Definite Integration
Definite Integration
Definite Integration
Definite Integration
Th is section covers:
Th e definite integral is actu ally a number th at represen ts th e area under the curve of th at fu n ction from an “x”
position to an oth er “x” position (w e ju st learn ed h ow to get th is area u sin g Riemann Sums).
It’s pretty crazy th at the in tegral is an area u nder a cu rve, bu t it h elps w h en you th in k of th e equ ation
Distance = Rate (Velocity) × Time: for the case w h en th e x-axis of th e cu rve represen ts time, an d y -axis represen ts
rate, th e area (len gth times w idth) can represen t a distan ce (or change in position).
W e can u se th is prin ciple to determin e h ow much someth in g ch an ges (for example, its distance) over time.
Area = ∫ f (x) dx
a
W e’ll see soon th at to get th is area, w e take th e in tegral of f (x) ,
plu g b in for x an d th en subtract from th at valu e w h at w e get by
plu ggin g in a for x.
Note: Th e area of th e region represen ted by an in tegral is on ly applicable if th e region in th e in terval is totally
above the x -axis (positive y ). W e’ll learn later th at if an y part of th e graph is below th e x-axis (n egative y ), to get
th at defin ite in tegral, w e’ll take the “negative of th e area”.
(Th u s, to get th e defin ite in tegral of a fu n ction th at is both above an d below th e x-axis, w e can su btract th e area
above th e x-axis by th e area below th e x-axis in th at in terval.)
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Defin ite In tegrals h ave some properties; th in k of th ese properties ju st like th e properties of an y type of area. Most
are somew h at obviou s:
∫ f (x) dx = 0 , if th e fu n ction is defined at x = a (If you stay at on e poin t, you don ’t h ave an y area.)
a
a b
∫ f (x) dx = − ∫ f (x) dx, if th e fu n ction is in tegrable on [a, b]. (Th in k of goin g backw ards an d “erasin g”
b a
area.)
a b c
∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx , if th e fu n ction is in tegrable on [a, c]. (You can add areas.)
c a b
b b
∫ k ⋅ f (x) dx = k ⋅ ∫ f (x) dx, if th e fu n ction is in tegrable on [a, b]. (W e can move scalars to ou tside of
a a
areas/in tegrals.)
b b b
∫ f (x) ± g (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx ± ∫ g (x) dx, if th e fu n ction is in tegrable on [a, b]. (W e can split u p
a a a
areas/in tegrals).
(W e can see th at th e
(W e can ’t easily get th e
area is
area geometrically)
b ⋅ h = (3) (4) = 12 )
Th en u se a geometric Th en u se a geometric
formu la to fin d evalu ate the formu la to fin d evalu ate th e
integral. in tegral. Area (Trian gle) =
3 Area (Trian gle) = 3 1 1
bh = (6) (3) = 18
∫ x dx 1 1
bh = (3) (3) = 4.5 ∫ (3 − |x|) dx 2 2
0
2 2 −3
Here are a few problems th at illu strate th e properties of definite integrals. Note th at n ot all of th ese in tegrals may be
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areas, sin ce some are n egative (w e’ll soon learn th at if part of th e fu n ction is under the x -axis, th e in tegral is a
negative “area” – th us n ot really an area, but w e can u se th is “area” an d make it n egative).
3 5
a. ∫ x dx = − ∫ x dx = −10
Evalu ate th e in tegrals, given th e follow ing valu es:
5 3
5 5
5 5 5
b. ∫ 4x dx = 4 ∫ x dx = (4) (10) = 40
∫ dx = 4 ∫ x dx = 10 ∫ x2 dx = 50
3 3
3 3 3
c.
5 5 5 5
3 5 5 1 1
1 ∫ ( x2 + 3x − 8) dx = ∫ x2 dx + 3 ∫ x dx − 8 ∫ dx
a. ∫ x dx b. ∫ 4x dx c. ∫ ( x2 + 3x − 8) dx 2 2
2 3 3 3 3
5 3 3
1
= (50) + 3 (10) − 8 (4) = 23
2
8 4 8
8 1
= (−4) (−5) = 20
8 8 8
a. ∫ f (x) dx b. ∫ −4f (x) dx
∫ [3f (x) − g (x)] dx = 3 ∫ f (x) − ∫ g (x)
1 4 c.
8 4 4 4 4
= 3 (−3) − 15 = −24
c. ∫ [3f (x) − g (x)] dx d. ∫ 4f (x) dx 4 4
4 4 d. ∫ 4f (x) dx = 4 ∫ f (x) dx = 4 (0) = 0
4 4
<
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You can evalu ate definite integrals in the graphing calculator u sin g th e fnInt(, mu ch like you u sed th e nDeriv( for
derivatives.
Hit MATH an d th en scroll dow n to fnInt( (or hit 9). Pu t th e low er an d u pper valu es for th e in terval an d type in th e
fu nction u sin g th e X,T,θ,n key, hitting th e right arrow key in betw een each en try. Th en pu t “ x” after th e “d” for “dx”,
u sin g right arrow key again. (In th is case w e h ad to u se th e arrow key tw ice, sin ce w e h ad to u se it after th e
expon en t to go back dow n .) You can also go back w ith th e left arrow key if you n eed to make an y ch an ges. Th en h it
“Enter”:
<
Note th at if you h ave graph ed a fun ction in Y=, you can also u se 2nd trace (calc) 7 (∫ f (x) dx ) to in tegrate th e
fu nction , an d you w ill be asked to en ter low er an d u pper limits.
Notice th at w h en w e are takin g th e defin ite in tegral of an absolute value function,w e n eed to split th e fu n ction at
th e poin ts w h ere th e absolute valu es equ als 0, an d th en ,as w e did in th e Piecewise Functions section , eith er u se th e
origin al fu n ction , or n egate th e fu n ction , depen din g on th e sign of th e fu n ction (w ith ou t th e absolu te valu e) in th at
interval.
Note th at you can check th ese usin g fnInt (MATH 9) on you r graph in g calcu lator.
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3 3 3
5x2 5(3)2 5(1)2 45 5
∫ 5x dx ∫ 5x dx = [ ] = − = − = 20
2 1 2 2 2 2
1 1
8 4 8 4 8
∫ (t − 4) dt = [ − 4t] = [
1 t3 3t 3
8
3 − 4t]
4 4
∫ (√t − 4) dx
3 0 3 0 0
⎛ 3(8) ⎞
⎛ 3(0) 3 ⎞
4 4
3
0
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
= − 4 (8) − − 4 (0) = −20
π π π
2 2 2
cot x − cos x cos x π
π ∫ dx = ∫ 1 − cos x = ∫ 1 − sin x dx = [x + cos x]02 dx
2 cot x ( sin x )
cot x − cos x
∫
0 0 0
dx π π π
cot x = [ + cos( )] − [0 + cos(0)] = ( + 0) − (0 + 1)
0 2 2 2
π
= − 1 ≈ .571
2
∫ ∣∣x2 − 4∣∣ dx
−5
W h at graph looks like:
For th e positive in tervals, w e ju st u se x2 − 4 as is. W h ere it is n egative, w e
n eed to n egate x2 − 4. Th is is becau se th e absolu te valu e fu n ction on ly
retu rn s a positive fu n ction , so w h en w e remove th e absolu te valu e to
integrate, w e n eed to adju st th e u n derlyin g fu n ction . Separate in to th ree
integrals for th ese in tervals:
5 −2 2 5
−5 −5 −2 2
3 −2 3 2 5
x3
= [( − 4x)] + [(− + 4x)] + [(
Note th at w e can in tegrate x x
− 4x)]
w ith a calcu lator: 3 −5 3 −2 3 2
(−2)3 (−5)3
= [( − 4 (−2)) − ( − 4 (−5))]
3 3
(2)3 (−2)3
+ [(− + 4 (2)) − (− + 4 (−2))]
3 3
(5)3 (2)3
+ [( − 4 (5)) − ( − 4 (2))]
3 3
32 194 2
= 27 + + 27 = = 64
3 3 3
And, again , w e can u se th e definite integral to get an area, if th e y valu es in th e in terval are greater th an 0 (th e
fu nction is completely above th e x-axis). Note in th e secon d problem, w e h ave to solve for th e x-in tercepts, or zeros,
and sketch a graph (or u se a sign chart) to see w h ere th e fu n ction lies above th e x-axis.
Problem Solution
Fin d th e area of the region w ith the Since th is region is all above the x -axis, w e can u se th e defin ite
follow in g bou n daries: integral to get th e area:
f (x) = 3x − 5, y = 0, x = 2, x = 4
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Problem Solution
4
4
3
∫ (3x − 5) dx = [ x2 − 5x]
2 2
2
3 3
= [ (4)2 − 5 (4)] − [ (2)2 − 5 (2)]
2 2
= 4 − (−4) = 8
Th u s, w e n eed ∫ (3√−
x − x) dx:
0
9 9 3 9
x − x) dx = ∫ (3x 2 − x) dx = [3 ⋅ 3 − ]
x2 x2
∫ (3√−
1
(2) 2
0 0 0
2 92 3 02
= [3 ⋅ ] − [3 ⋅ (0) 2 − ]
3 3
(9) 2 −
3 2 2 2
81
= (54 − ) − 0 = 13.5
2
Bu t let’s th in k abou t it. If you w ere to take th e absolute value of th e fu n ction (so th at everyth in g moves above th e
x-axis), you w ou ld have the area! Here’s an example:
<
Solutions:
a. (Vertical Sh ift Up) Sin ce an d w e are sh iftin g th e fu n ction vertically u p 2, w e w ill add an oth er “block”
of area th at is 2 u nits high by 3 u nits w ide. Th e n ew area is 5 + 2 ⋅ 3 = 11 (see diagram).
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4 4 4 4
Fin d ∫ f (x) dx, if: a. f (x) is even , ∫ f (x) dx = 8 an d ∫ f (x) dx = 20 b. f (x) is odd, an d
2 −2 −6
6 6
b. Again, draw a pictu re. Sin ce th e fu n ction is odd, it’s symmetrical arou n d th e origin , mean in g th at
an y area on the righ t-h and side (positive x) is th e opposite (n egative) of th at on th e left-h an d side
(n egative x), for the same distan ce from th e origin . Th u s, th e areas in th e in terval [−2, 0] an d [0, 2]
can cel ou t (add u p to 0). Th is makes th e area in th e in terval [2, 6] th e same as th e area in th e in terval
[−2, 6], w h ich is 8 .
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14 = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − (6 − 2) = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − 4
2 2
6 6 6
a. ∫ sin(x)dx b. ∫ sin(x)dx c. ∫ |sin x| dx d. ∫ cos(x) dx e. ∫ (sin(x) + 2x) dx
0 0 0 π
−2 0
Solutions:
π 2π
a. Sin ce ∫ sin(x)dx = 2, ∫ sin(x)dx is th is amou n t above th e x-axis
0 0
(2), an d also th e opposite (n egative) of th is amou n t below th e x-axis
(–2). Th u s, w e h ave 2 + −2 = 0.
π
π 2
b. Sin ce ∫ sin(x)dx = 2, ∫ sin(x)dx is half th is amou n t, w h ich is 1.
0 0
π
(Th e fu n ction is symmetrical across x = ).
2
π 2π
c. Sin ce ∫ sin(x)dx = 2, ∫ |sin(x)| dx is th is amou n t above th e x-axis (2, an d again above th e x-axis
0 0
becau se of the absolu te value. Th us, w e h ave 2 + 2 = 4 .
π
d. (Horizon tal Sh ift by to Left or Righ t) Th e graph of cosine is th e
2
π
graph of sin that is sh ifted eith er to th e left or righ t. Th u s,
π
2
2 π
∫ cos x dx = ∫ sin x dx, w h ich is 2 .
−2
π
0
π π π
2 2 2
e. ∫ (sin(x) + 2x) dx = ∫ sin(x) dx + ∫ 2x dx . W e kn ow th at
0 0 0
π π
2 2
∫ sin(x) dx = 1 from b. above. ∫ 2x dx is a trian gle (see diagram)
0 0
π π 1 1 π π2
w ith a base of an d a h eight of 2 ⋅ = π , so its area is bh = ⋅ ⋅ π = . Th e total area is
2 2 2 2 2 4
2
π
1+ ≈ 3.47.
4
So w h at does th is mean in plain En glish? All it really mean s is th at for a con tin u ou s fu n ction betw een tw o differen t
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poin ts, th ere is at least on e poin t w h ere th e “ y ” valu e is equ al to th e average of th e all th e “ y ” valu es in th at in terval.
In terms of geometry, th is means th at there exists a rectan gle betw een th e tw o poin ts w h ose area is equ al to th e
area u n der th e cu rve of th e fu n ction betw een th ose tw o poin ts. Th in k of flatten in g a mou n tain so it fills th e valleys
perfectly.
∫ f (x) dx = f (c) (b − a)
a
W e’ll u se th is formu la to solve problems w here w e fin d th e “ c” gu aran teed by th e Mean Valu e Th eorem for an
integral in a specific in terval. W e’ll also derive th e Average Value of a Function from th is formu la.
If a fu n ction f is integrable on a closed in terval [a, b], th en th e average value on th at in terval is:
b
1
∫ f (x) dx
(b − a)
a
To remember th is, th in k Integral over Interval:
b
∫ f (x) dx
a Integral
Average Value = =
(b − a) Interval
Here are th e types of problems you migh t see for th e Mean Value Theorem:
1
Theorem (MVT) for integrals for
(− 43 − 8 (4)) − (− 13 − 8 (1)) = 3 (−c2 − 8)
3 3
2
f (x) = −x − 8 in th e in terval [1, 4] .
–
−45 = −3c2 − 24; c2 = 7; c = ± √7
–
c = √7
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c = ± .482
Use both positive an d negative, sin ce both valu es are in th e in terval
π π
[− , ] .
4 4
b
1
Th ink “Integral Over Interval”: Average Valu e = ∫ f (x) dx
Fin d th e Average Value of (b − a)
a
8 4 4
f (x) = 2 + 2 from [2, 4] . ∫ (2 + ) dx =
1 8 1 −2 1 4
x (4−2) x2 2
∫ (2 + 8x ) dx = 2
[2x − 8x−1 ]2
2 2
= 12 ([2 (4) − 84 ] − [2 (2) − 82 ]) = 12 (8 − 2 − 4 + 4) = 3
b
1
Th ink “Integral Over Interval”: Average Valu e = ∫ f (x) dx
(b − a)
a
Fin d th e Average Value of
π π
2 2 π
1 1 1
π π ∫ (cos x + 3) dx = ∫ (cos x + 3) dx = π [sin x + 3x]− 2π
f (x) = cos x + 3 from [− , ]. [ 2 −(− 2 )] − π
π π π
2
2 2
π
2
−2
1 π π π π
= π ([sin( 2 ) + 3 ( 2 )] − [sin(− 2 ) + 3 (− 2 )])
1 3π 3π 1 2
= π [1 + 2 − (−1) + 2 ] = π (2 + 3π) = π + 3
b
1
Th ink “Integral Over Interval”: Average Valu e = ∫ f (x) dx
Fin d th e n u mber(s) b such th at the (b − a)
a
Average Value of 1
b
b
∫ (6x − 3) dx = 1b [3x2 − 3x]0
f (x) = 6x − 3 on interval [0, b] is b−0
0
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a. Fin d th e average
temperatu re.
b. Fin d th e
minimum
temperatu re.
c. Fin d th e
maximum b. From the graph above, in th e in terval 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 , th e min imu m temperatu re is –15
temperatu re. degrees, at the en dpoin t w h en .
c. From the graph above, in th e in terval 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 , th e maximu m temperatu re is 49
degrees.
d ⎛ ⎞
x x
<
It looks like th e derivative of an in tegral (accu mulation fu n ction ) gets u s back to th e origin al in tegran d w ith ju st a
ch an ge of variables. Bu t let’s keep goin g, u sin g th e First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
d ⎛ ⎞
g(x)
⎜∫ f (t) dt⎟ =
d d
(F (g (x)) − F (a)) = F (g (x)) = f (g (x)) ⋅ g ′ (x), w h ere a is a con stan t. Th e F (a)
dx ⎝ ⎠ dx dx
a
disappears, sin ce th e derivative of a con stan t is 0, bu t for th e F (x), w e su bstitu te th e u pper limit in for th e variable,
bu t th en h ave to u se the ch ain rule to multiply by th e derivative of th is fu n ction .
Let’s sh ow an example, w h ere w e solve the defin ite in tegral an d th en take th e derivative back. Note th at you w on ’t
h ave to do th is mu ch w ork for each problem; w e’ll see soon th at w e ju st substitute the upper limit in the integral
function, and then multiply by the derivative of that upper limit.
2x3
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2x3
Here’s th e formal defin ition of th e 2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, w ith th e basic in stru ction s on h ow to
solve th ese problems:
<
If f is con tin u ous on an open in terval th at con tain s a (a con stan t), for every x in th e in terval,
d ⎡ ⎤
x x
If F (x) = ∫ f (t) dt , th en F ′ (x) = f (x) (altern ate w ay: ⎢∫ f (t)F (t)⎥ = f (x))
dx ⎣ ⎦
a a
W h en fin din g F ′ (x), plu g in th e upper bou nd in to th e fu n ction f (t) directly, bu t if th e u pper bou n d is
differen t th an just plain “x”, multiply th e fu nction by th e derivative of th e u pper bou n d.
g(x)
In oth er w ords, if F (x) = ∫ f (t) dt , th en F ′ (x) = f (g (x)) ⋅ g ′ (x). (For example, if th e u pper bou n d is x2 ,
a
plu g in th e x2 everyw h ere th ere’s a t, bu t th en mu ltiply by 2x, th e derivative of x2 ).
If th ere are variables in both th e u pper an d low er bou n ds, separate th e in tegral in to tw o in tegrals w ith
g(x) a f(x) g(x)
Fin d th e derivative of
x d
F ′ (x) = (x3 − 4x) ⋅ (x) = (x3 − 4x) ⋅ 1 = x3 − 4x
F (x) = ∫ (t3 − 4t) dt dx
−3
1 d 4 1 4
F ′ (x) = ⋅ (x ) = 8 (4x3 ) = 4x−5 = 5
(x4 )2 dx x x
Note: Let’s sh ow h ow th is w orks “th e lon g w ay”:
Fin d th e derivative of
x4 x4
x4 1 1 1
∫ 2 dt = ∫ t−2 dt = [−t−1 ]2 = −(x4 ) − (−2−1 ) = − 4 +
x4 −1
1
F (x) = ∫ dt . t x 2
t2 2 2
2
Now take th e derivative back:
1 1 d 1 4
(− 4 + ) = ( ) = 4x−5 + 0 = 5 √
d d
(−x−4 ) +
dx x 2 dx dx 2 x
Fin d th e derivative of
x2 2 d 2
F ′ (x) = sin (x2 ) ⋅ (x ) = sin(x4 ) ⋅ 2x = 2x sin x4
F (x) = ∫ sin t dt 2
dx
−π
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Since w e don ’t have a con stan t for th e low er bou n d, w e n eed to separate the
integral into two integrals, each w ith a con stan t. Remember th at w e can sw itch th e
low er an d u pper bou n ds in an in tegral by takin g th e opposite (th e n egative) of th at
x x a a a
x
d d
′
F (x) = −2x ⋅ (x) + 2(3x)3 ⋅
3
(3x)
dx dx
= −2x ⋅ 1 + 2 (27x ) ⋅ 3 = −2x3 + 162x3 = 160x3
3 3
Here is th e Net Change Theorem (w h ich is basically a rein statemen t of th e Fundamental Theorem of Calculus):
Th e Accumulated Rate of Change can be measu red by th e area under the graph of a fu n ction over a certain in terval.
W e mu st be carefu l th ou gh , sin ce th e area below the x -axis is con sidered to be negative in measu rin g accu mu lated
ch an ge. Th u s, th is can be represen ted by th e definite integral of th e fu n ction .
Note th at w e also addressed Position, Velocity, an d Acceleration w ith Derivatives h ere in th e Equation of the
Tangent Line, Tangent Line Approximation, and Rates of Change section , an d h ere in th e Antiderivatives and
Indefinite Integration section .
Important Hint for Definite Integration Applications: If you’re not sure about whether to integrate, or what to integrate,
remember this: the area under the curve is the integral. That area will represent different things, based on what the units of the
axes are. In general, you just need to multiply the units of the y -axis and the units of the x-axis to get the units of the area
under the curve. For example, If the y -axis represents velocity and the x-axis represents time, the integral represents total
distance. As another example, if the y -axis represents calories/day and the x-axis represents days, then the area under the curve
would represent the total calories over the days specified.
For Integration as Accumulated Change problems, w e typically h ave rate (velocity) on th e y -axis an d
time on th e x-axis. Th e change is th e area u n der th e cu rve, or th e integral of th e velocity fu n ction . For
example, w e may h ave:
miles
(y-axis) × hours (x-axis) = miles
hours
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Amount changed from a to b is ∫ f (x) dx , w h ere f (x) is th e rate of ch an ge of th e amou n ts. f (x)
′ ′
a
represen ts th e actu al amou n ts (for example, miles, dollars or temperatu re).
Ending amount is the beginning amount plus the change. At b, th e amou n t is w h at it w as at a (Initial
b
Condition), plu s th e ch an ge from a to b: f (b) = f (a) + ∫ f (x) dx (from First Fu n damen tal Th eorem
′
a
b
of Calcu lus). If chan ge is n egative (amou n t decreasin g), f (b) = f (a) − ∫ f (x) dx .
′
a
Th e Average Velocity can be obtain ed by ou r “In tegral O ver In terval” formu la: Average Velocity from time
b
∫ f (x) dx b
1
∫ f (x) dx, w h ere f (x) is a fu n ction of th e velocity versu s time.
a
a to time b is =
(b − a) (b − a)
a
b
Th e total distance traveled (how far w e go back an d forth ) is ∫ | v (x)| dx , w h ereas th e total
a
b
Note th at if th e fun ction is totally above th e y -axis in th e given in terval, th is calcu lation is th e area betw een
th e fu n ction an d th e x-axis. If th e fu n ction is totally below th e x-axis in th is in terval, th is calcu lation is th e
opposite (n egative) of th e area betw een th e x-axis an d th e fu n ction . If th is fu n ction is both above an d below
th e x-axis, th en th is calculation is the area above th e x-axis su btracted by th e area below th e x-axis.
Problem:
Th e follow in g graph depicts the speed of a car over a period over 6 h ou rs. Estimate h ow far it traveled du rin g th at
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Solution:
Since w e can th in k of distan ce as rate × time , w e can get th e distan ce by th e area under the curve. Add u p (as best
w e can ) all th e squ ares u n der th e cu rve: (20 × 12) + 18 + 14 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 5 + 8 + 16 = 334 km.
To get th e average speed betw een 10am an d 4pm,take th e total distance and divide by the total time:
334 km
= 55.7 km/hour .
6 hours
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Here are more Integration as Accumulated Change Problems. Note th at in some problems, w e w ill u se th e fnInt(
fu nction on ou r calcu lator to in tegrate. (W e w ill learn h ow to in tegrate expon en ts h ere in th e Exponential and
Logarithmic Integration section .)
W ater is leakin g out of a bu cket at a Ending amou n t is th e begin n in g amou n t (in itial con dition ) plu s th e
rate of r (t) = 6e−.1t liters per min u te, ch ange. At b, th e amou n t is w h at it w as at a , plu s th e ch an ge from a to b.
w h ere t is th e n u mber of minu tes Since w ater is leakin g ou t of th e bu cket (n egative ch an ge), its amou n t is
sin ce th e leak started. decreasin g:
b
f (b) = f (a) − ∫ f ′ (x) dx .
If th e bu cket h olds 500 liters of w ater a
60
w h en th e leak began , h ow mu ch So f (b) = 500 − ∫ 6e−.1t dt = 500 − 59.851 = 440.149 liters. (Use
w ater does th e bu cket h old an h ou r 0
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Th e velocity in meters per secon d of a n egative, it’s movin g to th e left, an d w h en it’s 0, it’s stan din g still.
particle is movin g alon g th e x-axis Th u s, w h en th e article is movin g to th e
at v (t) = 2 cos(t) in th e in terval right, w e h ave 2 cos(t) > 0 , or
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. π π 3π
0<t< an d < t < . W h en th e
2 2 2
article is movin g to th e left, w e h ave
Determin e w h en th e particle is π 3π
movin g to th e left, right, an d
2 cos(t) < 0 , or <t< . Th e
2 2
stopped. π 3π
particle is stopped at t = an d t = .
2 2
2π
Fin d th e particle’s displacemen t and Th e particle’s displacemen t is ∫ 2 cos(t) dt = 0 an d th e particle’s distan ce
0
total distan ce over the time in terval. 2π
is ∫ |2 cos(t)| dt = 8.
0
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U-Substitution Integration
W e can go ah ead an d substitute th e expression for “ u” back an d u se th e origin al valu es for th e u pper an d
low er bou n ds. Remember th at the upper an d low er bou n ds are in terms of “ x”.
W e can keep th e “u” in th e expression an d solve for n ew u pper an d low er bou n ds (solve for “ x” in terms of
“u”). Th en w e don ’t h ave to put th e expression for “ u” back in th e problem! (W e on ly w an t to do th is if it’s
straigh tforw ard to get “x” in terms of “u”.)
W e’ll sh ow both th ese meth ods; th e main thin g is to make su re you r u pper an d low er bou n ds match th e variable
you ’re plu ggin g them in for:
Definite Integral
U-Substitution Solution
Problem
u = x2 − 3
2 2 2 2 3 x=2
du = 2x dx ∫ x(x2 − 3)2 dx = ∫ x ⋅ u2 du = ∫ u du = [ u ]
Fin d th e in tegral: du −2 −2 2x −2 2 6 x=−2
dx =
2 2x
∫ x(x2 − 3) dx
2
W e’ll su bstitute back in for “u” sin ce it’s n ot easy to solve for x in terms of u:
3
−2
(x2 − 3)
3 2
(22 − 3)
3 ((−2)2 − 3)
=[ ]
3 x=2
1 1
[ ]
u
= − = − =0
6 x=−2 6 6 6 6 6
−2
π π π
π π π cos(x) π
du −2 −2 −2
2 dx = cos(x)
∫ sin3 (x) cos(x) dx π π
x= 2
sin4 (x) 2 sin4 ( π2 ) sin4 (− π2 )
=[ ]
u4
−2
π
=[ ] = − =0
4 x=− π 4 π 4 4
2 −2
u = 1 + √−
1
x = 1+x2
1
Fin d th e in tegral: du = 12 x− 2 dx
1
du
4 dx = 1
= 2x 2 du
1 −
2 x 2
∫
2
− −2
1
√x(1 + √x)
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Definite Integral
U-Substitution Solution
Problem
4 4 4 4
2 2 2
∫ − dx = ∫ − 2 dx = ∫ (2 x du) = ∫ 4u−2 du
1
2
− 2
√x u
1
√x(1 + √x) 1 u2 1 1 x
1
2
−1 x=4 x=4 4
4u −4 −4 −4 −4 2
=[ ] =[ ] =[ − ] =( – )−( – )=
−1 x=1 u x=1 1 + √x 1 1 + √4 1 + √1 3
−1 −1 −1 −1
u=x+2=2+2=4 4
For th is problem,
5 3 5 3
(u − 2u ) du = [ ] =[ ]
2
u u 2u 2 4u 2
=∫
3 1 2 2
fin d th e in tegral by
2 2 −2 −
−1
5 3 5 3
2 2 u=x+2=−1+2=1 1
⎛ 2(4) 4(4) ⎞ ⎛ 2(1) 4(1) ⎞
replacing the upper 5 3 5 3
2 2 2 2 46
and lower bounds
⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝ 5 3 ⎠
= − − − =
15
w ith valu e of “u”.
Click on Su bmit (th e arrow to th e righ t of th e problem) to solve th is problem. You can also type in more problems, or
click on th e 3 dots in the upper righ t h an d corn er to drill dow n for example problems.
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inclu ded) of th e softw are. You can even get math w orksh eets.
You can also go to the Mathway site here, w h ere you can register, or ju st u se th e softw are for free w ith ou t th e
detailed solu tion s. There is even a Math w ay App for you r mobile device. En joy!
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