ABSTRACT

Earthquakes are the indication of transformation in the earth’s internal structure. Seismic
activity is common in most parts of the world, though the frequency of its occurrence is a function of
local tectonic setup. The past earthquake experiences have demonstrated huge loss of life and building
stock, affecting the social and economic conditions of a country. Though it is not possible to prevent an
earthquake, the least that can be achieved in reducing the damage is to make the buildings earthquake
resistant. With the advancement in our understanding of the earthquakes, most of the countries have
mandated the incorporation of seismic provisions in building design and architecture.
In the event of an earthquake, the seismic waves originating from the focus is transmitted in all
the possible directions. These shock waves propagate in the form of body waves and surface waves
through the earth’s interior and, are highly random in nature. These ground motions cause structures to
vibrate and induce inertia forces in the structural elements. In the absence of seismic design, the building
may fail, leading to a catastrophe. The seismic design philosophy aims to primarily ensure life safety
and secures the functionality of the building. In conjunction with the design philosophy, it is essential
to adopt earthquake-safe construction practices for the efficient seismic performance of a building.

INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes are known to have tremendous potential in causing a devastating impact on the
built environment and human life. The Republic of the Philippines (RP) is an archipelagic nation located
in Southeast Asia. Three prominent bodies of water surround the archipelago: the Pacific Ocean on the
east, the South China Sea on the west and north, and the Celebes Sea and the coastal waters of Borneo
on the south. The Philippines constitutes an archipelago of 7,107 islands and has a total land area of
approximately 300,000 square kilometers. Large mountainous terrain, narrow coastal plains and interior
valleys and plains make up the country’s topography. The country’s capital is Manila. The population
estimated is 94.01 million as of July 2009 with a growth rate of 1.96%. Ninety percent (90%) of the
Filipino population is Christians. Eighty-three percent (83%) is predominantly Roman Catholics. It has
a democratic form of government. The country is divided into three major island groups. Luzon is the
largest island group with an area of 141,000 square kilometers, followed by Mindanao covering 102,000
square kilometers, and the Visayas with 57,000 square kilometers (Orallo, 2011). The rest are small
islets that emerge and disappear with ebbing and rising of tides. The Philippines has a tropical and
maritime climate. Using temperature and rainfall as bases, its climate can be divided into two major
seasons: (1) the rainy season, from June to November; and (2) the dry season, from December to May.
The dry season may be subdivided further into (a) the cool dry season, from December to February; and
(b) the hot dry season, from March to May. The Philippines is a newly industrialized country, with an
economy anchored on agriculture but with substantial contributions from manufacturing, mining,
remittances from overseas Filipinos, and service industries such as tourism, and business process
outsourcing.If buildings are built earthquake resistant at its first place the devastation caused by
earthquakes will be mitigated most effectively. The professionals involved in the design/construction
of such structures are structural/civil engineers, who are responsible for building earthquake resistant
structures and keep the society at large in a safe environment (AJER, 2013).

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE

A. Isolation Method
Aman k and, Bhanu P. S. (2017) explained that the base-isolation techniques prove to be very
effective for the seismic protection of new framed buildings as well as for the seismic retrofitting of
existing ones. Design guidelines have been developed in many countries with a high seismic hazard
(e.g., United States, Japan, and New Zealand) and, lately, suitable code provisions have been drafted
also in Europe (Euro code 8). However, under near-fault ground motions, even base isolated structures
designed according to recent seismic codes can undergo unforeseen structural damages. The objective
behind this study is that the response of the structure is modified such that the ground below is capable
of moving without transmitting minimum or no motion to the structure above. A complete separation
is possible only in an ideal system. In a real world, it is necessary to have a vertical support to transfer
the vertical loads to the base. Maximum acceleration and displacements are a function of earthquake
for periods between zeros to infinity. During earthquakes there will be a range of periods at which
acceleration in the building will be increased beyond maximum ground acceleration, though relative
displacements may not exceed peak ground displacements. Base isolation is the ideal method to fulfill
this, by reducing the transfer of motion; the displacement of building is controlled. A house which is
designed with the help of the technique Base Isolation, which helps to protect the building from the
after effects of earthquake (following image is designed in Solid Works software, with elastomers
rubber bearings). This house will get least affected by the earthquake because suspension is provided
between the structure and its foundation. The main features of this method are: This method reduced
the seismic demand of structure, thereby reducing the cost of structure. This method helps in lesser
displacements during an earthquake. It improves the safety of Structures. It helps in reducing the
damages caused during an earthquake. This helps in maintaining the performance of structure after
event. It helps in enhancing the performance of structure under seismic loads. Preservation of property
is another feature of base isolation method.
B. Principle of Base Isolation Method
According to T. Subramani Themain (2016), the purpose of base isolation technique is to
transform the reaction of the building so that the ground shakes below the building without passing the
motions to the building. When the ground shakes the acceleration induced in the structure must equalize
to the ground acceleration and there should be a zero relative displacement between the structure and
the ground. The main aim of this method is to increase lateral strength of the structure and to increase
ductility of structure. This method is mainly found to be efficient for seismic protection of historical
buildings where superstructure has a limited seismic resistance and main focus is required only at
foundation level. By providing base isolation system the building must be able to move at least 100mm
relative to ground. Base isolation is one of the most widely accepted global retrofitting techniques in
earthquake prone areas. Seismic isolation or base isolation is a unique approach, which uncouples the
structure for the damaging effect of the ground motion. The other purpose of an isolation system is to
provide an additional means of energy dissipation. The isolators permit the building to act more flexibly
which improves its response to an earthquake. It is a powerful and relatively cheaper method of seismic
restoration of building. There are several retrofitting technique to make the structure safe against the
earthquake force such as adding bracings, wing wall buttresses, shear wall, base isolation etc. In Current
scenario the base isolation technique is used all around the world. It gives better protection against
earthquake by decrement in shear. The superstructure needs no reinforcement and least temporary work
is required. Base isolation is not suitable for all the buildings. According to IS:4326-1993 base isolation
is suitable for low to medium rise buildings rested on hard soil underneath. Buildings rested on soft
soils are not suitable for base isolation. Base isolation is of four types which are as follows:
a) Elastomeric Rubber Bearings
Bearings formed of horizontal layers of synthetic or natural rubber in thin layers bound between
steel plates. These bearings are capable of supporting high vertical loads with very small deformations.
These bearings are flexible under lateral loads. Steel plates prevent the rubber layers from bulging. Lead
cores are provided to increase damping capacity as plain elastomeric bearings does not provide
significant damping. They are usually soft in horizontal direction and hard in vertical direction.
b) Roller and Ball Bearings
For isolation applications in machinery isolation, roller and ball bearing are used. It includes
cylindrical rollers and balls. It is sufficient to resist service movements and damping depending on the
material used.
c) Springs Steel
Springs are most likely used in mechanical applications as in roller bearings. It is not adopted
in structural applications because it is flexible in both vertical and horizontal directions. This will
increase service deflections.
d) Sliding Bearing
Sliding systems with a predefined coefficient of friction can provide base isolation by limiting
acceleration and forces that are transferred. Sliders are capable of providing resistance under service
Flexibility and Damping are the two major components of base isolation system. Flexibility of the
isolation has predominant effect in response modification. Viscous dampers or Hysteretic dampers are
often provided to enhance isolation. Response reduction using dampers is independent of the structure
stiffness conditions, flexibility and force-displacements by sliding movement. Shaped or spherical
sliders are often preferred over flat sliding systems because of their restoring effect. Flat sliders provide
no restoring force and there are possibilities of displacement with aftershocks.
C. Tuned Mass Dampers Method
A tuned mass damper is a device mounted in structures to prevent discomfort, damage, or
outright structural failure caused by vibration. They are used in high rise buildings to prevent failure of
buildings during earthquakes. They are also known as an active mass damper (AMD) or harmonic
absorber. A tuned mass damper (TMD) consists of a mass (m), a spring (k), and a damping device (c),
which dissipates the energy created by the motion of the mass (usually in a form of heat). This means
that when an external force is applied to a system, such as wind pushing on a skyscraper, there has to
be acceleration. Consequently, the people in the skyscraper would feel this acceleration. In order to
make the occupants of the building feel more comfortable, tuned mass dampers are placed in structures
where the horizontal deflections from the wind’s force are felt the greatest, effectively making the
building stand relatively still. When the building begins to oscillate or sway, it sets the TMD into motion
by means of the spring and, when the building is forced right, the TMD simultaneously forces it to the
left. Ideally, the frequencies and amplitudes of the TMD and the structure should nearly match so that
EVERY time the wind pushes the building, the TMD creates an equal and opposite push on the building,
keeping its horizontal displacement at or near zero. If their frequencies were significantly different, the
TMD would create pushes that were out of sync with the pushes from the wind, and the building’s
motion would still be uncomfortable for the occupants. If their amplitudes were significantly different,
the TMD would, for example, create pushes that were in sync with the pushes from the wind but not
quite the same size and the building would still experience too much motion. The effectiveness of a
TMD is dependent on the mass ratio (of the TMD to the structure itself), the ratio of the frequency of
the TMD to the frequency of the structure (which is ideally equal to one), and the damping ratio of the
TMD (how well the damping device dissipates energy). Wide span structures (bridges, spectator stands,
large stairs, stadium roofs) as well as slender tall structures (chimneys, high rises) tend to be easily
excited to high vibration amplitudes in one of their basic mode shapes, for example by wind or marching
and jumping people. Low natural frequencies are typical for this type of structures, due to their
dimensions, as is their low damping. With GERB Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD), these vibrations can
be reduced very effectively.
The Tuned Mass Damper may consist of:
 Spring

 Oscillating Mass

 Viscodamper
Each TMD is tuned exactly to the structure and a certain natural frequency of it. Such TMD
have been designed and built with an oscillating mass of 40 to 10.000 kg (90 to 22.000 lbs) and natural
frequencies from 0.3 to 30 Hz. Vertical TMD are typically a combination of coil springs and
Viscodampers, while in case of horizontal and torsional excitation in the corresponding horizontal TMD
the coil springs are replaced by leaf springs or pendulum suspensions.
Tuned mass dampers are mainly used in the following applications:

 Tall and slender free-standing structures (bridges, pylons of bridges, chimneys, TV towers)
which tend to be excited dangerously in one of their mode shapes by wind,

 Stairs, spectator stands, pedestrian bridges excited by marching or jumping people. These
vibrations are usually not dangerous for the structure itself, but may become very unpleasant for the
people,

 Steel structures like factory floors excited in one of their natural frequencies by machines,
such as screens, centrifuges, fans etc.,

 Ships exited in one of their natural frequencies by the main engines or even by ship motion.
Tuned Mass Dampers may be already part of the structure’s original design or may be designed and
installed later.
Tuned Mass damper
A large mass or a large space is needed for their installation. The effectiveness of a tuned mass
dampers considered constrained by the maximum weight that can be practically placed on top of the
structure, plastic deformation of the spring, exceeding the limit of deformation.
Passive Control Devices
A passive control device is a device that develops forces at the location of the device by
utilizing the motion of the structure. Through the forces developed, a passive control device reduces the
energy dissipation demand on the structure by absorbing some of the input energy (Mazza & Vulcano,
2014). Thus, a passive control device cannot add energy to the structural system. Furthermore, a passive
control device does not require an external power supply. Examples of passive devices include base
isolation, tuned mass dampers (TMD), tuned liquid dampers (TLD), metallic yield dampers, viscous
fluid dampers and friction dampers.
Active Control Devices
The active control systems frameworks are the inverse side of latent frameworks, since they
can give extra vitality to the controlled structure and inverse to that conveyed by the dynamic stacking
(Krishne Gowda & Kiran, 2013). Dynamic control device require extensive measure of outer energy to
work actuators that supply a control compel to the structure. A dynamic control system can quantify
and gauge the reaction over the whole structure to decide fitting control powers. Thus, dynamic control
devices are more mind boggling than detached methodologies, requiring sensors and
evaluator/controller types of gear. Cost and upkeep of such frameworks are additionally essentially
higher than that of latent gadgets (Mazza & Vulcano, 2014)Cases among dynamic control gadgets
incorporate dynamic tuned mass damper, dynamic tuned fluid segment damper and dynamic variable
solidness damper.
 CONCLUSION
With the assistance of above dialog we can finish up here by saying that the Base isolation
system is the best worldwide retrofitting procedure as it is a savvy strategy than other retrofitting
methods. Base isolation gives the best compositional effect and has a superior seismic execution among
the other worldwide retrofitting systems. It spares a noteworthy measure of obliteration and its upkeep
cost is likewise less. The accomplishment of this strategy is to a great extent relies on advancement of
segregation gadgets and legitimate. Then again it has been seen in all the refereed literary works that
TMD's are compelling in lessening vibrations. It can likewise be successful in decreasing building
vibrations Multiple Tuned Mass Dampers are more powerful than single Tuned Mass Dampers.
Programming examination is superior to test investigation. Programming examination is efficient ,
lessen human exertion and it contains assortments of investigation strategies Model with shear divider
and models with TMD at different areas has been made for breaking down horizontal opposing power.
TMD is best for gently damped structure, and its viability diminishes as with increment in auxiliary
damping. TMD is more powerful for long term seismic tremor ground movements. TMD is best when
the basic recurrence is near the focal recurrence of ground movement. TMD is sensibly viable for
expansive grouped movements over the range of basic frequencies. Be that as it may, TMD is likewise
viable for limited grouped movements, if the structure and ground movement frequencies are near each
other. Adequacy and ideal parameters of TMD does not get influenced with expanding crest ground
increasing speed values, keeping every single other parameter steady.
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Aman k, & Bhanu P. S. (2017). Earthquake Resistant Construction Techniques. International Journal
of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017
Gowda, K., & Kiran K. (2013). Earthquake resistance of structure using dampers- a review,
International journal of advanced structures and geotechnical engineering ISSN 2319-5347, vol.02,
No. 01 january 2013. 5.
Mazza F., & Vulcano A. (2017). “Seismic response of buildings with isolation & supplemental
dissipation at the base.” Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Joints, Bearings and Seismic
Systems for Concrete Structures, Rome, Italy, 2017, CD-ROM.
Orallo, D.A., (2011). Earthquake Risk and Vulnerability Management and Lessons Learned, ARDC
Visiting Researcher 2011A, page 07, vol. 01 issue 02-october 2011.
Savita D., Satyam M., Harshit J., & Shubham N. (2016). Review paper on base isolation method- the
best retrofitting technique, SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE),
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Websites:
www.ijirset.com
www.ajer.org
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321137011_Constructional_Deficiencies_in_Masonry_Stru
ctures_and_Seismic_Risk
Recent Advances in Earthquake Resistant Conduction Practices

Fulfillment for the Subject Purposive Communication

Balmes, Cynthia C.
Cepeda, Kim Marleigh Earl C.
Consultado, Jelly Ann G.

December 2018