Unit 4

1 SITE PLANNING & HOUSING DESIGN
UNIT IV SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN 10

Site Planning : Selection of site for housing, consideration of physical characteristics of site,
locational factors, orientation, climate, topography – Landscaping- Housing design - Traditional
housing, row housing, cluster housing – apartments and highrise housing relating to Indian
situations – case studies in India – integration all types of services, parking, incorporation of
green sustainable practices –prefabrication in housing.
3.1 SITE PLANNING / DESIGN PROCESS
Planning and design occur as a process, by which we mean that they follow a logical sequence of
actionsor events that must be carried out toarrive at a viable solution. It is a multi-disciplinary
problem –solving operation often involving architects,landscape architects and engineers, and
frequently may require input from physical scientist as well toaddress environment issues. It require
a logical objectives for some steps, but also allows room forsubjective design interpretation at
others.
There are several notable models from which we can draw to understand the basic components of
thesite planning and design process. Kevin Lynch outlines an eight-stage site planning cycle (see Fig.
1) thatincludes:
Defining the problem
Programming and analysis of site and user
Schematic design and the preliminary cost estimate
Developed design and detailed costing
Contract documents
Bidding and contracting
Construction
Occupation and management (Lynch 11)
John Simonds outlines a six-phase planning-design process that applies to architecture,

landscapearchitecture, and engineering, This process (see Fig.2), is organized as follows:
Commission
Research
Analysis
Synthesis
Construction
Operation
There are many variation on these models. They differ essentially in the breakdown of
componentphases and some, such as Simonds, extend the process to include preliminary
contractual agreementand post-construction operations.
1. Research and Analysis Phases:
PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

In this process, the designer can use this general goal statement plus the identification of the site
tobegin collecting information relevant to the site and thesurroundings area and compiling it in a
form in which it can be mapped. This data is thenanalyzed in terms of its implications for
development of the site for stated purpose.
2. Program Development:
The development of the program is the bridging step between the analysis andthe synthesis or
design phases.
3. Design Phase
a. Conceptual Design
Conceptual design begins with functional diagram in which we explore the relationships of
programelements and activities. This is first done as “ideal” or non-site
Related diagrams to establish the best abstract relationships among the various components of
theproject program. This is essentially a diagrammatic exploration in which the designer may move
througha series of alternative arrangements until he/she achieves a solution which maximizes the
positiverelationships and minimizes the number of conflicts.
c. Site Plan / Master Plan
Presuming that the project is to go forward, the designer refines the development of the
preliminaryplan, giving precise form, dimension and indication of materials to the proposed
elements. In otherwords, he/she precisely locates buildings and paved surfaces, delineates ground
forms and plantedareas, and indicates necessary utilities.
3.2 FORMATION OF HOUSING PROJECT
The housing projects are formulated undo the following five categories
Detached / individual house
Semidetached houses (Twin houses)
Row / Line houses
Flats / Apartments
Sky scrapers / High rise building
3.3 SITE ANALYSIS
Site analysis is an element in site planning and design is an inventory completed as a preparatory
step tosite planning, a form of urban planning which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It
primarilydeals with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The topic itself branches into the
boundaries ofarchitecture, landscape architecture, engineering, real estate development,
economics, and urbanplanning.
Site analysis is defined as the analysis of the site with respect to many factors involved in
construction.
It is the analysis of various features or advantage available for a site.
3.4 ELEMENTS OF SITE ANALYSIS

Numerous elements go into a given site analysis. These elements include location,
neighbourhoodcontext, site and zoning, legal elements, natural physical features, man-made
features, circulation,utilities, sensory, human and cultural, and climate components. The following
elements typically areconsidered in most sites:
Location: The site should be related to 1major streets or landmarkspreviously existing. Aerial
photographs help in this assessment stage.There should be documentation ofdistances and time
from major places. This should be completed by either driving or walking thedistance first-hand.
Neighbourhood context: Zoning of the neighbourhood is important and information of this type
cantypically be found at the municipal planning department of the site. Numerous issues at this
stagerequire direct observation. Features of this sort include architectural patterns, street
immediatesurroundings of the site. The reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site and
people movingaround should be analysed. Other important components of the neighbourhood
context include ananalysis of existing paths (pedestrian, cyclist, and vehicle), landmark and nodes.
Landmarks aredistinctive sites that provide way-finding for people in the area, and which define the
character of aneighbourhood. Nodes are key public gathering places that encourage people to linger
and socialize.
Size and zoning: Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the dimensions physically
orcontacting the country tax assessor’s office. Zoning classifications, set-backs, height
restrictions,allowable site coverage, uses, and parking requirements are obtained zoning
classifications from azoning map, which can be located from the city planning department.
Infrastructure, social, and political boundaries.
Legal : Typical legal information can be obtained from the dead to the property, The deed is held by
theowner of the title insurance such as the property description, present ownership, and the
governmentaljurisdiction the site is located in, and the city or county.
Natural physical features: Most of this information will be derived from the topographic features on
the site. A contour map of this magnitude can be locatedfrom the surveyengineer. Drainage
problems as well as existing natural features oftrees, ground texture, and soil conditions on the site
should be directly observed.
Man made features: Features located on the site such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas,
busstop shelters should be noted. The site and location of such features should bedirectly measured,
Documentation of existinghistorical districts should be made, some of which may already have
reports completed.
Locating this information can be done through the municipal planning department for thesite.
Circulation: the uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important in thisinventory
step. It is not necessarily an analysis of these circulation gateways.
Utilities: Information for utilities concerning the site can be found through the utilitydepartments
and companies in the local area. Generally this company has a print of thedrawing of this
information needed. Information in this print includes the location of allutilities and their locations
around or on the site itself.
Sensory: Much of the sensory information collected will be done through first-hand experience. This
type of information is obtained from sketching and photographs(sometimes aerial photographs).

Direct observation of other sensory elements of noise,odors, smoke, and pollutant areas must also
be completed.
3.5 LAYOUTS
Enumerate various components of layouts design. (Apr./May 2006) What is layoutdesign? (Nov./Dec
2012)
The layout is defined as an arrangements of housing sites or blocks in an open land with allfacilities
like roads street, drains, water supply playground , park, recreation space, power supply.
In a state the director of town and country planning is the compliant authority to approvethe
proposal layouts in villages, panchayats and municipalities. In Chennai metropolitandevelopment
authority (CDMA) and industrial development corporation Hyderabad are theregulatory bodies.
In Hyderabad urban development authority is approving the lands.
National Building Code (NBC) Recommendation of Layout
The layout should be draw for the scale of not less than 1: 1000 (Representative factor 1cm
– 10 m all plots or sites in the layout should have a public or private means of access (road).
The layout should be accessible by a public street of width not less than 6m. In residential and
commercial zones the layouts of land measuring 0.3 hectares ormore.
In following minimum provision for community open space should bemade.
15% of the area of layout for open pace.
0.3-0.4 hectare for 1000 persons.
In big layouts the following facilities should also be provided



HOUSING PROGRAMS
2.1 Modern building / planning
Modern buildings are planned for specific purpose by giving consideration for site, climate,
characterand style. The Planning of housing schemes shall follow the existing laws and principles
applicable to awide variety of buildings. Based on creativity of an architect or an engineer those laws
and principleswithin the framework can be developed. The major factors considered for the planning
concept of housing schemes orsuch as aspect, roominess, flexibility, grouping, privacy, elegance.
Aspect
The natural sunshine, wind should be utilized for comfort, hygiene and cheerfulness tothe uses of
buildings or housing schemes. The room which receives air and light from a particulardirection then
it is said to have aspect of that direction. For eg. A kitchen should have an eastern sideaspect so that
the morning sun would refresh,purify the air and remains cool in the later part of they day. The living
room may havesouthern or south eastern aspect while the bedrooms have west or southwest
aspect.
Roominess
Roominess is defined as the method of getting maximum benefit that is derivedfrom minimum
possible dimension of the room. For example square room of size3.6X3.6m, a table of size 1.2X1.2m
is kept for a purpose. Here only a little space is available around thetable. In a rectangular room of
size 4X3.2m the same 1.2X1.2m is kept. In this case in the same area ofroom we have more space for
additional use or utilization such as shelves or keeping other things, etc.
It is advisable to have a length to breadth of rooms proportionate in the ratio 1:5:1 to2:1.
Flexibility

Flexibility means use of space for any required purpose conveniently or with alignment. For Ex.
1) Separating the living room and dining hall with removable partition like aluminum panels,
woodenpanels, and prefabricated wall panels.
2) Constructing the house in front of the site and leaving sufficient space in the backside for
futureextension of house.
Grouping
Grouping is defined as maintaining the relationship between the spaces of rooms atthe planning
stage itself. For eg planning during room near to the kitchen. So the cooked item can be easy access
towards sanitaryunits. Location ofstore room near kitchen leads to easy access. Similarly
administrative section and officeare grouped together. Similarly production the quality control,
storage and dispatchsection is grouped near to each other.
Privacy
Privacy means the nature of free feeling of usage of space. These are of two types. Privacyis ensured
by carefully planning the entrance, passage, pathways, etc. in case of housingscheme, the privacy
should be ensured by providing all the facilities separately to all thehouse sites.
(a) Internal privacy:
It means the internal parts of the building have the required privacy from the otherpart/other
rooms.
(b) External privacy:
It means the provision of the portico, garden, open space, public streets, roads andneighboring
buildings.
Elegance
It is the effect produce by the elevation of the buildings and the general layout of thehousing
scheme. Symmetry gives elegance always. The elegance depends on the characterand purpose of
the buildings. The elegance incase of housing schemes is brought out bythe wider roads and streets,
the required proportionate size (length and breadth) ofsite/plot.
2.2 CONTENTS AND STANDARDS FOR HOUSING PROGRAM
The contents and Standards for housing program contain the following:
1. Cost of the land
2. Availability of public utility services such as water centricity and sewage disposal.
Access to parks and playground
Agricultural potentiality of the land
Contour of land
Distance from place of work
Ease or way of drainage
Location with respect to schools and colleges and public buildings

Nature of use of adjacent areas
Transport facilities
Wind velocity and direction
Annual rainfall
Height
The height of the building in the schemes should be in proportion with width of the street or road.
Location
The location of the residential building in housing scheme should be free from nuisances like
dust,smoke and smell, moist. The location of the building should be nearer to the means of transport
forschools, hospitals, markets.
Orientation
Define Orientation. (May/June 2010)
The building in the housing scheme should be suitable orientation with respect to rain, sun, wind.
Parks
The building should be located nearer to parks and a placed with easy accessibility with trees
andplants should be available for the children without crossing main roads.
Privacy
The housing system should provide maximum privacy to the users.
Security
The buildings in the housing scheme should have safety and security against theft and fire. For
thispurpose a strong room may be provided for the storage of valuable items.
Space
Floor area as well as cubical contents (length X Breadth X Height) of the buildings should
beproportioned with number of persons likely to use the buildings. As per the standard floor area
permembers. The standard floor area is 4.65m2 per member and cubical content is 8.5m3 per
member.
Utility Services
The building should be provided utility service like electricity, water, drainage and transport facilities
atreasonable cost.
Ventilation
A roof of the building should be fully ventilated and each room should get enough air and light.
2.3 SITE ANALYSIS
Explaing the context, objectives and contents of Sits and Services. (May/June 2006, May/June 2007)

Make a comparative study of neighborhood and site and services programmes with reference
totheir contents and standards. (Apr./May 2007)
It is defined as the analysis of the site in all respects before the construction is started. Normally
trialpits are taken at various places of the site to know the different kinds of soil and its
characteristics.
Based on the soil available, a particular type of foundation is adopted. The hard stratum of soil
onwhich the foundation is adopted. The hard stratum of soil on which the foundation is laid is
checkedfor its bearing capacity. The bearing capacity of soil is tested at the side by conducting a
plate load test.
Similarly the site on which the construction is developed is checked for the facilities like water
supply,drainage, transport and communication facilities.
The site should not be a place where, the waste materials are dumped.
The site should not be water logged area, i.e., during the rainy season the water should not be
stained on its surface. Similarly the rain water nearby areas should not enter to the site or flow the
site to thenearby places. The site selected for construction should be free from air pollution, sound
and waterpollution. The site should have the accessibility to all nearby places for all its development.
The siteshould not be located nearer to quarries (rock quarries) and industries.
2.4 SITES AND SERVICES
Define the concept of site and Services.(Apr/May 2005)
These are the facilities provided to a site before a particular construction is made. The services to
beprovided for sites are called sites and services. These services are also called public utility services.
Theservices included the following.
Educational institutions (nearby availability)
Water supply and Power supply (electricity)
Fire stations
Gas
Hospitals and health centre’s
Local industrial units
Markets and shopping centers
Parks
Play ground
Public buildings
Public transport facilities
Roads and street services
Proper roads
Refuse or waste disposal

Sewage disposal
Drainage arrangement
Strom water drainage
Provisions of shops/ stores
Street lightning
Communications/telephone lines and facilities
2.5. NEIGHBORHOODS / NEIGHBORHOODS PLANNING
Define the concept of Neighborhoods. (Apr/May2005).
Explain the context, objectives and contents of Neighborhood. (May/June2006, May/June 2007)
Explain Neighborhood planning and its importance. (May/June 2010)
The concept of neighborhood planning is fundamentally American concept/ idea. The principal
ofneighborhood is one is planning for the society and not for an aggregate or group of houses
generallythe nature of human beings is to be friendly with neighbors and to share their interest.
Neighborhood planning is defined as the planning ofexpansion of the existinghousing or layout near
by the / neighbor to the existing layout or housing scheme.
In big towns the neighborhood planning is difficult due to the following reasons.
The neighbors are not dependent on one another, company and help because city life gives awide
variety of facilities and entertainment.
The neighbors may not have common modes or ideas and habits of living
Neighborhood planning is to form various physical units of residential areas in which peoplelive with
a rank of a life style live.
2.6. OPEN DEVELOPMENT PLOTS
What do you understands by the term Open Development Plots?> (Apr/May 2005)
The available open land is suitable subdivided into various plots/ sites in a housing scheme
andallotted to various persons by making development in the plots.
This is called as open development plot/open plot scheme. The developments are made in theplots
include
Site clearance
Site leveling
Protection of plots by providing fence
Security arrangements
Garden maintenance
Plot/site maintenance

Mainly the open development of plots is allotted to slum people or slum dwellers. Theprecautions to
be adopted in the open development plots are
The area of the plot should not exceed 20-25m2
The possible alternative designs for the construction of small houses may be provided
The plots may be given long term lease with necessary condition for cancellation and re-entry incase
of terms of lease documents.
The self-help combined with use of locally available materials and methods of constructionshould be
encouraged
2.7 CO-OPERATIVE HOUSING
Explain the merits and demerits of co-operative housing. (Nov/Dec 2012)the history of co-operating
housing movement in India is traced in the year1912. This was seen that the co-operative act was
formed.
Bombay took the first initiative in this movement and the first co-operative housing society known
as‘saraswat co-operative’. This was registered based on the co-partnership system in Mumbai in
1915.
Later the other states adopted the idea of housing society. Number of housing society is largest
inmaharashtra about 5031, in Gujarat about 3661. This two states account for more than half of
totalnumber of societies about 13879 in the country.
Co-operative Housing Soceity
A group of house seeking personscombained and form legal body is known as a co-opertive
housingsociety. The society is registered on the co-operative act and works within the rules and
regulationsimposed and framed by its member. Its working is examined and supervised by
governmentdepartment. The houses constructed through housing society are generally good,
decent within thefinancial limit. The services and facilities provided are better and lead to indirect
benefits such asimproved hygiene, health and education, etc. mainly the low income people are
benefited mostly bytheir societies.
Objectives of Slum Clearance
Express any tow basic concepts on which slum housing programs are formulated. (May/June 2007)
To bring down the disparity difference in the living standards of the people of various places
To prevent the occurrence of epidemics in the town/city
To provide the obsolute basic minimum standard of essential amenities for healthy living
To remove the ugly spots/slums from the may of town/city

*Please read through the case studies of the below sent separately as PDF….
CASE STUDIES IN INDIA
1. Sites and Services scheme/ Low-cost housing

Case Example to study: Aranya housing @ Indore by Ar.B.V.Doshi.
2. Group Housing / Incremental/ Low cost housing

Case Example to study: Belapur Housing by Ar.Charles Correa
3. High-rise housing
Case Example to study: Kanchanjunga apartments @ Bombay by Ar.Charles Correa
4. Row housing / Traditional housing

Case Example to study: Traditional houses of south India like Agraharam, Temple towns of
Madurai & Srirangam
5. Cluster Housing
Case Example to study: Belapur housing is an example of cluster housing. 7 units are
grouped around an intimate courtyard of 8x8 meters, where 3 clusters are joined to form a
single module of 21 houses surrounding anopen space of 12x12 meters.
6. Traditional Housing
Case Example to study: Chettinad Housing, Kerala Housing, etc.
GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN HOUSING
*Please read through the PDF sent along for examples….
Sustainable housing
The sustainability can be defined as meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of
future generations. Sustainable housing has the potential to produce good quality housing at a price
that is affordable both in the short and long term. Thus, sustainable housing must aim at economic,
social and environmental sustainability from planning to implementation phase and at the same time
result in housing that is affordable, accessible and environmentally less damaging [20]. The National
Urban Housing and Habitat Policy-2007 intends to promote sustainable development of habitat in
India with a view to ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all
sections of society [21]. Notwithstanding numerous attempts, sustainable housing has remained
difficult to define, yet it should be coherent to certain characteristics of sustainable development [22]:
(1) help for the very poor because they are left with no option other than to destroy their environment,
(2) the idea of self-reliant development, within natural resource constraints,
(3) the idea of cost-effective development, meaning thereby that development should not degrade
environmental quality, nor should it reduce productivity in the long run,
(4) the issues of disease control, appropriate technologies, food security, clean water and shelter for
all,

(5) the notion that people-centred participatory initiatives are needed; human beings in other words,
are the resources in the concept.
From this perspective the sustainable housing policy should incorporate three objectives [22]: The
first of these is that future policies must provide the basis for household improvement. The second
objective of the policies which could result in sustainable housing improvement is concerned with the
empowerment of poor people. The third objective of such policies must be to psychologically give the
lower segment of the urban society a feeling of self-worth. Thus, in order to be sustainable, housing
initiatives must be economically viable, socially acceptable and affordable, technically feasible and
environmentally-friendly.
Potential contribution of housing to sustainability
It is pertinent to note that housing sector can significantly contribute to sustainability because of its
close association with environmental aspects:
1. Buildings consume large amounts of natural and man-made resource in construction, maintenance
and continued use by society.
2. Buildings are a fixed asset with a long operational lifespan.
3. Buildings are among the fundamental necessity for a good quality of life, and thus have
implications beyond housing affecting transport, health, employment and community.
4. Buildings are amenable to numerous ways in which recycled materials can be reused for
construction.
5. Large number of innovations are available for efficiently operating the buildings including use of
recycled material for construction, wastewater treatment and use, energy efficiency, solar heating,
passive solar heating, creating urban green spaces in proximity to compact housing.
Rightly then, the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy-2007 takes note of several aspects
related to environmental sustainability. A paragraph is particularly instructive [21]:
“Development of sustainable habitat is closely related to the adoption of ‘the Regional Planning
approach’ while preparing Master Plans of towns/ cities, District Plans and Regional/Sub-Regional
Plans. It involves maintenance of the ecological balance in terms of a symbiotic perspective on rural
and urban development while developing urban extensions of existing towns as well as new integrated
townships. Promotion of sustainable habitat is closely linked with reserving a significant proportion
of the total Master Plan area as ‘green lungs of the city’ (e.g. Master Plan for Delhi 2021 provides
20% of green areas), protecting water bodies with special emphasis on the flood plains of our rivers
and developing green belts around our cities. It will be desirable to pursue a goal of 20-25%
recreational land use area (excluding water bodies) which has been prescribed for Metro-cities by the
Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines (UDPFI) in order to enhance
the sustainability of human settlements. Recreational land use refers to parks, playfields and other
open space such as specified park, amusement park, maidan, a multipurpose open space, botanical
garden, zoological parks, traffic parks, etc. It is also necessary to estimate the Gross Geographic
Product (GGP) of a given sub-region and endeavour to enhance it while developing new urban
settlements. The new Habitat Policy recognizes the sustainability limits of existing urban settlements.
It also seeks to emphasize the mutual interdependence between towns and villages”.
GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
A green or sustainable building is a building that can maintain or improve:
1. the quality of life and harmonize within the local climate, tradition, culture,

2. the environment in the region,
3. conserve energy, resources and recycling materials,
4. reduce the amount hazardous substances to which human and other organisms are (or may be)
exposed and
5. the local and global ecosystem throughout the entire building life-cycle.
Sustainable buildings are structures that are built in an environmentally responsible manner by
maximizing use of materials, minimizing use of resources and ensuring the health and well-being of
occupants and the surrounding built environment both today and for generations to come. With
respect to the LEED guidelines (and this is consistent with almost all other “green” building
guidelines), there are seven topics that should be addressed in the designing and building of new
environmentally friendly buildings.
1) Sustainable sites: Sites should be selected by determining which site would pose the least
environmental threat if construction were to take place. Pollution prevention including controlling soil
erosion, waterway sedimentation and airborne dust generation are important factors to be considered.
Sites should also be chosen that are closer to urban development where supporting infrastructure is
available; this will preserve green spaces and wildlife areas. The redevelopment of brownfields would
be preferential as no new land is needed. Alternative transportation is another important factor to
consider. The availability of public transport, bicycle parking and shower facilities can minimize the
GHG emissions associated with travel to a building. Other factors that promote sustainability would
be, for example, preferential parking for low-emission vehicles and/or hybrids. Biodiversity can be
promoted by designing large amounts of open space in the new building complexes. Another factor
are the water management systems that take into account the natural environment design for storm-
water systems to ensure proper management of water. Reduction of the heat island effects from roofs
and parking lots as well as the reduction of light pollution is another factor that should be taken into
account to promote sustainability.
2) Water efficiency: The main goal is to increase water efficiency use within the building, thereby
reducing the amount of water needed for operations. Some methods which can be designed in a
building include water efficient landscaping to reduce irrigation requirements and the use of
innovative wastewater management technologies.
3) Energy and atmosphere: Energy systems should be properly installed and calibrated to perform to
their intended efficiency levels. This should reduce the overall energy use and lower operating costs.
A minimum level of acceptable energy performance for the facility should be determined and
monitored. A refrigerant management system to reduce refrigerant losses and resulting potential
ozone depletion. Various methods for on-site renewable energy production can reduce the overall
footprint of the building and other means of using green power. Methods to monitor, verify and
continually improve on energy consumption are key to ensuring that energy performance is
maintained. In the UK, it is estimated that construction is responsible for 50% of the emissions of
greenhouse gases and 60% of that emission is attributable to space heating of buildings. Buildings
also use energy in the heating of water, lighting, mechanical ventilation and machinery such as lifts
4) Materials and resources: The construction process is highly energy dependent, particularly
through the manufacture and transport of materials. (Morton R., 2009). The amount of landfill waste
created during construction and operation can be reduced by efficient use of materials and designing
for recycling. Specifying used construction materials can reduce the need for virgin materials.
Specifying materials that are locally sourced, that come from certified sustainable sources (e.g. Forest
6 Sustainable buildings Stewardship Council (FSC) forest products), that contain recycled materials or

are rapidly renewable enhances overall environmental sustainability and lowers the embedded carbon
footprint of a building.
5) Indoor environmental quality: To enhance the well-being of occupants, design should use low
emitting materials in construction including sealants, adhesives, paints, coatings, flooring, wood and
agrifibre. Ventilation systems that promote outdoor air ventilation are preferable and should not allow
for outside pollution to enter the building, if possible. Buildings should be designed to maximize the
use of natural light for all occupants. Lighting and heating systems should be designed to manually or
automatically turn off to reduced energy consumption.
6) Innovation in design: Design decisions should be made early in the process as good design can
greatly reduce the energy consumption of a building; for example, the orientation and location of a
building can compromise shading and ventilation decisions. This part of the assessment encourages
and rewards design and construction methods that are particularly innovative. Since there are no real
criteria, this allows for architects and contractors to experiment and innovate and receive credit in the
scoring system.

GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES












PREFABRICATION IN HOUSING
*Please read through the PDF sent along for examples….
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other

manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site
where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more
conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all
assembly is carried out. The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than
structures at a fixed site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or any
movable structure is shifted from the main manufacturing site to another location, and the section is
supplied assembled and ready to fit. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic
components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are
usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were
fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called 'sub-
assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components. The term prefabrication can apply to any
construction method where a significant part of the construction takes place off-site in a factory that
produces relatively large, complex pieces that are then assembled at the site into the finished building.
Since prefab is such a loosely defined term, it helps to show where prefab as we define it fits into the
spectrum of construction methods ranging from completely offsite to completely on-site.
Prefabrication is one of the key means of increasing buildability. As the industry strategies itself to
build with less labour and shorter construction time, prefabrication of concrete structures has become
a viable alternative to the traditional way of construction.
Prefabrication in India began with the emergence of the Hindustan Housing Factory. The company
was developed by the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, as a solution to the
housing crisis that resulted from the influx of refugees from West Pakistan in the 1950s. The
Hindustan Housing Factory pioneered the production of pre-stressed concrete railway sleepers to
replace dilapidated wooden sleepers on Indian Railways. The company changed its name shortly
thereafter to reflect the diversity of its operations. It is now known as the Hindustan Prefab Limited or
HPL. Located in Delhi, today the government run company prefabricates primarily precast concrete
for architectural and civil projects throughout greater India. When HPL began it was intended to
produce low-income housing solutions for the deficit in India. Precast wall panels and frame members
such as beams and columns provided a much needed set of tools to erect quick structures for mass
housing.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFABRICATION
 Light weight
 Thermal insulation property
 Easy workability
 Durability in all weather conditions
 Non combustibility
 Economy in cost
 Easy availability
 Sound insulation
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION

 High capacity - enabling the realization of important projects
 Factory made products
 Shorter construction time - less than half of conventional cast in site construction
 Independent of adverse weather conditions during construction Continuing erection in winter time
until -20 °C
 Quality surveillance system
 Opportunities for good architecture
 Healthy buildings
 Reduced energy consumption
 Environmentally friendly way of building with optimum use of materials,
 recycling of waste products, less noise and dust, etc. Cost effective solutions
 Safety in construction
 Increase in the quality of construction
 Reduction of construction waste

LIMITATION OF PREFABRICATION
Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and handling to
place in position.
Larger groups of buildings from the same type of prefabricated elements tend to look drab and
monotonous.
Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and glass panels is
required.
Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion- resistance of the joining of prefabricated
sections to avoid failure at the joint.
Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated section than the materials of which
they are made, which can often be packed more compactly.
VARIOUS PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
OPEN PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
1) Partial prefab open system
2) Full prefab open system
LARGE PANEL PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
1) Wall System
2) Precast floors
3) Staircase systems

4) Box type construction

The advantages of using prefabrication techniques in term of availability of materials, labour and
technical skills are as follows:
• Off site manufacture of components with more efficient use of skilled labour, materials and
specialised plant and equipment under controlled conditions offering components that are of a high
standard.
• Accelerated erection on site.
• Market for new components resulting from envelope upgrades or spatial reconfiguration.
• Market in second hand components resulting from changes to dwellings or disposal of dwellings.
• Potential for relocation of dwellings rather than demolition.

• Minimal use of in-situ materials minimises waste on site and at the end of the building’s useful life.
This reduces the manufacturer’s liability for disposal.
• Self-supporting, shuttering and scaffolding is eliminated with a saving in shuttering cost, as the
components are made ready.
• Mass production of building components results in increased productivity and savings per unit cost.
• Building components are factory-made, which avoid any adverse effects due to poor weather
conditions.
• Possibility of implementing renewable energy devices in building façades as well as use of low cost
sustainable materials.
Concepts of prefabrication
Prefabrication is the production of housing or housing components using factory mechanisation. The
factory setting enhances affordability through a combination of bulk purchase of materials, mass
production assembly techniques and the use of less skilled labour. Prefabrication can take one of three
forms: prefabricated components, modular housing, and manufactured housing .
The prefabrication of housing components, such as windows, doors, and cabinets, has long been a
mainstay of the construction industry, keeping costs down by reducing on-site, high- cost labour.
Continuing development in this facet of prefabrication provides a growing range of construction
products that may further reduce construction costs.
Modular housing involves the prefabrication of sections of housing that are then assembled on-site
thereby reducing on-site labour costs. Modular housing is based on prefabricated, factory-produced,
easy-to-transport modular units, which minimize the cost of production. Final structures are designed
from the inside out using a series of standard “modules of use” and dwellings composed of these
modules have the potential to be configured in a variety of ways, according to the specific
requirement of the site or client.


CASE STUDIES IN INDIA

The Auroville Earth Institute in 1999 built a prototype-prefabricated house in New Delhi that
showed advances in structural capacity during earthquakes. Initially envisioned as a disaster
resistant and cost effective prototype, it was intended that the house would be precast anywhere
and shipped by truck to a disaster location. Precast in Auroville, and transported over 2,900 km to
New Delhi in a single lorry of 22.5 tons, the prototype was assembled in 66 hours by an 18 man
team. The transportation cost alone was equal to the cost of manufacturing the prototype. The
model was economically unviable for India. The solution to low cost prefabricated housing must
overcome the obstacle of shipping costs. Prefabricating regionally might better serve developing
countries.
Aum House
The initial idea was to create a disaster resistant and cost

effective house, which could be precast anywhere and
transported by lorry to the place where the disaster occurred.
The technical concept satisfied this requirement. The house was
cost effective, even with the provision for disaster resistance,
but the transportation cost was more than the house cost.
Therefore, such a project was not economically viable.
The prototype of this 23m2 AUM House has been built during

the India International Trade Fair 99 at New Delhi. The house

was prefabricated at Auroville and transported in a single lorry.
Aum House built in 66 hours at New
The house weighed around 22. 5 tons and the lorry took 5 days
Delhi in 1999
to cover 2,900 Km between Auroville, Tamil Nadu, and New
Delhi.
The packing of the house was done in such a way that only 8 blocks arrived broken out of 2,280
blocks. Ferrocement pieces had only little hair cracks. The superstructure of the prototype house has
been assembled in 66 hours by the 18-man team of the former AVBC/Earth Unit. This AUM House
prototype was sponsored by HUDCO. The India Trade Promotion Organisation awarded this house a
Gold Medal for the excellence of its special demonstration.
Various Aum houses were built in the successive years in various places of India after disasters:
• 2000 at Narangarh, Orissa, at the occasion of a six-week training course, with a grant from HUDCO,
for the rehabilitation of the zones affected by the cyclone of October 1999.
• 2001 at Khavda, Gujarat, in 62 hours by a 20-men team. It was the starting point of rehabilitation
programmes for the zones affected by the earthquake of January 2001.
• 2002 at Mundra, Gujarat, at the occasion of a six-week training course, sponsored by HUDCO, for
the rehabilitation of the zones affected by the earthquake of January 2001.
Development with a corner wall instead of the column


https://www.slideshare.net/PaulaPennanenRebeiro/habitat-hiroba-01022014nepal-green-
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48a7-936f-e35b3b1a499b&v=&b=&from_search=6
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1 SITE PLANNING & HOUSING DESIGN

UNIT IV SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN 10

3.1 SITE PLANNING / DESIGN PROCESS

Defining the problem

Programming and analysis of site and user

Schematic design and the preliminary cost estimate

Developed design and detailed costing

Bidding and contracting

Occupation and management (Lynch 11)

John Simonds outlines a six-phase planning-design process that applies to architecture,

1. Research and Analysis Phases:

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

c. Site Plan / Master Plan

3.2 FORMATION OF HOUSING PROJECT

Detached / individual house

Semidetached houses (Twin houses)

Row / Line houses

Sky scrapers / High rise building

3.3 SITE ANALYSIS

It is the analysis of various features or advantage available for a site.

3.4 ELEMENTS OF SITE ANALYSIS

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

Infrastructure, social, and political boundaries.

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

In Hyderabad urban development authority is approving the lands.

National Building Code (NBC) Recommendation of Layout

In following minimum provision for community open space should bemade.

15% of the area of layout for open pace.

0.3-0.4 hectare for 1000 persons.

In big layouts the following facilities should also be provided

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

2.1 Modern building / planning

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

(a) Internal privacy:

(b) External privacy:

2.2 CONTENTS AND STANDARDS FOR HOUSING PROGRAM

1. Cost of the land

Access to parks and playground

Agricultural potentiality of the land

Distance from place of work

Ease or way of drainage

Location with respect to schools and colleges and public buildings

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

Nature of use of adjacent areas

Wind velocity and direction

Define Orientation. (May/June 2010)

The housing system should provide maximum privacy to the users.

2.3 SITE ANALYSIS

PREPARED BY Ar.SHEEBA.J JAN-APRIL 2018 @ MSAJAA

2.4 SITES AND SERVICES

Define the concept of site and Services.(Apr/May 2005)

Educational institutions (nearby availability)

Water supply and Power supply (electricity)

Hospitals and health centre’s

Local industrial units

Markets and shopping centers

Public transport facilities