A Lesson Plan in Technology and Livelihood Education Grade 7

Area: Agri-Fishery Arts

Unit Title: Agricultural Crop Production
Lesson Title: Interpreting Plans and Drawings
Teacher: Nina Marie O. Salvatus

Content Standard The learners demonstrates understanding of basic concepts,

underlying theories and principles in interpreting plans and drawings.

Performance The learners independently interpret plans and drawings relative in

Standard agricultural crop production.

Learning Outcome Interpret farm plans and lay-out

Learning 1.1.Design farm plans and layouts according to crop grown
Competency/ies 1.2. Follow strictly planting system and practices according to
approved cultural practices

Lesson Objectives • Interpret planting system according to crop arrangement

• Analyze how crops are arranged in row planting
• Demonstrate the different methods of planting crops
• Show appreciation to cultural practices of planting crops
Lesson Title Interpreting Plans and Drawing

References K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood

Education Learning Module (Agricultural Crop Production)
Instructional Power Point Presentation, Laptop, TV/Projector, Worksheets
Materials Needed
Values to be Appreciation
Integrated
Essential What is the role of the cultural practices of planting crops to the
Question/s modern day Filipino farmers?

Lesson Guide

Preliminaries • Prayer
• Greetings
• Cleanliness
• Arranging of chairs
• Checking of Attendance
Review Selected students will answer questions projected on the screen
about the concepts of estimation and basic calculations of farm
inputs which has been discussed last meeting.
Guess the Word: Selected students will analyze the given picture
Motivation and she/he will answer it in just one word. The answers are the
words that the students will encounter throughout the lesson.
Group Activity:
Students will be divided into 4 groups. Each group are tasked to
Activity interpret a particular drawing from an envelope and there will be
guide questions that the group need to answer. The students need
to work as a group to provide answers on the guided questions.
Interactive Question and Answer:

After interpreting and answering the guided questions from the

Analysis drawing, the following questions will be asked to the students:
 1. What can you say about the activity?
2. How do you answer the questions? Was it easy or difficult?
3. From that activity, what do you think is our topic for today?
4. Why is it very important to have a farm plan and design?

Interactive Discussion: INTERPRET FARM PLANS AND

LAYOUTS

Site assessment - An on-site assessment of a farm is necessary

so that a map can be drawn of the property‘s topography,
boundaries, soils, water resources and so on, and a farm business
plan can be formulated.

Government plans Acquaint yourself with relevant Regional

Environmental Plans (REPs), Local Environmental Plans (LEPs),
and Development Control Plans (DCPs) and their short and long-
term effects on your proposed or existing farm enterprise. This will
Abstraction help reduce unforeseen risks and enhance your farm business.
Council‘s building approval or development consent (DAs) may be
needed for siting greenhouses, siting and constructing dams or
erecting hail and windbreak netting. Council approval to clear land
or a ‗no burning of crop debris or waste materials on farm‘ may
apply. Consent will be required if odor or noise is a nuisance likely
to be generated from the development.

How Crops are Arranged in Row Planting

Row planting as applied in conventional horizontal farming or

gardening is a system of growing crops in linear pattern in at least
one direction rather than planting without any distinct arrangement.
It is practiced in most crops whether direct seeded, transplanted or
grown from vegetative planting materials, both in monocropping
and multiple cropping.

Row Planting Arrangement

Row-planted crops are either arranged in equidistant single rows

or in multiple rows. Planting in single rows is most common in
monocropping or sole cropping, the growing of a single crop.

Multiple Row Planting Arrangement

Multiple row planting is a system of growing crops in blocks or

strips of 2 or more rows. The adjacent blocks are separated by a
space which may remain vacant or planted to other crops. This
planting arrangement is common in multiple cropping in which two
or more crops are grown in the same piece of land.

Spatial Arrangement in Intercropping

 Spatial arrangement is the systematic apportioning of the farm
area or any growing surface for crop production. In multiple
cropping by intercropping, the intercrop can be planted in any of
the following ways: (1) within the rows of the maincrop, (2) between
the rows of the maincrop, and (3) in replacement series.

Methods of Planting Crops in the Farm

In general, there are two methods of planting crops: direct seeding

and transplanting.

Direct seeding or direct sowing is a method of planting in which

seeds are directly planted on the ground in the farm or any growing
surface while transplanting makes use of pre-grown plants,
seedlings or vegetatively propagated clones.

In contrast to direct seeding, transplanting is a method of planting

crops in which potted plants or pre-grown seedlings or clones are
planted on the ground, other growing surface, or any growing
structure. Transplanting is also convenient with a few plants that
can be transferred with a ball of soil around the roots.

Group Activity: The class will be divided into 5 groups. Each

Application group will present a 1-minute role play showing a particular cultural
practices of Filipinos when it comes to planting crops.
The teacher will give an answer sheet to each students together
with the test questions below. Only 5 minutes was allotted to finish
this assessment.

1. In multiple cropping by intercropping, the intercrop can be

planted in any of the following ways except:
a. within the rows of the main crop
b. between the rows of the main crop
c. outside the rows of the main crop
d. in replacement series
2. It is applied in conventional horizontal farming or gardening as
a system of growing crops in linear pattern in at least one
direction rather than planting without any distinct arrangement.
a. Row planting
Evaluation b. Multiple planting
c. Single planting
d. Spatial planting
3. What do you called to the arrangement in intercropping which
is a systematic apportioning of the farm area?
a. Multiple arrangement
b. Spatial arrangement
c. Single arrangement
d. Direct arrangement
4. In this planting arrangement, it employs the maximize use of
vacant interrow spaces when the maincrop has not fully
developed thus allowing sufficient light exposure.
a. Direct-row
b. Single-row
c. Intercropping
d. Multiple row
5. The following are the specific advantages of row planting over
broadcasting or scatter planting except:
 a. light absorption is maximized
b. wind passage along the interrows is enhanced
c. movement within the crop area is inconvenient and allows
close inspection of individual plants
d. visibility is enhanced.
6. An east-west row orientation is preferred to __________.
a. maximize light absorption
b. enhance maximum yields
c. established plant in one location
d. press the soil
7. Slashing and burning are done during _____________when
the grasses are dry, and corn is planted at the start of the rainy
season.
a. autumn
b. winter
c. summer
d. spring
8. It is a method of planting crops in which potted plants or pre-
grown seedlings or clones are planted on the ground, other
growing surface, or any growing structure.
a. Direct seeding
b. Transplanting
c. Indirect seeding
d. None of these
9. This method of planting crops are generally applies to large-
seeded vegetables as well as in cereals and grain legumes.
a. Indirect seeding
b. Transplanting
c. Direct seeding
d. All of the above
10. Why is it necessary to have an on-site assessment on an
agricultural production site? Explain your answer in one sentence
only.
For correction: Write down how crops are arranged in row
planting and the two methods of planting crops with your own
descriptions on your notebook.
Assignment For reinforcement: Observe the arrangement of crops present in
the garden of your community. Write a written report of your
observation with pictures attached to it.
For enrichment: Make a research on the contribution of cultural
practices of planting crops in the Agricultural sector of our country.

A Lesson Plan in Technology and Livelihood Education Grade 7

Area: Agri-Fishery Arts

Unit Title: Agricultural Crop Production
Lesson Title: Interpreting Plans and Drawings
Teacher: Nina Marie O. Salvatus

Content Standard The learners demonstrates understanding of basic concepts,

underlying theories and principles in interpreting plans and drawings.

Performance The learners independently interpret plans and drawings relative in

Standard agricultural crop production.

Learning Outcome Interpret irrigation plan and design.

 Learning 1.3. Interpret irrigation system plan according to established
Competency/ies procedures
1.4. Differentiate designs of irrigation systems
Lesson Objectives • Explain the different functions and features of an irrigation plan
• Differentiate designs of irrigation systems
• Construct an irrigation plan
• Show creativity in designing irrigation system
Lesson Title Interpreting Farm Plans and Layout
References K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood
Education Learning Module (Agricultural Crop Production)
Instructional Power Point Presentation, Laptop, TV/Projector, Worksheets
Materials Needed
Values to be Creativity
Integrated
Essential How important it is that a farm has an irrigation system plan and
Question/s layout?

Lesson Guide

• Prayer
• Greetings
Preliminaries • Cleanliness
• Arranging of chairs
• Checking of Attendance
Picture Analysis: Selected students will analyze what particular
cropping arrangement and methods of planting crops is being
Review asked from an image projected on the screen which has been
discussed last meeting.

SHARE IT: A Successful Plan.

Motivation Students will think an experience which they achieve success in

their lives because they have planned it very well. The teacher will
asked for volunteer/s to share her/his experience in the class.

GROUP ACTIVITY:

Activity The class will be divided into six groups. In each group, there will
be an assigned one particular essential features of an irrigation
plan to which the group will brainstorm about. After 3 minutes, the
leader of each group will present what they have talked about.
Group Presentation:

Each group will answer the following questions:

1. What is the assigned features to your group?

2. Why do you think it is one of the essential features of an
Analysis irrigation plan?
3. How this feature affects the development of an irrigation
system if not applied?
4. We only have 2 seasons in the Philippines. How do you
think it affects in designing and planning for an irrigation
system layout?
 INTERACTIVE DISCUSSION: IRRIGATION SYSTEM PLAN
AND DESIGN

Proper design of an irrigation system requires that the pumping

system precisely match to the irrigation distribution system so that
the pressure and flow rate required can be efficiently provided by
the pumping system. The energy required to pump water is
determined by the total dynamic head (water lift, pipe friction,
system pressure, etc.), the water flow rate desired and the
pumping system's efficiency.

Irrigation water management involves determining when to irrigate,

the amount of water to apply at each irrigation event and during
each stage of plant, and operating and maintaining the irrigation
system. The main management objective is to manage the
production system for profit without compromising environment
and in agreement with water availability. A major management
activity involves irrigation scheduling or determining when and how
much water to apply, considering the irrigation method and other
field characteristics.

FUNCTIONS OF FARM IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

The primary function of farm irrigation systems is to supply crops

with irrigation water in the quantities and at the time it is needed.
Specific function includes:
Abstraction 1. Diverting water from the water source.
2. Conveying it to individual fields within the farm.
3. Distributing it within each field.
4. Providing a means for measuring and regulating flows.

DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

1. SURFACE IRRIGATION- water is applied to the field in either

the controlled or uncontrolled manner. Surface irrigation consist of:
1.1 Furrow system
A. Furrow Irrigation By Cutting The Ridge
B .Furrow Irrigation With Siphons
The Major Design Considerations in Surface Irrigation Include:
1. Storing the readily available moisture in the root zone, if
possible;
2. Obtaining as uniform water application as possible;
3. Minimizing soil erosion by applying non-erosive streams;
4. Minimizing runoff at the end of the furrow by using a re-use
system or a cut –back
stream;
5. Minimizing labor requirements by having good land preparation,
6. Good design and experienced labor and
7. Facilitating use of machinery for land preparation, cultivation,
furrowing, harvesting
etc.

1.2 Border Irrigation System

1. In a border irrigation, controlled surface flooding is practiced

whereby the field is divided up into strips by parallel ridges or dikes
and each strip is irrigated separately by introducing water
upstream and it progressively covers the entire strip.
2. Border irrigation is suited for crops that can withstand flooding
for a short time e.g. wheat.
3. It can be used for all crops provided that the system is
designated to provide the needed water control for irrigation of
crops.
4. It is suited to soils between extremely high and very low
infiltration rates.
5. In border irrigation, water is applied slowly.
6. The root zone is applied with water gradually down the field.
7. At a time, the application flow is cut-off to reduce water loses.
8. Ideally, there is no runoff and deep percolation.
9. The problem is that the time to cut off the inflow is difficult to
determine.

Design Parameters of Border Irrigation System

a) Strip width: Cross slopes must be eliminated by leveling.

Since there are no furrows to restrict lateral movement, any cross
slope will make water move down one side leading to poor
application efficiency and possibly erosion.
-The stream size available should also be considered in choosing
a strip width.
-The size should be enough to allow complete lateral spreading
throughout the length of the strip.
-The width of the strip for a given water supply is a function of the
length
-The strip width should be at least bigger than the size of vehicle
tract for construction where applicable.
b) Strip Slope: Longitudinal slopes should be almost same as for
the furrow irrigation.
c) Construction of Levees: Levees should be big enough to
withstand erosion, and of sufficient height to contain the irrigation
stream.
d) Selection of the Advance Stream: The maximum advance
stream used should be non-erosive and therefore depends on the
protection afforded by the crop cover.
Clay soils are less susceptible to erosion but suffer surface
panning at high water velocities. Table 3.4 gives the maximum
flows recommendable for bare soils.
e) The Length of the Strip: The ideal lengths can be obtained by
field tests.

1.3 Basin Irrigation System

Characteristics:
1. In basin irrigation, water is flooded in wider areas. It is ideal for
irrigating rice.
2. The area is normally flat.
3. In basin irrigation, a very high stream size is introduced into the
basin so that rapid movement of water is obtained.
4. Water does not infiltrate a lot initially.
5. At the end, close the water inlet to avoid water loss in the pond.
6. The opportunity time difference between the upward and the
downward ends are reduced.
 2. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

The sprinkler system is ideal in areas where water is scarce.

A Sprinkler system conveys water through pipes and applies it with
a minimum amount of losses.
-Water is applied in form of sprays sometimes simulating natural
rainfall.
-The difference is that this rainfall can be controlled in duration and
intensity.
-If well planned, designed and operated, it can be used in sloping
land to reduce erosion where other systems are not possible.

Types of Conventional Sprinkler Systems

a) Fully portable system: The laterals, mains, sub-mains and the
pumping plant are all portable.
The system is designed to be moved from one field to another or
other pumping sites that are in the same field.
b) Semi-portable system: Water source and pumping plant are
fixed in locations. Other components can be moved. The system
cannot be moved from field to field or from farm to farm except
when more than one fixed pumping plant is used.
c) Fully permanent system: Permanent laterals, mains, sub-mains
as well as fixed pumping plant. Sometimes laterals and mainlines
may be buried. The sprinkler may be permanently located or
moved along the lateral. It can be used on permanent irrigation
fields and for relatively high value crops e.g. Orchards and
vineyards. Labor savings throughout the life of the system may
later offset high installation cost.

DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION

Advantages:
a. Water is applied directly to the crop ie. entire field is not wetted.
b. Water is conserved
c. Weeds are controlled because only the places getting water can
grow weeds.
d. There is a low pressure system.
e. There is a slow rate of water application somewhat matching the
consumptive use. Application rate can be as low as 1 – 12 l/hr.
f. There is reduced evaporation, only potential transpiration is
considered.
g. There is no need for a drainage system.

GROUP ACTIVITY: PUTTING TOGETHER

The class will be divided into five. Each group will have an
Application assigned task to construct one specific irrigation system design by
putting together the images of the parts of each design to make it
whole. The group need to make sure that they do it correctly and
neatly.
Each students will be given an answer sheet together with the test
questions below. The students has only 5 minutes to answer the
following questions.
Evaluation
1-2. Give one functions of an irrigation system and explain it briefly.
3-4. Give one essential features of an irrigation system plan and
explain it importance briefly.
 5. It is an irrigation system design wherein the water is applied to
the field in either the controlled or uncontrolled manner.
a. Surface irrigation
b. Border irrigation
c. Sprinkler irrigation
d. Basin irrigation
6. What do you called to an irrigation system wherein it controlled
surface flooding?
a. Sprinkler irrigation
b. Basin irrigation
c. Border irrigation
d. Surface irrigation
7. This irrigation system design is ideal for irrigating rice.
a. Border irrigation
b. Surface irrigation
c. Sprinkler irrigation
d. Basin irrigation
8. This irrigation system design is ideal in areas where water is
scarce.
a. Border irrigation
b. Surface irrigation
c. Sprinkler irrigation
d. Basin irrigation
9-10. Give two advantages of drip or trickle irrigation.

For correction: Enumerate the six essential features of an

irrigation system plan and list down the different irrigation system
design with your own explanations and understanding about it.
Assignment Write these on your notebook.
For reinforcement: Make a sketch on irrigation system designs
and upload it on facebook.com.
For enrichment: Create a simple miniature of an irrigation canal.