Tutorial of Per Unit

1. A balanced Y-connected voltage source with Eab = 4800 V is applied to a balanced  load
with Z = 3040 . The line impedance between the source and load is ZL = 185  for
each phase. Calculate the per unit and actual current in phase a of the line using Sbase3 = 10
kVA and Vbase(L) = 480V.

2. A 400-MVA, 240-kV/24-kV, three-phase Y- transformer has an equivalent series impedance

of 1.2 + j6  per phase referred to the high-voltage side. The transformer is supplying a three-
phase load of 400-MVA, 0.8 power factor leading at a terminal voltage of 24 kV (line to line)
on its low-voltage side. Determine the line-to-line voltage at the high-voltage terminals of the
transformer in per unit and kV using rated values as the base.

3. 40 MVA, 20 kV/400 kV, single-phase transformer has the following series impedances:
Z1 = 0.9 + j1.8  and Z2 = 128 + j288 
Using the transformer rating as base, determine the per unit impedance of the transformer from
the ohmic value referred to the low-voltage side. Compute the per unit impedance using the
ohmic value referred to the high-voltage side. Give your comment on the both answers. Then,
find the primary voltage when the transformer is operating at full load 0.8 PF lagging.

4. A three-phase, Y-connected, 75 MVA, 27 kV synchronous generator has a synchronous

reactance of 9  per phase. Using rated MVA and voltage as base values, determine the per
unit reactance. Find the generated emf line-to-line using per unit system given the machine
delivering power at 0.85 power factor lagging at (a) rated terminal voltage, and (b) 33 kV.

5. Draw an impedance diagram for the electric power system shown in Figure 1 showing all
impedances in per unit on a 100 MVA base. Choose 20 kV as the voltage base for generator.
The three-phase power and line-line ratings are given below.
G1 : 90 MVA 20 kV X = 9%
T1 : 80 MVA 20/200 kV X = 16%
T2 : 80 MVA 200/20 kV X = 20%
G2 : 90 MVA 18 kV X = 9%
Line: 200 kV X = 120 
Load: 200 kV S = 48 MW +j64 Mvar

Figure 1

6. The three-phase power and line-line ratings of the electric power system
shown in Figure 2 are given below.
G: 60 MVA 20 kV X = 9%
T1: 50 MVA 20/200 kV X = 10%
T2: 50 MVA 200/20 kV X = 10%
M: 43.2 MVA 18 kV X = 8%
Line: 200 kV Z = 120 + j200 
 Figure 2

a) Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in per unit on a 100-MVA

base. Choose 20 kV as the voltage base for generator.
b) The motor is drawing 45 MVA, 0.80 power factor lagging at a line-to-line terminal voltage
of 18 kV. Determine the terminal voltage and the internal emf of the
generator in per unit and in kV.

7. The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Figure 3.

Impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA, 400 kV base. The load at bus 2
is S2 = 15.93 MW - j33.4 Mvar, and at bus 3 is S3 = 77 MW + j14 Mvar. It is
required to hold the voltage at bus 3 at 4000 kV. Working in per unit, determine
the voltage at buses 1, 2 and 3.

Figure 3

8. The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Figure

4. The transformer reactance is 20 percent on a base of 100 MVA, 23/115 kV and
the line impedance is Z = j66.125 . The load at bus 2 is S2 = 184.8 MW + j6.6
Mvar, and at bus 3 is S3 = 0 MW + j20 Mvar. It is required to hold the voltage at bus
3 at 1150 kV. Working in per unit, determine the voltage at buses 1, 2 and 3.

Figure 4

9. Draw a per phase schematic of the system shown in Figure 5 with all impedances in pu on a
base of 100 MVA and 132 kV at the transmission line. The parameters of the equipment in the
system are as follow:
G1 : 50 MVA 12.2 kV X = 0.15 pu
G2 : 20 MVA 13.8 kV X = 0.15 pu
T1 : 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV X = 0.1 pu
T2 : 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV X = 0.1 pu
Load: 50 MVA 154 kV 0.8 PF lagging
 40 + j160 
T1 T2

G1 G2
20 + j80  20 + j80 
50 MVA 80 MVA 40 MVA 20 MVA

Load

Figure 5

10. Consider the simple power system network shown in Figure 6. The rating of each component
is given below. Choose the generator’s rating as the base value in the circuit and draw the
impedance diagram of the system.
G: 3 300 MVA 20 kV X = 0.2 pu
T1 : 3 350 MVA 20/230 kV X = 0.1 pu
T2 : 3x1 100 MVA 127/13.2 kV X = 0.2 pu
M1 : 3 200 MVA 13.2 kV X = 0.2 pu
M2 : 3 100 MVA 13.2 kV X = 0.1 pu
TL: Length = 64 km, series reactance = 0.5 /km
If both M1 and M2 motors need supply powers of 100 MW and 50 MW at 13.2 kV and 0.8
PF lagging, find the voltage at the generator.

T1 T2 M1
TL
G
M2

Figure 6

11. The one line diagram of a three phase power system is shown in Figure 7. Select a common
base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side. Draw an impedance diagram with all
impedances including the load impedance marked in per unit. The manufacturer’s data for each
device is given as follow:
G: 90 MVA 22 kV X = 18%
T1 : 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 10%
T2 : 40 MVA 220/11 kV X = 6%
T3 : 40 MVA 22/110 kV X = 6.4%
T4 : 40 MVA 110/11 kV X = 8%
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X = 18.5%
The three-phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 PF lagging at 10.45 kV. Line 1 and line 2
have reactances of 48.4 and 65.43  respectively. The motor operates at full load 0.8 PF
leading at terminal voltage of 10.45 kV.
(a) Determine the voltage at the generator bus bar (bus 1)
(b) Determine the generator and the motor internal emfs.
 1 T1 2 3 T2 4
Line 1

M
G
T3 5 6 T4
Line 2 Load

Figure 7

12. The three phase line ratings of the electric power system shown in Figure 8 are given as below.
G1 : 500 MVA 13.8 kV X = 20%
G2 : 750 MVA 18 kV X = 18%
T1 : 500 MVA 13.8/500 kV X = 12%
T2 : 750 MVA 18/500 kV X = 10%
T3 : 1000 MVA 500/20 kV X = 10%
Load : 1000 MVA 18 kV X = 10%
TL : X = 50 

T1 1 j50  2 j50  3 T3

G1
Load

j50 

T2

G2

Figure 8

(a) Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in per unit on a 1000 MVA base
and 18 kV on the generator 2 side.
(b) The terminal voltage of the load is 19 kV. Determine the load current in per unit and
Ampere.