Republic of the Philippines

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Arts and Letter
Bachelor of Arts in Filipinology

ANG PAGKAKASUNOD-SUNOD NG KASAYSAYAN NA NAGBIGAY-DAAN

SA AGHAM AT TEKNOLOHIYA

Ipinasa ni:
Dalogdog, Laurence
Escalora, Mar Andriel E.
Macalalad, Christine Joie A.
Salonga, Sean Michael E.
Sison, Kathleen Mae

Ipinasa kay:
Dr. Raymund R. Caballero

ABF 1-1N
INTRODUCTION
Science is concerned with the systematic understanding and explanation of the laws of
nature. Scientific activity centers on research, the end result of which is the discovery or
production of new knowledge. This new knowledge may or may not have any direct or
immediate application.

On the other hand technology has often been understood as the "systematic knowledge of
the industrial arts." As this knowledge was implemented by means of techniques, technology
has become commonly taken to mean both the knowledge and the means of its utilization, that
is, “a body, of knowledge about techniques." Modern technology also involves systematic
research but its outcome is more concrete than science, i.e. the production of "a thing, a chemical,
a process, something to be bought and sold.

In the past, science and technology developed separately, with the latter being largely a
product of trial and error in response to a particular human need. In modern times, however, the
progresses of science and technology have become intimately linked together. Many scientific
discoveries have been facilitated by the development of new technology. New scientific
knowledge in turn has often led to further refinement of existing technology or the invention of
entirely new ones.
 History of Science and Technology in the World

Ancient Age (6,000-25,000 BC)

- ancient technology was the result from advances in engineering in ancient times.
These advances in the history of technology stimulated societies to adopt new ways
of living and governance.
- Late middle English term for before/past
- Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence

Early Technology and its Effects

 Fire
- Make it possible to preserve food by smoking it
 Stone Tools
- Axes to cutting things like branches
- Crushes and grinds for preparing food
- We can adapt to our environment by changing the tools we use
 Hunting and Gathering
- Ready for war
 Caves
- Lose hair, which lets us cool off better, which is let us walk longer distances

Reasons why they need this things and how they survive:
- Man had to get smart to survive
- They could not out run saber-toothed tigers or cave lions
- Man began creating stone tools to help live more comfortably
- They followed food sources, and set up camp as needed. Although this group made
stone tools and weapons, these weapons were still pretty basic
- Small groups banded together for their protection

Ancient Egyptian Technology

- Describes devices and technologies invented or used in Ancient Egypt
- They invented tools for constructions process of the Pyramid

Ancient Indian Technology

- Begins with pre historic human activity in the Indus Valley Civilization to early states
and empires.

Ancient China Technology

 - Chinese scientists and engineers, made significant scientific innovations, across
various scientific disciplines.

Ancient Greek Technology

- Improve weapons in tactics in war
- Watermill the device which pointed to further exploitation on large scale under the
Romans

Ancient Roman Technology

- The collection of techniques, skills, methods, processes and engineering practices
which supported Roman civilization and made possible the economy and military of
ancient Rome
- Most technological advances civilization

Ancient Iran Technology

- Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology through education
and training

Top Scientists in Ancient Times

 Anaximander c. 610 BC – c. 546 BC.

- An ancient scientific revolution: the first person in history to recognize that we live
on a planet that is free in space and does not need to sit on something.

 Anaximander c. 610 BC – c. 546 BC.

- An ancient scientific revolution: the first person in history to recognize that we live
on a planet that is free in space and does not need to sit on something.

 Aristotle 384 BC – 322 BC.

- A genius whose philosophical ideas are still taught, but his contributions to physics
retarded progress for almost two millennia.

 Democritus c. 460 — c. 370 BC

- Devised an atomic theory featuring tiny particles always in motion interacting
through collisions; advocated a universe containing an infinity of diverse inhabited
worlds governed by natural, mechanistic laws rather than gods; deduced that the light
of stars explains the Milky Way’s appearance; discovered that a cone’s volume is
one-third that of the cylinder with the same base and height.
  Empedocles c. 490 BC – c 430 BC.
- An ancient theory of natural selection; mass conservation; and the four elements
which are now often misattributed to Aristotle.

 Pythagoras c. 570 BC – 497 BC.

- Believed the universe was constructed using mathematics and everything could be
described with numbers; established a link between mathematics and music; proved
Pythagoras’s theorem; discovered irrational numbers; discovered the Platonic Solids.

Middle Age (476 AD – 1453)

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or medieval period) lasted from the 5th to the
15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the
Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three
traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern
period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

The Middle Ages: Birth of an Idea

The phrase “Middle Ages” tells us more about the Renaissance that followed it than it
does about the era itself. Starting around the 14th century, European thinkers, writers and artists
began to look back and celebrate the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome

The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages

After the fall of Rome, no single state or government united the people who lived on the
European continent. Instead, the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution of the
medieval period. Kings, queens and other leaders derived much of their power from their
alliances with and protection of the Church.

The Middle Ages: The Rise of Islam

Meanwhile, the Islamic world was growing larger and more powerful. After the prophet
Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, Muslim armies conquered large parts of the Middle East, uniting
them under the rule of a single caliph. At its height, the medieval Islamic world was more than
three times bigger than all of Christendom.
The Crusades
The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a Christian army to fight its
way to Jerusalem, and continued on and off until the end of the 15th century. In 1099, Christian
armies captured Jerusalem from Muslim control, and groups of pilgrims from across Western
Europe started visiting the Holy Land. Many of them, however, were robbed and killed as they
crossed through Muslim-controlled territories during their journey.

The Middle Ages: Art and Architecture

Another way to show devotion to the Church was to build grand cathedrals and other
ecclesiastical structures such as monasteries. Cathedrals were the largest buildings in medieval
Europe, and they could be found at the center of towns and cities across the continent.

The Black Death

Between 1347 and 1350, a mysterious disease known as the " Black Death " (the bubonic
plague) killed some 20 million people in Europe—30 percent of the continent’s population. It
was especially deadly in cities, where it was impossible to prevent the transmission of the disease
from one person to another.

The Middle Ages: Economics and Society

In medieval Europe, rural life was governed by a system scholars call “feudalism.” In a
feudal society, the king granted large pieces of land called fiefs to noblemen and bishops.
Landless peasants known as serfs did most of the work on the fiefs: They planted and harvested
crops and gave most of the produce to the landowner. In exchange for their labor, they were
allowed to live on the land. They were also promised protection in case of enemy invasion.
Modern Age (1500-1800)
The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
The scientific revolution laid the foundations for the Age of Enlightenment, which centered
on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and emphasized the importance of the
scientific method. By the 18th century, when the Enlightenment flourished, scientific authority
began to displace religious authority, and disciplines until then seen as legitimately scientific (e.g.,
alchemy and astrology) lost scientific credibility.

Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment
writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences, and associated scientific advancement with
the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of the development of free speech and
thought. Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought,
and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. At the time, science
was dominated by scientific societies and academies, which had largely replaced universities as
centers of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were also the backbone
of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the
popularization of science among an increasingly literate population. The century saw significant
advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics; the development of
biological taxonomy; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity; and the maturation of
chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry.

Newton’s Principle formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which
dominated scientists’ view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using
the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the
equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the
heliocentric model of the cosmos. This work also demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth
and of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. His laws of motion were to be
the solid foundation of mechanics.

Physics and Mathematics In the 16th and 17th centuries, European scientists began
increasingly applying quantitative measurements to the measurement of physical phenomena on
the earth, which translated into the rapid development of mathematics and physics.

A. Early Modern Period -Renaissance period in history of Europe beginning in about 1300-
1600, and following the medieval period. Renaissance is a French word meaning "Rebirth.
" -The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern
period when developments in math, physics, astronomy, biology (human anatomy) and
chemistry transformed societal views about nature that unfolded in Europe bet roughly
1500 - 1700. The Scientific Revolution began in Europe toward the end of the renaissance
 period, and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social
movement known as the Enlightenmen. -Age of Enlightenment period of the modern era
of philosophy corresponds roughly to the 18th century (1700). In general terms, the
Enlightenment was an intellectual movement, development mainly in France, Britain,
Germany which advocated freedom, democracy and reason as the primary values of society.

Famous Scientist during the scientific revolution:

 Galileo Galilei - Father of modern astronomy: Father of modern physics:Albert Einstein
called him "Father of modern science. "
 Nicolaus Copernicus - Heliocentric Theory. In greek "Helios" means sun. Heliocentric
means sun in the center Johannes
 Kepler - Three Laws of Planetary Motion Sir Isaac Newton - Three Laws of Motion

B. Modern modern period Industrial revolution 1700s - Introduction of the first viable steam
engine by Thomas Newcomen at Dudley castle coal mine in 1712. The invention of steam
engine was crucial to the industrialization of modern civilization. For almost 200 years it
was the outstanding source of power for industry and transport system in the west.
Progressive Era - a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the
United States that spanned from the 1890 - 1920s. The main objectives of the progressive
movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanisation,
immigration and corruption in government. Machine Age - an era that includes the early
20th century, sometimes including the late 19th century (1880 - 1945) late part of the
second industrial revolution.

C. Contemporary Period The 1940s saw the beginning of the atomic age, where modern
physics saw new applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and the
transistors. Post Modernity - a late 20th century style and concept in the arts, architecture,
criticism that represents a departure from modernism and has its heart a general distrust of
grand theories and ideologies as well as problematical relationship with any notion of art.

Example: World war 1 and 2

Inventions 20th Century:

Antibiotics was discovered. Fist test tube baby was born. Laser was invented. Willem Kolff
built the first artificial kidney machine. Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin.
21st Century

First full face transplant. A bionic eye (visual prosthetic), Argus II Retinal Stimulation.
Telesurgery. Human Genome Project (HGP).
 History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre-Colonial Period
There is a very little reliable written information about Philippine society, culture and
technology before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521. The early Filipinos had attained a
generally simple level of technological development, compared with those of the Chinese and
Japanese, but this was sufficient for their needs at that period of time.

Archaeological findings indicate that modern men (homo sapiens) from the Asian
mainland first came over-land and across narrow channels to live in Palawan and Batangas
around 50,000 years ago. For about 40,000 years, they made simple tools or weapons of
stone flakes but eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones.
These Stone Age inhabitants, subsequently formed settlements in the major Philippine islands
such as Sulu, Mindanao (Zamboanga, and Davao), Negros, Samar, Luzon (Batangas, Laguna,
Rizal, Bulacan and the Cagayan region). By about 3,000 B.C., they were producing adzes
ornaments of seashells and pottery of various designs. The manufacture of pottery subsequently
became well developed and flourished for about 2,000 years until it came into competition
with imported Chinese porcelain. Thus over time pottery making declined. What has survived
of this ancient technology is the lowest level, i.e., the present manufacture of the ordinary
cooking pot among several local communities.

Gradually, the early Filipinos learned to make metal tools and implements -- copper, gold,
bronze and, later, iron. The Iron Age is considered to have lasted from the second or third century
B.C. to the tenth century A.D. Excavations of Philippine graves and work sites have yielded iron
slags. These suggest that Filipinos during this period engaged in the actual extraction of iron from
ore, smelting and refining. But it appears that the iron industry, like the manufacture of pottery,
did not survive the competition with imported cast iron from Sarawak and much later, from China.

By the first century A.D., Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery
and glass ornaments and were also engaged in agriculture. Lowland rice was cultivated in
diked fields and in the interior mountain regions as in the Cordillera, in terraced fields which
utilized spring water.

Filipinos had also learned to build boats for the coastal trade. By the tenth century A.D.,
this had,mbecome a highly developed technology. In fact, the early Spanish chroniclers took note
of the refined plank-built warship called caracoa. These boats were well suited for inter-island
trade raids. The Spaniards later utilized Filipino expertise in boat-building and seamanship to
fight the raiding Dutch, Portuguese, Muslims and the Chinese pirate Limahong as well as to
build and man the galleons that sailed to Mexico.
 By the tenth century A.D., the inhabitants of Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam);
those of Ma-i (Mindoro) with China. Chinese records which have now been translated contain
a lot of references to the Philippines. These indicate that regular trade relations between the
two countries had been well established during the tenth to the fifteenth centuries.

The Filipinos in Mindanao and Sulu traded with Borneo, Malacca and parts of the Malay
Peninsula. This trade seems to have antedated those with the Chinese. By the time the
Spaniards reached the archipelago, these trade relations had been firmly established such that the
alliance between the rulers of Manila and Brunei had become strengthened by marriage. It
was through these contacts that Hindu-Buddhist, Malay-Sanskrit and Arab-Muslim Cultural
and technological influences spread to the Philippines.

Spanish Regime
The beginnings of modern science and technology in the Philippines can be
traced to the Spanish regime. The Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific
research and these had important consequences for the rise of the country’s professions. But the
direction and pace of development of science and technology were greatly shaped by the role
of the religious orders in the conquest and colonization of the archipelago and by economic
and trade adopted by the colonial government.

The religious orders likewise played a major role in the establishment of the colonial
educational system in the Philippines. As the school was built this is limited to the elite of the
colonial society the European-born and local Spaniards, the mestizos and a few native
Filipinos. Throughout the Spanish regime, the royal and pontifical University of Santo Tomas
remained as the highest institution of learning. Run by the Dominicans, it was established
as a college in 1611 by Fray Miguel de Benavides. It initially granted degrees in theology,
philosophy and humanities. During the eighteenth century, the faculty of jurisprudence and
canonical law was established. In 1871, the schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened.
From 1871 to 1886, the University of Santo Tomas granted the degree of Licenciado en
Medicina to 62 graduates. For the doctorate degree in medicine, at least an additonal year
of study was required at the Universidad Central de Madrid Spain.

The Spanish focuses in medicinal profession and in January 1, 1820 which offered a four-
year course of study (for the profession of pilot of merchant marine) that included
subjects as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, hydrography, meteorology,
navigation and pilotage. A School of Commercial Accounting and a School of French and
English Languages were established in 1839.

The Spaniards introduced the technology of town planning and building with stones, brick
and tiles. In many places, religious (such as Bishop Salazar in Manila) personally led in these
undertakings. Because of the lack of skilled Filipinos in these occupations, the Spaniards
had to import Chinese master builders, artisans and masons. The native Filipinos were drafted,
through the institution of compulsory labor services, to work on these projects. In this manner,
the construction of the walls of Manila, its churches, convents, hospitals, schools and public
buildings were completed by the seventeenth century.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Bourbon dynasty ascended to the
Spanish throne and brought with it political and economic ideas of the French Enlightenment.

First Republic
There was very little development in science and technology during the short-lived
Philippine Republic (1898-1900). The government took steps to establish a secular
educational system by a decree of 19 October 1898; it created the Universidad Literaria de
Filipinas as a secular, state-supported institution of higher learning. It offered courses in law,
medicine, surgery, pharmacy and notary public. During its short life, the University was able to
hold graduation exercises in Tarlac on 29 September 1899 when degrees inmedicine and law were
awarded.

Isaac Newton in 1675 "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."
which means discovering truth by building on previous discoveries by using the first discovered
works.

Scientific revolution started when Nicolaus Copernicus published De revolutionibus

orbium coelestium (Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) which is often cited as marking the
beginning of the scientific revolution and Andrea Vesalius' De Humani corporis fabrica (The
Fabric of the Human Body). It was said that it was a series of events that marked the emergence
of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in Mathematics, Physics,
Astronomy, Biology (Including Human Anatomy) and Chemistry transformed the views of society
in nature. It yook place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance Period and continued through
the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement also known as the
Enlightenment.

Key Points
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period,
when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and
chemistry transformed societal views about nature.

The change to the medieval idea of science occurred for four reasons: collaboration, the derivation
of new experimental methods, the ability to build on the legacy of existing scientific philosophy,
and institutions that enabled academic publishing.

Under the scientific method, which was defined and applied in the 17th century, natural and
artificial circumstances were abandoned and a research tradition of systematic experimentation
was slowly accepted throughout the scientific community.
During the scientific revolution, changing perceptions about the role of the scientist in respect to
nature, and the value of experimental or observed evidence, led to a scientific methodology in
which empiricism played a large, but not absolute, role.

As the scientific revolution was not marked by any single change, many new ideas contributed.
Some of them were revolutions in their own fields.

Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment
writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences, and associated scientific advancement with
the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of the development of free speech and
thought.

The scientific revolution was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek learning and
science in the Middle Ages, as it had been elaborated and further developed by Roman/Byzantine
science and medieval Islamic science. The Aristotelian tradition was still an important intellectual
framework in the 17th century, although by that time natural philosophers had moved away from
much of it. Key scientific ideas dating back to classical antiquity had changed drastically over the
years, and in many cases been discredited. The ideas that remained (for example, Aristotle ‘s
cosmology, which placed the Earth at the center of a spherical hierarchic cosmos, or the Ptolemaic
model of planetary motion) were transformed fundamentally during the scientific revolution.
The change to the medieval idea of science occurred for four reasons:

 Seventeenth century scientists and philosophers were able to collaborate with

members of the mathematical and astronomical communities to effect advances in
all fields.
 Scientists realized the inadequacy of medieval experimental methods for their work
and so felt the need to devise new methods (some of which we use today).
 Academics had access to a legacy of European, Greek, and Middle Eastern
scientific philosophy that they could use as a starting point (either by disproving or
building on the theorems).
 Institutions (for example, the British Royal Society) helped validate science as a
field by providing an outlet for the publication of scientists’ work.

New Methods
Under the scientific method that was defined and applied in the 17th century, natural and
artificial circumstances were abandoned, and a research tradition of systematic experimentation
was slowly accepted throughout the scientific community. The philosophy of using an inductive
approach to nature (to abandon assumption and to attempt to simply observe with an open mind)
was in strict contrast with the earlier, Aristotelian approach of deduction, by which analysis of
known facts produced further understanding. In practice, many scientists and philosophers
believed that a healthy mix of both was needed the willingness to both question assumptions, and
to interpret observations assumed to have some degree of validity.
 During the scientific revolution, changing perceptions about the role of the scientist in
respect to nature, the value of evidence, experimental or observed, led towards a scientific
methodology in which empiricism played a large, but not absolute, role. The term British
empiricism came into use to describe philosophical differences perceived between two of its
founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and René Descartes, who was described as a
rationalist. Bacon’s works established and popularized inductive methodologies for scientific
inquiry, often called the Baconian method, or sometimes simply the scientific method. His demand
for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and
theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper
methodology today. Correspondingly, Descartes distinguished between the knowledge that could
be attained by reason alone (rationalist approach), as, for example, in mathematics, and the
knowledge that required experience of the world, as in physics.
Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the primary exponents of
empiricism, and developed a sophisticated empirical tradition as the basis of human knowledge.
The recognized founder of the approach was John Locke, who proposed in An Essay Concerning
Human Understanding (1689) that the only true knowledge that could be accessible to the human
mind was that which was based on experience.

New Ideas
Many new ideas contributed to what is called the scientific revolution. Some of them were
revolutions in their own fields. These include:

 The heliocentric model that involved the radical displacement of the earth to an
orbit around the sun (as opposed to being seen as the center of the universe).
Copernicus’ 1543 work on the heliocentric model of the solar system tried to
demonstrate that the sun was the center of the universe. The discoveries of Johannes
Kepler and Galileo gave the theory credibility and the work culminated in Isaac
Newton’s Principia, which formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation
that dominated scientists’ view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.
 Studying human anatomy based upon the dissection of human corpses, rather than
the animal dissections, as practiced for centuries.
 Discovering and studying magnetism and electricity, and thus, electric properties
of various materials. Modernization of disciplines (making them more as what they
are today), including dentistry, physiology, chemistry, or optics.
 Invention of tools that deepened the understating of sciences, including mechanical
calculator, steam digester (the forerunner of the steam engine), refracting and
reflecting telescopes, vacuum pump, or mercury barometer.
 Alam natin na ang mundo ay punong-puno ng mga kagamitanna maaring magamit sa pang
araw-araw. Makakatulong ito sa pang araw-araw na pamumuhay ng mga tao, lalong-lalo na mga
Pilipino. Isa na rito ang gamit na gawa sa mga bakal at pinapagana ng makita. Makakatulong ito
sa atin at sa lipunan upang mapabilis ang pag tatrabaho ng mga manggagawa.

Pre-colonial History

 Fire (Light and heart)

 Herval and herbs (Medicines)
 Jars (manggul)
 Ali bata or Baybayin (Writing System)

Agricultural Revolution
1. Methods of farming
2. Stones for recording purposes
3. Clay pottery and soil minerals for metallurgy
4. Barter of different resoureces

"Agricultural Abundance"
 Filipinos were already engaged in farming. The Banaue Rice terrece are among the
Sophisticated products of engineering by Pre Spanish era Filipinos
 The natives based their faith on abundance of harvest, different plants and animals.

COLONIAL/HISTORY
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish Crown, was looking forward to a
west word route to the spice island of Indonesia.

 On March 16, 1521 Magellan's expidition landed on Homonhon Island in the

Philippines. But the colonization of the Philippine Island wasn't successful on the first
attempt.
 How ever, when Phillip II succeeded the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de
Velasco, the viceny of mexico, to prepare a new expedition (to headed by Miguel
Lopez de Legaspi).
 On February 13 1565, legaspi expedition landed in Cebu Island.
 On Feb 13 1556 l, Legaspi expidition landed in Cebu Island. After a short struggle
with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol.
The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of Science and technology in the
archipelago
The Spanish intruduce formal education and founded scientific institution.

Post Colonial history

19th Century Science and Technology
President and laws

Shorthy after the World War III, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos became the 6th
president of the 3rd Republic of the Philippines
During Ferdinand Marcos presidency, the importance given to Science grew.
"advancement of Science and Technology shall have priority In the national development".

 National science Development board

 He recognized that technology was the leading factor in economic development, and
channeled additional funds to support project in applied sience and science.
 He added the Philippine coconut research institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut
industry.
 The NSDB also established the Philippine textile research institute.
 The Philippines atomic energy commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic
energy for the economic development.
 In 1972, he created the national grains authority to provide for the development of the
rice and corn industry to fully harness it for the economy of the country.
 He establish the Philippines Council for agricultural research to support the progressive
development of agriculture, forestry, and fishers for the nations.
 He establish the Philippine atmospheric geophysical and astromical service
administration (pagasa) under the department of national defense to provide
environmental protection and to utilise scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the
people.
"Maria Corazon" Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino was the 1st president of the 5th
Republic of the Philippines.
 The national science and technology authority was replace by the department of Science
and Technology a representation in the cabinet
 The presidential task Force for science and technology which came up with the first
science and technology master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines
to achieve newly industrialised country status by the year 2000.