Private school

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with Independent school. (Discuss) Learn more

Private schools, also known to many as

independent schools, non-governmental,
privately funded, or non-state schools,[1]
are not administered by local, state or
national governments. Children who
attend private schools may be there
because they are dissatisfied with public
schools in their area. They may be
selected for their academic prowess, or
prowess in other fields, or sometimes their
religious background. Private schools
retain the right to select their students and
are funded in whole or in part by charging
their students for tuition, rather than
relying on taxation through public
(government) funding; at some private
schools students may be able to get a
scholarship, lowering this tuition fee,
dependent on a student's talents or
abilities (e.g. sport scholarship, art
scholarship, academic scholarship), need
for financial aid, or tax credit
scholarships[2] that might be available.
Some private schools are associated with
a particular religion, such as Judaism,
Roman Catholicism, or Lutheranism. For
the past century, roughly one in 10 U.S
families has chosen to enroll their children
in private school.[3]

Types of private schools

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In the United Kingdom and several other

Commonwealth countries including
Australia and Canada, the use of the term
is generally restricted to primary and
secondary educational levels; it is almost
never used of universities and other
tertiary institutions.[4] Private education in
North America covers the whole gamut of
educational activity, ranging from pre-
school to tertiary level institutions.[5]
Annual tuition fees at K-12 schools range
from nothing at so called 'tuition-free'
schools to more than $45,000 at several
New England preparatory schools.[6]

The secondary level includes schools

offering years 7 through 12 (year twelve is
known as lower sixth) and year 13 (upper
sixth). This category includes university-
preparatory schools or "prep schools",
boarding schools and day schools. Tuition
at private secondary schools varies from
school to school and depends on many
factors, including the location of the
school, the willingness of parents to pay,
peer tuitions and the school's financial
endowment.[7] High tuition, schools claim,
is used to pay higher salaries for the best
teachers and also used to provide
enriched learning environments, including
a low student-to-teacher ratio, small class
sizes and services, such as libraries,
science laboratories and computers.
Some private schools are boarding
schools and many military academies are
privately owned or operated as well.
Religiously affiliated and denominational
schools form a subcategory of private
schools. Some such schools teach
religious education, together with the
usual academic subjects to impress their
particular faith's beliefs and traditions in
the students who attend. Others use the
denomination as more of a general label to
describe on what the founders based their
belief, while still maintaining a fine
distinction between academics and
religion. They include parochial schools,[8]
a term which is often used to denote
Roman Catholic schools. Other religious
groups represented in the K–12 private
education sector include Protestants,
Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox
Christians.

Many educational alternatives, such as

independent schools, are also privately
financed.[9] Private schools often avoid
some state regulations, although in the
name of educational quality, most comply
with regulations relating to the educational
content of classes. Religious private
schools often simply add religious
instruction to the courses provided by
local public schools.

Special assistance schools aim to improve

the lives of their students by providing
services tailored to very specific needs of
individual students. Such schools include
tutoring schools and schools to assist the
learning of handicapped children.

By country
Australia
Private schools are one of three types of
school in Australia, the other two being
government schools (state schools) and
religious. Whilst private schools are
sometimes considered "public" schools
(as in the Associated Public Schools of
Victoria), the term "public school" is
usually synonymous with a government
school.

Private schools in Australia may be

favored for many reasons: prestige and
the social status of the "old school tie";
better quality physical infrastructure and
more facilities (e.g. playing fields,
swimming pools, etc.), higher-paid
teachers; and/or the belief that private
schools offer a higher quality of education.
Some schools offer the removal of the
purported distractions of co-education; the
presence of boarding facilities; or stricter
discipline based on their power of
expulsion, a tool not readily available to
government schools. Student uniforms for
Australian private schools are generally
stricter and more formal than in
government schools – for example, a
compulsory blazer. Private schools in
Australia are always more expensive than
their public counterparts[10]

There are two main categories of private

schools in Australia: Catholic schools and
Independent schools.[11]

Catholic schools

Catholic schools form the second largest

sector after government schools, with
around 21% of secondary enrollments.[12]
Most Australian Catholic schools belong
to a system, like government schools, are
typically co-educational and attempt to
provide Catholic education evenly across
the states. These schools are also known
as "systemic". Systemic Catholic schools
are funded mainly by state and federal
government and have low fees.

Catholic schools, both systemic and

independent, typically have a strong
religious focus, and usually most of their
staff and students will be Catholic.[11]
Independent schools

Independent schools make up the last

sector and are the most popular form of
schooling for boarding students.
Independent schools are non-government
institutions that are generally not part of a
system.

Although most are non-aligned, some of

the best known independent schools also
belong to the large, long-established
religious foundations, such as the
Anglican Church, Uniting Church and
Presbyterian Church, but in most cases,
they do not insist on their students'
religious allegiance. These schools are
typically viewed as "elite schools". Many of
the "grammar schools" also fall in this
category. They are usually expensive
schools that tend to be up-market and
traditional in style, some Catholic schools
fall into this category as well, e.g. St
Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint
Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's
College, Campbelltown, St Aloysius'
College (Sydney) and St Joseph's College,
Hunters Hill, as well as Loreto Kirribilli,
Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College and
Loreto Normanhurst for girls.

Lower-fee independent schools exist and

are often conducted by religious
affiliations such as the Greek Orthodox
church and other less prominent Christian
denominations.

Canada
In 1999, 5.6% of Canadian students were
enrolled in private schools,[13] some of
which are religious or faith-based schools,
including Christian, Catholic, Jewish, and
Islamic schools. Some private schools in
Canada are considered world class,
especially some boarding schools with a
long and illustrious history. Private schools
have sometimes been controversial, with
some[14] in the media and in Ontario's
Provincial Ministry of Education asserting
that students may buy inflated grades
from private schools.[15]
Germany

The right to create private schools in

Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the
Grundgesetz and cannot be suspended
even in a state of emergency. It is also not
possible to abolish these rights. This
unusual protection of private schools was
implemented to protect these schools
from a second Gleichschaltung or similar
event in the future. Still, they are less
common than in many other countries.
Overall, between 1992 and 2008 the
percent of pupils in such schools in
Germany increased from 6.1% to 7.8%
(including rise from 0.5% to 6.1% in the
former GDR). Percent of students in
private high schools reached 11.1%.[16]

There are two types of private schools in

Germany, Ersatzschulen (literally:
substitute schools) and
Ergänzungsschulen (literally: auxiliary
schools). There are also private
Hochschulen (private colleges and
universities) in Germany, but similar to the
UK, the term private school is almost never
used of universities or other tertiary
institutions.

Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or

secondary schools, which are run by
private individuals, private organizations or
religious groups. These schools offer the
same types of diplomas as public schools.
Ersatzschulen lack the freedom to operate
completely outside government regulation.
Teachers at Ersatzschulen must have at
least the same education and at least the
same wages as teachers at public
schools, an Ersatzschule must have at
least the same academic standards as a
public school and Article 7, Paragraph 4 of
the Grundgesetz, also forbids segregation
of pupils according to the means of their
parents (the so-called Sonderungsverbot).
Therefore, most Ersatzschulen have very
low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships,
compared to most other Western
European countries. However, it is not
possible to finance these schools with
such low tuition fees, which is why all
German Ersatzschulen are additionally
financed with public funds. The
percentages of public money could reach
100% of the personnel expenditures.
Nevertheless, Private Schools became
insolvent in the past in Germany.

Ergänzungsschulen are secondary or post-

secondary (non-tertiary) schools, which
are run by private individuals, private
organizations or rarely, religious groups
and offer a type of education which is not
available at public schools. Most of these
schools are vocational schools. However,
these vocational schools are not part of
the German dual education system.
Ergänzungsschulen have the freedom to
operate outside government regulation
and are funded in whole by charging their
students tuition fees.

Italy

In Italy, private schools account for about

one-fifth of the Italian schools, as
education is predominantly public. About
one out of 10 Italian students attends a
private school, while others go to public
school. The Italian constitution states that
education be public, free[17] and
compulsory for at least 8 years.

The majority of schools not administered

by the state are Catholic. In the period
2008–2009 Catholic schools were about
57% of all private schools, with a tendency
to decrease.

India
Students of a private school in Mizoram, India

In India, private schools are called

independent schools, but since some
private schools receive financial aid from
the government, it can be an aided or an
unaided school. So, in a strict sense, a
private school is an unaided independent
school. For the purpose of this definition,
only receipt of financial aid is considered,
not land purchased from the government
at a subsidized rate. It is within the power
of both the union government and the
state governments to govern schools
since Education appears in the Concurrent
list of legislative subjects in the
constitution. The practice has been for the
union government to provide the broad
policy directions while the states create
their own rules and regulations for the
administration of the sector. Among other
things, this has also resulted in 30
different Examination Boards or academic
authorities that conduct examinations for
school leaving certificates. Prominent
Examination Boards that are present in
multiple states are the CBSE and the
CISCE, NENBSE

Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies

can run schools in India. They will have to
satisfy a number of infrastructure and
human resource related criteria to get
Recognition (a form of license) from the
government. Critics of this system point
out that this leads to corruption by school
inspectors who check compliance and to
fewer schools in a country that has the
largest adult illiterate population in the
world. While official data does not capture
the real extent of private schooling in the
country, various studies have reported
unpopularity of government schools and
an increasing number of private schools.
The Annual Status of Education Report
(ASER), which evaluates learning levels in
rural India, has been reporting poorer
academic achievement in government
schools than in private schools. A key
difference between the government and
private schools is that the medium of
education in private schools is English
while it is the local language in
government schools.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, private schools are usually in

larger cities. All private schools in
Indonesia are established by foundations.
The costs of education are not subsidised
from the government. The differences
between private schools and public
schools depends on each school. Each
private school applies policies from the
Indonesian Government, and all private
schools give the opportunity of additional
activities whether cultural or for sport.

Ireland

In Ireland, private schools (Irish: scoil

phríobháideach) are unusual because a
certain number of teacher's salaries are
paid by the State. If the school wishes to
employ extra teachers they are paid for
with school fees, which tend to be
relatively low in Ireland compared to the
rest of the world. There is, however, a
limited element of state assessment of
private schools, because of the
requirement that the state ensure that
children receive a certain minimum
education; Irish private schools must still
work towards the Junior Certificate and
the Leaving Certificate, for example. Many
private schools in Ireland also double as
boarding schools. The average fee is
around €5,000 annually for most schools,
but some of these schools also provide
boarding and the fees may then rise up to
€25,000 per year. The fee-paying schools
are usually run by a religious order, i.e., the
Society of Jesus or Congregation of
Christian Brothers, etc. The major private
schools being Blackrock College,
Clongowes Wood College, Castleknock
College, Belvedere College, Gonzaga
College and Terenure College.
There are also a small number of private
international schools in Ireland, including a
French school, a Japanese school and a
German school.

Lebanon

In Lebanon the vast majority of students

attend private schools, most of which are
owned and operated by the Maronite
Church. Government owned schools do
exist, but only a small percentage of the
population attend these aging structures,
most of which were built in the mid-
twentieth century. Educational standards
are very high in Lebanon, but only those
who can afford them are found in these
schools. This presents a massive issue as
not only does it place a burden on parents
and younger families, but it also prevents
certain individuals from realizing their full
potential.

Lebanon utilizes an unusual mixed system,

with French, English and American
systems intertwining, sometimes in the
same facility. As of 2015, approximately
85% of Secondary and High School
graduates continued on to university.

Malaysia

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Chinese schools were being founded by

the ethnic Chinese in Malaya as early as
the 19th century. The schools were set up
with the main intention of providing
education in the Chinese language. As
such, their students remain largely
Chinese to this day even though the school
themselves are open to people of all races
and backgrounds.

After Malaysia's independence in 1957, the

government instructed all schools to
surrender their properties and be
assimilated into the National School
system. This caused an uproar among the
Chinese and a compromise was achieved
in that the schools would instead become
"National Type" schools. Under such a
system, the government is only in charge
of the school curriculum and teaching
personnel while the lands still belonged to
the schools. While Chinese primary
schools were allowed to retain Chinese as
the medium of instruction, Chinese
secondary schools are required to change
into English-medium schools. Over 60
schools converted to become National
Type schools.

Nepal
In much of Nepal, the schooling offered by
the state governments would technically
come under the category of "public
schools". They are federal or state funded
and have zero or minimal fees.

The other category of schools are those

run and partly or fully funded by private
individuals, private organizations and
religious groups. The ones that accept
government funds are called 'aided'
schools. The private 'un-aided' schools are
fully funded by private parties. The
standard and the quality of education is
quite high. Technically, these would be
categorized as private schools, but many
of them have the name "Public School"
appended to them, e.g., the Galaxy Public
School in Kathmandu. Most of the middle-
class families send their children to such
schools, which might be in their own city
or far off, like boarding schools. The
medium of education is English, but as a
compulsory subject, Nepali and/or the
state's official language is also taught.
Preschool education is mostly limited to
organized neighbourhood nursery schools.

Netherlands

In The Netherlands over two-thirds of

state-funded schools operate
autonomously, with many of these schools
being linked to faith groups.[18] The
Programme for International Student
Assessment, coordinated by the OECD,
ranks the education in the Netherlands as
the 9th best in the world as of 2008, being
significantly higher than the OECD
average.[19]

New Zealand

As of April 2014, there were 88 private

schools in New Zealand, catering for
around 28,000 students or 3.7% of the
entire student population.[20] Private
school numbers have been in decline
since the mid-1970s as a result of many
private schools opting to become state-
integrated schools, mostly due of financial
difficulties stemming from changes in
student numbers and/or the economy.
State-integrated schools keep their private
school special character and receives
state funds in return for having to operate
like a state school, e.g. they must teach
the state curriculum, they must employ
registered teachers, and they can't charge
tuition fees (they can charge "attendance
dues" for the upkeep on the still-private
school land and buildings). The largest
decline in private school numbers
occurred between 1979 and 1984, when
the nation's then-private Catholic school
system integrated. As a result, private
schools in New Zealand are now largely
restricted to the largest cities (Auckland,
Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch)
and niche markets.

Private schools are almost fully funded by

tuition fees paid by students' parents, but
they do receive some government
subsidies. Private schools are popular for
academic and sporting performance,
prestige, exclusivity and old boys/girls
networks; however, many state-integrated
schools and some prestigious single-sex
state schools, such as Auckland Grammar
School and Wellington College, are actively
competitive with private schools in
academic and sporting achievement,
history and character.

Private schools are often Anglican, such

as King's College and Diocesan School for
Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate
School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in
Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate
School in Wellington, and Christ's College
and St Margaret's College in Christchurch;
or Presbyterian, such as Saint Kentigern
College and St Cuthbert's College in
Auckland, Scots College and Queen
Margaret College in Wellington, and St
Andrew's College and Rangi Ruru Girls'
School in Christchurch. However, the
Catholic schismatic group, the Society of
St Pius X in Wanganui operates three
private schools (including the secondary
school, St Dominic's College).
A recent group of private schools run as a
business has been formed by Academic
Colleges Group; with schools throughout
Auckland, including ACG Senior College in
Auckland's CBD, ACG Parnell College in
Parnell, and international school ACG New
Zealand International College.

Oman

Oman retains a number of independent

private coeducational day schools of
international renown and a majority of
which are private educational grammar
establishments offering Classics beyond
Latin and Greek to include the ancient
literary studies of Sanskrit, Hebrew and
Arabic. Notable ones include the American
British Academy, the British School
Muscat, the Pakistan School Muscat, the
Indian School Al Ghubra and The Sultan's
School (also see List of Private Schools in
Oman).

Philippines
In the Philippines, the private sector has
been a major provider of educational
services, accounting for about 7.5% of
primary enrollment, 32% of secondary
enrollment and about 80% of tertiary
enrollment. Private schools have proven to
be efficient in resource utilization. Per unit
costs in private schools are generally
lower when compared to public schools.
This situation is more evident at the
tertiary level. Government regulations have
given private education more flexibility and
autonomy in recent years, notably by lifting
the moratorium on applications for new
courses, new schools and conversions, by
liberalizing tuition fee policy for private
schools, by replacing values education for
third and fourth years with English,
mathematics and natural science at the
option of the school, and by issuing the
revised Manual of Regulations for Private
Schools in August 1992.

The Education Service Contracting

scheme of the government provides
financial assistance for tuition and other
school fees of students turned away from
public high schools because of enrollment
overflows. The Tuition Fee Supplement is
geared to students enrolled in priority
courses in post-secondary and non-degree
programmes, including vocational and
technical courses. The Private Education
Student Financial Assistance is made
available to underprivileged, but deserving
high school graduates, who wish to pursue
college/technical education in private
colleges and universities.
In the school year 2001/02, there were
4,529 private elementary schools (out of a
total of 40,763) and 3,261 private
secondary schools (out of a total of
7,683). In 2002/03, there were 1,297
private higher education institutions (out
of a total of 1,470).

Portugal

In Portugal, private schools were

traditionally set up by foreign expatriates
and diplomats in order to cater for their
educational needs. Portuguese speaking
private schools are mainly concentrated in
Lisbon and Porto. The Ministério da
Educação acts as the supervisory and
regulatory body for all schools, including
international schools.

Singapore

In Singapore, after Primary School Leaving

Examination or PSLE for short, students
can choose to enter a private high school.
(“Private Schools.” Private Schools in
Singapore | Private Education,
www.actualyse.com/prv/private-
schools.aspx?c=SG&alang=en.)

South Africa

Some of the oldest schools in South Africa

are private church schools that were
established by missionaries in the early
nineteenth century. The private sector has
grown ever since. After the abolition of
apartheid, the laws governing private
education in South Africa changed
significantly. The South African Schools
Act of 1996[21] recognizes two categories
of schools: "public" (state-controlled) and
"independent" (which includes traditional
private schools and schools which are
privately governed).

In the final years of the apartheid era,

parents at white government schools were
given the option to convert to a "semi-
private" form called Model C, and many of
these schools changed their admissions
policies to accept children of other races.
Following the transition to democracy, the
legal form of "Model C" was abolished,
however, the term continues to be used to
describe government schools formerly
reserved for white children.[22] These
schools tend to produce better academic
results than government schools formerly
reserved for other race groups.[23] Former
"Model C" schools are not private schools,
as they are state-controlled. All schools in
South Africa (including both independent
schools and public schools) have the right
to set compulsory school fees, and
formerly model C schools tend to set
much higher school fees than other public
schools.

Sweden

In Sweden, pupils are free to choose a

private school and the private school gets
paid the same amount as municipal
schools. Over 10% of Swedish pupils were
enrolled in private schools in 2008.
Sweden is internationally known for this
innovative school voucher model that
provides Swedish pupils with the
opportunity to choose the school they
prefer.[24][25][26][27][28] For instance, the
biggest school chain, Kunskapsskolan
(“The Knowledge School”), offers 30
schools and a web-based environment,
has 700 employees and teaches nearly
10,000 pupils.[24] The Swedish system has
been recommended to Barack Obama.[29]

United Kingdom
Non-governmental schools generally
prefer to be called independent schools,
because of their freedom to operate
outside government and local government
control. Some of these are also known as
public schools, as they are open to
enrolment from anywhere in the world.
Preparatory schools in England and Wales
prepare pupils up to 13 years old to enter
"public schools", meaning independent
senior schools. In Scotland, where the
education system has always been
separate from the rest of Great Britain, the
term “public school” is used to refer to
state schools, which are for the general
public.

According to The Good Schools Guide

about 9% of children being educated in the
United Kingdom are at fee-paying schools
at GCSE level and 13% at A-level. Some
independent schools are single-sex,
although this is becoming less
common.[30] Fees range from under
£3,000 to £21,000 and above per year for
day pupils, rising to £27,000+ per year for
boarders.[31] Costs differ in Scotland.[32]

On 15 August 2010 The Observer reported

that the gap in A-Level achievement
between independent schools and state
schools in the UK was set to widen, with
three times as many independently
educated students achieving the new
grade A*. The paper also noted that
according to the "fair access watchdog"
bright students from the poorest
backgrounds were seven times less likely
to go to a top university than their richer
peers.[33]

However, one in four independently

educated children come from postcodes
with the national average income or below,
and one in three receives assistance with
school fees.[34] However, pupils' actual
family incomes, which may be below or
above the average for a particular
postcode area, were not determined.

Evidence from a major longitudinal study

suggests that British independent schools
provide advantages in educational
attainment and access to top
universities,[35] and that graduates of such
schools have a labour market advantage,
even controlling for their educational
qualifications.[36]

United States

In the United States, the term "private

school" can be correctly applied to any
school for which the facilities and funding
are not provided by the federal, state or
local government; as opposed to a "public
school", which is operated by the
government or in the case of charter
schools, independently with government
funding and regulation. The majority of
private schools in the United States are
operated by religious institutions and
organizations.[37]

Private schools are generally exempt from

most educational regulations at the
Federal level but are highly regulated at the
state level.[38] These typically require them
to follow the spirit of regulations
concerning the content of courses in an
attempt to provide a level of education
equal to or better than that available in
public schools.

In the nineteenth century, as a response to

the perceived domination of the public
school systems by Protestant political and
religious ideas, many Roman Catholic
parish churches, dioceses and religious
orders established schools, which operate
entirely without government funding. For
many years, the vast majority of private
schools in the United States were Catholic
schools.[39]

A similar perception (possibly relating to

the evolution vs. creationism debates)
emerged in the late twentieth century
among Protestants, which has resulted in
the widespread establishment of new,
private schools.

In many parts of the United States, after

the 1954 decision in the landmark court
case Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka that demanded United States
schools desegregate "with all deliberate
speed", local families organized a wave of
private "Christian academies". In much of
the U.S. South, many white students
migrated to the academies, while public
schools became in turn more heavily
concentrated with African-American
students (see List of private schools in
Mississippi). The academic content of the
academies was usually College
Preparatory. Since the 1970s, many of
these "segregation academies" have shut
down, although some continue to operate.

Funding for private schools is generally

provided through student tuition,
endowments, scholarship/school voucher
funds, and donations and grants from
religious organizations or private
individuals. Government funding for
religious schools is either subject to
restrictions or possibly forbidden,
according to the courts' interpretation of
the Establishment Clause of the First
Amendment or individual state Blaine
Amendments. Non-religious private
schools theoretically could qualify for such
funding without hassle, preferring the
advantages of independent control of their
student admissions and course content
instead of the public funding they could
get with charter status.

A similar concept, recently emerging from

within the public school system, is the
concept of "charter schools", which are
technically independent public schools,
but in many respects operate similarly to
non-religious private schools.

Private schooling in the United States has

been debated by educators, lawmakers
and parents, since the beginnings of
compulsory education in Massachusetts
in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent
appears to favor educational choice, so
long as states may set standards for
educational accomplishment. Some of the
most relevant Supreme Court case law on
this is as follows: Runyon v. McCrary, 427
U.S. 160 (1976); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406
U.S. 205 (1972); Pierce v. Society of Sisters,
268 U.S. 510 (1925); Meyer v. Nebraska,
262 U.S. 390 (1923).

There is a potential conflict between the

values espoused in the above cited cases
and the limitations set forward in Article
29 of the United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child, which is below
described.[40]

As of 2012, quality private schools in the

United States charged substantial tuition,
close to $40,000 annually for day schools
in New York City, and nearly $50,000 for
boarding schools. However, tuition did not
cover operating expenses, particularly at
boarding schools. The leading schools
such as the Groton School had substantial
endowments running to hundreds of
millions of dollars supplemented by
fundraising drives. Boarding schools with
a reputation for quality in the United States
have a student body drawn from
throughout the country, indeed the globe,
and a list of applicants which far exceeds
their capacity.[41]

See also
Alternative school
Boarding school
Catholic school
Charter school
Convention against Discrimination in
Education
Freedom of education
List of Friends schools
Independent school
Independent school (UK)
Ivy League
Lutheran school
Private university
Public school (government funded)
Public school (UK)
Religious education
Voucher
Right to Education
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References
Hein, David (4 January 2004). What has
happened to Episcopal schools? The
Living Church, 228, no. 1, 21–22.
 Porter Sargent Staff, The Handbook of
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