33R 15
33R 15
33R 15
15
DEVELOPI
NGTHEPROJ
ECT
WORKBREAKDOWNSTRUCTURE
AACE® International Recommended Practice No. 33R-15
Any terms found in AACE Recommended Practice 10S-90, Cost Engineering Terminology, supersede terms defined in
other AACE work products, including but not limited to, other recommended practices, the Total Cost Management
Framework, and Skills & Knowledge of Cost Engineering.
Contributors:
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the contributors to this recommended practice are their own and do not necessarily
reflect those of their employers, unless otherwise stated.
James Dozier, EVP (Primary Contributor) Larry R. Dysert, CCP CEP DRMP
Robert Loop, EVP PSP (Technical Advisor) Dan Melamed, CCP EVP
Dr. Peerapong Aramvareekul, EVP PSP Todd W. Pickett, CCP CEP
Jeffery J. Borowicz, CCP CEP PSP Richard C. Plumery, EVP
Peter R. Bredehoeft, Jr. CEP H. Lance Stephenson, CCP
Robert B. Brown, PE Dr. Stephen P. Warhoe, PE CCP CFCC
Ronald L. Clendenon, PE EVP
This document is copyrighted by AACE International and may not be reproduced without permission. Organizations may obtain permission
to reproduce a limited number of copies by entering into a license agreement. For information please contact [email protected]
AACE® International Recommended Practice No. 33R-15
DEVELOPING THE PROJECT WORK BREAKDOWN
STRUCTURE
TCM Framework: 7.1 – Project Scope and Execution Strategy Development
8.1 – Project Control Plan Implementation
March 1, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
This recommended practice (RP) describes the purpose, development, and management of a work breakdown
structure (WBS). This RP provides guidance regarding the use of a WBS on projects and demonstrates typical
examples for a WBS. Additional project coding structures (e.g. organizational breakdown structures, risk
breakdown structures) are covered in other recommended practices.
This recommended practice is intended to provide guidelines (i.e., not a standard) for development of a work
breakdown structure based on the decomposition of the scope of the project statement of work (SOW). The intent
of the RP is to document what most practitioners would consider to be good practices that can be relied upon and
considered for use. The intended audience is project team members including project managers, project
controls professionals, and earned value practitioners who develop and use the work breakdown structure as a
part of the project planning process. This RP applies to owner/operator firms as well as to contractor firms.
At times, a program or portfolio WBS may contain additional hierarchical levels to indicate the relationship of
projects within the program or portfolio.
This RP is aligned with the Total Cost Management Framework, as well as the Electronics Industries Alliance (EIA) -
748 Earned Value Management Systems (EVMS) guidelines (Guidelines 1 and 3).
March 1, 2016
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
The work breakdown structure is a hierarchical framework for organizing and ordering the activities that make up
the entire project scope. It should cover all project scope and be broken down into “unique and manageable parts
that correspond to key deliverables, phases of work, or milestones.”[4] They are product (deliverable-based) or
process oriented structures that provide a common frame of reference for managing and reporting project
elements (e.g. estimating, scheduling, etc.) to stakeholders. A general description of the qualities of a WBS can be
summarized in Table 1, below.
• Be unique - there can only be one WBS for each • Be a comprehensive list of all work activities.
project. • Contain a chronological listing - it specifies
• Contain all of the project work scope and be what will be done, not when.
updated to include revisions for authorized • Contain planned activities- it specifies what
changes and modifications throughout the will be done, not how.
project’s life cycle. • Be used to describe an organizational
• Establish the project baseline for performance hierarchy.
measurement and control.
• Be the common reference for both internal
and/or external project reporting.
Table 1 – Qualities of a WBS
Development of a WBS begins with decomposition of the project scope of work. This process breaks down the
entire scope into discrete elements for which work can be planned and managed effectively.
For example, construction of a warehouse facility may be decomposed into site, foundation, superstructure, wall
cladding, electrical and other mechanical systems, and other physical components. These components may not
establish a manageable level of project control, or meet other project requirements. As such, the foundation may
be further decomposed into greater detail that may include grade walls and concrete spread footers. This
decomposition, when organized in a logical hierarchical manner, is called the WBS.
All costs and resources for a project should be mapped to a WBS element.
Scope decomposition and WBS development is a collaborative effort by the project team that may include the
project manager, project control personnel, technical, and other stakeholders.
March 1, 2016
The WBS hierarchy establishes the ordered relationship between the various elements of the WBS. The lowest
level of any branch of the WBS is defined by the project requirements including estimating and control.
March 1, 2016
In the examples shown in Figure 1 and Table 2, note that not all sub-levels have been expanded upon in the
hierarchy. Also note that not every branch of the hierarchy needs to reach the most detailed sub-level.
While all work breakdown structures contain the same basic elements, they can vary by industry.
WBS Dictionary
The WBS dictionary describes each of the work elements. It may include milestones, deliverables, activities, scope,
dates, resources, costs, and quality requirements. Attributes that may be found in a WBS dictionary include:
• End result or expected work product.
• Relationships and dependencies between elements of work.
• Optional Elements:
• Risk factors.
• Assumptions or limitations.
• Technical specifications.
• Other supporting documents.
A dictionary may be shown in many forms; however they should contain the same information for all WBS
elements. An example of a WBS dictionary is shown in Figure 2, below.
March 1, 2016
It is important that the WBS dictionary provides concise, relevant, and sufficient information.
Conclusion
Once the WBS and associated dictionary are developed and approved, they should be placed under revision
control. The following are some key points of the work breakdown structure:
• It established the basic building blocks for the planning of all authorized work scope.
• It is product (deliverable-based) or process oriented.
• It provides a decomposition of the scope of work.
• It establishes a common frame of reference for aligning cost estimating, scope control, project control,
reporting, etc.
Repeatable and similar projects may benefit from standardization of work breakdown structures, and WBS
dictionary formats.
REFERENCES
1. AACE International, Recommended Practice No. 10S-90, Cost Engineering Terminology, AACE
International, Morgantown, WV, (latest revision).
2. Stephenson, H. Lance, Editor. Total Cost Management Framework: An Integrated Approach to Portfolio,
Program and Project Management, Second Edition, AACE International, Morgantown, WV, 2015.
3. AACE International, Recommended Practice No. 20R-98, Project Code of Accounts, AACE International,
Morgantown, WV, (latest revision).
4. NDIA PMSC Earned Value Management Systems Intent Guide April 29, 2014 Edition, National Defense
Industrial Association.
5. Earned Value Management Systems, EIA-748-C, GEIA, March 2013
6. AACE International, Recommended Practice No. 60R-10, Developing the Project Controls Plan, AACE
International, Morgantown, WV, (latest revision).
7. AACE International, Recommended Practice No. 83R-13, Organizational Breakdown Structure and
Responsibility Matrix, AACE International, Morgantown, WV, (latest revision).
8. Department of Defense Earned Value Management System Interpretation Guide Dated Feb 18, 2015.
9. MIL-STD-881C (3 Oct 2011), Department of Defense Standard Practice, Work Breakdown Structures for
Defense Material Items.
10. Work Breakdown Structure Handbook (August 16, 2012) United States Department of Energy,
downloaded January 23, 2016 from: http://energy.gov/projectmanagement/downloads/doe-work-
breakdown-structure-handbook
March 1, 2016
CONTRIBUTORS
Disclaimer: The content provided by the contributors to this recommended practice is their own and does not
necessarily reflect that of their employers, unless otherwise stated.
March 1, 2016
Below are examples of WBS listings for a variety of industries and applications.
March 1, 2016