solely on cobalt for their colour, while in the black cover coat
enamels, cobalt oxide is used in conjunction with other metallic oxides, such as
those of iron, copper, manganese and nickel.
Required analysis of black cobalt oxide is as follows:
cobalt 71. 0 % minimum
nickel 1.25% maximum
Fe203 050% cc
copper 0.05% cc
chlorides as NaC1 0.75% Ct
sulphates as Na2SO4 0•50 cc
A minimum of 99 per cent must pass a 100 mesh screen while 98 and 96
per cent must pass 150 mesh and 200 mesh screens, respectively.
Porcelain enamels are made by melting a glass-forming batch in a
furnace at temperatures ranging from 2200°F. to 2500°F. At the end of the
smelting cycle the molten mass is poured slowly over a stream of running
cold water which shatters the molten chemicals to form a frit, which is the
basic ingredient of porcelain enamels applied as a protective vitreous coating
to sheet steel and cast iron articles, chiefly household appliances (stoves,
refrigerators, washing machine tubs, driers), kitchen utensils, sanitary ware,
and outdoor signs.
In the most modern method of production, the molten enamel glass is
passed through water-cooled steel rolls which form a vitreous sheet which is
subsequently broken down into flakes. The enamel frit is subjected to a milling
or grinding operation with clay, water, chemicals, and sometimes inorganic
colouring pigments to produce an enamel "slip". The "slip" is applied to the
ware, ustially by means of dipping or by a spray gun, and the water is removed
in a drier. The dried, biscuit-like coating remaining on the steel is then fused
in a furnace at approximately 1500°F. to a thin, smooth, glossy coating.
74
The ground coat, between the steel article and the cover coat, may be
considered as a clear glass that has been coloured by the addition of low per-
centages of metallic oxides, the most important being that of cobalt. It is
usually used in conjunction with nickel oxide and very often also with man-
ganese dioxide. Though the cobalt oxide colours the glass a deep blue, which
is darkened by the green and brown colouring effects of the nickel and man-
ganese oxides, respectively, the enameller does not think of them in this role,
as colouring materials, but as "adherence-promoting oxides". Without the
cobalt, the ground coat would have little or no adherence to the metal, and
could be easily knocked off. The addition of some nickel oxide usually improves
the adherence-promoting properties of the cobalt. Manganese oxide some-
times improves the adherence, but it is not essential for this purpose, and is
often added to darken the colour of the fired ground coat.
There are a number of théories, all supported by some experimental evid-
ence, as to how cobalt oxide in ground coat enamels promotes their adherence
to the steel. However, the following facts seem firmly established:
(1) The steel surface becomes oxidized during the firing process before
the enamel melts. The formation of this oxide film is essential to
good adherence.
(2) Part of the iron oxide film is taken into solution by the enamel while
in the molten state.
(3) There is a precipitation of metallic particles at the iron-enamel inter-
face. The metallic cobalt may be formed by chemical reduction of the
cobalt oxide by the iron in accordance with the formula:
2 Fe ++ -f-pozoo Fe902 + 2 Co
It has also been suggested that the cobalt may be plated out of the molten
enamel glass by electrolytic action.
Several companies in Canada such as General Steel Wares Limited, Lon-
don, Ontario; Ferro Enamels (Canada) Limited, Oakville, Ontario and Standard
Sanitary & Dominion Radiator Company, Limited, Toronto, Ontario manu-
facture ground coat frit. Ferro Enamels (Canada) Limited manufactures the
material for sale to porcelain enamelling plants who do not make their own
frit. The source of supply of cobalt oxide consumed by General Steel Wares
Limited is the Deloro Smelting and Refining Company and that of Ferro
Enamels (Canada) Limited is the Deloro Smelting and Refining Company and
the Mond Nickel Company, Limited, Clydach, Wales.
Paints and Driers

Driers are added to drying oils as a catalytic agent to accelerate polymeriza-
tion and oxidation. Cobalt is the most active drier metal and is usually added
as an organic compound such as linoleate, resinate, napthenate or acetate.
It is sometimes used alone but usually in conjunction with auxiliary driers
such as lead, zinc or calcium. Zinc tends to delay the strong surface-oxidizing
effect of the cobalt in thick films and allows the entire thickness of film to
have freer access to the air. Thus the film hardens throughout its thickness and
by the time it is tack-free, it is cured.
Cobalt driers are added to varnish, enamels, paints, linseed oil, printing
inks, etc.
Manganese and lead driers are also used but their reSpective drying times
are generally 1-1 to 6 times that of cobalt. The faster drying time of cobalt
compounds enables the use of lower priced oils such as fish, soybean, cotton-seed,
etc., instead of linseed oils.
Some varnishes and enamels are more responsive to manganese driers than
to an equivalent percentage of cobalt in cobalt driers when dried at elevated or
baking temperatures. This is particularly true in the case of black enamels.
75
Cobalt oxide is used in small proportions to produce white enamel paints,

since any yellow colour, due to the presence of impurities such as iron oxide,
is neutralized by the complementary blue cobalt colour, producing a pure white.
Nuodex Products of Canada, Limited, Leaside, Ontario-This company
has been manufacturing cobalt naphthenate in Canada since 1937, engaging in
both the domestic and export trade.
The drying compound or soap is manufactured by a direct metal reduction
process using naphthenic acid chiefly, but also 2-ethyl hexoic acid and tall oil
acid. The chemical reaction is as follows:
2 Co + 4 (R-COOH) + 02 ---> 2 Co (R-COO)^_> + 2 HsO
Cobalt Naphthenic Cobalt
Metal Acid Naphthenate
Powder
The water is removed from the soap by drying in a vacuum.

Until the above process was developed, cobalt soaps were produced by a
double decomposition process as follows:
CoSO.1 + 2(R-COO Na) -> Co (R-COO) 2 + Na2 S04
Cobalt Sodium Cobalt Sodium
Sulphate Naphthenate Naphthenate Sulphate
The company states that the newer process produces a purer and more
uniform drier as, with the former process, it was impossible to eliminate entirely
the sodium sulphate from the finished product. The cobalt content of the cobalt
drier produced is 6 per cent.
Anünal Nutrition
The great grassy ranges of coastal Australia and central New Zealand
contain very valuable pasture lands. However, for geological reasons these
areas are deficient in cobalt which causes the "coast" or "bush sickness" in
cattle and sheep and also the "pining disease" which causes the animals to
go off their feed. However, it was found after many years of scientific
research that additions of cobalt nitrate, cobalt sulphate or cobalt acetate
to fertilizers for top dressing of pasture lands overcame this condition in the
animals. Once overcome a small amount of cobalt given in animal feed or
licks was sufficient to prevent recurrence of the disease.
In Canada, certain areas of pasture land are deficient in cobalt and the
discussion of this subject has been made possible through the courtesy of
S. R. Haskell, Animal Husbandry Division, Central Experimental Farm,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
J. E. Bowstead states that interest in cobalt as a nutrient in the feeding
of ruminants in Canada began, following the discovery in 1938, at the Univer-
sity of Alberta, that the feeding of cobalt to breeding ewes cured the debilitat-
ing symptoms that developed after a seven-to-nine month period of non-
leguminous rations.
The clinical symptoms of sheep fed on cobalt-deficient rations appeared
to be similar to those of malnutrition. Reproduction was seriously impaired
in that lambs from affected ewes were smaller and weaker than lambs from
unaffected ewes. Ewes that became unthrifty on cobalt-deficient rations pro-
duced insufficient milk to nourish their lambs, and also produced fleeces that
were weak in fibre. With the development of the deficiency symptoms there
was a decrease in the cobalt content of certain tissues. This corresponds
with results reported from areas elsewhere known to be deficient in cobalt.
76
E. E. Hancock and G. R. Smith observed a progressive debility in cattle

on cobalt-deficient feed, the animals showed a depraved appetite, and drank
little or no water. These workers state that the animals recover if moved
inland from the coastal areas of Nova Scotia where the deficiency is encountered.
The calves born in the deficient areas frequently died during the first few
months of age.
R. A. McIntosh has stated that in Ontario the administration of cobalt
proved effective in the treatment and prevention of a condition in young stall-
fed cattle characterized by loss of appetite, pica, wasting, and anemia. Sheep
showing poor appetite and unthriftiness during the winter feeding period also
respond to treatment with cobalt.
Beneficial effects of cobalt feeding have also been shown in southwestern
Saskatchewan in an experiment with range ewes at the Dominion Experimental
Station at Swift Current.
V. A. Ellis states that the treatment of the lactating cows with one-half
a fluid ounce of cobalt sulphate solution once a day resulted in a remarkable
beneficial response. R. Hamilton in his studies with cobalt deficiency dissolved
one ounce of cobalt sulphate in one gallon of water and administered one
tablespoon once a day. The results obtained were remarkable. After the
third or fourth dose, the animals began to improve, with appetite good, increas-
ing in flesh, bowels regular, and milk increased to 4- gallons.
In 1946 the Sub-committee on Nutrition of the National Sheep Committee
appointéd a special committee of representatives of Governmental and Univer-
sity institutions carrying experimental flocks of sheep, to investigate the problem
of cobalt deficiency in Canada. This sub-committee outlined a survey, but
no data are yet available, and the only provinces taking an active interest
are Alberta and Saskatchewan.
According to Bowstead, one of the problems encountered in conducting
cobalt research in Canada has been the disagreement in the results of cobalt
analyses between the various methods that have been published. As a result
Miss D. J. Hiscox of the Diviion of Chemistry, Science Service, Dominion
Department of Agriculture, has made a study of these methods and published the
results of her findings.
Other workers studying methods are A. J. Sutherland and G. R. Smith of
the Nova Scotia Agricultural College, and J. W. T. Spinks of the Department
of Physics, University of Saskatchewan. Bowstead appropriately concludes
that available evidence shows that cobalt-deficient areas exist throughout
the entire breadth of Canada. While no specific areas have as yet been delimited,
the results of controlled feeding experiments and the effects of administering
cobalt to numerous individual flocks suggests that cobalt research should be
continued till sufficient evidence has been accumulated to warrant specific
recommendations for cobalt feeding.
In Canada, cobaltized salt is manufactured and sold by a number of
companies such as Canadian Industries, Limited, Maritime Industries, Limited,
The Dominion Salt Company, Limited, Canadian Salt Company, Limited, Van-
couver Salt Company, Limited, Standard Chemical Company, Limited and
Bell & Sons (Canada) Limited.
These companies either purchase the amorphous cobalt sulphate direct
from the Deloro Smelting and Refining Company or as other cobalt chemicals
from Canadian chemical firms such as Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, Limited,
Montreal and St. Lawrence Chemical Company, Limited, Montreal.
One type of cobaltized salt manufactured in Canada contains 0. 02 per cent
cobalt carbonate, 0.022 per cent potassium iodide stabilized with calcium
stearate and 0.025 per cent ultramarine blue for colouring purposes with the
77
remainder being pure salt. The light blue coloured salt is sold in loose form
in 100 pound bags, in 50 pound salt blocks and in 5 pound licks. A large
amount is exported to New Zealand and Australia.
Miscellaneous Uses
Glass Manufacture—A small amount of cobalt in the form of oxide is used
to neutralize yellow discolourization, where this is objectionable, in the end
use of glass. In addition, cobalt oxide is used to produce royal blue glass,
an example of which is the well known bromo seltzer bottle.
• The colouring power of cobalt oxide is very strong and as little as one
part in 5,000 produces a characteristic colour. For this reason it is customary
to use cobalt oxide in the diluted form known as "powder blue" which is a
glass or enamel containing about 5 per cent cobalt oxide. Another method
of adding cobalt is to dilute the oxide with sand or ground feldspar. This
procedure enables an even distribution of cobalt oxide throughout a batch
of glass.
Electroplating—During World War I a government sponsored research
program was set up under Dr. Herbert T. Kalmus at Queens University,
Kingston. Kalmus and his associates carried out fundamental research on the
subject of electro-plating with cobalt. However, due to the price of cobalt in
relation to nickel and chromium, this application has not been put to extensive
use, although cobalt is now added to nickel for plating purposes in a number
of special applications where more than normal hardness and ductility of
the plate is essential.
Beryllium Copper—Low-berryllium copper contains 97 per cent copper,
2.6 per cent cobalt and 0.4 per cent beryllium while normal beryllium copper
contains 1.'75 to 2.5 per cent beryllium, up to 0.5 per cent cobalt plus nickel
and other elements.
These alloys are noted for their fatigue resistance, toughness, hardness
and low sparking. They are used for springs, non-sparking tools and strong
mechanical parts and are very important in aircraft-component assemblies,
communication equipment, signalling devices, and various ordinance accessories.
Sealing Wires in Glass—Several alloys have been developed for sealing
into glass. These alloys have a coefficient of expansion which approximates
the glass in which they are sealed. Fernichrome containing 25 per cent cobalt,
30 per cent nickel and 8 per cent chromium is used for sealing into soft glass
while Kovar and Fernico containing 17 and 18 per cent cobalt and 29 and 28
per cent nickel, respectively, are used for sealing into hard glass. Cobalt
improves the "wetting" characteristic of these alloys.
Perminvar—This alloy, containing from 20 to 75 per cent nickel, 5 to 40
per cent cobalt, and sometimes molybdenum, is used in the loading of long
submarine telegraph and telephone cable, because of its high resistivity.
Another alloy which has similar uses is Permalloy, containing 78 per cent
nickel, 21 per cent iron and 0.37 per cent cobalt, also used in telephone relays
and telephone and radio transformers.
Catalysts in Petroleum Processing—Cobalt is used in catalysts in
desulphurization, hydrogenation, catalytic cracking, polymerization, Fischer-
Tropsch synthesis, etc. In general it is not as important as nickel in these uses
but for certain specific uses is better.
One form of catalyst is a solid cylindrical pellet about inch in diameter
by inch in length, containing 10 per cent cobalt molybdate in an aluminum
oxide base. It is used as a desulphurization and hydrogenation catalyst.
78
In the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons from water gas, a cobalt-
thoria catalyst is used.
Cobalt has, perhaps its most important use in promoting desulphurization
and hydrogenation processes. As the petroleum refiner is forced to utilize
more of the low grade, high-sulphur oils for the production of quality distillate
types of products, processes which will remove all types of organic sulphur
compounds and other objectionable non-hydrocarbons will become increasingly
important.
Cobalt catalysts show much promise in techniques which "permit de-
sulphurization and up-grading operations on high sulphur crudes as well ,as
stocks derived from shale and bituminous sands. Thus cobalt is a key material
in research programs directed towards the increased utilization of low grade
crudes and in the development of other sources of hydrocarbons for petroleum
fuels manufacture.
Such research developments are of major importance to the petroleum
fuels industry in Canada, particularly in their effect on the greater utilization
of western Canadian heavy crudes of high sulphur content. The Mines Branch
of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys is presently conducting a
research program in Ottawa on the Athabasca bituminous sands and is
working on the problem of desulphurization using a cobalt molybdate process.
CHAPTER VIII
FOREIGN TRADE
Imports of cobalt ores during the period 1937-52 are given graphically in
Figure XXIX. Table 17 shows imports of cobalt ores and oxides during the
same period. Prior to these years imports of cobalt ores and concentrates
were relatively small. The graph would be misleading without some further
explanation because of the types of material imported from various sources.
For instance the material imported during the period 1939 to 1946 consisted
mainly of a copper-cobalt-iron alloy from the electric furnaces of Rhokana
Corporation, Northern Rhodesia. This product assayed about 40 per cent
cobalt, 15 per cent copper and 45 per cent iron.
During the period 1948 to 1952 the imported material consisted of ores
from La Sociètè minière de Bou-Azzer et du Graara, French Morocco, which
averages from 9 to 12 per cent cobalt, and Canadian ores re-imported from the
United States averaging about 10 per cent cobalt.
The imports of cobalt oxides shown in Table 17 are small compared with
Canadian consumption and were imported mainly for ceramic use.
TABLE 17
CANADIAN IMPORTS OF COBALT ORES AND OXIDES, 1937-1952
Source: Trade of Canada
Ores Oxides
Year
lbs. lbs.
1937 300 5 617 871

1938 9 736 1,094
1939 541,500 148,410 525 301
1940 3,920,600 1,164,616 60 116
1941 4,600,100 • 1,543,086 50 114
1942 4,336,200 1,485,370 164 433
1943 2,236,300 785,721 55 130
1944 3,676,400 1,327,755 1,720 2,595
1945 2,390,000 869,415 16,072 22,390
1946 1,170,000 451,115 16,250 21,550
1947 740 753
1948 848,100 64,857 100 205
1949 81,400 2,465 1,000 1,390
1950 3,912,500 435,655 25,880 23,044
1951 3,687,800 760,000
1952 14,943,400 2,318,419
79
80.
During the years prior to 'World War II most Canadian exports of cobalt
ores went to Germany and France. The Japanese purchased some ores during
the early years of World War H, but from 1941 to 1952 nearly all the exported
cobalt ores were sent to the United States. The large export to the United
■
States in 1948 was mainly the ores purchased lz Y the Canadian government
for United States government account during World War II and stockpiled
until 1947-48.
The large exports of cobalt metal during World War II are the result of
the conversion of the Rhokana alloy by the Deloro Smelting and Refining
Company, Limited, and well illustrate the importance of that smelter during
emergency periods.
1•
16
FIGURE XXIX
LLI 15
CÉ
0 14
CANADIAN IMPORTS OF COBALT ORES,
1937 - 1952
MI LLIONS OFPOU NDSOF

13
FROM UNITED STATES
12
FRENCH MOROCCO
NORTHERN RHODESIA
BELGIAN CONGO
10
UNITED KINGDOM
9
4
M
3 e
2
ne• • •
1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 19 50 19 51 I 952
YEAR
SOURCE ' TRADE OF CANADA
FIGURE XXX
CANADIAN EXPORTS OF COBALT ORES 1929 1952 -
(IN POUNDS OF CONTAINED COBALT)

TO UNITED STATES
JAPAN
GERMANY 1:21
1,000,00 FRANCE
OTHERS 111.11.11
0 CO
tsi
0
Q-
500,000
4
:
_Li71 rt n n fJ 1.1 111 n NIL

1929 1930 1931 1932 1533 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1545 194 4 1947 1948 1949 i950 1951 1952
YEAR SOURCE '.- TRADE OF CANADA

FIGURE XXXI CANADIAN EXPORTS , 1926 - 1952
I I 1 1
1,0 0 0,000 COBALT METAL
0
0
5 00,000
0
.4, 17:11
1926 . 1930 1935 940 1945 1950 1952
YEAR
COBALT ALLOYS
4 00,0 00
3 00,00 0
0 200,000
D_
100,0 0 0
0
sten____CM Olb xha__ESI
1926 1930 1940 1945 1950 1932
1935 YEAR
I 1 1 1 I
1,000,0 00 COBALT OXIDE AND SALTS
1111
W11 •
V)
500,000 e_
0 `
M\WSI e MUM II • rM11.11 • M\M

MM. MUM M, • M, • \ MI \ II
\ \ \ IMB
0 1952
1926 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
YEAR SOURCE . TRADE OF CANADA

TABLE 18
CANADIAN EXPORTS OF COBALT METAL, ALLOYS, OXIDES, SALTS,
ORES AND RE-EXPORTED FOREIGN METAL, 1928-1952
Source: Trade of Canada
Metal Alloys Oxides and Salts Ores (contain d .
Yeu Ck' lidt) e Re-exported Metal
lbs. $ lbS. S lbs. $ lbs. S lbs. $

•
1928 240,966 467,663 17,601 84,920 369,783 650,981 530,897

1929 315,700 608,444 56,520 242,358 236,873 450,870 .379,300 484,491
1930 39,000 71,809 39,822 173,623 326,955 632,015 399,600 442,423
1931 58,510 79,313 16,508 73,008 322,146 416,995 273,000 165,909
1932 58,439 63,779 20,394 77,436 377,250 389,998 124,700 58,121
1933 48,168 .49,516 27,347 53,941 467,012 429,846- 53,700 19,147
1934 38,595 43,519 31,343 50,027 479,676 435,907 219,300 84,911
1935 1,803 2,253 26,405 44,462 378,274 370,160 419,300 124,679
1936 2,376 2,970 43,211 70,372 484,541 556,791 526,200 212,814
1937 7,576 10,834 51,939 84,629 597,869 754,965 92,400 58,712
1938 83,579 122,101 49,674 79,278 382,408 523,218 66,400 40,983
1939 2,600 3,250 133,679 264,861 606,942 814,807 204,100 , 178,043 •
1940 355,227 438,728 172,553 614,188 746.,991 1,126,785 478,100 387,640
1941 1,021,132 1,526,911 165,456 860,849 353,282 • 494,580 279,700 281,345
1942 943,632 1,471,024 226,963 1,253,264 232,808 285,424 93,400 97,266
1943 911,107 1,507,635 214,202 1,021,663 67,040 135,630 163,100 188,510
1944 1,009,068 1,665,984 176,589 789,202 462,656 829,469 25,900 24,379
1945 583,334 954,257 321,047 1,247,249 555.522 975,035 65,000 57,119
1946 ' 510,526 854,282 111,651 345,012 456,088 608,767 48,100 41,091
1947 40,366 72,095 59,728 316,849 837,405 835,141 89,300 69,060
1948 31,410 61,824 88,734 466,478 876,895 1,032,710 871,000 641,320
1949 12,000 23,638 34,179 206,800 590,538 742,088 49,300 37,301
1950 nil nil 1,011 9,619 388,203 583,939 16,700 15,302.
1951 192,260 375,383 730 7,308 659,486 1,172,343 35,300 46,754 85,485 154,543
1952 315,500 674,758 20,445 98,118 785,976 1,636,193 nil nil 38,032 73,766
CHAPTER IX
INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS
The International Materials Conference
In the summer of 1950 the raw materials markets of the world were
disrupted by a rush of buying set off by the war in Korea. The surge in
demand came in part from speculation, in part from emerging defence require-
ments, and from consumers' efforts to lay in stocks against future shortages.
Prices rose steadily during the summer and autumn of that year.
The British Prime Minister and the President of the United States met in
Washington in late 1950 and reached tentative agreement upon plans for an
intergovernmental organization designed to handle the problem. The govern-
ment of France also entered into the discussions and as a result invitations
were sent to other free world countries, and the International Materials
Conference was born.
Membership in each Committee was limited to those countries which
had a substantial producing or consuming interest in the commodities con-
cerned. The Manganese-Nickel-Cobalt Committee first convened on March
12, 1951, and its membership at first consisted of Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Cuba, France, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Norway, Union of South
Africa, United Kingdom, and United States. The task of the committee was
defined as follows:—"To consider and to recommend to governments the
specific action that should be taken in the case of each commodity in order
to expand production, increase availability, conserve supplies and to ensure
the most effective distribution of supplies among the consuming countries."
In the case of cobalt, each producing country submitted their forecast of
production for a future quarterly period and each consuming country submitted
their requirements for a similar period. After careful study of the supply
and demand position, the committee then established a plan of allocation
which was recommended to participating governments. An allocation plan
was adopted commencing with the fourth quarter of 1951. The supply and
demand situation improved steadily during 1952 with a result that cobalt
was not allocated by the International Materials Conference after the end
of the fourth quarter of 1952.
85
86
TABLE 19
ALLOCATIONS OF COBALT BY THE INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
CONFERENCE IN METRIC TONS OF CONTAINED COBALT
4th Quarter 1st Quarter 1st Half 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
Country 1951 1952 1952 1952 1952
Argentina .............. 2•5 2•5 5•0 2•0 2•0

Australia .............. 13•3 12.7 22•0 11•0 11.0
Austria ........:....... 20•0 18•9 36•0 18•0 18•0
Belgo.-Lux. Econ. Union. 26-0 26.0 52.0 26-0 20.0
Bolivia ................ ............ ............ 0•2 0•1 0•1
Brazil ................. 5•1 4•7 9.4 4•7 5•0
Canada ................ 29•3 34•2 70•2 33•0 33.0
Chile .................. ........... ........... 0•1 0.1 0•1
Colombia .............. •1 -
0-i 0•1 0•2 0•1 0.1
Cuba .................. ............ ............ 0•7 0•4 0•2
Denmark .............. 4•2 3•9 8•5 4.5 4.5
HgYpt................... ............ ............ 0•2 0•1 011
I'inland ................ 0•4 1•5 1•5 5•0 2•5
Formosa ............... ......... ... ............ ............ 0•1 0•1
France...........-.'.... 75•0 87•7 185•7 111.0 111•0
Germany .............. 127•5 . 128•7 265•7 147.0 147•0
Greece ................. ............ ............ 0•2 0•5 1.0
India .:................ 14•1 13•1 5•0 2•5 3•0
Ireland.................. ............ 0•4 0•6 0•3 0•4
Italy ......:.:......... 14•5 13•6 31•6 20•0 31•0
Japàn ... . .............. 60•4 57•7 67•7 40•0 55•0
México :............... 0•8 0•7 1.0 1.0 1•5
Netherlands............ 39•8 37•7 81•7 35•0 20•0
New Zealand........... 14•6 13•7 20•0 3•4 3•4
Norway ............... 3•7 4.4 9.3 4.7 5.5
Pôrtugal................. ...0•4 0•4 1•4 1•0 1.5
Southerü Rhodesia...,.:. . 0•2 0.2 0•5 0•2 0.1
Spain ................ 5•0 4•8 10•3 5.2 4•5
Sweden .............. :. 42•2 40•0 80•0 40.0 40•0
Switzerland......... ... 1•9, .: 1.7 15•0 8•0 8•0
Turkéy 1.4' ...1•4 2•2 1.1, 0•1
Union of,South Africa ... 5•2 4•8 9•6 4•8 5•6
United, Kingdom ....... 329. T 318-1 648 • 1 360 •0 360 • 0
United,Statcs........... 1,212•4 1,362•4 2,762•4 1,583•9 1,987•8
Uruguay ............... :........... ............ ............ ............ 0•2
Yugoslavià ..... :....... 0•5 0•5 1 3 0•7 0•7
TomAL........: 2;049•6^ 2,196•5 . 4,405•3 2,475•4 2,884.0
CHAPTER X
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GENERAL
Materials Survey Cobalt, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines, 1952.
Perrault, R.: Le Cobalt. Dunod, Paris, 1946.
Young, R. S.: Cobalt. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1948.
CHAPTER III. CANADIAN MINE PRODUCTION OF COBALT

Burrows, A. G.: Gowganda Silver Area. Annual Report of the Ontario Depart-
ment of Mines, Part III, 1926.
Chisholm, E. D.: The Cu-Ni-Co Occurrences in the Rex-Werner Lakes Area,
The Precambrian, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1949.
Collins, W. H.: Onaping Map-Area. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 95,
1917.
"Concentration of a Cobalt Ore from Werner Lake, Red Lake Mining Division,
Ontario". Investigation No. 441, Ore Dressing and Metallurgical Labora-
tories, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1932.
"Concentration Tests by Flotation, on a Sample of Mill Tailing from the Werner
Lake Cobalt Mine, near Kenora, Ontario". Investigation No, 1619, Ore
Dressing and Metallurgical Laboratories, Department of Mines and
Resources, Ottawa, 1944.
Derry, D. R.: Geology of the Area from Minaki to Sydney Lake, District of
Kenora. Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Mines, Part III,
1930.
Eldorado Gold Mines, Limited. Annual Reports.
Eldorado Mining and Refining (1944) Limited. Annual Reports.
Eldorado Mining and Refining (1944) Limited. October, 1953, personal com-
munication.
"Flotation Tests on a Sample of High-Grade Cobalt Ore from Kenora Pros-
pectors and Miners, Limited, Toronto, Ontario". Investigation No. 1181,
Ore Dressing and Metallurgical Laboratories, Department of Mines,
Ottawa, 1931.
International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited. November, 1953, personal
communication
87
89218-7
88
Kennedy, J. de N.: History of the Department of Munitions and Supply, Vol. II,
pp. 108, The King's Printer, Ottawa, 1950.
Kidd, D. F.: A Pitchblende-Silver Deposit, Great Bear Lake, Canada. Economic
Geology, Vol. 2'7, No. 2, 1932.
Knight, C. W.: Geology of the Mine Workings of Cobalt and South Lorrain
Silver Areas. Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Mines, Part II,
1922.
Miller, W. G.: The Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and Silver Deposits of Temiskaming
(Cobalt and Adjacent Areas). Annual Report of the Ontario Bureau of
Mines, Part II, 1913.
The Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and Silver Deposits of Temiskaming.
Annual Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines, Part II, 1905.
Reid, J. A.: Mineral Resources of the Temiskaming Silver-Cobalt Area. Ontario
Department of Mines,. Bulletin 134, 1943.
Royal Ontario Mining Commission. Report, 1944.
Spence, H. S.: Occurrences of Pitchblende and Silver Ores at Great Bear Lake,
Northwest Territories. Memorandum Series No. 5, Department of Mines,
Ottawa, October, 1931.
Radium and Silver at Great Bear Lake. Mining and Metallurgy, 1932.
Temiskaming Mine Operators Association, Cobalt, Ontario. October, 1953,
personal communication.
Thomson, E.: A Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of the Ores of
Cobalt, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Economic Geology Series,
Vol. 25, 1930.
CHAPTER IV. OTHER CANADIAN OCCURRENCES

Qui// Creek, Kluane Lake—
Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, Limited. 'Annual Report, 1952.
Nickel Plate and Hedley Mascot Mines—
"Cobalt and Gold from an Arsenical Concentrate from . Kelowna Exploration
Company, Nickel Plate Mines, Hedley, B.C.". Investigation No. MD 2622,
Ore Dressing and Metallurgical Laboratories, Department of Mines and
Forward, F. A., and Lyle, A. G.: Recovery of Cobalt, Copper and Gold from
an Arsenical Concentrate by Roasting and Leaching. Transactions of the
Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. LIV, 1945.
Treatment of Cobalt Ores. Report of the British Columbia War Metals
Research Board, Project R.M. 8, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
B.C. December 9, 1943. (Mimeographed).
Warren, H. V., and Thompson, R. M.: Mineralogy of Two Cobalt Occurrences
in British Columbia. Transactions of the Canadian Institute of Mining
and Metallurgy, Vol. LIV, 1945.
Western Nickel Mine—
"Concentration of Nickel-Copper Ore from the Pacific Nickel Mines, Limited,
Choate, B.C.". Investigation No. 869, Ore Dressing and Metallurgical
Laboratories, Department of Mines and Resources, Ottawa, 1940.
Little Gem Mine-
Annual Report of the Minister of Mines of British Columbia, 1936. pp. 16
and 17.
Annual Report of the Minister of Mines of British Columbia, 1948. pp. 112-119.
49.
Cain-1es, C. E.: Geology and Mineral Deposits of. Tyaughton Lake Map-Area,
British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 43-15, pp. 20 and
21. 1943.
Mineralogy of Two Cobalt Occurrences in British Columbia. Western Miner,
Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 34-41. May, 1945.
Estella Mine-
Victoria Mine-
Hurst, M. E.: Arsenic Deposits in Canada. Geological Survey of Canada,
Economic Geology Series No. 4, pp. 48 and 49, 1927.
Kindle, E. M.: Mineral Resources, Haze lton and Smithers Areas, Cassiar and
Coast Districts, B.C. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 223, pp. 44-46,
1940.
B.M. Group, Northwest Territories-

Lord, C. S.: Mineral Industry of District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories.
Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 261, 1951.
Francois River—
Lord, C. S.: Mineral Industry of District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories.
Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 261, 1951.
Goldfields Beaverlodge Lake Area-

-
Lang, A. H.: Canadian Deposits of Uranium and Thorium. Geological Survey

of Canada, Economic Geology Series No. 16, 1952.
Maskwa and Oiseau River Areas-

Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Limited. October 1953, personal communication.
Wright, J. F.: Geology and Mineral Resources of a Part of Southeastern
Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 169, 1932.
Ontario Occurrences—
"Concentration Tests on a Sample of Cobalt Ore from Massey, Ontario".
Investigation No. 1181, Ore Dressing and Metallurgical Laboratories,
Department of Mines and Resources, Ottawa, 1942.
"Concentration Tests on a Sample of Gold-Bismuth-Cobalt-Nickel Ore from
the Bico Mines, Limited, at Thessalon, Ontario". Investigation No. 1525,
Ore Dressing and Metallurgical Laboratories, Department of Mines and
Osborne, F. F.: The Cartier-Stralak Area, District of Sudbury. Annual Report
of the Ontario Department of Mines, Part VII, 1929.
A Diabase Contact Metamorphic Mineral Veposit in Ontario. Journal
of Economic Geology, November, 1929.
Quebec Occurrences-
"Copper-Nickel Ore from Calumet Island, Pontiac County, Quebec". Investi-
gation No. 504, are Dressing and Metallurgical Laboratories, Department
of Mines, Ottawa, 1933.
Ellsworth, H. V.: Nickel-Cobalt Minerals on Calumet Island, Quebec. Cana-
dian Mining Journal, Vol. 51, 1930.
90
CHAPTER V. WORLD MINE PRODUCTION OF COBALT
Australian Industry, 1951 Review, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and

Geophysics, Australia.
Bateman, A. M.: The Ore of the Northern Rhodesian,Copper Belt. Economic
Geology, Vol. 25; No. 4, 1930.
Douglas, C. V.: Mineralization in Northern Rhodesia. Economic Geology,
' Vol. 27, No. 3, 1933.
Hickock, W. O.: The Iron Ore Deposits of Cornwall, Pennsylvania. Economic
Geology, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1933.
Mineràl Resources of Australia. Summary Report No. 32, Cobalt, 1947.
Minerals Yearbook, 1930-1951. United States Bureau of Mines.
Reed, G. C., and Hardlick, J. A.: Blackbird Cobalt Deposits, Lembi County,
Idaho. United States Bureau of Mines, Report on Investigation 4012, 1947.
Robert, M.: Geology and Ore Deposits of .Katanga, Belgian Congo. Economic
Geology, Vol. 26, No. 5, 1931.
Union minière du Haut Katanga. Annual Reports. ,
Vahatalo, V. O.: The Geology of the Outokumpu Ore Deposit in Finland.
Bulletin No. 164, Commission géologique de Finlande, 1953.
Vhay, J. S.: United States Department of the Interior. September, 1953,
personal communication.
CHAPTER VI. METALLURGY

Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, Limited. December, 1953, personal
communication.
Forward, F. A.: Ammonia Pressure Leach Process for Recovering Nickel,
Copper and Cobalt from Sherritt Gordon Nickel Sulphide Concentrate.
The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, November, 1953.
United States Patent No. 2,576,314; Extracting of Nickel Values from
Nickeliferous Sulphide Material.
,Hames, C. A.: The Sherritt Gordon Project. An address to the Ottawa
Branch of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, October 29,
1952.
International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited. November, 1953, personal
communication.
Sherritt Gordon Mines, Limited. Annual Reports.
CHAPTER VII. CONSUMPTION AND USE

Albin, J.: Equipment and Material for Precision Câsting. Iron Age, February
10, 1944.
Allen, A. H.: Research Pushed on Gas Turbine Blade Materials. Steel, August
27, 1951.
Badger, F. S., and Kroft, F. C.: Cobalt-Base and Nickel-Base Alloys for
Ultrahigh Temperatures. Metal Progress, September, 1947.
Kinsey, H. V.: High Temperature Alloys for Gas Turbine. Canadian Metals,
October and December, 1952.
Merrick, A. W.: Precision Casting of Turbosupercharger Buckets. Iron ' Age,
February 10, 1944.
Morey, W. A.: High Reproductibility in Precision Casting. Iron Age, May 10,
1945.
91
Neiman, R.: Precision Casting Employing Dental Techniques by Investment
Molding Process. American Foundryman, September, 1944.
Sullivan, J. D.: Metals for the High-Speed Age. Engineering and Mining
Journal, September, 1951.
Stellites-
Crawford, R. E.: Research Broadens Field; A Story of Deloro Stellite. Cana-
dian Machinery and Manufacturing News.
Drury, C. W.: The Manufacture and Uses of Stellite. Canadian Mining and
Metallurgical Bulletin, 1930.
Hardfacing with Deloro Stellite. Deloro Stellite, Limited, Birmingham,
England, 1953.
Machining with Stellite. Deloro Stellite, Limited, Birmingham, England, 1953..
MacKenzie, B. G.: Stellite in the Mining Industry. Canadian Mining Journal,
August, 1948.
Permanent 114 agl ets-
Canadian General Electric Company, Limited, Toronto, Ontario. November,
1953, personal communication.
Kalmus, Herbert T., and Blake, K. B.: Magnetic Properties of Cobalt and of
Fe2Co. Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1916.
Nickel Alloy Steels, second edition, Section 8, 1949: International Nickel Com-
pany, Incorporated, New York, U.S.A.
High Speed and Hot Work Steel—
Atlas Steels, Limited, Welland, Ontario. October, 1953, personal communica-
tion.
Technical Bulletin No. 3, Atlas Steels, Limited, Welland, Ontario.
Technical Bulletin No. 8, Atlas Steels, Limited, Welland, Ontario.
Cemented Carbides-
Altholz, E.: Tungsten-Carbide Shell Cores. Machinery, April, 1953.
Li, K. C. and Wang, C. Y.: Tungsten. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New
York, U.S.A., 1947.
Macro Tungsten Refinery (Exploration Division of Kennametal Inc.), Port
Coquitlam, B.C. October, 1953, personal communication.
Smithells, C. J.: Tungsten. Chapman and Hall, Limited, London, England.
1952.
Radioactive Cobalt—
Cobalt for Cancer. The Precambrian, December, 1951.
MacDonald, R. E.: Industrial Radiography. The Engineering Journal, August,
1953.
Paints and Driers-
Greenawald, F. S.: Drying, Driers and Drier Usage. Nuodex Products Corn-.
pany, Inc., New Jersey, U.S.A., 1949.
Special Aspects of Driers and Drying. Nuodex Products Company, Inc.,
New Jersey, U.S.A., 1948.
Minish, A.: The Anionics of Driers. Nuodex Products Company, Inc., New
Jersey, U.S.A., 1950.
Nuodex Products of Canada, Limited, Leaside, Ontario. October, 1953, per-
sonal communication.
A study of the Uses of Driers in Soft Oil Varnishes. Nuodex Products Com-
pany, Inc., New Jersey, U.S.A.
92
Ceramics and Porcelain, Enamels-

Andrews, A. I.: The Preparation, Application and Properties of Vitreous
Enamels. Twin City Printing Company, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.
Cobalt. Henry Wiggins and Company, Limited, Birmingham, England.
General Steel Wares, Limited, London, Ontario. October, 1953, personal
communication.
Ferro Enamels (Canada) Limited, Oakville, Ont., 1953, personal communi-
cation.
Medalta Potteries, Limited, Medicine Hat, Alberta. October, 1953, personal
communication.
Animal Nutrition—
Bennett, J. A.: Effect of Cobalt Feeding to Range Ewes. Swift Current
(Alberta) Experimental Station (mimeographed), 1943.
Bowstead, J. E.: Cobalt Research in Canada. A Contributed Paper to the
Specialist Conference in Agriculture, Australia, 1949.
Bowstead, J. E., and Sackville, J. P.: Studies with a Deficient Ration for
Sheep. Canadian Journal of Research, Vol. 17, No. 1, Section D. p. 15,
January, 1949.
Bowstead, J. E., Sackville, J. P., and Sinclair, R. D.: The Development of
Cobalt Deficiency in Sheep. Scientific Agriculture, Vol. 22, No. 5, p. 314,
1942.
Ellis, V. A.: Cobalt Deficiency in Lactating Cows. Canadian Journal of Com-
parative Medicine, Vol. IX, No. 9, p. 244, 1945.
Haneock, E. E. and Smith, G. R.: Cobalt Deficiency in Nova Scotia. Canadian
Journal of Comparative Medicine, Vol. IX, No. 11, p. 312, 1945.
Hamilton, R.: Cobalt Deficiency. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine,
Vol. X, No. 1, p. 14, 1946.
Hiscox, D. J.: The Determination of Cobalt in Plant Materials. Journal of
Scientific Agriculture, Vol. 27, p. 136, March, 1947.
McIntosh, R. A.: Cobalt Deficiency. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine,
Vol. IX, No. 9, pp. 179-182, 1945.
Rowat, R.M.: Cobalt Salt. C.I.L. Oval, pp. 14 and 15, August, 1948.
Scully, J. G.: Empire Remedy. C.I.L. Oval, p. 15, February, 1940.
Miscellaneous Uses—
Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys. Copper Development Association,
1952.
Columbia, N.R.: Review of Ficher-Tropsch and Related Processes for
Synthetic Liquid Fuel Production. United States Bureau of Mines, Infor-
mation Circular No. 7366, 1946.
Foster, A. L.: Catalysis in Command of Refining. The Petroleum Engineer,
October, 1,952.
Kalmus, Herbert T.: Electro-Plating with Cobalt. Department of Mines,
Ottawa, 1915.
1VIantell, C. L.: Tin. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, U.S.A.
APPENDIX A
CANADIAN INCENTilVE PRICE SCHEDULE DURING WORLD WAR II

Second Issue
Department of Munitions and Supply
Office of the Metals Controller
Ottawa, Canada
October, 15, 1942
Tariff Basis for Purchase of Cobalt Ores

To continue building up a reserve stock of cobalt ores and concentrates
and at the same time furnish an outlet for Canadian production, Mr. G. C.
Bateman, Metals Controller, Department of Munitions and Supply, announces
that supplementary arrangements have been completed for the purchase of
such ores or concentrates containing 8 per cent or higher cobalt element and
up to 500 ounces of silver, providing for an increase in the price paid on silver.
Until further notice, all purchases shall be made through Deloro Smelting
and Refining Company Limited, acting as buying agent for the Metals Con-
troller, as and from April 1, 1942 and up to December 31, 1943, all ores or
concentrates shipped after April 1, 1942 will be purchased on the following
tariff basis but subject to review, should conditions warrant.
Purchases will be made F.O.B. rail cars, Cobalt, Ontario, or other equalized
freight shipping point to destination, specified by the buyer.
PRICES
Cobalt
For ores or concentrates containing 8 per cent but less than 9 per cent
cobalt, the price shall be 880 per pound contained cobalt.
For ores or concentrates containing 9 per cent but less than 10 per cent
cobalt, the price shall be 990 per pound contained cobalt.
For ores or concentrates containing 10 per cent and over cobalt, the price
shall be $1.10 per pound contained cobalt.
Nickel
Provided the nickel content is 5 per cent or over, the nickel shall be paid
for at the rate of 5.50 per pound of contained nickel.
Silver
Provided the silver content exceeds 50 ounces, it will be paid for on the
basis of 50 per cent of the content at the average price quoted for silver
by Handy & Harman and printed in the weekly E. & M.J. Metal & Mineral
Markets Service covering the months during which delivery of the ore
is made. No payment will be made for silver over a content of 500 oz.
per short ton of ore. The above price for silver content is made effective
as and from September 1, 1942.
93
94
Copper Penalty
When the copper content exceeds 1 • 5 per cent a penalty of 24 . 75¢ per
pound of copper shall apply on the excess copper over 1.5 per cent.
Sampling, Assaying and Weighing

Ores or concentrates purchased under this tariff shall be paid for on the
basis of assay and weight certificates furnished in quintuplicate by either
Temiskaming Testing Laboratories, Cobalt, Ontario or Deloro Smelting and
Refining Company Limited, Deloro, Ontario, and the cost of such sampling,
assaying and weighing shall be for the account of the seller. The buyer
reserves the right to have a representative present at the time of sampling
and to have an independent assay made at his own expense.
Payments
Payments shall be made by the buyer on receipt of weight and assay certi-
ficates in quintuplicate except in the case of silver payments which of
necessity have to be delayed until the end of each month when the average
price as specified can be determined.
APPENDIX D
CANADIAN INCENTIVE PRICE SCHEDULE DURING KOREAN EMERGENCY
Statement on Cobalt by the Right Hon. C. D. Howe,
Minister of Trade and Commerce, in the House of Commons,
February 15, 1951
In order to stimulate further production of cobalt to meet future Defence
and essential requirements for the metal, the Canadian Government will pur-
chase Northern Ontario concentrates for a period of three years on the following
basis:
For ores and concentrates
containing 10-11.99% cobalt—$1.35 per lb. of cobalt contained
containing 12-13.99% cobalt—$1.40 per lb. of cobalt contained
containing 14% or over cobalt—$1.45 per lb. of cobalt contained
This incentive price schedule will be posted immediately by the

Deloro Smelting and Refining Company, acting as buying agents for the Govern-
ment, and that company's sMelter facilities will be used to convert such ores
and concentrates into metal to establish a Canadian emergency stockpile.
The new price schedule represents an increase of approximately 500 per
pound of metal. The ores and concentrates shall be purchased by the Deloro
Company on the basis of assay determinations by the Temiskaming Testing
Laboratory at Cobalt, Ontario, and in minimum shipments of 5-ton lots. The
silver content of such shipments will be paid for on the basis of Deloro Com-
pany's customary tariff.
Cobalt metal is in short supply today. In a Defence program cobalt plays a
vital role for such essentials as jet blades, tool steels, alnico magnets and tung-
sten carbide.
Note:—The reader is referred to Chapter I for the complete story of the incentive
price plan.
95
APPENDIX C
CANADIAN INCENTIVE PRICE SCHEDULE DURING KOREAN EMERGENCY
Department of Defence Production
OTTAWA, December 28, 1951:—The Right Hon. C. D. Howe, Minister of the

Department of Defence Production, announced today that the premium prices
paid to cobalt producers would be increased, effective January 1, 1952, in accord-
ance with the following schedule:
Contained Cobalt in. Ores or Concentrates Price Per Pound
f.o.b. Cobalt, Ontario of Contained Cobalt
7.00 — '7.99% $1.20
8.00 — 8.99% $1.50
9.00 — 9.99% $1.80
10-00% plus $2.00
The Deloro Smelting and Refining Company will continue to act as agent
for the Canadian Government in the purchase of the cobalt content of the ores
or concentrates. The above prices will prevail until 600,000 pounds of recover-
able cobalt has been accumulated under the above price schedule for the Gov-
ernment account or until March 31, 1954, whichever event occurs first. In the
event that the 600,000 pounds of recoverable cobalt is accumulated • before
March 31, 1954, the price schedule outlined above will revert to that in effect
prior to January 1, 1952.
This increase in the buying price schedule for cobalt in ores and concen-
trates is to maintain incentive for the producers, particularly in the Cobalt
district of Ontario, to continue to mine cobalt ores in the face of increased
operating costs.
Note:—The reader is referred to Chapter I for the complete story of the incentive
price plan.
APPENDIX D
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT STOCKPILE SPECIFICATIONS
National Stockpile Specification P-13-R
10 March 1953
(Supersedes issue of
11 December 1951)
General Services Administration
Emergency Procurement Service
Washington 25, D.C.
Material Purchase Specification

COBALT
1. Description
These specifications cover refined cobalt metal suitable for the production
of ferrous and nonferrous alloys.
96
2. Chemical and Physical Requirements

Each lot of cobalt metal purchased under these specifications shall conform
to the following requirements:
a. Chemica/ Requirements: Percent by Weight
Cobalt (Co) Minimum 9'7.00
Nickel (Ni), Maximum 0 • '75
Iron (Fe) Ma:ximum 0.30
Carbon (C) Maximum 0. 50
Copper (Cu) Maximum 0.10
Sulphur (S) Maximum 0.05
Phosphorus (P) Maximum 0.02
b. Physical Requirements:
Material shall be supplied in rondelles or in small lump or
granular forrn. All material shall pass a two-inch screen and none
shall pass a Tyler Standard Sieve mesh No. 6 (U.S. Standard Sieve
No. 6). All material in any lot shall be approximately the same size.
3. Packaging and Marking

a. Packaging:
(1) The containers shall be capable of containing the cobalt for an ,
indefinite storage term since no deterioration of the material is

indicated. One of the following containers shall be used:
(a) Wooden barrels equal to Grade No. 1, Federal Specification
NN-B-109; Barrels, Wood, Slack, with hardwood staves.
Pack about 500 pounds in 18 gallon size. Smaller sizes are
acceptable.
(b) Steel barrels or drums, with removable heads, equal to the
specifications of the Interstate Commerce Commission for
Type 6C, U.S.S. 18 gauge, or Type 37D, U.S.S. 19 gauge. The
containers shall be about 15 gallons; 480 pounds capacity, and
shall be lacquered or enameled both inside and outside.
(c) -Wooden boxes equal to Federal Specification NN-B-62 lb.:
Boxes, Wood, Nailed and Lock-Corner, with strapping; or
Federal Specification NN-B-60 lb.: Boxes, Wood-Cleated-
Plywood, for Domestic Shipment. The preferred weight shall
not exceed 250 pounds per box.
( 2 ) All containers comprising any lot shall' be of the same nominal
size and shape.
b. Marking:
Each container shall be permanently and legibly marked and such
markings shall include the name of the product, form, gross and net
weights, government contract number, and, where applicable, the
number of containers. The containers shall not carry a security
classification or any marking, other than the contract number, indi-
cating National Stockpile ownership. Appropriate identifying docu-
ments shall accompany each shipment.
4. Inspection and Analysis

Each lot of cobalt shall be subject to inspection and analysis by the pur-
chaser or his designee.

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Courtesy A. V. Roe Canada Limited, Malton, Out.

MINES BRANCH No. 847

The importance of cobalt metal has increased immeasurably in recent

CHAPTERS I. General History 1

Canadian Mine Production of Cobalt 13

IV. Other Canadian Occurrences 27

V. World Mine Production of Cobalt 34

VIII. Foreign Trade 79

IX. International Controls 85

FIGURES I. A CF-100 "Canuck" all-weather, long range interceptor

Il. Graph—Average Yearly Price of Silver, 1911-1952 . . . . 3

X. Plant of Deloro Smelting and Refining Co. Ltd., Deloro,

XI. Research Laboratory of the Deloro Smelter 41

XII. Flow of Cobalt in Canada, October, 1953 42

XIII. Flow Sheet of Process Used by De/oro Smelting and

XVIII. Nozzle Guide Vane for the Orenda Turbo-Jet Engine.. 52

XXI. Pouring Alnico Magnet Alloy from Induction Melting

XXII. Inspection of Precision-cast Alnico Magnets 58

XXIII. Precision-cast Alnico Magnets 59

XXVI. Aluminum Tools Used in Handling Cobalt 60 in Industrial

XXVII. Pill Pressing of Tungsten Carbide Tool Inserts 69

XXVIII. Tungsten Carbide Tipped Cutting Tools 70

XXIX. Graph—Canadian Imports of Cobalt Ores, 1937-1952 81

XXX. Graph—Canadian Exports of Cobalt Ores,1929-1952 82

XXXI. Graph—Canadian Exports of Cobalt Metal, Alloys,

TABLES 1. Price Changes in Cobalt Meta/, 1921-1953 8

2. Operating Companies in Cobalt Area, Ontario

3. Total Shipments from Cobalt Area, 1904-1952 20

4. Total Shipments from Gowganda Area, 1910-1952 22

5. Shipments from Cobalt-Gowganda Areas of Ontario,

6. Total Production of Cobalt from Ontario Ores, 1904–

1. Production of Cobalt from Eldorado Mine, 7950-1952 . 25

8. Bounties Paid Under the Metal Refining Bounty Act 40

10. Cobalt Consumed in the United States, 1946-1952, by

15. Physical Properties of Permanent Magnet Materials. .. 62

16. Physical Properties of Cemented Carbides 71

It is especially adapted to the manufacture of pocket knives, on account

130 HIGHEST MONTHLY AVERAGE FIGURE II

1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 I 940 1945 1950

Laboratory at Cobalt, Ontario, in minimum shipments of 5-ton lots. The

COBALT AND ITS ORES AND MINERALS

Cobaltite (CoAsS or C0S2.CoAs2 ).

0 411111111 it' 'lilt Ill! t IHr t!I II II !Ill -71111i

Heterogenite (Co0.2Co 208.6H20).

Ash() lite (Co02.Mn02.4H20).

17. Lake Shebandowan

12C I•IC IOU 90. eo•

FIGURE V. KEY MAP OF CANADA SHOWING COBALT OCCURRENCES. • PRODUCING AREAS

CANADIAN MINE PRODUCTION OF COBALT

References to Key Map of Sudbury Nickel District, Ontario (Fig. VI).

FIGURE VI.* KEY MAP OF SUDBURY DISTRICT, ONTARIO.

10. Nickel Offsets (Nickel Offsets Ltd.)

Mines Under Development and Operators

Reference numbers following sub-headings refer to numbers on the key lnap of

FIGURE VII. KEY MAP OF COBALT AREA, ONTARIO.

Cobalt Ore Shippers

Possible New Producers

Mineral Composition Percentage

Silver Predominantly native *14.0