Communications in Applied Analysis, 23, No.

1 (2019), 1-20 ISSN: 1083-2564

COMMENTS ON A ZUBAIR–G FAMILY OF CUMULATIVE

LIFETIME DISTRIBUTIONS. SOME EXTENSIONS

NIKOLAY KYURKCHIEV1 , ANTON ILIEV2 , AND ASEN RAHNEV3

1,2,3 Faculty
of Mathematics and Informatics
University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”
24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA

ABSTRACT: In this paper we study the one–sided Hausdorff approxima-

tion of the shifted Heaviside step function by a class of the Zubair–G family
of cumulative lifetime distribution. The estimates of the value of the best
Hausdorff approximation obtained in this article can be used in practice as
one possible additional criterion in ”saturation” study.
As an illustrative example we consider the modelling of the growth of red
abalone (Haliotis Rufescens) in Northern California.
We also look at a possible extension, which we call α–Zubair–G Family.
For the analysis of said dataset with the new (cdf), some comparisons are
made. Finally, the potentiality of the software reliability models analyzed
bu means of real dataset. Numerical examples, illustrating our results are
presented using programming environment CAS Mathematica.

AMS Subject Classification: 68N30, 41A46

Key Words: Zubair–G family of cumulative lifetime distribution, α–Zubair–
G Family of (cdf), Heaviside function, Hausdorff approximation, upper and
lower bounds
Received: March 7, 2018 ; Accepted: October 20, 2018 ;
Published: November 16, 2018. doi: 10.12732/caa.v23i1.1
Dynamic Publishers, Inc., Acad. Publishers, Ltd. http://www.acadsol.eu/caa
2 N. KYURKCHIEV, A. ILIEV, AND A. RAHNEV

1. INTRODUCTION

In [1], a new family of lifetime distributions, called the Zubair–G family of

distributions is introduces.
The new family is defined by the following cumulative distribution function
(cdf)
2
eλG (t) − 1
F (t; λ) = , (1)
eλ − 1
where λ > 0.
If, G is the (cdf) of the baseline model, then the distribution function (1)
will be the (cdf) of the Zubair–G family.
For example, if G be (cdf) of the Weibull distribution given by

m
G(t) = 1 − e−βt (2)

then the (cdf) of the Z–Weibull distribution has the form

m 2
eλ(1−e ) −1
−βt

F (t) = (3)
eλ − 1

where m > 0 and γ > 0.

We consider the following class of this family with application to the pop-
ulation dynamics and debugging theory:
m 2
eλ(1−e ) −1
−βt

M (t) = , (4)
eλ − 1

with
r !! 1
m
1 1 eλ + 1 1
t0 = − ln 1 − √ ln ; M (t0 ) = . (5)
β λ 2 2

Some extensions of the well-known Poisson, Poisson–exponential, Chen,

Exponentiated Chen, modified Weibull and Burr distributions can be found
in: [2]–[13].
For some approximation, computational and modelling aspects, see [14]–
[30].
Some software reliability models, can be found in [31]–[50].
ZUBAIR–G FAMILY OF CUMULATIVE LIFETIME DISTRIBUTIONS 3

In this note we study the Hausdorff approximation of the shifted Heaviside

step function 

 0, if t < t0 ,

ht0 (t) = [0, 1], if t = t0 ,


1, if t > t0


by this family.

Definition 1. [51] The Hausdorff distance (the H–distance) ρ(f, g) between

two interval functions f, g on Ω ⊆ R, is the distance between their completed
graphs F (f ) and F (g) considered as closed subsets of Ω × R.
More precisely,

ρ(f, g) = max{ sup inf ||A − B||, sup inf ||A − B||},
A∈F (f ) B∈F (g) B∈F (g) A∈F (f )

wherein ||.|| is any norm in R2 , e. g. the maximum norm ||(t, x)|| = max{|t|, |x|};
hence the distance between the points A = (tA , xA ), B = (tB , xB ) in R2 is
||A − B|| = max(|tA − tB |, |xA − xB |).

We recall that completed graph of f is the closure of the graph of f as a

subset of Ω × R. If the graph of an interval function f equals F(f ), then the
f is called S-continuous.
The Hausdorff distance ρ(f, g) = max{− →ρ (f, g), −
→
ρ (g, f )} defines a metric
in the set of the S-continuous interval functions [52]–[55].
We propose a software modules (intellectual properties) within the pro-
gramming environment CAS Mathematica for the analysis.
We also look at a possible extension, which we call α–Zubair–G Family.
Some comparisons are made.
The models have been tested with real data (the growth of red abalone
(Haliotis Rufescens) in Northern California).

2. MAIN RESULTS

The one–sided Hausdorff distance d between the function ht0 (t) and the sig-
moidal function - ((4)–(5)) satisfies the relation

M (t0 + d) = 1 − d. (6)
4 N. KYURKCHIEV, A. ILIEV, AND A. RAHNEV

The following theorem gives upper and lower bounds for d

Theorem 1. Let
p = − 12 ,
q
λ
 
βλm(1+eλ ) ln e 2+1
q
√1 eλ +1
q =1+ λ
√
(e −1) λ
1− λ
ln 2 ×

  q  m−1 (7)
m
eλ +1
− β1 ln 1 − √1
λ
ln 2 ,

r = 2.1q.

For the one–sided Hausdorff distance d between ht0 (t) and the sigmoid
e1.05
((4)–(5)) the following inequalities hold for: q >
2.1
1 ln r
dl = < d < = dr . (8)
r r

Proof. Let us examine the function:

F (d) = M (t0 + d) − 1 + d. (9)

From F ′ (d) > 0 we conclude that function F is increasing.

Consider the function
G(d) = p + qd. (10)
From Taylor expansion we obtain G(d) − F (d) = O(d2 ).
Hence G(d) approximates F (d) with d → 0 as O(d2 ) (see Figure 1).
In addition G′ (d) > 0.
e1.05
Further, for q > we have G(dl ) < 0 and G(dr ) > 0.
2.1
This completes the proof of the theorem.

3. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

The model ((4)–(5)) for β = 15; λ = 0.1; m = 2, t0 = 0.289642 is visualized

on Figure 2. From the nonlinear equation (6) and inequalities (8) we have:
d = 0.134996, dl = 0.104943, dr = 0.236577.
ZUBAIR–G FAMILY OF CUMULATIVE LIFETIME DISTRIBUTIONS 5

Figure 1: The functions F (d) and G(d) for β = 15; λ = 0.1; m = 2.

The model ((4)–(5)) for β = 20, λ = 0.15, m = 10, t0 = 0.759288 is

visualized on Figure 3. From the nonlinear equation (6) and inequalities (8)
we have: d = 0.0762637, dl = 0.0612591, dr = 0.171075.
The model ((4)–(5)) for β = 30, λ = 0.5, m = 30, t0 = 0.902554 is
visualized on Figure 4. From the nonlinear equation (6) and inequalities (8)
we have: d = 0.0346169, dl = 0.0255515, dr = 0.093699.
From the above examples, it can be seen that the proven estimates (see
Theorem 1) for the value of the Hausdorff approximation is reliable when
assessing the important characteristic - ”saturation”.
This characteristic (as we have already shown in our previous publica-
tions) has its equal participation together with the other two characteristics
- ”confidence intervals” and ”confidence bounds” in the area of the Software
Reliability Theory.
We propose a software module (intellectual properties) within the pro-
gramming environment CAS Mathematica for the analysis of the considered
family M (t).
The module offers the following possibilities:

— generation of the function under user defined values of the parameters

m, λ, and θ;

— calculation of the H-distance d between the function ht0 (t) and the
6 N. KYURKCHIEV, A. ILIEV, AND A. RAHNEV

Figure 2: The model ((4)–(5)) for β = 15; λ = 0.1; m = 2, t0 =

0.289642; H–distance d = 0.134996, dl = 0.104943, dr = 0.236577.

Figure 3: The model ((4)–(5)) for β = 20, λ = 0.15, m = 10, t0 =

0.759288; H–distance d = 0.0762637, dl = 0.0612591, dr = 0.171075.

sigmoid M (t);
— software tools for animation and visualization.

We examine the following data. (The small data for modeling the growth
of red abalone is shown in Table 1. For more details, see [56]).
ZUBAIR–G FAMILY OF CUMULATIVE LIFETIME DISTRIBUTIONS 7

Figure 4: The model ((4)–(5)) for β = 30, λ = 0.5, m = 30, t0 =

0.902554; H–distance d = 0.0346169, dl = 0.0255515, dr = 0.093699.

The model  
m 2
λ(1−e−βt ) −1
e
M (t) = A  
eλ − 1

based on the data of Table 1 for the estimated parameters:

A = 179.6; β = 0.40179; λ = 1.48583; m = 0.962607

is plotted on Figure 5.
We hope that the results will be useful for specialists in this scientific area.
For the predictive power (PP) criterion:
n 
M (ti ) − yi 2
X 
PP =
yi
i=1

measures the distance of model actual data from the estimates against the
actual data, we find P P = 0.207925.

4. APPENDIX

Following the ideas for extending of the well-known Poisson, Poisson–expo-

nential, Chen, Exponentiated Chen, modified Weibull and Burr distributions
8 N. KYURKCHIEV, A. ILIEV, AND A. RAHNEV

Age Length(mm)
1 16.1
2 33.9
3 54.3
4 76.2
5 97.8
6 117.1
7 133.3
8 146.5
9 157.2
10 166
11 173.3
12 179.6

Table 1: Data for modeling the growth of red abalone Haliotis

Rufescens in Northern California [56]

we consider the new modified α–Zubair–G Family of Cumulative Lifetime Dis-

tributions:
 m 2
α
λ(1−e−βt )
e − 1
Mα (t) =   , α>0 (11)
eλ − 1

with
  r  m1

1
t0 = − β1 ln 1 − √1
λ
ln 1 + (eλ − 1) 1
2
α
,
(12)

Mα (t0 ) = 21 .

The one–sided Hausdorff distance d between the function ht0 (t) and the
sigmoidal function - ((11)–(12)) satisfies the relation

Mα (t0 + d) = 1 − d. (13)

The following theorem gives upper and lower bounds for d.

ZUBAIR–G FAMILY OF CUMULATIVE LIFETIME DISTRIBUTIONS 9

Figure 5: The model M (t)

Theorem 2. Let
p = − 21 ,
1 α−1
q =1+ √2βλαm (1 + (eλ − 1)0.5 α )0.5 α ×
λ(eλ −1)

r !
1
q
1 ln(1+(eλ −1)0.5 α )
ln(1 + (eλ − 1)0.5 ) 1 −
α
λ ×
(14)
r !! m−1
1 m
ln(1+(eλ −1)0.5 α )
− β1 ln 1 − √
λ
,

r = 2.1q.
10 N. KYURKCHIEV, A. ILIEV, AND A. RAHNEV

Figure 6: The functions Fα (d) and Gα (d) for β = 20; λ = 0.15; m =

10; α = 2.

For the one–sided Hausdorff distance d between ht0 (t) and the sigmoid
e1.05
((11)–(12)) the following inequalities hold for: q >
2.1
1 ln r
dl = <d< = dr . (15)
r r

Proof. Let us examine the function:

Fα (d) = Mα (t0 + d) − 1 + d. (16)

From Fα′ (d) > 0 we conclude that function F is increasing.

Consider the function
Gα (d) = p + qd. (17)

From Taylor expansion we obtain Gα (d) − Fα (d) = O(d2 ).

Hence Gα (d) approximates Fα (d) with d → 0 as O(d2 ) (see Figure 6).
In addition G′α (d) > 0.
1.05
Further, for q > e2.1 we have Gα (dl ) < 0 and Gα (dr ) > 0.
This completes the proof of the theorem.
For example, the model ((11)–(12)) for β = 20, λ = 0.15, m = 10, α = 2,
t0 = 0.790114 is visualized on Figure 7.
ZUBAIR–G FAMILY OF CUMULATIVE LIFETIME DISTRIBUTIONS 11

Figure 7: The model ((11)–(12)) for β = 20, λ = 0.15, m = 10,

α = 2, t0 = 0.790114; H–distance d = 0.0647847, dl = 0.0478774 and
dr = 0.145505.

Figure 8: The model Mα (t).

From the nonlinear equation (13) and inequalities (15) we have: d =

0.0647847, dl = 0.0478774 and dr = 0.145505.
12 N. KYURKCHIEV, A. ILIEV, AND A. RAHNEV

Figure 9: The models: M (t)–dashed and Mα (t)–thick.

4.1. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

The model
 m 2
α
λ(1−e−βt )
e − 1
Mα (t) = A  
eλ − 1

based on the data of Table 1 for the estimated parameters: A = 179.6; β =

0.0034666666; λ = 0.289174; m = 2.75779; α = 0.214726 is plotted on Figure
8.
For the predictive power (PP) criterion:

n 
Mα (ti ) − yi 2
X 
PP =
yi
i=1

we find P P = 0.0041167.
Comparison between the models M (t) and Mα (t) show a good fit by the
presented new model Mα (t) (see Figure 9).
ZUBAIR–G FAMILY OF CUMULATIVE LIFETIME DISTRIBUTIONS 13

4.2. APPLICATION TO THE SOFTWARE RELIABILITY

GROWTH THEORY

We examine the following data. (The small on–line data entry software pack-
age test data, available since 1980 in Japan [58], is shown in Table 2. For more
details, see [57]).

T esting time (day) F ailures Cumulative f ailures

1 2 2
2 1 3
3 1 4
4 1 5
5 2 7
6 2 9
7 2 11
8 1 12
9 7 19
10 2 21
11 1 22
12 2 24
13 2 26
14 4 30
15 1 31
16 6 37
17 1 38
18 3 41
19 1 42
20 3 45
21 1 46

Table 2: On–line IBM entry software package [58]

The fitted model Mα (t) based on the data of Table 2 for the estimated
parameters:

A = 46; β = 2.05825 × 10−6 ; λ = 2.72793; m = 4.75613; α = 0.145456

14 N. KYURKCHIEV, A. ILIEV, AND A. RAHNEV

Figure 10: The model Mα (t).

is plotted on Figure 10.

We will explicitly note that in some cases the presented software reliability
model provides better results than other much more sophisticated models.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work has been supported by the project BG05M2OP001-1.001-0003-01

“CoE on Informatics and ICT” supported by the Operational Programme
“Science and Education for Smart Growth”.

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