Timeline of European exploration

This timeline of European exploration lists major

geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to or
involving Europeans during the Age of Discovery
and the following centuries, between the years AD
1418 and 1957.

Despite several significant transoceanic and

transcontinental explorations by European
civilizations in the preceding centuries, the precise
geography of the Earth outside of Europe was largely
unknown to Europeans before the 15th century, when
technological advances (especially in sea travel) as
Columbus before the Queen, imagined by Emanuel
well as the rise of colonialism, mercantilism, and a
Gottlieb Leutze, 1843
host of other social, cultural, and economic changes
made it possible to organize large-scale exploratory
expeditions to uncharted parts of the globe.

The Age of Discovery arguably began in the early 15th century with the rounding of the feared Cape
Bojador and Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa, while in the last decade of the century
the Spanish sent expeditions far across the Atlantic, where the Americas would eventually be discovered,
and the Portuguese discovered a sea route to India. In the 16th century, various European states funded
expeditions to the interior of both North and South America, as well as to their respective west and east
coasts, north to California and Labrador and south to Chile and Tierra del Fuego. In the 17th century,
Russian explorers conquered Siberia in search of sables, while the Dutch contributed greatly to the
charting of Australia. The 18th century witnessed the first extensive explorations of the South Pacific and
Oceania and the discovery of Alaska, while the 19th was dominated by exploration of the polar regions
and excursions into the heart of Africa. By the early 20th century, the poles themselves had been reached.

Contents
15th century
16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
20th century
See also
References
15th century
1418 – Portuguese explorers João Gonçalves Zarco
and Tristão Vaz Teixeira discover Porto Santo Island in
the Madeira archipelago.[1]
1419 – Gonçalves and Vaz discover the main island of
Madeira.[1]
1427 – Diogo de Silves allegedly discovers the
Azores.[1]
1434 – Gil Eanes passes Cabo de Não and becomes
the first to sail beyond Cape Bojador and return alive.[2]
1444 – Dinis Dias reaches the mouth of the Senegal
River.[3]
1446 – The Portuguese reach the mainland peninsula
of Cape Verde and the Gambia River.[3]
1456 – Alvise Cadamosto and Diogo Gomes explore
the Cape Verde Islands, 560 kilometres (350 mi) west
of the Cape Verde peninsula.[1]
1460 – Pêro de Sintra reaches Sierra Leone.[1]
1470 – Cape Palmas is passed.[3]
1472 – Fernão do Pó discovers the island of Bioko.[4]
1473 – Lopo Gonçalves is the first European sailor to
cross the Equator.[3][4]
Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut,
1474–75 – Ruy de Sequeira discovers São Tomé and
illustration for Os Lusíadas, 1880 by
Príncipe.[4]
Ernesto Casanova
1482 – Diogo Cão reaches the Congo River, where he
erects a padrão ("pillar of stone").[4]
1485–86 – Cão reaches Cape Cross, where he erects his last padrão.[4]
1487–92 – Pêro da Covilhã travels to Arabia, to the mouth of the Red Sea, and then
eastward by sail to the Malabar Coast (visiting Calicut and Goa on the Indian subcontinent).
He later sails south along the east coast of Africa, visiting the trading stations of Mombasa,
Zanzibar, and Sofala; on his return journey he visits Mecca and Medina before reaching
Ethiopia in search of the mythical Prester John.[5]
1488 – Bartolomeu Dias rounds the "Cape of Storms" (Cape of Good Hope), at the
southernmost tip of the African continent.[4]
1492 – Under the patronage of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Italian explorer Christopher
Columbus discovers the Bahamas, Cuba, and "Española" (Hispaniola), which are only later
recognized as part of the New World.[6]
1493–94 – On his second voyage to the Americas, Columbus discovers Dominica and
Guadeloupe, among other islands of the Lesser Antilles, as well as Puerto Rico and
Jamaica.[6]
1497 – Under the commission of Henry VII of England, Italian explorer John Cabot
discovers Newfoundland, becoming the first European to explore the coast of mainland
North America since the Norse explorations of Vinland five centuries earlier.[7]
1497–98 – Vasco da Gama sails to India and back.[3]
1498 – On his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus discovers mainland
South America.[6]
 1499 – Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda explores the South American mainland from
about Cayenne (in modern French Guiana) to Cabo de la Vela (in modern Colombia),
discovering the mouth of the Orinoco River and entering Lake Maracaibo.[2]
1499 – Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci discovers the mouth of the Amazon River and
reaches 6°S latitude, in present-day northern Brazil.[8]
1499 – João Fernandes Lavrador, together with Pêro de Barcelos, sight Labrador.[9]
1499 – Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real reach and map Greenland.[10]

16th century
1500 – Vicente Yáñez Pinzón reaches the northeast
coast of what today is Brazil at a cape he names "Santa
Maria de la Consolación" (Cabo de Santo Agostinho)
and sails fifty miles up a river he names the "Marañón"
(Amazon).[2]
1500 – Pedro Álvares Cabral makes the "official"
discovery of Brazil,[2] leading the first expedition that
united Europe, America, Africa, and Asia.[11][12]
1500 – João Fernandes reaches Cape Farewell,
Greenland ("Terra do Lavrador", or Land of the
Husbandman).[7] Cabral's ship on the fleet that sighted
the Brazilian mainland for the first
1500–02 – Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real discover and
time on 22 April 1500. From the
name the coasts of "Terra Verde" (likely Newfoundland)
manuscript Memória das Armadas
and Labrador.[7][10] que de Portugal passaram à Índia
1500-01 – Diogo Dias discovers Madagascar and
reaches the gate of the Red Sea, the Bab-el-Mandeb
Strait.[2]
1500 – Rodrigo de Bastidas explores the Colombian
coast from Cabo de la Vela to the Gulf of Urabá.[2]
1501-02 – Gonçalo Coelho discovers "Rio de Janeiro"
(Guanabara Bay).[2]
1502–03 – On his fourth voyage to the Americas,
Christopher Columbus explores the North American
mainland from Guanaja off modern Honduras to the
present-day border of Panama and Colombia.[2][6]
1505 – Juan de Bermúdez discovers Bermuda.[2]
1506 – Lourenço de Almeida reaches the Maldives and
Sri Lanka.[13]
1506 – Tristão da Cunha discovers the remote island of
Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean.
1509 – Diogo Lopes de Sequeira reaches Sumatra and
Malacca.[14]
1511 – Duarte Fernandes leads a diplomatic mission to Balboa claiming possession of the
Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam or Thailand).[15] Mar del Sur ("South Sea").
1511 – Rui Nunes da Cunha leads a diplomatic mission
to Pegu (Burma or Myanmar).[15][16]
1511–12 – João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis
discover the "Cape of Santa Maria" (Punta Del
Este) in the River Plate, exploring its estuary, and
traveling as far south as the Gulf of San Matias at
42ºS, in present-day Uruguay and Argentina
(penetrating 300 km (186 mi) "around the
Gulf").[17][18]
1511–12 – António de Abreu sails through the
Strait of Malacca, between Sumatra and Bangka,
and along the coasts of Java, Bali, Lombok, Map of the island city Tenochtitlán and
Sumbawa, and Flores to the "Spice Islands" Mexico gulf made by one of Cortés' men,
(Maluku).[19] 1524, Newberry Library, Chicago
1513 – Jorge Álvares becomes the first European
to reach China by sea, landing on Nei Lingding
Island at the Pearl River Delta.[1]
1513 – Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of
Panama and reaches the Bay of San Miguel,
discovering the "Mar del Sur" (Pacific Ocean).[2]
1513 – Juan Ponce de León discovers "La Florida"
(Florida) and the Yucatán.[2]
1514–15 – António Fernandes reaches present-day
Zimbabwe.[20] Discovery of the Mississippi by
1515 – Gonzalo de Badajoz crosses the Isthmus of William H. Powell (1823–1879) is a
Panama at the site of Nombre de Dios, reaching as far Romantic depiction of de Soto seeing
as the interior of the Azuero Peninsula. [21] the Mississippi River for the first time.
It hangs in the United States Capitol
1516 – Juan Díaz de Solís explores the River Plate
rotunda.
estuary and names it "La Mar Dulce" ("The Fresh-Water
Sea").[2]
1516 – Portuguese traders land in Da Nang, Champa,
naming it Cochinchina (modern Vietnam).[22][23]
1518 – Lourenço Gomes reaches Borneo.[24]
1518 – Juan de Grijalva explores the Mexican coast
from "Patouchan" (Champotón) to just north of the
Pánuco River.[2]
1519 – Hernán Cortés travels from Villa Rica de la Vera
Cruz to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan on Lake
Coronado Sets Out to the North, by
Texcoco.[25]
Frederic Remington, 1861–1909
1519 – Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda sails around the Gulf
of Mexico to the Pánuco, proving its insularity; also
discovers the "Father of Waters" (the Mississippi).[2]
1519 – Gaspar de Espinosa sails west along the west coasts of modern Panama and Costa
Rica as far as the Gulf of Nicoya.[21]
1519–22 – Ferdinand Magellan's expedition completes the first circumnavigation of the
globe, exploring the coast of Patagonia and discovering and traversing the Strait of
Magellan.[26]
1520–21 – João Alvares Fagundes explores Burgeo and Saint Pierre and Miquelon in
Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.[27][28]
1521 – Francisco Gordillo and Pedro de Quexos find the mouth of a river they name "Rio de
San Juan Bautista" (perhaps Winyah Bay at the mouth of the Pee Dee River in modern
South Carolina).[29]
1521 – Cristóvão Jacques explores the Plate River and
discovers the Parana River, entering it for about 23
leagues (around 140 km), to near the present city of
Rosario.[30]
1522 – Gil González Dávila explores inland from the
Gulf of Nicoya, discovering Lake Nicaragua, while his
pilot Andrés Niño explores along the coast to the west,
discovering the Gulf of Fonseca and perhaps reaching
as far as the southwestern coast of modern
Guatemala.[21]
1524 – Under the commission of Francis I of France,
Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano explores the
eastern seaboard of the present-day United States from
about Cape Fear to Maine. He also discovers the mouth
of the Hudson River.[7]
c. 1524 – Aleixo Garcia travels westward from Santa
Catarina, across the Paraná River (perhaps sighting The Cabrillo National Monument in
Iguazu Falls) to the Paraguay River near the site of San Diego, California
Asunción, then across the Gran Chaco to the Andes
and the Inca frontier, somewhere between Mizque and
Tomina in modern Bolivia.[31]
1524–25 – Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro
explore from Punta Piña (7°56’N) on the southern coast
of Panama to the San Juan River (4°N), on the west
coast of Colombia.[32]
1525 – Estêvão Gomes probes Penobscot Bay,
Maine.[29]
1525 – The Portuguese reach "Celebes" (Sulawesi).[33]
1525 – Diogo da Rocha and Gomes de Sequeira
discover the Caroline Islands.[34] Crew of Willem Barentsz fighting a
1526 – Alonso de Salazar discovers the Marshall polar bear, 1596
Islands (Bokak Atoll). [35]

1526–28 – Pizarro and his pilot Bartolomé Ruiz explore the west coast of South America
from the San Juan River south to the Santa River (about 9°S), becoming the first Europeans
to sight the coasts of Ecuador and Peru.[32]
1526–27 – Jorge de Menezes discovers New Guinea.[36]
1527–28 – Sebastian Cabot explores several hundred miles up the Paraná River, past its
confluence with the Paraguay.[2]
1528 – Diogo Rodrigues explores the Mascarene Islands (which he names after Pedro
Mascarenhas), naming the islands of Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues.[37]
1528–36 – Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and three others are the only survivors of a group
of several hundred colonists who travel from the coast of western Florida to the Rio Sinaloa
in northern Mexico, where they encounter Spanish slavers.[38]
1531 – Diego de Ordaz ascends the Orinoco to the Atures rapids, just past its confluence
with the Meta.[31]
1532–33 – Pizarro explores and conquers inland to Cajamarca and Cuzco.[31]
1533 – Fortún Ximénez finds the tip of Baja California.[39]
1534 – Jacques Cartier explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence, discovering Anticosti Island and
Prince Edward Island.[7]
1535 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the Galapagos Islands.[40]
1535 – Cartier ascends "La Grande Rivière" or "La Rivière de Hochelaga" (the St. Lawrence
River) to the village of Hochelaga (present-day Montreal).[7]
1535–37 – Diego de Almagro leads en expedition from Cuzco to the south, taking the Inca
highway to the southwest shore of Lake Titicaca, through the altiplano and the Salta valley
to Copiapó; a detachment continues south to the Maule River. Almagro takes the coastal
route back, through the Atacama Desert.[31]
1539 – Francisco de Ulloa sails to the head of the Gulf of California and around Baja
California to Cedros Island, establishing that Baja is a peninsula.[39]
1539–43 – An expedition led by Hernando de Soto explores much of the present-day
Southern United States, becoming the first to cross the Appalachians (over the Blue Ridge
Mountains) and the Mississippi River.[2][29]
1540–42 – Francisco Vásquez de Coronado travels overland from Mexico in search of the
mythical Seven Cities of Cibola, only to find villages of mud and thatch in what is now the
Southwestern United States. He sends out smaller parties, one of which, under García
López de Cárdenas, discovers the Grand Canyon; another reports the discovery of a city of
gold called Quivira (in modern Kansas), which Coronado later visits — although he finds no
gold.[29]
1540 – Hernando de Alarcón ascends the Colorado River to the confluence of the Gila
River (near present-day Yuma, Arizona).[39]
1541–42 – Francisco de Orellana sails down the length of the Amazon River.[41]
1542–43 – Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo explores the coasts of modern Baja and California from
Punta Baja to the Russian River, discovering the Channel Islands; after his death, his
second-in-command, Bartolomé Ferrer, reaches Point Arena.[42]
1542 or 1543 – Fernão Mendes Pinto, António Mota and Francisco Zeimoto reach
Tanegashima, Japan.[1]
1543 – Ruy López de Villalobos discovers three islands (Fais, Ulithi and Yap) in the
Carolines and eight atolls (Kwajalein, Lae, Ujae, Wotho, Likiep, Wotje, Erikub and Maloelap)
in the Marshall Islands.[35]
1543 – Jean Alfonce explores up the Saguenay River, believing it to be "la mer du
Cattay".[7]
1553 – Hugh Willoughby seeks a Northeast Passage over Russia; reaches either Kolguyev
Island or Novaya Zemlya.[43]
1556 – Steven Borough reaches as far as Kara Strait, between Novaya Zemlya and
Vaygach Island.[43]
1557–59 – Juan Fernández Ladrillero and Cortés Hojea explore the Chilean coast from
Valdivia (39° 48’ S) to Canal Santa Barbara (54° S); the former passes through the western
entrance of the Strait of Magellan to its eastern entrance and back.[2]
1565 – Miguel López de Legazpi discovers Mejit, Ailuk and Jemo in the Marshall Islands,
while his subordinate Alonso de Arellano discovers Lib in the same island group, as well as
five islands (Oroluk, Chuuk, Pulap, Sorol and Ngulu) in the Caroline Islands.[35]
1568 – Álvaro de Mendaña discovers the Solomon Islands.[3]
1576 – Martin Frobisher discovers "Meta Incognita" ("the unknown bourne"; Baffin Island)
and what he believes to be a passage to Cathay: "Frobishers Streytes" (Frobisher Bay).[7]
1577–80 – Sir Francis Drake completes the second circumnavigation of the globe.[44]
1578 – Frobisher sails part way up the "Mistaken Straites" (Hudson Strait).[7]
1581–82 – Yermak Timofeyevich and his men cross the Ural Mountains and reach as far as
Isker on the banks of the Irtysh (near modern Tobolsk).[45][46]
 1585 – John Davis explores Davis Strait, reaching 66°40′ N; also sails up Cumberland
Sound, thinking it to be a "passage to Cathay".[7]
1587 – Davis sails up the west coast of Greenland as far as 72°46′ N (about modern
Upernavik).[7]
1589 – João da Gama reaches "Yezo" (Hokkaido).[47]
1592 – Davis discovers the Falkland Islands.[48]
1595 – Mendaña discovers the Marquesas.[3]
1596 – Willem Barentsz discovers Spitsbergen.[49]

17th century
1600–01 – Prince Miron Shakhovskoi and D. Khripunov
descend the Ob to the Ob Estuary and ascend the Taz
River, establishing the ostrog of Mangazeya about 161
kilometres (100 mi) to 240 kilometres (150 mi) from its
mouth.[46][50]
1602–06 – Portuguese missionary Bento de Góis
travels overland from India to China, via Afghanistan
and the Pamirs.[51]
1605 – Ketsk serving men ascend the Ket, portage to
the Yenisei, and descend it to its confluence with the
Sym.[52]
1606 – Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon discovers
Australia at the mouth of the Pennefather River on the
western coast of the Cape York Peninsula, exploring its
coast from Badu Island south to Cape Keerweer John Collier's painting of Henry
(13°58′S).[53] Hudson cast adrift.
1606 – Pedro Fernandes de Queirós discovers Espiritu
Santo, the largest island in what is now the nation of
Vanuatu.[53]
1606 – Luís Vaz de Torres sails through the strait that now bears his name.[53]
1607 – Mangazeyan promyshlenniki and traders reach the lower Yenisei, establish
Turukhansk, and ascend the Lower Tunguska, while Ketsk serving men ascend the Yenisei
to the Angara, which they also ascend.[52]
1607 – Henry Hudson coasts the east coast of Greenland, naming "Hold-with-Hope"
(around 73°N).[54]
1609 – Hudson sails the Halve Maen up the Hudson River as far north as present-day
Albany, New York.[55]
1610 – Étienne Brûlé ascends the Ottawa River and reaches Lake Nipissing and Georgian
Bay in Lake Huron.[56]
1610 – Kondratiy Kurochkin leads an expedition, sailing in kochi, from Turukhansk to the
mouth of the Yenisei and east to the mouth of the Pyasina on the Taymyr Peninsula.[43][46]
1610 – A detachment from Mangazeya ascends the Yenisei a further 640 kilometres
(400 mi) to its confluence with the Sym.[52]
1610–11 – Hudson sails through Hudson Strait into Hudson Bay, where he overwinters in
James Bay.[57]
1611 – Mangazeyan men reach the Khatanga.[58]
1612–13 – Thomas Button is the first to explore the
western shores of Hudson Bay, where he winters in the
mouth of the Nelson River; also discovers Coats and
Southampton Islands.[59]
1614 – Whalers discover Jan Mayen.[60]
1615–16 – Étienne Brûlé sights the western shore of
Lake Ontario, descends the Niagara River, explores
what are now parts of modern New York and
Pennsylvania, and descends the Susquehanna River to
Chesapeake Bay.[56]
1616 – Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten discover
and name Le Maire Strait, Staten Island, and Cape
Horn; also discover Tonga (Niuafo'ou, Niuatoputapu,
and Tafahi), Futuna and Alofi (in modern Wallis and
Futuna), and several islands in the Tuamotu (Takaroa,
Takapoto, Manihi, Ahe and Rangiroa) and Bismarck
Archipelagos (including New Hanover and New A 17th-century koch in a museum in
Ireland).[2][35] Krasnoyarsk. Kochi were used to
1616 – Robert Bylot and William Baffin reach 77°30′ N, explore the Siberian watershed and
enter Baffin Bay, discover Smith, Jones, and Lancaster coasts by men such as Kurochkin,
Sounds and sight the coasts of Ellesmere, Devon, and Perfilyev and Dezhnev.
Bylot Islands.[61]
1616 – Dirk Hartog explores some 576 kilometres
(358 mi) of coastline (the coast of Western Australia
from about 22° to 28° S), discovering Dirk Hartog Island
and Shark Bay.[62]
1617 – English walrus hunters sight the southern coast
of "Sir Thomas Smith's Island" (Nordaustlandet).[49]
1618 – Spanish missionary Pedro Páez is believed to
be the first European to see and describe the source of
the Blue Nile in Ethiopia.[63] "Murderers' Bay", on the South
1618 – Lenaert Jacobszoon discovers an "island" at Island of New Zealand, where
22°S (the coast of Western Australia from Point Cloates several of Tasman's men were killed
to North West Cape). [53] by Maori in December 1642.

1619 – Frederick de Houtman sights the coast of

Western Australia near Fremantle and sails along the
coast north for over 640 kilometres (400 mi).[53]
1620 – Mangazeyan serving men reach the Vilyuy River and descend it to its confluence
with the Lena.[52]
1621–23 – Étienne Brûlé and his companion Grenolle travel along the North Channel of
Lake Huron (probably sighting Manitoulin Island) to "Grand Lac" (Lake Superior) via St.
Mary's River.[56]
1622 – The Dutch ship Leeuwin discovers land near present-day Cape Leeuwin.[62]
1623 – Jan Carstenszoon discovers the western coast of Cape York Peninsula from Cape
Keerweer to the southern mouth of the Gilbert River; while his consort Willem Joosten van
Colster discovers "Arnhemsland" and "Speultsland" (modern Arnhem Land and perhaps
Groote Eylandt).[62][64]
1624 – António de Andrade becomes the first known European to cross the Himalayas
(through the Mana Pass), reaching Tibet.[51]
1627 – Jesuit missionaries Estêvão Cacella and João
Cabral cross the Himalayas and are the first to enter
Bhutan.[51][65]
1627 – François Thijssen, accompanied by Pieter
Nuyts, discovers over 1,609 kilometres (1,000 mi) of
coastline east of Cape Leeuwin to the eastern end of
the Great Australian Bight.[53]
1628 – Cabral is the first to enter Nepal.[51]
1628 – Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt captain of the
Vianen discovers "Witsland" about 21° S, sailing 320
kilometres (200 mi) along the coast and discovering
Barrow Island and parts of the Dampier Archipelago.[62]
1628–30 – Vasilii Bugor ascends the Upper Tunguska
and portages to the upper Lena, descending it to its
confluence with the Kirenga.[46][52]
1631–32 – Luke Foxe and Thomas James, in separate The expedition of Semyon Dezhnyov
expeditions, both circumnavigate Hudson Bay in search by Klavdy Lebedev
of a Northwest Passage; Foxe sails through the channel
and into the basin now named after him to 66°47′N,
while James winters in the bay named after him.[59]
1632–33 – Pyotr Beketov descends the Lena as far as
its great bend, erects the ostrog Yakutsk, and sends a
detachment some 720 kilometres (450 mi) downriver
(where the zimovie Zhigansk is built) and another east
up the Aldan as far as the Amga (which they also
ascend in search of yasak).[46][50]
1633–34 – French trader Jean Nicolet discovers Lake
Michigan and likely reaches Green Bay, Wisconsin.[66]
1633–38 – Ilya Perfilyev and Ivan Rebrov sail from
Pere Marquette and the Indians at
Zhigansk in kochi some 800 kilometres (500 mi)
the Mississippi River, oil painting
downriver to the mouth of the Lena and sail along the (1869) by Wilhelm Lamprecht (1838–
coast east and west, reaching the mouths of the
1906), at Marquette University.
Olenyok, Yana, and Indigirka rivers.[46][67]
1638–40 – Poznik Ivanov crosses the Verkhoyansk
Range into the upper reaches of the Yana, and then portages over the Chersky Range into
the Indigirka River system.[46][67]
1639–40 – Maksim Perfilyev ascends the Vitim River to the Tsipa, which he also ascends
(until rapids force him to turn back), becoming the first Russian to enter Transbaikal.[46]
1639–41 – Ivan Moskvitin ascends the Maya, portages across the Dzhugdzhur Mountains,
and descends the Ulya to the Sea of Okhotsk; two groups are sent to the north and south,
reaching the mouths of the Taui and Uda rivers, respectively.[45][46]
1641 – Dmitri Zyrian discovers the Alazeya, which he ascends as far as the tree line.[46]
1642–43 – Dutch explorer Abel Tasman discovers "Anthony van Diemenslandt" (Tasmania)
and "Staten Landt" (New Zealand). The following year he discovers "'t Eylandt Amsterdam"
(Tongatapu), Fiji and New Britain.[35][62]
1643 – Kurbat Ivanov reaches the western shores of Lake Baikal, opposite Olkhon.[68]
1643 – Maarten Gerritsz Vries sails along the eastern coast of "Yezo" (Hokkaidō), between
Iturup and Urup, to Sakhalin.[3]
1643 – Vasiliy Sychev discovers the Anabar, where he establishes the zimovie
Anabarskoye.[58][69]
1643–45 – Vassili Poyarkov crosses the Stanovoy Range and descends the Zeya to the
Amur, which he follows to its mouth; from here, he coasts along the Sea of Okhotsk to the
Ulya (on the way sighting the Shantar Islands).[70]
1644 – Tasman maps the northern coast of Australia, connecting "Nova Guinea" (the Cape
York Peninsula) with "the land of D'Eendracht" (Western Australia).[62]
1644 – Mikhail Stadukhin reaches the Kolyma.[46]
1644–47 – Ivan Pokhabov is the first to ascend the Angara to Lake Baikal, which he
crosses to the Selenga; he later ascends it and reaches Urga (in present-day
Mongolia).[46][50]
1646 – Isaya Ignatyev reaches Chaunskaya Bay.[43]
1648–49 – Semyon Dezhnyov sails from the Kolyma, rounds Cape Dezhnev (thus proving
Asia and America are separate), and reaches the Anadyr River, which he ascends for some
563 kilometres (350 mi) (here he builds the zimovie Anadyrsk).[45]
1649–51 – Yerofey Khabarov ascends the Olyokma River, crosses the northern Yablonoi
Mountains, and descends the Amur to its confluence with the Songhua.[45][70]
1650 – Stadukhin and Semen Motora travel from the Kolyma, across the Anyuyskiy Range,
to Anadyrsk.[45]
1651–57 – Stadukhin travels from Anadyrsk to the mouth of the Penzhina River, then west
along the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk to Okhotsk.[46][67]
1653–54 – Beketov ascends the Khilok, crosses the southern Yablonoi Mountains, and
descends the Ingoda and Shilka rivers to the latter's confluence with the Nercha (where his
men build the ostrog Nerchinsk).[46]
1654 – Médard Chouart des Groseilliers explores the entire western shore of Lake
Michigan.[71]
1659 – Groseilliers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson explore the southern shore of Lake Superior
as far west as Chequamegon Bay.[71]
1661 – Jesuit missionaries Johann Grueber and Albert Dorville are the first to visit
Lhasa.[72]
1669 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle discovers the Ohio River, descending it as
far as the Falls of the Ohio near the site of modern Louisville, Kentucky.[73]
1673 – French-Canadian explorer Louis Jolliet and Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette
reach the upper Mississippi River, descending it to its confluence with the Arkansas River
and becoming the first Europeans to map the surrounding river valley. They also discover
the Missouri River.[73]
1675 – During a commercial voyage, English merchant Anthony de la Roché accidentally
discovers South Georgia Island, the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic
Convergence.
1682 – Robert de La Salle descends the "Rivière de Colbert" (Mississippi) to its mouth.[73]
1688–89 – Jacques de Noyon discovers Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods.[71]
1690–92 – Henry Kelsey travels from York Factory southwestward, probably reaching the
Saskatchewan and the headwaters of the Assiniboine, in the process becoming the first
European to see the Canadian Prairies.[71]
1696 – Luka Morozko travels almost halfway down the west coast of Kamchatka, reaching
the Tigil River.[67]
1697–99 – Vladimir Atlasov reaches as far as the Golygina River on the southwest coast of
Kamchatka, from which he sights Atlasov Island; also crosses the Sredinny Range (twice),
reaching Olyutorsky Gulf and the Kamchatka River.[46][67]
18th century
1706 – Mikhail Nasedkin reaches Cape Lopatka and
sights Shumshu, northernmost of the Kuril Islands.[67]
1710 – Yakov Permyakov discovers Bolshoy
Lyakhovsky Island.
1713 – Ivan Kozyrevsky reaches Shumshu and
Paramushir.[67]
1714 – Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont
ascends the Missouri River as far as its confluence with
the Platte River, becoming the first European to enter
present-day Nebraska.[29]
1720 – Pedro de Villasur travels from Santa Fe, through
what is now part of southeastern Colorado, to the lower
Platte in eastern Nebraska.[29]
1722 – Dutch explorer Jakob Roggeveen discovers
"Paasch Eiland" (Easter Island) and Tutuila and Cook's map of New Zealand
Upolu.[74][75]
1728 – In the service of the Russian Empire, Danish
explorer Vitus Bering sails through the strait that now
bears his name. He also discovers and names Saint
Lawrence Island.[43]
1732 – Mikhail Gvozdev discovers the "Large Country"
(Alaska).[70]
1734 – Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye discovers Lake
Winnipeg.[71]
1734–37 – Stepan Muravev and Mikhail Pavlov chart
Resolution and Adventure in Matavai
the Russian coast from Arkhangelsk to just east of the
Bay by William Hodges
Pechora, while Stepan Malygin charts it from there to
the Ob River, including the Yamal Peninsula.[45]
1735–36 – Vasili Pronchishchev charts the Russian
coast from the Lena west to the Khatanga.[45]
1737 – Dmitry Ovtsyn charts the Russian coast from the
mouth of the Ob to the Yenisei.[45]
1738 – Pierre de La Vérendrye visits Mandan villages
near the site of present-day Bismarck, North Dakota.[76]
1738–40 – Fyodor Minin charts the Russian coast from
the Yenisei to the Pyasina.[45]
1739 – Jean Bouvet de Lozier discovers "Cape
"Mount Rainier from the south Part of
Circumcision" (Bouvet Island).[77]
Admiralty Inlet". The mountain was
1739–41 – Dmitry Laptev charts the Russian coast from discovered by Vancouver during his
the Lena to just east of the Kolyma.[45] exploration of Puget Sound in the
spring of 1792.
1741 – Bering sights Mount St. Elias, the
entrance of Prince William Sound, the
Alaska Peninsula (from Cape Providence to
Chignik Bay) and several of the Aleutian
Islands (discovering Great Sitkin, Atka, and
Kiska), as well as discovering Kayak,
Montague, Hinchinbrook, Sitkalidak, and the
Shumagin and Commander Islands; his
second-in-command, Aleksei Chirikov,
sights Mounts Fairweather and Douglas and
discovers Noyes and Baker Islands (both off
the west coast of Prince of Wales Island), as
well as Baranof, Chichagof, Kruzof, Yakobi, Inscription at the end of the Alexander Mackenzie's
Kodiak, Afognak, the Aleutian Islands Canada crossing located at 52°22′43″N
(Umnak, Adak, Agattu, Attu, and the Islands 127°28′14″W
of Four Mountains), and the Kenai
Peninsula.[78]
1741–42 – Khariton Laptev and Semion Chelyuskin chart the Taymyr Peninsula, with the
latter reaching Cape Chelyuskin, the northernmost point of Asia.[45]
1742 – Christopher Middleton discovers Wager Bay and Repulse Bay.[79]
1742–43 – Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye and his brother François reach the Big
Horn Mountains of modern Wyoming; on their return they reach the vicinity of present-day
Pierre, South Dakota.[76][80]
1747 – Jeremiah Westall discovers Chesterfield Inlet and sails about sixty miles up it.[79]
1761–62 – William Christopher sails 370 kilometres (230 mi) into Chesterfield Inlet to the
western end of Baker Lake.[79]
1767 – Samuel Wallis discovers "King George's Land" (Tahiti).[81]
1769 – José Ortega discovers San Francisco Bay.[39]
1769–70 – English explorer James Cook circumnavigates both islands of New Zealand,
proving they are not part of Terra Australis Incognita. He also charts the east coast of
Australia from Cape Howe to Cape York.[81]
1771–72 – Samuel Hearne reaches the Coppermine, descending it to what would become
known as Coronation Gulf; the following year, on his way back, he becomes the first to sight
and cross Great Slave Lake.[29]
1772 – Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers the Kerguelen Islands.[77]
1772 – Pedro Fages sights the Sierra Nevada.[82]
1773 – Ivan Lyakhov reaches Kotelny Island.[43]
1773–75 – Cook is the first to cross the Antarctic Circle, reaching 71° 10’ S, thus finally
disproving the existence of Terra Australis Incognita; also discovers New Caledonia and the
South Sandwich Islands.[81]
1774 – Juan José Pérez Hernández explores the western coast of North America from
Cape Mendocino northwards, discovering the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island,
and Dall Island.[83]
1775 – Bruno de Heceta discovers the mouth of the Columbia River; his consort Juan
Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra discovers Prince of Wales Island (Bucareli Bay).[84]
1776 – Attempting to travel overland to Las Californias, Franciscan priests Atanasio
Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante follow the Rio Grande north to the modern
state of Colorado and then travel west, discovering Utah Lake and exploring much of the
Four Corners region before returning to Santa Fe.[29]
 1777–78 – James Cook discovers Christmas Island and Hawaii, and also explores the
Alaskan coast as far north as Icy Cape, discovering Cook Inlet and Prince William
Sound.[81]
1787 – Charles William Barkley discovers the Strait of Juan de Fuca.[79]
1788 – Captain Arthur Phillip arrives with The First Fleet in Botany Bay on the coast of
Sydney, Australia.
1789 – Alexander Mackenzie descends the Mackenzie River to its mouth in the Arctic
Ocean.[85]
1791 – Francisco de Eliza discovers the "Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario" (Strait of
Georgia); José María Narváez explores up it, passing the mouth of the Fraser River and
reaching as far north as Texada Island.[84]
1791–95 – George Vancouver, together with William Broughton, Peter Puget, Joseph
Whidbey, and James Johnstone, charts the modern states of Oregon and Washington, the
coast of British Columbia, and the Alaska Panhandle, discovering Admiralty, Mitkof and
Wrangell Islands in the Alexander Archipelago, as well as proving the insularity of Kuiu and
Revillagigedo Islands. The expedition also charts Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound and
discovers the Chatham Islands and The Snares.[86]
1792 – Spanish naval officers Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores
circumnavigate Vancouver Island, proving its insularity.[29]
1792 – Jacinto Caamaño enters Clarence Strait, showing that much of the Alaska
Panhandle is an archipelago and not part of the mainland, as had been presumed. He also
sights the southwest coast of Revillagigedo Island.[29]
1792–93 – Mackenzie ascends the Peace and Parsnip, crosses the Canadian Rockies to
the headwaters of the Fraser, ascends the West Road River and crosses the Coast
Mountains, reaching the Bella Coola, which he descends to North Bentinck Arm and Dean
Channel.[85]
1796 – Scottish explorer Mungo Park reaches the upper Niger, exploring it from Ségou to
Silla.[87]
1797–98 – George Bass explores from Cape Howe to Western Port, discovering the Bass
Strait.[62]
1798 – John Fearn discovers "Pleasant Island" (Nauru).[35]
1798 – Francisco de Lacerda travels from Tete northwest to Lake Mweru.[88]
1798–99 – English cartographer Matthew Flinders and George Bass circumnavigate
Tasmania, proving its insularity.[62]

19th century
1800 – James Grant discovers the Australian coastline from Cape Banks to Cape Otway.[62]
c. 1801–04 – A fur trading post is built on Great Bear Lake.[89]
1802 – John Murray discovers Port Phillip Bay.[62]
1802 – Matthew Flinders explores the coast from Fowlers Bay to Encounter Bay,
discovering Spencer Gulf, Kangaroo Island, and Gulf St. Vincent.[62]
1802 – Nicolas Baudin explores the coast from Cape Banks to Encounter Bay, where he
meets Flinders.[62]
1802–03 – Flinders circumnavigates Australia.[62]
1805–06 – Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, from Fort Mandan, ascend the Missouri to
its headwaters, cross the Continental Divide via Lemhi Pass in the Bitterroot Range to enter
the present state of Idaho, and descend the Clearwater and Snake rivers to the Columbia,
which they descend to its mouth; on the way back
Lewis explores the Blackfoot and Sun rivers, as
well as the headwaters of the Marias, while Clark
travels through Bozeman Pass and descends the
Yellowstone to its confluence with the Missouri.[90]
1805–06 – Mungo Park descends the Niger as far
as the Bussa rapids, where he is drowned.[87] The famous map of Lewis and Clark's
1806 – Yakov Sannikov discovers New Siberia expedition. It changed mapping of
Island.[77] northwest America by providing the first
1806 – Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland accurate depiction of the relationship of
Islands. [91] the sources of the Columbia and Missouri
rivers, and the Rocky Mountains.
1808 – Simon Fraser descends the Fraser River for
some 800 kilometres (500 mi) to its mouth,
reaching the Strait of Georgia.[29]
1810 – Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell
and Macquarie Islands.[77]
1811–12 – Wilson Price Hunt discovers Union Pass in
the Wind River Range and reaches the upper Snake
River, while Robert Stuart discovers South Pass—his
route would later become the Oregon Trail.[29]
1816 – Otto von Kotzebue discovers Kotzebue
Sound.[29]
1819 – William Smith discovers the South Shetland
Islands.[92]
1819–20 – William Edward Parry enters Lancaster
Sound and reaches Melville Island, discovering and
naming Cornwallis, Bathurst, and Somerset Islands; the
following year sights "Banks Land" (Banks Island).[93]
1820 – Edward Bransfield sights the Antarctic
Peninsula; also discovers northernmost islands of the
Colour drawing of Simon Fraser's
South Shetlands.[77] 1808 descent of the Fraser River.
1820–21 – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
discovers the northernmost islands of the South
Sandwich group; following year discovers Peter I and
Alexander Islands.[94]
1821 – English naval officer John Franklin explores
over 800 kilometres (500 mi) of coastline from the
mouth of the Coppermine River to Point Turnagain on
the Kent Peninsula.[95]
1821 – Sealers Nathaniel Palmer and George Powell
discover "Powell's Islands" (South Orkney Islands).[96]
1821–23 – Parry explores the eastern side of the
Melville Peninsula, reaching the western entrance of "The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper
Fury and Hecla Strait; also explores the northern coast Cutting Into Winter Harbour, Sept.
of Foxe Basin. [97] 26th, 1819". An engraving from the
journal published in 1821.
1823 – Dixon Denham, Walter Oudney, and Hugh
Clapperton are the first Europeans to sight Lake
Chad.[98]
1823 – Sealer James Weddell sails to 74°15′S into "King George IV's Sea" (Weddell
Sea).[99]
1824 – Samuel Black ascends the Finlay to Thutade
Lake, source of the Finlay-Peace-Slave-Mackenzie river
system, then portages to the Stikine and Turnagain.[100]
1824–25 – Étienne Provost, Jim Bridger, and Peter
Skene Ogden independently reach the Great Salt
Lake.[29]
1825–26 – Franklin explores the Arctic coastline from
the mouth of the Mackenzie River west to Point John Franklin's party encamped at
Beechey, while his partner John Richardson explores Point Turnagain, the furthest point he
east to the Coppermine River, naming Dolphin and reached.
Union Strait and discovering "Wollaston Land" (part of
the southern coast of Victoria Island) — combining to
chart over 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) of coastline;
Richardson also surveys the five arms of Great Bear
Lake.[101]
1826 – Frederick William Beechey charts the Alaskan
coastline from Icy Cape to Point Barrow; also discovers
Vanavana, Fangataufa, and Ahunui in the Tuamotu
archipelago.[102]
1826 – Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing
becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of
Timbuktu, but is murdered upon leaving the city.[98] HMS Investigator, on the
1827 – Jedediah Smith crosses the Sierra Nevada (via northwestern coast of Banks Island,
20 August 1851.
Ebbetts Pass) and the Great Basin.[29]
1828 – French explorer René Caillié is the first
European to return alive from Timbuktu.
1829–30 – John Ross discovers "Boothia Felix"
(the Boothia Peninsula); the following year his
nephew James Clark Ross crosses its narrow
isthmus and reaches King William Island.[103]
1830 – English explorer Richard Lander and his
brother John descend the Niger for more than 643
kilometres (400 mi) from Bussa to its mouth.[5]
1831–32 – John Biscoe discovers Enderby Land;
following year discovers Adelaide, Anvers, and
Biscoe Islands.[77] Map drawn by Robert McClure detailing
the Northwest Passage, including the
1833 – Andrei Glazunov and Semyon Lukin
1851 route of the Investigator.
discover the mouth of the Yukon River.[29]
1833–35 – Pyotr Pakhtusov and Avgust Tsivolko
chart the entire east coast of Yuzhny Island, as well as the east coast of Severny Island
north to nearly 74°24’ N.[77]
1834 – George Back descends the Back River to Chantrey Inlet.[104]
1837 – Glazunov ascends the Unalakleet and portages to the middle Yukon.[105]
1837–39 – Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson reach Point Barrow from the east;
following two summers they map the region from Point Turnagain to just north of the Castor
and Pollux River on the Boothia Peninsula and chart the coastline of "Victoria Land"
(Victoria Island) from Point Back to Point Parry.[106]
1838 – Pyotr Malakhov reaches Nulato, near the confluence of the Koyukuk and Yukon.[105]
1838–40 – Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers the Joinville Island group and Adélie Land
(138°21′ E).[77]
1839 – John Balleny discovers the Balleny Islands and sights
the Sabrina Coast (121° E).[91]
1840 – An expedition led by United States Navy Lieutenant
Charles Wilkes discovers Wilkes Land, mapping 2,414
kilometres (1,500 mi) of the Antarctic coast from Piner Bay
(140°E) to the Shackleton Ice Shelf (97°E), proving that
Antarctica is a continent.[107]
1841–43 – James Clark Ross discovers the Ross Sea,
reaches 78°09′30″S, and discovers the active volcano Mount
Erebus on Ross Island, the Ross Ice Shelf, and Victoria Land.
He also sights Snow Hill, Seymour, and James Ross
Island.[108]
1845 – John Bell discovers the Porcupine River, which he
descends to its confluence with the Yukon.[105] The first ascent of the
1846 – Candido José da Costa Cardoso discovers Lake Matterhorn, by Gustave
Malawi. [88] Doré.
1846 – Rodrigues Graça travels from Angola to southwestern
Katanga.[88]
1846–47 – Scottish explorer John Rae maps over
1,046 kilometres (650 mi) of coastline from Lord
Mayor Bay to Cape Crozier, discovering Committee
Bay.[109]
c. 1847–48 – António da Silva Porto reaches the
upper Zambezi.[88]
1848 – German missionary Johannes Rebmann is
the first European to sight Mount Kilimanjaro.[110]
1849 – David Livingstone and William Cotton The original survey map created by L.M.
Oswell cross the Kalahari Desert to Lake Ngami.[88] D'Albertis in 1876.
1849 – James Clark Ross charts 240 kilometres
(150 mi) of the west coast of Somerset Island south
to Cape Coulman, discovering Peel Sound.[111]
1850 – Edwin De Haven sails up Wellington Channel,
discovering and naming "Grinnell Land" (the Grinnell
Peninsula, which forms the northwestern corner of
Devon Island).[111]
1850–54 – Robert McClure transits the Northwest
Passage (by boat and sledge); he and his men also
chart some 2,736 kilometres (1,700 mi) of new
Nansen and Johansen finally depart
coastline, consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island
on their polar journey, 14 March
and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island
1895. Nansen is the tall figure,
(from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to Prince
second from left; Johansen is
Albert Sound in the south), in the process discovering
standing second from right.
Prince of Wales Strait and McClure Strait.[112][113]
1851 – Rae charts over 965 kilometres (600 mi) of the
southern coastline of Victoria Island, from Cape Back to Pelly Point.[109]
1851 – Erasmus Ommanney, Sherard Osborn and William Browne chart the northern half of
Prince of Wales Island, Osborn west to Sherard Osborn Point (72°20’ N) and Browne east
to Pandora Island; meanwhile, Robert D. Aldrich charts the west coast of the Bathurst
Island group north to Cape Aldrich (about 76°11’ N, on Île Vanier) and Dr. Abraham
Bradford charts the east coast of Melville Island north to Bradford Point.[77][114]
1851 – Robert Campbell descends the Pelly to the
Yukon, which he descends to its confluence with the
Porcupine, reaching Fort Yukon.[105]
1851–52 – William Kennedy and Joseph René Bellot
discover Bellot Strait and cross Prince of Wales Island
east to west, reaching Ommanney Bay.[111]
1852 – Edward Augustus Inglefield reaches 78° 28’ N,
entering Smith Sound; also charts Jones Sound as far
west as 84° 10’ W.[115]
1852–53 – Edward Belcher sails two of his squadron to The Mekong Exploration
the northwestern coast of the Grinnell Peninsula, Commission at Angkor in 1866
wintering at 77° 52’ N, 97° W; later circumnavigates the From left to right: Francis Garnier,
peninsula via Arthur Strait (now Fiord), discovering Louis Delaporte, Clovis Thorel,
Captain Ernest Doudart de Lagrée,
Cornwall and North Kent.[111]
Lucien Joubert, Louis de Carné
1853 – Richard Vesey Hamilton and George Henry engraving from photo by Émile Gsell
Richards chart the Sabine Peninsula of Melville Island
from Cape Mudge east to Bradford Point; the latter,
along with Sherard Osborn, also charts the northern coast of Bathurst Island.[111][116]
1853 – George Mecham discovers Prince Patrick and Eglinton Islands and charts the
southwest corner of Melville Island; along with Francis Leopold McClintock, he charts nearly
the entire coast of Prince Patrick; McClintock also charts the northwest coast of Melville
Island, from Cape Fisher northwest to Cape Scott and south along its west coast to Cape
Purchase.[116][117]
1853–54 – American explorer Elisha Kent Kane and his men chart the Kane Basin and
discover Kennedy Channel. One of his men, William Morton, reaches as far north as Kap
Constitution (81°22’N).[118]
1853–56 – Livingstone becomes the first to traverse Africa from west to east, traveling from
Luanda in Angola to Quelimane in Mozambique; also explores much of the upper Zambezi
and discovers and names Victoria Falls.[88]
1854 – Rae charts the Boothia Peninsula from the Castor and Pollux River north to Point de
la Guiche, discovering Rae Strait and proving the insularity of King William Island.[109]
1858 – Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke discover Lake Tanganyika and
Lake Victoria.[119]
1859 – McClintock charts the remaining 193 kilometres (120 mi) of the continental coastline
of America (on the west coast of the Boothia Peninsula), while his companion Allen Young
charts the southern half of Prince of Wales Island.[111]
1860–61 – Robert O'Hara Burke and William Wills are the first to cross Australia from south
to north, traveling from Melbourne to the Flinders River.[5]
1862 – Speke discovers the Nile flowing from the northern end of Lake Victoria.[5]
1862 – Ivan Lukin ascends the Yukon to Fort Yukon.[105]
1864 – Samuel Baker discovers "Luta Nzige" (Lake Albert); in the distance he sights the
Mountains of the Moon (the Rwenzori).[5]
1865 – Edward Whymper is the first to ascend the Matterhorn.[5]
1866–68 – A group of French colonial officers, led by Ernest Doudard de Lagrée,
undertakes a naval exploration and scientific expedition of the Mekong River and into
Southern China.[120]
1869 – American naturalist John Wesley Powell leads the first expedition to travel the entire
length of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon.
 1869–70 – Carl Koldewey and Julius von Payer explore the east coast of Greenland from
74°18’ to 77°01’N.[121]
1871 – Charles Francis Hall reaches Robeson Channel, sailing his ship as far north as
82°11’N; he later travels by sledge to 83°05’N.[122]
1872 – William Adams proves the insularity of Bylot Island.[77]
1873–74 – Karl Weyprecht and Von Payer discover and name Franz Josef Land.[121]
1875–76 – George Nares sails as far north as 82°24’N; the following year, Albert Hastings
Markham sledges to 83°20’26" N, while Pelham Aldrich sledges along the northern coast of
Ellesmere Island east to Alert Point and Lewis A. Beaumont explores the northwestern
coast of Greenland.[122]
1875–77 – Henry Morton Stanley circumnavigates both Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria,
sights Lake George, and descends the Lualaba and Congo to the sea.[123]
1876 – Luigi D'Albertis ascends over 800 kilometres (500 mi) up the Fly River in New
Guinea.[124]
1878–79 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld is the first to transit the Northeast Passage.[125]
1881–83 – Adolphus Greely explores the interior of Ellesmere Island, discovering Lake
Hazen; one of his men, James Booth Lockwood, crosses the island and reaches Greely
Fiord, as well as sledging eastwards to the vicinity of Kap Washington (reaching 83° 23’08"
N in the process).[122]
1883–84 – German-American anthropologist Franz Boas is the first to see Nettilling Lake on
Baffin Island.[77]
1887–89 – Stanley traverses the Ituri Rainforest, explores the Rwenzori, and follows the
Semliki to its source (which he names Lake Edward).[123]
1892 – Robert Peary discovers and names Independence Bay and Peary Land.[121]
1893–96 – Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen sledge to 86°13'06" N; their ship, the
Fram, under Otto Sverdrup, drifts in the ice from the New Siberian Islands west to the
northwest coast of Spitsbergen, reaching 85°55'05" N—a new record for a ship.[121]
1898–1902 – Sverdrup and Gunnar Isachsen chart the western coast of Ellesmere Island
and discover and name Axel Heiberg, Ellef Ringnes, Amund Ringnes, and King Christian
Islands.[126]

20th century
1900 – Peary explores the north coast of Greenland
from Kap Washington to Kap Clarence Wyckoff, on the
way reaching Cape Morris Jesup, the most northern
point of mainland Greenland.[127]
1902–04 – Robert Falcon Scott traces the length of the
Ross Ice Shelf, discovers the Edward VII Peninsula,
reaches about 82°11’ S (in the process tracing 600
kilometres (370 mi) of the west coast of the shelf),
crosses the Transantarctic Mountains and discovers the Amundsen's party at the South Pole,
Antarctic Plateau, penetrating nearly 240 kilometres December 1911. From left to right:
(150 mi) into it; he is also the first to see the dry valleys Amundsen, Hanssen, Hassel and
of the Antarctic.[128] Wisting (photo by fifth member
Bjaaland).
1903–06 – Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen
leads the first expedition to traverse the entire
Northwest Passage, in the sloop Gjøa; Godfred
Hansen, his second-in-command, charts the east coast
of Victoria Island north to Cape Nansen (72°02'N,
104°45'W).[129]
1906–07 – Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen and Johan Peter
Koch chart the northeast coast of Greenland from Kap
Bismarck (76°42' N) to Kap Clarence Wyckoff (82°52' Scott's party at the South Pole,
N), discovering Danmark Fjord.[77] 18 January 1912. L to R: (standing)
1908–09 – Frederick Cook and Peary each claim to Wilson, Scott, Oates; (seated)
have reached the North Pole—the former is a fraud, the Bowers, Edgar Evans.
latter widely doubted. [121]

1910–11 – Bernhard Hantzsch crosses Baffin Island

from Cumberland Sound to the Koukdjuak River,
exploring the west coast of the island north to
68°45’N.[77]
1911–12 – Amundsen becomes the first person to
reach the South Pole. Scott and his team reach the
Pole over a month later, all perishing on the return
journey.[128]
1913 – Frederick Bailey and Henry Morshead on their Severnaya Zemlya – raising of the
exploration of the Tsangpo Gorge discover the route of Russian flag in 1913.
the Yarlung Tsangpo river.[130]
1913–14 – Boris Vilkitsky and Per Novopashennyy
discover Severnaya Zemlya, surveying parts of its eastern coast from Mys Arkticheskiy to
Mys Vaygacha (its southeast point), as well as much of its south coast west to Mys
Neupokoyeva.[131]
1915–17 – Vilhjalmur Stefansson discovers Brock, Mackenzie King, Borden, Meighen, and
Lougheed Islands; one of his men, Storker T. Storkerson, charts part of the northeast coast
of Victoria Island, discovering the Storkerson Peninsula and Stefansson Island.[77][132]
1924–29 – Joseph Dewey Soper explores the interior of Baffin Island before surveying its
west coast north to Hantzsch River.[77]
1926 – Amundsen, Lincoln Ellsworth and Umberto Nobile in the airship Norge are the first
definitely known to have sighted the North Pole.[121]
1927 – George P. Putnam charts the north coast of the Foxe Peninsula from Cape
Dorchester to Bowman Bay.[77]
1930–32 – Georgy Ushakov and Nikolay Urvantsev survey the entire coast of Severnaya
Zemlya, showing it to be made up of four main islands: October Revolution, Komsomolets,
Pioneer, and Bolshevik Islands—in all surveying some 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi) of
coastline and interior.[131]
1932 – W. A. Poole discovers Prince Charles Island.[133]
1934 – Richard E. Byrd discovers and names Roosevelt Island.
1937–41 – Thomas and Ella Manning map the west coast of Baffin Island from the
Hantzsch River to Steensby Inlet.[77]
1940 – Byrd discovers Thurston Island, believing it to be a peninsula.
1948 – E. C. Kerslake charts Prince Charles, Air Force, and Foley Islands.[29]
1950 – Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal of the French Annapurna expedition become
the first climbers to reach the summit of an 8,000-metre peak.[134]
 1953 – Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay are the first to ascend Mount Everest.[135]
1954 – Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni are the first to ascend K2 on the Italian
Karakoram expedition.[136]
1957 – Finn Ronne discovers Berkner Island.

See also
Timeline of maritime migration and exploration

References
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gle.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&lpg=1). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 465–474.
ISBN 0-8166-0782-6.
2. Morison, Samuel (1974). The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages,
1492–1616 (https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00mori). New York: Oxford
University Press.
3. Whitfield, Peter (1998). New Found Lands: Maps in the History of Exploration (https://archiv
e.org/details/newfoundlandsmap0000whit). Routledge.
4. Ravenstein, Ernest George (1900). The voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias,
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