Physics-Investigatory Project
Physics-Investigatory Project
Physics-Investigatory Project
The refractive index (n) of an optical medium is defined as the ratio of speed
of light in vaccum and the speed of light in that medium. It is a dimensionless
number that describes how light propagates through that medium.
For visible light most transparent media has refractive indices between 1 and
2. Gases at atmospheric pressure have refractive index close to 1 because of
low density.
Almost all solids and liquids have refractive indices above 1.3 with aerogel as
clear exception. Aerogel is a very low density solid that can be produced with
refractive index from 1.002 to 1.265 .
The refractive index depends upon the density of the medium higher is the
density, more is the refractive index value of that particular medium
APPARATUS
Convex Lens
Plane Mirror
Oil
Acetone
Glycerine
Clamp Stand
An Optical Needle
Plumb Line
Knitting Needle
Half Meter Scale
Glass Slab
Spherometer
DIAGRAM
THEORY
1. If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and
liquid lens and f be the focal length of their combination
then:-
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑭𝒇𝟐
= + or f2 =
𝑭 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐 𝒇𝟏 −𝑭
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝒏 − 𝟏) ⌊ − ⌋
𝒇𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
=(𝒏 − 𝟏) ⌊ − ⌋
𝑹𝟏 ∞
𝟏
= (n-1)⌊ − 𝟎⌋
𝑹
𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
=
𝒇𝟐 𝑹
𝑹
n= +𝟏
𝒇𝟐
Where n = Refractive index of the liquid
R = the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.
2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and
then a convex lens on the plane mirror.
3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the
stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its
image.
10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the
spherometer on this lens surface.
12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and place
on the plane mirror surface and record the reading.
𝒍𝟏 + 𝒍𝟐 + 𝒍𝟑
l=
𝟑
OBSERVATIONS
To find h
S.No Initial reading No. of Final Additional h=n x Mean
of the C.S. on complete reading of C.S div. pitch “h”
the convex rotations the C.S.R moved + m x (cm)
lens on the (m) L.C
(a) (n) glass slab
1 10 01 80 30 0.13 0.13cm
𝑙2 ℎ
𝑅= + = 15.7 𝑐𝑚
6ℎ 2
1) For glycerine
R 21
Μ1 = 1 + = 1+ = 1.47
Fg 43.85
2) For oil
R 15.7
μ2 = 1 + = 1+ = 1.67
Fo 23.24
3) For acetone
R 21
μ3 = 1 + = 1+ = 1.36
Fa 57.75
Results
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY