Nuevo English Book
Nuevo English Book
Nuevo English Book
ENGLISH
FIRST EDITION
Watch Watches
Glass Glasses
Wish Wishes
Hero Heroes
Fox Foxes
Country Countries
Words which end with consonants “LF” and some of them with “F or Fe. They
can make plural with “VES”
Wolf Wolves
Half Halves
Wife Wives
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There are some words that if we want to make plural, we must add “S”
Teacher Teachers
Car Cars
House Houses
Book Books
Computer Computers
The article “a” and “an” is used with consonant and vowel, when we have a
vowel, we have to use “an” and when we have consonant, we have to use “a”.
A teacher, A map, A pencil, A tour, An elephant, An apples An hour and so on.
These are irregular plural because its plural is different than its singular.
Man Men
Woman Women.
Child Children.
Foot Feet.
Person People.
Tooth Teeth.
Mouse Mice.
These are some plural words that we only have to use them in plural.
Pants – Stairs – Shorts – Scissors – Thanks – Greens – Optics – Politics.
Demostrative Articles
Singular Plural
This is (near) These are (near)
That is (far) Those are (far)
It is They are
Examples
This is my Watch These are my books
That is her market Those are his notebooks
It is a pencil They are pencils
1. A:
What are these? 2. A: What…………….? 3. A: What…………………?
B: They are keys. B: …………………... B: ……………………….
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4. A: What ……….? 4. A: What ……………? 4. A: What ……….?
B: ………………… B: ……………… B: ……………...
Personal Pronouns
I: Yo Verb to be: Ser y Estar.
You: Tu, Usted (Singular) Am: Soy, Estoy.
He: El Is: Es, Esta.
She: Ella Are: Eres (S), Son, Están.
It: Eso, Esa, Esta, Este (Neutro)
We: Nosotros
You: Ustedes (Plural)
They: Ellos, Ellas.
Possessive Adjectives
My: Mi Its: (su, de eso o esa)
Your: Tu (Singular) Our: (nuestro, nuestra)
His: (su, de el) Your: (suyo, de ustedes) (Plural)
Her: (su, de ella) Their: (su, de ellos, de ellas)
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W-h Words
When : Cuando Which : Cual What : Que, cual Who : Quien Why?: Por que
Because : Porque Where : Donde How : Como Whom : Quienes To Whom : A
quienes o A quien Whose : De quien (Possessive) How long : Cuan largo, Cuanto
tiempo How often : Cuan a menudo What time / At What Time : A que hora How
many : Cuantos (Countable) How much : Cuanto (Uncountable) How high : Cuan alto
How Far : Cuan lejos How big : Cuan grande How deep : Cuan Profundo How hot :
Cuan Caliente How cold : Cuan frio.
Saying Hello
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Saying Good Bye
Excellent, Great, Awesome, Super, Fantastic, Super fantastic, As a never before, So far
so good, So – so, Wonderful, Better than yesterday, Blue, Awful, Terrific, Terrible.
When you use a preposition after a verb comes, they have to add (Gerung = ing)
to the verb and the meaning is the same, they are not going to traslate like a
gerung.
Thank you for inviting me to your TV show.
Thank you for coming to my TV show.
I am thinking about going to U.K.
I am not good at dancing.
Until now, most efforts to combat climate change have centered on reducing emissions
from cars and power plants.
They are really interested in learning how to speak English correctly.
What/How about getting together sometime?
Note: Prepositions are: On, In, Over, Under, At, By, For, About, Against, Without,
Within, Before, After, With, Around, Below.
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Present Continuous or Progressive Tense
Affirmative Sentences
Subject+Verb to be+Verb+ing+Complement.
I am waiting for my sister Lucia now
You are playing baseball right now
He is studying at Specialized English Center now
She is writing a letter now
It is raining outside now
We are painting Kathy‟s house right now
You are buying apples now
They are cleaning Maria‟s bedroom now
Note: The contracted form is usually used in spoken English and in the informal
writing.
I am = I‟m I‟m an electrical engineer.
You are = You‟re
He is = He‟s
She is = She‟s She‟s a doctor.
It is = It‟s
We are = We‟re We‟re baseball players.
You are = You‟re
They are = They‟re They‟re taxi drivers
Negative Sentences
Subject+Verb to be+Not+Verb+ing+Complement.
I am not having breakfast now
You are not calling to your mother now
He is not reading a newspaper now
She is not working in her office now
It is not eating now
We are not having a great time here
You are not opening a door now
They are not speaking French now
Note: The negative contracted form is usually used in spoken English and in the
informal writing.
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Interrogative Form
Am I? Yes, you are
No, you are not
Are you? Yes, I am
No, I am not
Is he? Yes, he is
No, he is not
Is she? Yes, she is
No, she is not.
Is it? Yes, it is
No, it is not
Are we? Yes, we are
No, we are not
Are you? Yes, we are
No, we are not
Are They? Yes, they are
No, they are not
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Complete the following sentences and question using Present Progressive.
The Alphabet
Listen and practice
A B C D E F G H I J K L N M O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l n m o p q r s t u v w x y z
Class activity. How do you spell your name and your friends in the classroom?
Days of the Week Seasons of the Year
Sunday Spring
Monday Summer
Wednesday Winter
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
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Weather and Season
Numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19
eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen nineteen
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety
100 1000 1000000.
One / a hunderd one / a thousand one / a million.
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Practice in class. Numbers
Note: When you want to express feeling, age, cold, hot you must use verb to be
only.
I am hungry I am on my way
You are 15 years old You are on your way
He is thirsty He is on his way
She is hot She is on her way
It is cold It is on its way
We are sleepy We are on our way
You are right You are on your way
They are wrong They are on their way
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Word Power Preposition; article the
Listen and practice
PREPOSITION: AT
At my House, At the Gym, At the Stadium, At the Supermarket, At the Corner, at Home,
At the Cineplex, At the Library, At Noon, At Night, at Midnight, At the Beach, At 4:00, At
the Airport, At the Gas Station, And So On.
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Time Expressions in English
Grammar focus
What time is it?
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Conversation What time is it there?
Listen and practice
Debbie: Hello?
John: Hi, Debbie. This is John.
I‟m calling from Australia.
Debbie: Australia?
John: I‟m at a conference in Sydney.
Remember?
Debbie: Oh, right. What time is it there?
John: It‟s 10:00 P.M. And it‟s four o‟clock
there in Los Angeles. Right?
Debbie: Yes – four o‟clock in the morning!
John: 4:00 A.M.? Oh. I‟m really sorry.
Debbie: That‟s OK. I‟m awake…now.
Pair work Now create a conversation about time zone
Colors
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Conversacion It‟s a disaster
Listen and practice
Grammar Focus
There is and There are
There‟s a bed in the bedroom There are some chairs in the kitchen
There‟s no a sofa in the bedroom There are no chairs in the in the living room
There isn‟t a table in the kitchen There aren‟t any chairs in the living room.
There‟s = There is There aren‟t = There are not
Word Poder descriptions
Activity in class Now describe yourself, What are you like?, What‟s she like?
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Reading
Talking about Jennifer.
Hi! I‟m Jennifer! I am 9 years old. I live in Houston, Texas with my mother, father, and
two brothers. I like going to school but I hate doing homework and taking exams. At
school I study English, Spanish, Science, Social Studies and Mathematics. I love going
to school and seeing my friends and teachers every day. I also like to play baseball after
school. I don‟t have any sisters but my best friend, Olga, is just like my sister. We tell
each other everything. We also study and watch TV together. When I grow up I‟m going
to be a nurse and take care of sick people.
Write a composition about yourself.
Vocabulary
Name, Meet, Again, Think, Over There, Over Here, Just, Greet, Around, Classmate, Math,
Phone number, Cell phone, Hair brush, Wallet, Sunglasses, a cd player, Keys, Door, Map,
Table, Wall, Waste Basket, Window, Desk, Clock, Chair, Cassette player, Book bag, Address,
Stamp, Purse, Pocket, Umbrella, Box, Newspaper, Notebook, Language, City, Country, Cute,
Warm, Sunny, Rain, Hot, Humid, Cold, Snow, Cool, Claudy, Windy, Matter, Home, Gloves,
Boots, Weather, T-shirt, Jacket, Interesting, Knife, Fork, Spoon, hold, however,program
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Past Continuous or Progressive
Affirmative Sentences
Subject+Verb to be in past+Verb+ing+Complement.
I was drinking a soda yesterday
You were sleeping last night
He was playing guitar last night
She was sharing with her friends two days ago
It was raining yesterday
We were listening to English music yesterday afternoon
You were dancing salsa all night long yesterday
They were driving their cars yesterday
Negative Sentences
Subject+Verb to be in past+Not+Verb+ing+Complement
I was not singing English yesterday
You were not swimming in the pool yesterday
He was not cooking cookies at Luisa‟s house last night
She was not watching TV last night
It was not eating at night
We were not going to Alice‟s house last week
You were not teaching English last month
They were not running in the party yesterday
Note: The negative contracted form is usually used in spoken English and in the
informal writing.
Was not = wasn‟t I wasn‟t having lunch there yesterday
Were not = weren‟t They weren‟t celebrating their birthdays last night
Interrogative Form
Was I? Yes, you were
No, you were not
Were you? Yes, I was
No, I was not
Was he? Yes, he was
No, he was not
Was she? Yes, she was
No, she was not
Was it? Yes, it was
No, it was not
Were we? Yes, we were
No, we were not
Were you? Yes, we were
No, we were not
Were They? Yes, they were
No, they were not
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Were you learning French at SLC? Was she training you last year?
Yes, I was. Yes, she was.
Yes, I was learning French at SLC. Yes, she was training you last year.
No, I was not. No, she was not.
No, I was not learning french at SLC. No, she was not training you last year.
W-h Questions
W-h+Verb to be+Subject+Verb+ing+Complement?
Subject+Verb to be+Verb+ing+Complement.
Where were you born in? What were they studying at the university?
I was born in Ojeda. They were studying art.
When was he practing baseball? How old were you last year?
He was practing baseball last year. I was 25 years.
Complete the following sentences using Past Progressive
1. The children (play) ………………………. football during the week.
2. It (rain) ……………………………….. hard during the soccer game.
3. I (study) ……………………………………English for five years in London.
4. Mary…………………… always (borrow) ………………….. my books.
5. Peter (practice) …………………..the guitar before the competition.
6. Susan (drive) …………………………when the accident happened.
7. My friends (fight) ………………………..during the whole night at the club.
8. Daniela (teach) …………………….. Language for ten hours.
9. I (try) …………………………to get a new job.
10. Jane (plan) …………………….. to go to the cinema with her parents.
Grammar Explanations
Use the past progressive with While to talk about two actions in progress at the
same time in the past. Use the past progressive in both clauses.
While he was skiing, I was reading
I was reading while he was skiing.
Conversation I was born in Korea
Listen and practice
Chuck: Where were you born, Melissa?
Melissa: I was born in Korea.
Chuck: Oh! So you weren‟t born in the U.S.
Melissa: No, I came here in 1999.
Chuck: Hmm. You were pretty young.
Melissa: Yes, I was seventeen.
Chuck: Did you go to college right away?
Melissa: No, my English wasn‟t very good,
So I took English classes for two
years first.
Chuck: Well, your English is really good now.
Melissa: Thanks. Your English is pretty good too.
Chuck: Yeah, but I was born here.
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Note: When you want to express feeling, age, cold, hot you must use verb to be
only.
I was hungry I was on my way
You were 15 years old You were on your way
He was thirsty He was on his way
She was hot She was on her way
It was cold It was on its way
We were sleepy We were on our way
You were right You were on your way
They were wrong They were on their way
Grammar Focus (There was and There were)
There was a big house There were two big houses
There was no a table in the bedroom There weren‟t computers in the house
There wasn‟t a table in the kitcken There weren‟t chairs in my room
Vocabulary
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Complete the following statements using Object Pronouns
1. I saw my brother. I saw ________. (her, him)
2. I understood the tourists. I understood ________. (them, it)
3. My parents brought my hat. My parents brought ________. (her, it)
4. My parents took me and my sister to a restaurant. They took ________ to a
restaurant. (them, us)
5. I met the new teacher, Robert Wilson. I met ________. (him, her)
6. I saw her at the airport, and she saw ________ too. (you, me)
7. You saw her at the airport, and she saw ________ too.(you, her)
8. I don't understand this lesson. I don't understand ________. (it,him)
9. He told me and my friends the truth. He told ________ the truth. (him, us)
10. She brought the money. She brought ________. (them, it)
Complete the following statements using Possessive Pronouns
1. This car is ________ car. This car is his. (he, her ,his ,hers)
2. This house is our house. This house is _______. (our, ours, we,its)
3. This hat is my hat. This hat is _______. (I, me, mine,its)
4. This is your bike. This bike is _______. (you, your, yours)
5. This is _______ dog. This dog is hers. (her, his, hers, she)
6. These are ____children. These children are theirs. (theirs, them, they, their)
Reading
I don‟t feel well
Andrés is not feeling well. He was at a party last night and got home at 3 am. He has a
headache and feels nauseous. He had too much to drink and ate too much shrimp. He
gets out of bed and realizes that he is not wearing any pants. He looks around but
cannot find them. He goes into the bathroom and looks around for his pills. He cannot
find them. He hears voices. He walks out of the bedroom, goes down the stairs and into
the kitchen. There are people talking and laughing in the kitchen. He wonders who else
came back home with him last night. Then he realizes something. He doesn‟t have
stairs in his apartment. He is in someone else's home!
Write a composition using what you have learned from this unit.
Vocabulary
Lamp, Keyboard, Mouse, Power, Floor, Ceiling, Fence, Gate, Trip, Ride, Case, Box,
Hole, Big, Huge, Bunch, Picture, Swimming pool, Fan, Keyboard, People, Sin, Mistake,
Paint, Whole, Rich, Poor, Frank, Clean, Studious, Folder, Sharp,Time, Honeymoon,
Light, Tree, Wrong, Right, Finger, Warm, Weather, Mess, Shoes, Season, Tie, Fashion,
Interview, Hometown, talkative, Friendly, Selfish, Shy, Funny, Awake, Bike, Homework,
Exchange student, Play.
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UNIT TWO
Simple Present Tense
Affirmative Sentences (I, You, We, You, They)
Subject+Verb+Complement
I like to walk every afternoon.
You love to take the bus every morning.
We use public transportation every day.
You love to eat pizza every Saturday night.
They ride their bikes to school on weekdays.
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Do we love to study English every day?
Yes, we do.
Yes, we love to study English every day.
No, I do not.
No, I do not love to study English every day.
Interrogative Form (Does, He, She, It)
Aux+Subject+Verb+Complement?
Yes, Subject+Aux.
Yes, Subject+Verb,s,es,ies+Complement.
No, Subject+Aux+not.
No, Subject+Aux+Not+Verb+Complement.
Does he want to learn how to make pizza?
Yes, he does.
Yes, he wants to learn how to make pizza.
No, he does not.
No, he does not want to learn how to make pizza.
Does it rain here every day?
Yes, It does.
Yes, it rains here every day
No, it does not.
No, it does not rain here every day.
Grammar Explanations
Use the simple present tense to talk about what regularly happens.
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You can make question without using (Auxiliaries Do, Does) in simple present,
only if we don‟t know who does the activity or the action in present.
Use the simple present tense to talk about things in the furute.
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Common verbs followed by infinitive (to base form of verb)
Often, Always, Sometimes, Never, Almost, Almost never, Almost always, Usually, And
Seldom and others adverbs like: Rarely, Hardly, Really, Barely, Just And So On.
I almost always go to the beach on Sunday morning.
They almost never take vacation in December.
She never eats Hallacas in December.
I just want to visit you soon.
I hardly know her.
She really wants to get graduated from the University soon.
I am already here.
They seldom visit me.
He usually takes life easier.
When you want to make sure that you really like something you can use (do,
does).
Example:
I like to eat fish She loves to eat hamburgers
Well, I do love it. She really does like it.
When you use Anyone, Someone, Noone, Anybody, Somebody, Nobody,
Anything, Something, Nothing, Everybody, Everyone. They are considered
singular in english.
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When we have 3 verbs in the same sentence, we have to add (Gerung = ing) to the
last verb.
Note: In spoken English, you can hear informal questions using the word Right
with a positive sentence.
2) My parents _______ (live / lives) in the suburbs. My mother ________ (take / takes)
a train to work. My father is retired, so he ________ (don‟t / doesn‟t) work now. He
also ________ (use / uses) public transportation, so they ______ (don‟t / doesn‟t)
need a car.
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Grammar Focus
Simple present statement with irregular verbs
Ashley is talking about her family and her friend Jason. Complete.
1) My parents _________ (have / has) a house in the suburbs. My mom and dad
________ (go / goes) downtown to work. My parents are very busy, so I ________ (do /
does) a lot of work at home.
2) My brother doesn‟t live with us. He _________ (have / has) an apartament in the city.
He _________ (go / goes) to school all day and he ________ (do / does) office work at
home.
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Conversation nice car!
Listen and practice
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Pair work Now ask to your partner the following questions
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Pair Work. What foods do you like, What foods don‟t you like?
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Grammar Focus
Have + noun; feel + adjective
What‟s the matter? How are you? Negative Positive
What‟s wrong? How do you feel? sick fine
I have a headache I feel homesick awful great
I have a backache I feel better terrible terrific
I have the flu I don‟t feel well miserable fantastic
Common illness
Grammar Focus
Infinitive Complements
What should you do for a cold? It‟s important to get a lot of rest.
It‟s sometimes helpful to eat garlic soup.
It‟s a good idea to take some vitamin C.
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Reading
Talking about Bob
Bob lives in a small flat in London. In the mornings, he wakes up and has a shower.
Then he makes breakfast. He usually has a typical English breakfast with eggs and
bacon. After that, he goes to work.
He works in an office in the center of London. He sits in front of the computer all day
and writes emails. He doesn‟t like his job very much, but he likes earning money. At 12
o‟clock he goes to lunch and has a sandwich. After lunch, he comes back to work and
writes more emails. At 5 o‟clock he leaves work.
He sometimes sees his girlfriend in the evenings. She lives on the opposite side of
London, so he takes the Underground.
On weekends, he doesn‟t have to work. He usually goes out for a few beers with his
friends on Friday night. On Saturday he goes shopping. On Sunday he goes to his
grandmother‟s house for tea.
Grammar Focus
IMPERATIVE
Take a pill every two hours. Don‟t work too hard.
Rest in bed. Don‟t stay up late.
Drink lots of juice. Don‟t drink soda.
Complete these sentences. Use the correct forms of the words given.
Call see not go do not drink listen take not worry not eat.
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Grammar Focus
Adjectives Comparatives and Superlatives
1. Use the comparatives form of adjectives to focus on a difference between
people, place, and things.
nice nicer
big bigger
pretty prettier
c. Some adjectives have irregular comparative forms.
good better
bad worse
far farther
d. For most other adjectives of two or more syllable, use more/less + adjective.
4. Use the comparative without than when it is clear which thing you are
comparing.
The new desserts are better
5. Repeat the same comparative to talk about change an increase or decrease.
comparative + and + comparative
adjective + and + adjective.
It‟s getting harder and harder to find an inexpensive restaurant.
more/less + and +more/less + adjective
It‟s getting more and more difficult
6. Use the superlative form of adjectives to single out people, places, and things
form other people, places, and things.
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7. Use comparatives in this way.
brighter
The new restauran is better than the old one
more comfortable
less comfortable
8. Use the repeated comparitives.
Vocabulary
Talent Contest, Yard, Athlete, Free Time, Year, Sometimes, Rice, Egg, Bread, Store,
Boeing, Job, Mirror, Lamp, Chairs, Terrific, Dangerous, Cashier, Chef, Fight Attendant,
Judge, Musician, Nurse, Salesperson, Segurity Guard, Singer, Stressful, Receptionist.
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Simple Past Tense
Affirmative Sentences
Subject+Verb in past+Complement
I was born in Korea
You grew up in Texas
He studied in the U.S last year
She came to Los Angeles in 1999
It was great
We exercised last Saturday morning
You shopped groceries yesterday
They stayed home last week
Negative Sentences
Subject+Aux+Not+Verb in present+Complement
I did not take vacation this summer
You did not visit me last year
He did not cook today
She did not listen to radio yesterday morning
It did not rain yesterday
We did not have lunch yesterday
You did not wear a suit last week
They did not do laundry yesterday
Note: The negative contracted form is usually used in spoken English and in the
informal writing.
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W-h Questions
W-h+Aux+Subject+Verb in present+Complement?
Subject+Verb in past+Complement
In what city were you born? Where did you go last summer?
I was born in Ojeda city. We went to Korea.
Grammar Explanations
You can make questions without using the auxiliary (Did) in simple past tense.
Who did that?
What happened?
Who came yesterday?
Who said that?
Remember to use the most common adverbs in English as: just, already in simple
past.
Just: Acabar de, Already: Ya
I just got to my house.
She just left from here.
I already took a taxi.
They already told me the story.
My Plane just landed.
He already did it.
Past Progressive and Simple Past Tense
Grammar Explanation
Use the past progressive to focus on the duration of an action, not its completion.
Sheila was reading a book last night.
Use the past progressive with simple past tense to talk about an action that was
interrupted by another action. Use the simple past tense for the interrupting
action
The guy in the sport car was talking on his phone while he hit the other car.
I was making pizza when my mother called me.
Activity class. Complete the conversation. Then practice with a partner.
1. A: Did you have (have) a good summer?
B: Yes,I ________ I _________ (have) a great summer. I just ________ (relax).
2. A: ________you ________ (go) anywhere last summer?
B: No,I______ . I ________ (stay) here. But my friends __________ (visit) me, and
on the week we __________ (go out) a lot.
3. A: _________ you _________ (take) any classes last summer?
B: Yes, I _________. I _________ tennis lessons, and I __________ (play) tennis
every day!
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Complete the sentences. Use your own information. Then compare with a partner.
1. Yesterday, I watched / didn‟t watch (watch) television.
2. Last night, I ___________________ (stay) home.
3. Last night, I ___________________ (exercise) every day.
4. Last month, I __________________ (shop) for clothes.
5. Last year, I ___________________ (visit) a different country.
Adding “en” to some adjectives in order to create verbs:
Dark Darken
White Whiten
Wide Widen
Heart Hearten
Red Redden
For Example:
It's going to darken soon
I have to whiten my clothes.
She needs to widen her swimming pool.
He is going to hearten his brother.
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Examples:
Any Some No
Anybody Somebody Nobody
Anyone Someone Noone
Anything Something Nothing
Negative Sentences
Subject+Aux+Not+Verb (use to) + Verb in present+ Complement
I did not use to
You did not use to use computer in the past
He did not use to
She did not use to
It did not use to eat late
We did not use to
You did not use to wear tight jeans
They did not use to
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Interrogative Form
Did you play hide and seek when you were a kid?
Yes, I used to play hide and seek when I was a kid
No, I did not use to play hide and seek when I was a kid
W-h Questions
W-h+Aux+Subject+Verb in present (Use) to+ Verb in present+ Complement?
Subject+Used to+Verb in present+Complement
Where did you use to go when you were kids?
We used to go to the circus
Grammar Explanation
Use Used to form of the verb to talk about the past habits or past situation that no
longer exits in the present.
Used to
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Used to, be used to, get used to
1. Used to shows that a particular thing always happened or was true in the
past (see examples above)
Examples:
Examples:
He doesn't like that small town, but he'll get used to it.
She found the heels too high, but she got used to them.
Since the divorce, she has become very sad. But I think she'll get used to her new life.
I got used to living in Canada in spite of the cold weather.
Reading
Talking about Molly Hornby
She was a young girl in the 1960s. Read what she says about it.
“I was a young girl in the 1960s. My friends and I used to do a lot of things which
shocked our parents. We used to do things our mothers never did. We cut our hair, we
wore short skirts, and we smoked, and went dancing. We danced to the music of Elvis
Presley and the Beatles. We also got the chance to see the Beatles live at a concert
once. It was amazing. My father went fishing once a week. He always wished that I
would accompany him, but fishing was not my cup of tea. Instead my friends and I went
for picnics in the surrounding area quite often. My boyfriend had a car, a 1960 Ford
Falcon, so he always picked us up and we often drove to Brighton. We went to the
pictures twice a week and I loved to watch films with Marlon Brando and Elizabeth
Taylor, especially the „Reflections in a Golden Eye‟ starring both of them. I still love to
watch this film. It‟s my favorite. I can remember it all so clearly.”
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Write a composition about what you used to do in the past
COMMON CONNECTORS
Es por eso, debido a: That‟s why
Porque: Because
Debido a que, si porque: Just because
Pero: But
Mientas: While
Y: And
Entoces: Then
Encoces, Asi que, Sin embargo, Bueno, De hecho, Por cierto: So
Si es asi: If so
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Que: That
Despues: After
Antes: Before
Asi que, Aunque: So that
Cuando sea: Whenever
Donde sea: Wherever
Cual sea: Whichever
Lo que sea: Whatever
Quien sea: Whoever
Reading
Talking about Sally
Sally left home when she was 18. She didn‟t want to go to university, so she went to
work in a book shop in London. One day, a customer came to the store. His
name was Bill. He liked Sally, and asked her out.
They went out to dinner and had a nice time. Bill told Sally that he worked in a bank in
the financial district.
Sally liked Bill, too. She smiled and said that she hoped she would see him again.
Nobody is sure how it happened, but Sally and Bill fell hopelessly in love, and ended
up getting married. They moved into a small flat together, and paid incredibly high rent
for a few years, until Sally announced that she was pregnant.
Bill asked for a loan from the bank so they could buy a nicer flat in a friendlier
neighborhood outside London, and a few months later Sally had her baby.
They named the baby Andrea.
Like most Europeans in the year 2005, they were very happy…
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UNIT THREE
Future with going to
Affirmative Sentences
Subject+Verb to be+Going to+Verb+Complement.
I am going to forget this bad day today
You are going to be rich soon
He is going to hold on a conversation with the president
She is going to forgive me about it
It is going to rain tomorrow morning
We are going to get a deal with the teacher tomorrow
You are going to cut this beautiful cake tonight
They are going to bring a pizza tomorrow
Note: The contracted form is usually used in spoken English and in the informal
writing. Do not write gonna.
W-h Questions
W-h+Verb to be+Subject+ Going to+Verb+Complement?
Subject+Verb to be+ Going to+Verb+Complement
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Note: Be going to is used to express that you are pretty sure that something is
going to happen.
I‟m going to go to Alice‟s house tonight (You‟re really sure that you go there)
Activity in class
Complete this conversation with the correct form of be going to. Then practice with a
partner.
A: What are you going to do (do) for Halloween?
B: I don‟t know. I _________________________ (not do) anything special.
A: Well, Pat and I ____________________ (have) a party. Can you come?
B: Sure! Where _________ you ____________________ (have) the party?
A: It ________________________ (be) at Pat‟s house.
B: What time ______________ the party __________________ (start)?
A: At 6:00. And it _______________________ (end) around midnight.
B: We ______________________________ (ask) all our good friends.
Conversation Happy Birthday
Listen and practice
Activity in class Now Talk about (Birthday, Get married, Finished the School)
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Holydays in the U.S
Pair Work Now create a conversation what do you usually do on Valentine‟s Day
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WORD POWER Special Occasions
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Reading
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Reading
Talking about Susie
Susie‟s going to get married next summer. She‟s going to have the ceremony in the
church in her mother‟s town. After the wedding, she and her husband are going to have
dinner with all their friends and family, and the next day they‟re going to leave on their
honeymoon. They‟re going to Brazil.
They‟re going to spend 5 days in Rio de Janeiro, and 4 days in Sao Paolo. They‟ve
never been to Brazil before, so they‟re looking forward to the trip.After they get home,
they‟re going to start looking for a house to buy.
Susie has a lot of plans for married life, too. She wants kids: they‟re going to have two
kids. And she‟s going to send them to the best private schools.
They‟re going to be very happy together.
Vocabulary:
Negative Sentences
Subject+Verb to be in past+Not+Going to+Verb+Complement
I was not going to fight with him
You were not going to cut the tree
He was not going to eat pizza
She was not going to eat pizza
It was not going to eat pizza
We were not going to call you
You were not going to call you
They were not going to call you
Interrogative Form
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Verb to be in past+Subject+Going to+Verb+Complement?
Yes, Subject+Verb to be in past.
Yes, Subject+Verb to be in past+Going to+Verb+Complement
No, Subject+Verb to be+not in past.
No, Subject+Verb to be+not in past+Going to+Verb+Complement
Were they going to come last Saturday?
Yes, they were.
Yes, they were going to come last Saturday.
No, they were not.
No, they were not going to come last Saturday.
W-h Questions
W-h+Verb to be in past+Subject+ Going to+Verb+Complement?
Subject+Verb to be in past+ Going to+Verb+Complement.
Where were they going to go last Saturday night?
They were going to go to the mall.
Vocabulary:
Barbecue, Basketball game, Beach party, Birthday party, Comedy, Act, Dance
perfomance, Golf tournament, Play, Rock concert, Tennis match, Spector, Theather,
Rude, Close, Like, Change, Better, Sounds, Smoke, Young, Touch, Money, Abroad,
Early, Late, Untill, Late, Untill, Befote, After, Bed.
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Note: The contracted form is usually used in spoken English.
I will = I‟ll
You will = You‟ll You‟ll fly to Boston in a week.
He will = He‟ll
She will = She‟ll
It will = It‟ll
We will = We‟ll We‟ll teach English in Italy next month.
You will = You‟ll
They will = They‟ll
Negative Sentences
Subject+Aux+Not+Verb in present+Complement
I will not win the lotto next year
You will not sell a lift home next month
He will not lend me some money next week
She will not lose weight in a day
It will not rain tomorrow night
We will not pay the taxes this month
You will not spend a lot of money next month
They will not teach Spanish in the U.S next year
Note: The contracted form is usually used in spoken English and in the informal
writing.
Interrogative Form
Aux+Subject+Verb in present+Complement?
Yes, Subject+Aux.
Yes, Subject+Aux+Verb in present+Complement.
No, Subject+Aux+not.
No, Subject+Aux+Not+Verb in present+Complement.
W-h Questions
W-h+Aux+Subject+Verb in present+Complement?
Subject+Aux+Verb in present+Complement
When will she come back from Mexico?
She will be back next Monday.
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Remember when you want to express feeling, age, and reason and so on.
Grammar Explanations
Use will to talk about things in the future.
Negative Sentences
Interrogative Form
Wh Questions
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Would
Grammar Focus
Modal verbs would and will for request
Contractions
What would you like? I´d like the lamb kebabs. I´ll= I will
I´ll have a small salad. I´d= I would
Would you like anything else? Yes, please. I´d like some water.
No, thank you. That´ll be all.
Note: we also use Would you mind + gerung (without please) to make polite
requests, or Would for invitation.
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I would really love to know to Cancun = I‟d really love to know to Cancun.
I would like to study electrical engineering = I‟d like to study electrical engineering.
I would love to ask lucy out tonight = I‟d love to ask lucy out tonight.
Grammar Focus
Would; verb + to+ verb
Would you like to go out on Friday? Would you like to go to soccer match?
Yes, I would. I´d like to, but I have to work late.
Yes, I´d love to. Thanks. I´d like to, but I need to save money.
Yes, I´d really like to go. I´d like to, but I want to visit my parents.
Respond to three invitations. Then write three invitations for the given responses.
Grammar Explanation
A comparison with To may follow prefer / would or prefer + noun.
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Prefer and would prefer may be followed by a noun, a gerung or an infinitive.
Would Rather can be followed by only the base form of the verb.
I‟d rather stay home tonight.
I‟d rather not have dessert.
Modal Verbs
Ability Can, Could, Be able to
Grammar Explanation
Use can or be able to to talk about ability in present.
Use either Could or Was/Were Be able to to talk about ability in the past.
Sami could read when he was four.
He was able to use the computer too.
I couldn‟t win the Math Prize last year.
He wasn‟t be able to do one problem.
For forms and tenses other than thе prеsеnt or past, use be oble to.
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Use may, might, and сould to talk about future possibility.
It may bе windy lateг
It might gеt сold.
lt сould rain tomorrow.
Must is used in writing (forms, signs, notices)
You must not drivе without a liсеnsе. It's against the law.
You mustn‟t take off youг seat bеlt while the car is moving.
Robots
When will we have robots? We already have many kinds of robots! Industries use a
variety of robots and now robots are becoming more common in the home.
The Husqvarna Company makes a lawn mowing robot called the Auto Mower. The
robot has sensors that detect where objects are in the yard and it maneuvers around
them. The robot can cut the grass while you relax on the patio with a glass of
lemonade! Also, Eureka now makes a robotic vacuum cleaner. Like the robot lawn
mower, the vacuum cleaner automatically detects where the furniture is and vacuums
around it.
Cars are becoming robots now that many cars have GPS
(Global Positioning Systems) on them. A car with a GPS
system can give you directions on how to go somewhere, tell
you where the closest gas station is, and, some day in the
future, will drive itself. You will take a nap or read while the car
drives itself to your destination.
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regular dog but can also communicate and take pictures! Aibo understands certain
commands, like a dog does, such as "Sit down", "Stand up", "Turn right", etc. If you ask
Aibo a question such as "How old are you?” its eyes will flash the number of years old it
is. Aibo is also a great guard dog. He can patrol the yard and take pictures with a built
in camera of anything suspicious.
Practice
Select "True" or "False" to answer each question.
1. We have many kinds of robots now.
False
3. The Auto Mower has sensors that detect where objects are.
UNIT FOUR
Grammar Focus
Modifiers with participles and prepositions.
Participles
Who´s Raoul? He´s the man wearing a green short
Which one is Raoul? He´s the one talking to liz.
Prepositions
Who´s liz? She´s the woman with short black hair.
Which one is julia? She´s the tall one in jeans.
Who are the smiths? They´re the people next to the window.
Which ones are the They´re the ones on the couch?
Smiths?
Grammar Focus
So, too, neither, either
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Had Better
Grammar Explanation
Use Had better for urgent advise – when you believe that something bad will
happen if the person does not follow tha advice.
Be careful! Had better always refers to the present or the future, never to the past
(even thought it uses the word had).
We‟d better take the bus now.
You‟d better call them back tomorrow.
Tag Questions
Grammar Explanation
Tag questions can also be used to get information. As with yes/no questions,
your voice rises at the end and youy expect to get an answer (yes or no)
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With all auxiliary verbs except do
Affirmative Negative tag Negative Affirmative tag
statement statement
You´re moving Aren´t you? You´re not moving, Are you?
He´s been here, Hasn.´t he? He hasn´t been Has he?
here,
They can move, Can´t they? They can´t move, Can they?
Real Conditionals
Grammar Explanations
Use future factual conditional sentences to talk about what will happen under
certain conditions. The if clause states the condition. The result clause states the
result.
Present Future
Future Present
If Soto wins, she will improve housing. If you vote for Soto, you won‟t regret it.
She will improve housing If Soto wins. You won‟t regret it If you vote for Soto.
Unreal Conditionals
Grammar Explanations
Use present unreal conditionals sentences to talk about unreal, untrue, imagined,
or impossible conditions and their result.
Past Aconditional
Aconditional Past
If I loved him, I would marry him. If they had money, they wouldn‟t live there
I would marry him if I loved him. They wouldn‟t live there if they had money
You can begin conditional sentences with the if clause or result clause. The
meaning is the same.
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Use a comma between the two clauses only when the if clause come first.
Statements beginning with if I were you are often used to give advice.
A: Look at this ad: “Computers 70 percent off”. I‟m going to order one.
B: Sounds too good to be trae. If I were you, i‟d get more information befote I gave them
any Money.
A: But the ad says, “Satisfaction Guaranteed”
B: Do you belive that?
Create a conversation.
I know the woman who lives there. (the adjective clause identifies the
woman we are talking about)
Rome is a city which attracts tourists. (The adjective clause gives additional
information about the city.)
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b. Which or that for places or things.
Usage note: that is less formal than which.
4. Subject relative pronouns have the same form whether they refer to singular or
plural nouns or to masculine or feminine nouns.
That´s the man who lives next door.
That´s the woman who lives next door.
Those are the people who live next door.
Embedded Questions
Grammar Explanation
Use indirect question to report another person‟s word
Reflexive Pronouns
Grammar Explanation
Use reflexive pronouns when the subject and object of a sentence refer to the
same people or things.
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Reflexive Pronouns
Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves
Sara looked at herself in the mirror.
We painted the house by ourselves.
Alice lives by herself.
Just be yourself at your interview.
He wasn‟t himself after he lost his job.
She cut her finger by herself.
Be Supposed to (Expectations)
Grammar Explanation
Use be supposed to only in the simple present tense or in the simple past tense.
Were you supposed to travel to U.S? What are they supposed to do here?
Yes, I was. They are going to work as a teacher.
No, I was not.
UNIT FIVE
Present Perfect
Affirmative Sentences (I, You, We, You, They, have)
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We have = We‟ve
You have = You‟ve
They have = They‟ve They‟ve gotten together several times
Note: The contracted form is usually used in spoken English and in the informal
writing
Have not= haven´t
I haven´t met someone like you before.
Has not= hasn´t
She hasn´t been on tv show.
Interrogative Form (I, You,We, You, They,Have)
Aux+Subject+ Past participle +Complement?
Yes, Subject+Aux.
Yes, Subject+ Aux+Past participle +Complement.
No, Subject+Aux+not.
No, Subject+Aux+Not+ Past participle +Complement.
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W-h Questions (I, You,We, You, They, Have)
W-h+Aux+Subject+ Past participle +Complement?
Subject+ Aux+Past participle +Complement
How often have they acted on this show?
They have always acted on this show.
You can use ever with the present perfect to ask questions it means at any time
up untill now.
Note: In spoken American English people often use just, already and recently
with simple past tense to talk about indefinite time.
Grammar Explanations
Use the present perfect with since or for to talk about something that began in the
past and continues into the present (and may continue into the future).
She has won many tennis tournaments since she moved from Slovakia.
When the action in the time clause began in the past but continue into the
present, use the present perfect.
She has become extremely successful since she has been in Switzerland.
Use the present perfect with for+length of time (for ten minutes, for two weeks,
for years, for a long time, for a few months) to show how long a present condition
has lasted.
Carolina´s mother has been her coach for many years.
I have played baseball for a long time.
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We usually use yet in questions to find out if something has happened before
now.
Has your son gotten his flu shot yet?
Sometimes we use already in a question to express surprise that something
happened sooner than expected.
Have they already gotten his flu shot?
The flu season hasn´t begun yet.
Complete thes conversation using present perfect. Then practice with a partner
1. A:…………….. you……….. much exercise this week? (do)
B: Yes, I………….. already………….to aerobics class tour times. (be)
2. A:………….you………… any sports this month? (play)
B: No, I………………………….the time. (have)
3. A: How many movies…………….. you…………… to this month? (be).
B: Actually, I………………………………any yet. (see)
4. A: You…………………………. To any interesting parties recently? (be)
B: No, I……………………………..to any parties for quite a while (go)
5. A:…………………. you…………………. any friends today? (call)
B: Yes, I……………….. already……………..three calls . (make)
6. A: How many times……………… you……………. out to eat this week? (go)
B: I……………………………. at fast-food restaurants a couple of times. (eat).
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Yes, Subject+ Aux+been+verb+ing +Complement.
No, Subject+Aux+not.
No, Subject+Aux+Not+ Aux+not+ been+verb+ing +Complement.
Have you been working at L.U.Z since 1999?
Yes, I have.
Yes, I have been working at L.U.Z since 1999.
No, I have not.
No, I have not been working at L.U.Z since 1999.
W-h Questions
W-h+ aux+suj+been+verb+ing+complement?
Suj+aux+been+verb+ing+complement
How long have you been living in this country?
Well, I have been living here since I was born in …
What has she been doing lately?
She has been singing in a rock band.
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive.
Present perfect
Elephants have roamed the earth for thousand of years
I´ve read two books about elephants.
Dr. Owen has written many articles.
She´s lived in many countries.
Present Perfect Progressive.
The present perfect often shows that something is finished. It focusses on the
result of the action.
I´ve read a book about elephants.
She´s written an article.
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How many things someone has done.
She´s written three articles.
We often use the present perfect progressive to talk about how long something
has been happening.
Future Perfect
Grammar Explanations
1) When we use the future perfect, we imagine a certain point of time in the
future, and we look back at events that will be completed by that time.
3) Use already and yet to emphasize whether an event will have happened by
a point in time.
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4) Use the future perfect with the simple present tense to show the order of
events.
Interrogative Form
Aux+Subject+ Past participle +Complement?
Yes, Subject+Aux.
Yes, Subject+ Aux+Past participle +Complement.
No, Subject+Aux+not.
No, Subject+Aux+Not+ Past participle +Complement.
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W-h Questions
W-h+Aux+Subject+ Past participle +Complement?
Subject+ Aux+Past participle +Complement
Already, yet, ever and never are often used with the past perfect to emphasize the
event which ocurred first.
Subject +aux+been+verb+ing+complement.
I
You
He
She
It had been eating for hours.
We
You
They
Negative sentences
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She
It had not been raining all day long
We
You
They
Interrogative form
Aux+Subject+been+verb + ing+Complement?
Yes, Subject+Aux.
Yes, Subject+ Aux+been+verb+ing +Complement.
No, Subject+Aux+not.
No, Subject+Aux+Not+ Aux+not+ been+verb+ing +Complement.
Reading
Coffee May Help You Live Longer
From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.
Today we have more good news for all our coffee drinkers around the world. Another
new study finds that drinking coffee can help you live longer.
Researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health recently discovered that drinking
between three and five cups of coffee a day may prevent certain illnesses. They found
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that coffee can protect against heart disease, brain diseases, type 2 diabetes and
suicide. Walter Willett is a nutrition researcher at Harvard and co-author of the study.
Willet says the findings extend to both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee – and decaf,
as Americans often call it. So, the health benefits come not just from the caffeine in
coffee, but from the compounds in the beans.
Study methods
The large study of about 200,000 subjects included data from three ongoing studies.
Subjects in the study had to answer questions about their coffee drinking habits every
four years over a 30-year period.
Researchers found that moderate coffee drinking was linked with a reduced risk of
death from many diseases. These diseases include cardiovascular disease, diabetes,
neurological diseases such as Parkinson's, and suicide.
However, the researchers found no link between coffee drinking and cancer.
Researchers also considered other habits such as smoking, obesity, and how active the
subjects were. They also looked at what kinds of food the subjects ate, as well as how
much alcohol -- and what type of alcohol -- they drank.
They published their findings in the journal Circulation.
This Harvard research adds to a growing body of evidence. This body of evidence finds
drinking a moderate of coffee may have many health benefits, including a longer life.
This is according to one of the researchers involved in the study. Frank Hu is senior
author of the study. He is also a professor of nutrition and epidemiology. He studies how
food affects illness.Hu adds that data from the study support the 2015 Dietary
Guidelines Advisory Report. This report found that drinking a moderate amount of
coffee can be part of a healthy diet. But how much and when you drink coffee is
important. You may remember another study we reported on recently. That study said
drinking coffee too late in the evening can disrupt your sleep.
Questions
Not everyone feels the recent Harvard study confirms anything.
The news organization NPR spoke with one expert who warns that not everyone reacts
to coffee the same way. Andrew Maynard of Arizona State University told NPR that the
health benefits documented in this new study are “small.”
Maynard says the study does not prove cause and effect between drinking coffee and
living longer. He says the study points to an association, or link, between drinking coffee
and living longer. Even those involved in the research still have questions.
When NPR spoke with study co-author Walter Willett, he said he is not sure how coffee
is linked to certain health benefits.
Willett says the take-home message – in other words, the important thing to learn – is
that if you like coffee, do not feel guilty about drinking it in moderation. If you don‟t like
coffee, don‟t feel you have to start drinking it to be healthy.
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I‟m Anna Matteo.
Words in This Story
Decaffeinated – adj. not containing caffeine: having the caffeine removed
Association – n. a connection or relationship between things or people
Subjects – n. a person (or animal) used in an experiment, study, etc.
Body – n. a group of things that are related or connected in some way
Moderate – adj. average in size or amount: neither too much nor too little
Moderation – n. the avoidance of excess or extremes, especially in one's behavior or
political opinions
Get: Obtener, tener, llegar, encender, apagar abrir, cerrar, recojer, atender el telefono.
Get thin, get fat, get wrong, get hungry, get wet, get dry, get sick, get old, get ill, get
cold, get hot, get mad / angry, get back, get late, wet worse, get better..
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I got to work now I got a car
I got to study today I got to go
They got to learn English last year
UNIT SEVEN
Past Modals
Grammar Explanation
Use Could have, Should have, Might have, Ought to have, Must have + Past
participle to talk about Speculation, Regret, Advisability, and Blame.
Contractions
Past Progressive
Active Voice
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He was reading a book
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These are examples from Active to Passive Voice.
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Reported Speech
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UNIT EIGHT
Phrasal Verbs
PHRASAL VERBS INSEPARABLE
Grammar Explanations
1) A phrasal verb (also called a two-part or two- word verb) consists of a
verb + participle.
Verb + preposition
3) The verb and particle are usually common words, but their separate
meaning of the phrasal verb.
Please go on. I didn´t mean to interrupt
(Please continue)
We got back after dark
(We returned after dark)
We called off the meeting.
(They canceled the meeting)
Direct object
5) Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means that both
noun and pronoun objects always go after the particle. You cannot separate the
verb from its particle.
She ran into her friend at the library.
Direct object
She ran into her
Direct Object
She ran her friend into at the library (Wrong way)
She ran her into. (Wrong way)
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6) Some phrasal verbs are used in combination with certain preposition. These
combinations are usually inseparable.
1) Most phrasal verbs are transitive (they take direct object). Most transitive
phrasal verbs are separable.This means the direct object can go
a) After the particle. (Verb and participle are not separated)
2) Be Careful! When the direct object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb
and the particle.
She dreamed it up
She dreamed up it (Wrong way)
Meaning:
Eat out: eat in a restaurant Got Back: Return Drop out of: leave, retire
Verbs Vs Verbs
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CONNECTOR IN ENGLISH
HIGH LEVEL
Hoy en día: Nowadays
Igualmente: Likewise
Por otra parte, por otro lado: On the other hand, in contrast
Indudablemente: Undoubtedly
Seguramente: Surely
Posiblemente: Possibly
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Consecuentemente, por consiguiente: Consequently
Aunque: Even
Aunque: Though
I‟ve been thinking about going to Canada In orden to visit to my older brother But I
don‟t have enough money now That‟s why I have to look for a part time job Just
because That‟s the only way for me to get some extra money That I really need to buy
the passage So I am pretty sure That I am going to have a great time there By the way
I will call my other brother to let him know if he is available to go with me in Decembre If
It is so we could go together And our oldest brother will feel so happy Therefore I think
That It is a great idea. However, I have to pass all my subjects this semester In order
not to have any problem to spend two weeks in Canada And We will know How is
Canada‟s Culture Though I think that We‟d better go there in november Just because
It‟s mom‟s birthday in December And If We will leave she could feel alone in her special
day.
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