Astm D 6913
Astm D 6913
Astm D 6913
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6913/D6913M − 17
INTRODUCTION
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Although this test method has been used for many years, there are vast testing variations due to soil
types and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected. Multiple
procedures are being presented along with new terminology. Although these procedures are not new,
they will now be defined and explained. Some examples of these new terms are composite sieving,
designated separating sieve and subspecimen. This test method outlines the majority of conditions and
procedures but does not cover every conceivable variation or contingency. The table of contents in the
Scope section is added to enable the user to easily find a specific topic or requirement. Only
sections/subsections with titles are presented. Therefore, numbered subsections will not be continuous
in some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.
1. Scope 1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The
1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes. methods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size of
This test method is used to separate particles into size ranges the specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may be
and to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in each specified by the requesting authority; otherwise Method A shall
range. These data are combined to determine the particle-size be performed.
distribution (gradation). This test method uses a square open- 1.6.1 Method A—The percentage (by mass) passing each
ing sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil between sieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must be
the 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-µm) sieves. used when performing composite sieving. For cases of
1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeably disputes, Method A is the referee method.
throughout the standard. 1.6.2 Method B—The percentage (by mass) passing each
1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in. sieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is only
(75 mm) sieve is needed, Test Method D5519 may be used. applicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximum
particle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.
1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller than
No. 200 (75-µm) sieve is needed, Test Method D7928 may be 1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procure-
used. ment of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtained
1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to or using appropriate methods and is representative.
less than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving is 1.8 Sample Processing—Three procedures (moist, air dry,
applicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size is and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain a
greater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5 specimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type of
mm (3⁄8-in sieve), then either single-set sieving or composite
sample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range of
sieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size is
particle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plastic-
equal to or greater than 19.0 mm (3⁄4-in sieve), composite
ity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testing
sieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.
on the sample. The procedure may be specified by the
requesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and 10 shall be followed.
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity
and Density Characteristics of Soils. 1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days to
Current edition approved April 15, 2017. Published May 2017. Originally
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6913 – 04(2009)ε1. complete, depending on the type and size of the sample and
DOI: 10.1520/D6913-17. soil type.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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3.2.7 fractional cumulative percent retained, n—in compos- 3.2.12 maximum particle size, n—in sieving, the smallest
ite sieving, the ratio of fractional cumulative material retained sieve size from the standard sieve set on which less than one
on a given sieve to the mass of the subspecimen, expressed in percent of the sample would be retained.
percent. 3.2.12.1 Discussion—For practical purposes, estimate the
3.2.8 fractional material retained, n—in composite sieving, maximum particle size as equal to the smallest sieve size from
when sieving a subspecimen, the mass of material retained on the standard sieve set in which it appears that all the material
an individual sieve. being tested would pass through that sieve. The maximum
particle size is needed to determine the required mass of the
3.2.9 fractional percent passing, n—in composite sieving,
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6.1.3 Designated Separating Sieve—A sieve used to sepa- large, while the 2nd designated separating sieve is either
rate the specimen into two portions (coarser and finer portion) 200-mm or 8-in. in diameter.
in composite sieving. The designated separating sieve shall
conform to Specification E11. It may be necessary to have 6.2 Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle—A sink having a spray
various sizes of sieves to use as designated separating sieves. nozzle attached to a flexible line to facilitate the washing and
Normally, these are not the same sieves that are used in the material transferring processes without spillage. In addition,
stack of sieves (sieve set) placed in the sieve shaker. Typically, the spray nozzle shall be such that the rate of water flow can be
the 1st designated separating sieve is rectangular and quite easily controlled. The temperature of the water shall be
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relatively close to room temperature to prevent changing the 6.5 Drying Oven—Thermostatically controlled oven, ca-
dimensions of the sieve cloth and health and safety concerns. pable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C
6.3 Mechanical Sieve Shaker—A device that holds a stack throughout the drying chamber. These requirements typically
of sieves while imparting sufficient motion to the sieves to require the use of a forced-draft oven.
meet the sieving thoroughness requirements covered in 8.2. 6.6 Sieving Containers—The containers used to: (a) contain
The “Standard Shaking Period” must be from 10 to 20 minutes. the sieving specimen or material which will be sieved, such as
The shaker shall have a timing device or a timing device shall coarser portion; (b) remove the retained material from the
be used in conjunction with the shaker. sieve(s); (c) collect and transfer that material; and, (d) contain
NOTE 2—Shakers imparting a motion that causes the particles on the the cumulative material retained.
sieves to bounce and turn so that all particles have ample opportunity in
various orientations to the sieve openings will typically meet this sieving
6.6.1 Specimen Containers—Smooth walled containers,
thoroughness requirement. A sieve shaker that has a smooth horizontal without tight corners to trap material, made of material
and/or vertical gyratory/orbital motion will typically not meet this sieving resistant to corrosion and change in mass upon repeated
thoroughness requirement, since the particles will not be bouncing and heating, cooling, specimen soaking, and cleaning. The contain-
turning. ers should be large enough to enable soaking of the specimen.
6.4 Balances—For single sieve-set sieving, one balance will The container should facilitate the transfer of the specimen
be used. For composite sieving, more than one balance may be from the container to the washing sieve (No. 200 (75 µm) or
necessary. Balances must conform to the requirements of designated separating sieve) and back by a rinsing/washing
Specification D4753; that is, having a readability (with no operation, and allow for decanting the clear wash water from
estimation) to determine the mass of the specimen or subspe- the container.
cimen to a minimum of three significant digits for Method A or 6.6.2 Collection/Transfer Container—This container is used
a minimum four significant digits for Method B. The mass of to collect the material retained on a given sieve and to transfer
the specimen can be determined in parts (multiple mass it to the container holding the cumulative retained material
determinations). The balance used to determine the cumulative during the sieving process. The container must be larger in
material retained or the fractional cumulative material retained diameter than the sieve. A smoothsurface 230-mm (9-in.) pie
on any given sieve has to have a readability equal to or better pan may be used along with a 25-mm (1-in.) paintbrush to
than that used to determine the mass of the specimen/ assist in transferring all the material. The color of this container
subspecimen. shall enhance the observation that all material has been
NOTE 3—Preferably the balance should have a taring capability so that transferred.
the mass of material can be directly determined without subtracting the
mass of the container. This feature is immensely useful during the sieving 6.6.3 Cumulative Mass Container—This container shall be
process to determine the mass of the cumulative material retained or when large enough to receive the retained material contained in the
making multiple mass determinations to determine specimen’s mass. collection/transfer device without any loss. The mass should be
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a slightly inclined (about 15°) position in one hand. Strike the
Shaking Period—Prior to initial use, the mechanical sieve side of the sieve sharply with the heel of the other hand using
shaker shall be checked for sieving thoroughness using appli- an upward motion and at a rate of about 150 times per minute,
cable sieve sets (typically used coarser and finer) and repre- turn the sieve about one sixth of a revolution at intervals of
sentative material. In addition, the standard shaking period about 25 strokes. Continue for about one minute.
shall be determined for each applicable sieve set. For each size 8.2.3.1 For larger diameter or rectangular sieves, transfer
sieve set, follow the guidance given for single sieve-set sieving the retained material to 200-mm or 8-in. diameter sieves, in
(see 11.4). Use enough material (specimen) of known mass (g appropriate portions to prevent overloading (see 11.3), and
or kg) such that each sieve in the set, except one or two, will follow the above instructions for each portion.
have some retained material but no sieve will be overloaded.
Shake the sieve set for ten minutes with the mechanical shaker. 9. Sampling
Upon completion of mechanical shaking, start with the largest
sieve size and place the snug-fitting lid on top of the sieve and 9.1 General—This test method does not cover, in any detail,
the pan underneath it. Shake each sieve by hand, for about one procurement of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is
minute using the hand shaking procedure (see 8.2.3). For each obtained using appropriate methods and is representative.
sieve, determine the mass of material retained on the sieve and However, the testing agency shall preserve all samples in
in the pan, to the nearest 0.01 g or one part in 1,000, whichever accordance with Practice D4220/D4220M, Group B; except if
is largest. The ratio of the material mass in the pan to the the as-received sample does not meet those requirements. In
specimen’s mass multiplied by 100 for each sieve shall be less that case, the water content of the material does not have to be
than 0.5 % (see Note 6). If all ratios are less than 0.5 %, the maintained. The mass of the sample shall meet or exceed the
sieve shaker with a 10-minute shaking period is adequate and mass requirements for the specimen, as given in Table 2 (see
shall be used as the standard shaking period for that sieve set. 10.2).
If any ratio is equal to or exceeds 0.5 %, repeat the process 9.2 Sample Sources—The sample for a sieve analysis can be
using a 15-minute shaking period. If this shaking period meets from a variety of sources and contain a wide range of particle
the above criterion, then it shall be used as the standard shaking sizes. Typically, samples for sieve analysis are obtained in the
period for that sieve set, unless a shorted shaking period, like following forms: bulk samples (large bag or bucket samples),
12 minutes is verified as adequate. If the 15-minute shaking small bag or jar samples, tube samples, or specimens from
period fails, then try the maximum allowable shaking period of other tests (such as strength, consolidation or hydraulic con-
20 minutes. If the 20-minute shaking period fails, then the ductivity). In some cases, (for example, compaction testing)
mechanical sieve shaker shall be considered inadequate for prior testing may cause a reduction of particle sizes. For these
sieving. It shall either be repaired or discarded. After repair, cases, the sieve analysis may be required on the initial
repeat the instructions given above to determine the standard specimen, or the degraded specimen or both. An overview of
shaking period. how specimens may be selected for various sample types is
8.2.1 Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker—If a larger mechani- given below; whereas details for obtaining specimens from
cal sieve shaker is used to shake large diameter (greater than samples are in Section 10.
200 mm or 8 in.) or rectangular sieve sets and hand shaking is 9.2.1 Bulk Samples—Generally, bulk samples are obtained
not practicable, then transfer the retained material in appropri- because multiple tests are needed or large particles are present,
ate increments to a 200- mm or 8-in. diameter sieve of equal or both. In addition, the bulk sample will usually become the
A
Specimen masses should not significantly exceed (by more than about 50 %) the
presented values because excessively large specimens may result in sieve
overloading, (see 11.3) and increase the difficulty of specimen processing.
B
The same as “C,” except multiplied by 10.
C
These values are based on the mass of an individual spherical shaped particle,
at the given sieve, multiplied by 100 then 1.2 (factor to account uncertainty) and
finally rounded to a convenient number.
D
Specimens of this size require composite sieving. The sample sizes required for
reporting results to 0.1 % are not practical and the possible errors associated with
composite sieving causes this sensitivity to be unrealistic for specimens with these
larger size particles.
E
Same as “C,” except 1.2 factor is omitted.
specimen and composite sieving will be required. If other sample, or a portion. Observe and estimate the maximum
testing is needed, these tests should be coordinated with the particle size. Use moist procedure (see 10.4.1) to obtain the
sieve analysis so that all specimens are obtained efficiently and necessary specimen.
representatively using moist (preferred) or air-dried procedure. 9.2.4 Samples from Prior Testing—Frequently, after
For example, Test Method D698 or D1557 is frequently strength, hydraulic conductivity, consolidation or other testing
requested on bulk samples in addition to the sieve analysis. For has been completed, that specimen or a portion of it (from
this test, it is probably most efficient to process the as-received water content) is used for a sieve analysis specimen. The entire
sample, now a specimen, over the designated separating sieve specimen can be used or split using the most appropriate
having either the 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm), 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) or No. 4 procedure for specimen selection (moist or oven dried). If the
(4.75- mm) sieve and obtain the sieve specimens (coarser and specimen mass is less than required according to Table 2, note
finer portions) during this processing. Although oversize par- that the specimen is undersized on the data sheet. There may be
ticles (coarser portion) are not used in testing with D698 or conditions when it is undesirable to test the entire specimen
D1557, the composite sieve analysis should be calculated to due to the nonhomogeneity of the specimen. If there are layers
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represent both the bulk sample and the compaction material in the specimen, it may be necessary and more useful to
(two gradations). Flowcharts presenting an overview of this determine the gradation of individual layers.
procedure are presented in Fig. 2 through Fig. 4(b).
9.2.2 Jar and Small Bag Samples—Depending on the sam- 10. Specimen
ple’s gradation, it may be necessary to use the entire sample for 10.1 General—This section is separated into four parts. The
the specimen. Observe and estimate the maximum particle size. mass requirement for the specimen is given in the first part
If the amount of material in the sample is less than the (Minimum Mass Requirement). In the second part on Selection
minimum mass required (as given in Table 2), note that the of Sieving Procedure, the determination of which sieving
specimen is undersized. If the amount (by mass) of sample is procedure applies, single sieve-set or composite sieving, is
much more (by about 50 %) than needed, the sample can be explained. In the third part on Specimen Procurement, an
reduced using moist (preferred) or oven-dried procedure. If overview of the three applicable procedures (moist, air dried
there is other testing to be obtained from the sample, it may be and oven dried) for use in obtaining a specimen from the
better to perform the other testing, such as water content and sample and processing it for sieving is given. Following this
specific gravity and then sieve the used material. Note on the overview is a discussion about special considerations relating
data sheet if prior testing has been performed on the specimen. to soils that readily segregate. In the fourth part on Specimen
This approach cannot be used for tests that might alter the Procurement and Processing Requirements, details are given
gradation of the soil, such as Atterberg Limits. on how the above moist, air-dried and oven-dried procedures
9.2.3 Intact Tube Samples—To obtain a sieve analysis are to be applied to obtain a specimen(s) and prepare it for
specimen from an intact tube sample, extrude either the entire single sieve-set or composite sieving.
fine-grained soils containing coarse-grained particles, see 10.5.1.1 If the sample contains standing water or is very
10.4.4. In addition, it is the preferred method for any sample wet; then it may be dried back to a moist state, as defined in
containing soil whose properties are altered due to drying, and 10.4.1, 10.4.4, or A2.1.3, by air-drying or oven-drying (60°C).
testing to determine those properties is necessary. These soil If oven drying is used, the sample is placed in a low
types may include most organic soils; many highly plastic temperature, drying oven (not to exceed 60°C) and mixed
fine-grained soils; tropical soils; and soils containing hal- frequently to avoid excessive drying of any portion of the
loysite. Examples of such testing may include compaction, sample. If the sample is too dry; then water can be added
Atterberg Limits, specific gravity, and gradation by sedimen- (preferably by spraying) while the sample is being mixed to a
tation. For samples requiring composite sieving, the sample moist state.
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able aggregations of soil particles. This can be done by hand or 10.5.8 Oven Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving—If com-
using a mortar and rubber-covered pestle or similar method posite sieving applies, as determined in 10.3, procure the
that does not break the individual particles. specimen following the applicable guidance given in 10.5.4
10.5.4 Air Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving—If through 10.5.4.2. Double check that the specimen’s mass and
this applies, as covered in 10.3; then either test the whole its container has been determined and recorded. Select a
sample, noting its mass cannot be too large (Table 2) or after designated separating sieve following the guidance given in
mixing, obtain a representative specimen having the required 9.2.1 and Note 9. Process the specimen over this sieve
mass (Table 2) using a splitter and noting the above require- following the applicable guidance given in 10.5.2.2 and
ments and those in Annex A2, Sample to Specimen Reduction 10.5.2.3.
Methods, A2.1 and A2.1.1. 10.5.8.1 Record the oven-dry mass of the coarser portion,
10.5.4.1 Place the specimen in a container of known mass (g CP,Md in g or kg.
or kg) and oven-dry the material at 110 6 5°C. Record the 10.5.8.2 Mix the finer portion and obtain a representative
identification of the specimen container, and mass of the subspecimen having the required mass (Table 2) using a
container on the data sheet. Determine and record the dry mass splitter, see requirements given in 10.4.4. Record the container
of the specimen as S,Md in g or kg. For non-referee testing, this identification, mass of the container, and mass of the container
dry mass may be based on an auxiliary water content of similar plus dry material representing the finer-portion subspecimen.
air-dried material (see Note 7). Calculate and record the dry mass of the subspecimen,
10.5.4.2 Proceed to Section 11 on Procedure (Sieving). SubS,Md in g or kg.
10.5.8.3 Proceed to Section 11 on Procedure (Sieving).
10.5.5 Air Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving—If com-
posite sieving applies, as determined in 10.3, follow the moist
procedure, as outlined in 10.5.2 through 10.5.2.8 to obtain the 11. Procedure (Sieving)
specimen and process it for composite sieving, except for the 11.1 General—There are several different ways to deter-
following: mine the percent passing, since there are several different
(a) The sample is air-dried prior to any processing, see approaches to determine the amount of material retained on
10.5.4.1. each sieve in a given sieve set. As previously stated, the
(b) The moist masses become air-dried masses. procedure presented in this test method is to determine and
(c) The water content of the coarser portion is not appli- record the mass of the cumulative material retained upon any
cable. given sieve within any given sieve set, since it is the easiest
(d) To obtain the subspecimen from the finer portion, the approach to present. However, this does not mean that other
applicable guidance given in 10.5.3 shall be followed instead approaches are in nonconformance with this test method. One
of that given in 10.5.2.6. alternate approach would be to determine the amount of
10.5.5.1 Proceed to Section 11 on Procedure Sieving). material retained on each sieve within a given sieve set, and
10.5.6 Oven-Dried Procedure, General—This method re- then adjust the method of calculation to determine the percent
quires the use of a splitter to obtain a specimen from a sample passing.
that has been oven-dried, unless the whole sample is tested. 11.1.1 The sieving process is usually accomplished using a
Therefore, this procedure can only be used for smaller samples mechanical sieve shaker (see 6.3); however, hand shaking is
in which no more than two splitting processes will be permissible, especially for the coarser sieves (larger than about
necessary, see 10.4.2 and 10.4.4. This procedure shall only be the 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm). For referee testing, a mechanical sieve
used when other testing is not necessary or needed, see 1.8 and shaker shall be used for the portion passing the 3⁄4-in. (19.0-
10.4.1. See 10.5.2 for comments on composite sieving. mm) sieve.
10.5.6.1 Place the sample on a tray(s)/pan(s) and oven dry at 11.1.2 The proper gradation of a specimen cannot be ob-
110 6 5°C overnight or until thoroughly dry, see Test Method tained if one or more sieves are overloaded during the sieving
D2216. Upon the completion of drying; place the material into process, see 11.3 on Sieve Overloading.
either a container or pile. During this process, break apart any 11.2 Mass Measurements—The following details supple-
noticeable aggregations of soil particles. This can be done by ment the requirements presented in 6.4 on Balances. Determine
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water up through the bottom of the washing sieve, then use the tapping below.
approach to assist in the drainage of wash water. 11.4.5 Cumulative Material/Mass Retained (Hereafter re-
11.4.3.4 Transfer Washed Specimen—Using a washing ferred to as cumulative mass retained.)
process, return the portion retained on the washing sieve and 11.4.5.1 First Sieve—Remove the lid from the sieve set,
coarser sieve, if used, to its original specimen container or new verify that no material was retained on the top (largest size)
container of known mass in g or kg. This can be done by sieve (record 0.0 g or kg in the cumulative mass retained
washing the retained material to one side of the sieve, by tilting column, CMRN). If material is retained on the top sieve,
the sieve and allowing the wash water to pass through the determine and record its mass, CMRN, in accordance with 11.2
sieve. Then, slowly wash this material into the container using in g or kg. Transfer that retained material to the next larger
as little wash water as possible, such that water will not fill and sieve size in the standard sieve set, see Table 1. Add the pan
overflow the container. If the container approaches and lid and hand shake that sieve following the procedure
overflowing, stop the transfer process and decant the clear given in 8.2.3 on Hand Sieve Shaking. Shake until either the
water from the container. Decant as much water from the entire retained material has passed that sieve or for about one
container as practical without losing any retained material, and minute. Verify that no material was retained on that sieve by
dry to a constant mass in an oven at 110 6 5°C. This drying recording 0.0 g or kg as appropriate. Transfer the contents of
period will most likely be shorter than the overnight period the pan to the cumulative mass container (see 6.6.3).
suggested in D2216, because the retained material does not 11.4.5.2 Remaining Sieves—Remove the next sieve and turn
contained any fines. After oven drying, allow the container to the sieve upside down such that the retained material falls onto
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nated separating sieve; that is the coarser portion, CP,Md in g 11.5.2.1 Dispersing and Washing Subspecimen—Wash the
or kg. subspecimen following the applicable instructions provided in
(b) The oven-dried mass of the subspecimen obtained from 11.4.2 to disperse the subspecimen and 11.4.3 to wash the
the finer portion, SubS,Md in g or kg. subspecimen after dispersion. After oven drying, allow the
11.5.1 Coarser Portion—If the coarser portion is clean (free container to cool, determine and record the dry mass of the
of material finer than the designated separating sieve) or washed material, SubSwMd in g or kg.
already washed (see 10.5.2.3), and the testing is not used as 11.5.2.2 Dry Sieving Subspecimen—Using the above dry
referee testing, the coarser portion will not need to be washed. washed subspecimen, dry sieve this material and determine the
It is permissible to consider the coarser portion to be clean if cumulative masses retained following the applicable instruc-
0.5 % or less of that finer material (based on specimen’s dry tions given in 11.4.4 through 11.4.5.3 and noting the following
mass, S,Md) would be or are removed from the coarser portion changes:
while sieving or washing, or both. Washing is not needed under (a) The coarsest sieve size in the finer sieve set is the size
these conditions. For referee testing, the coarser portion shall of the designated separating sieve.
be washed. (b) For these cumulative mass retained values, they are
11.5.1.1 Dispersing and Washing—Follow the applicable identified as fractional cumulative mass retained on each Nth
instructions provided in 11.4.2 to disperse the coarser faction sieve as SubS,FCMRN in g or kg.
and 11.4.3 to wash the coarser portion after dispersion, while (c) There should not be any material retained on the
noting the following: coarsest sieve in the finer sieve set. Retained material indicates
(a) Soaking in water, will usually suffice, that the specimen was not split properly or there is a difference
(b) Washing is done on either the designated separating in openings in the sieve cloth between the designated separat-
sieve used to separate the specimen into a coarser and finer ing sieve and the one in the finer sieve set. If the mass of
portion, or another sieve of equal size (designation, see Table material retained on this sieve, SubS,MRfirst, is equal to or less
1); and, that 2 % of the subspecimen’s mass, SubS,Md, then record the
(c) During washing or the dispersion process fine particles mass in g or kg. There might not be an identifiable space
may be brushed off coarser particles. provided on the data sheet for this value, especially in
11.5.1.2 Return the retained washed portion to the same composite sieving with double separations. In that case, record
container and oven dry to a constant mass (110 6 5°C). the value in the margin next to the appropriate sieve size.
11
w fp
100
(3) finer portions)—In the approach presented, the fractional
percent passing the subspecimen is corrected by the CSCF so
it represents the percent passing the specimen. Calculate the
where: percent passing each Nth sieve in the finer sieve set, SubS,PPN
S,Md = dry mass of the specimen, g or kg, as follows:
CP,Md = dry mass of the coarser portion, g or kg, SubS,PPN 5 CSCF 3 SubS,FPPN 5 CSCF ~ 1
FP,Mm = moist or air-dried mass of the finer portion, g or kg, 2 ~ SubS,FCMRN /SubS,M d !! (6)
and
wfp = water content of the finer portion, %. where:
12.5 Composite Sieving, Single Separation—The percent SubS,PPN = specimen’s percent passing the Nth sieve in
passing the coarser portion (CP) is calculated using the same the finer sieve set, %,
approach as for single sieve-set sieving. For the subspecimen SubS,FPPN = subspecimen’s fractional percent passing
obtained from the finer portion; a composite sieving correction the Nth sieve in the finer sieve set, decimal
factor (CSCF) is required to convert the subspecimen’s frac- (not in % ),
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SubS,FCMRN = subspecimen’s fractional cumulative mass 12.6.2.1 Percent Passing, 2nd Coarser Portion—Calculate
retained on the Nth sieve in the finer sieve the percent passing each Nth sieve in the 2nd coarser sieve set
set, g or kg, and as follows:
SubS,Md = dry mass of the subspecimen, g or kg. 2 ndCP,PPN 5 1 stCSCF 3 2 ndCP, FPPN 5 1 stCSCF ~ 1
12.5.2.2 Subspecimen, Acceptable Fractional Percent 2 ~ 2 ndCP,CMRN /SubS,M d !! (9)
Retained—As covered in 11.5.2.2, there should not be any
where:
material retained on the first/top sieve, same size as the
designated separating sieve, in the finer sieve set; however, 2ndCP,PPN = specimen’s percent passing the Nth sieve in
when there is, the fractional percent retained shall not exceed the 2nd coarser sieve set while sieving the
2 %. Calculate the fractional percent retained on the first sieve coarser portion of the 1st subspecimen, %,
as follows: 1stCSCF = 1st composite sieving correction factor,
which is equal to the percent passing the
SubS,FCPRfirst 5 100 ~ SubS,FCMRfirst/SubS,M d ! (7) designated separating sieve size in the 1st
where: coarser sieve set while sieving the coarser
SubS,FCPRfirst = fractional cumulative percent retained on portion of the specimen, %,
the first sieve (sieve size equal to the 2ndCP, FPPN = 2nd coarser portion’s fractional percent pass-
designated separating sieve) in the finer ing the Nth sieve in the 2nd coarser sieve set,
sieve set, %, and decimal (not in % ), and
SubS,FCMRfirst = fractional cumulative mass retained on the 2ndCP,CMRN = 2nd coarser portion’s fractional cumulative
first sieve in the finer sieve set, g or kg. mass retained on Nth sieve in the 2nd coarser
(This mass is actually the mass retained sieve set, g or kg.
since there is not any sieve above it.) 12.6.2.2 2nd Coarser Portion, Composite Sieving Correc-
12.5.2.3 Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion—If mate- tion Factor (2ndCSCF)—The 2ndCSCF is equal to the percent
rial is retained on the designated separating-sieve size in the passing the 2nd designated separating sieve size in the 2nd
fine sieve set, then there will be two percent passing values for coarser sieve set (that is, the last/bottom sieve in that set) while
the same sieve size. If this occurs, the percent passing value sieving the coarser portion of the 1st subspecimen. This value,
from the coarser sieve set shall be the accepted value in 2ndCP,PPlast, shall be calculated and recorded to at least one
determining the gradation of the specimen. more digit than required (nearest 0.1 %) to reduce rounding
12.5.3 Finer Portion, Percent Passing (optional)—As men- errors.
tioned in 9.2.1, there are cases where the gradation of the finer 12.6.2.3 2nd Coarser Portion, Acceptable Loss on Sieving
portion might be necessary, especially when other testing, such and Washing—The calculation and acceptance criterion for the
as compaction, are performed. In this case, the fractional 2nd coarser portion are the same as covered above, see 12.5.1.3,
percent passing the subspecimen, SubS,FPPN in %, represents except the prefix 2nd is added to the applicable terms and
the percent passing the finer portion, FP,PPN. Calculate those symbols, and the dry mass of the specimen is replaced by the
dry mass of the 1st subspecimen, as shown in the following
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values as follows:
equation:
FP,PPN 5 100 ~ 1 2 ~ SubS,FCMRN /SubS,M d !! (8)
2 ndCPL 5 100 ~~~ 2 ndCP,M, d 2 2 ndCPw M d ! 12 ndCP,MRpan! /1 stSubS,M d !
where: (10)
FP,PPN = finer portion’s percent passing the Nth sieve, %.
where:
12.6 Composite Sieving, Double Separation—The method-
2ndCPL = percent of the 2nd coarser portion lost during
ology for these calculations is similar to that for calculating
washing and dry sieving, %,
composite sieving with single separation, the only basic 2ndCP,M,d = dry mass of the 2nd coarser portion, g or kg,
changes are the addition of new terms, see Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 2ndCPwMd = dry mass of the 2nd coarser portion after
1(b), and one additional set of calculations relating to the 2nd washing, g or kg, and
subspecimen. Therefore, review those figures and the com- 2ndCP,MRpan = dry mass retained in the pan after dry sieving
ments presented in 12.5. the coarser portion, g or kg.
12.6.1 1st Coarser Portion—The percent passing, CSCF and
acceptable loss calculations are the same as covered above, see 12.6.2.4 2nd Coarser Portion, Acceptable Fractional Per-
Composite Sieving-Coarser Portion, 12.5.1, except the prefix cent Retained—As covered in 11.6.3.2, there should not be any
1st is added to all terms and symbols. material retained on the first/top sieve, same size as the
12.6.2 1stSubspecimen—In this case, the subspecimen is not designated separating sieve, in the 2nd coarser sieve set;
sieved in its entirety, but is separated into a coarser and finer however, when there is, the fractional percent retained shall not
portion (2nd coarser portion and 2nd finer portion). The needed exceed 2 % of the dry mass of the 1st subspecimen. Calculate
calculations associated with sieving the 2nd coarser portion and the fractional percent retained on the first sieve as follows:
associated components are given below. 2 ndCP,FPRfirst 5 100 ~ 2 ndCP,FCMRfirst/SubS,M d ! (11)
sion equations given below are based upon three replicate tests 14.1.6.1 The TTPD presents a rigorous interpretation of
performed by each triplicate test laboratory on samples of an triplicate test data in accordance with Practice E691 from
SP-type soil and upon information provided in 14.1 through pre-qualified laboratories. STPD is derived from test data that
14.1.1.2. These equations are to be applied in accordance with would represent common practice.
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. SYMBOLS
st st
1 CSCF = 1 composite sieving correction factor, which is equal to the percent passing the designated separating
sieve size in the 1st coarser sieve set while sieving the coarser portion of the specimen, %
FP,CSCF = 1st finer portion’s composite sieving correction factor, which is equal to the finer portion’s percent passing
the last/bottom sieve in 2nd coarser sieve set, %
1stFP,PPN = 1st finer portion’s percent passing the Nth sieve in the 2nd coarser sieve set while sieving the coarser portion
of the 1st subspecimen, %
2ndCP,FCMRN = 2nd coarser portion’s fractional cumulative mass retained on Nth sieve in the 2nd coarser sieve set, g or kg
2ndCP,FPPN = 2nd coarser portion’s fractional percent passing the Nth sieve in the 2nd coarser sieve set, decimal (not in
%), or in %
2ndCP,FPRfirst = 1st fractional percent retained on the first sieve (sieve size equal to the designated separating sieve) in the
2nd coarser sieve set while sieving the coarser portion of the 1st subspecimen, %
2ndCP,Md = dry mass of the 2nd coarser portion, g or kg
2ndCP,MRpan = dry mass retained in the pan after dry sieving the coarser portion, g or kg
2ndCP,PPN = specimen’s percent passing the Nth sieve in the 2nd coarser sieve set while sieving the coarser portion of
the 1st subspecimen, %
2ndCPL = percent of the 2ndcoarser portion lost during washing and dry sieving, %
2ndCPw,Md = dry mass of the 2nd coarser portion after washing, g or kg
2ndCSCF = 2nd composite sieving correction factor, which is equal to the percent passing the 2nd designated separating
sieve size in the 2nd coarser sieve set while sieving the coarser portion of the 1st subspecimen, %
2ndSubS,FCMRfirst = 2nd fractional cumulative mass retained on the first sieve in the finer sieve set while sieving the 2nd
subspecimen, g or kg (This mass is actually the mass retained since there is not any sieve above it.)
2ndSubS,FCMRN = 2nd subspecimen’s fractional cumulative mass retained on the Nth sieve in the finer sieve set, g or kg
2ndSubS,FPPN = 2nd subspecimen’s fractional percent passing the Nthth sieve in the finer sieve set, decimal (not in %) or
in %
2ndSubS,FPRfirst = 2nd fractional percent retained on the first sieve (sieve size equal to the 2nd designated separating sieve) in
the finer sieve set while sieving the 2nd subspecimen, %
2ndSubS,Md = dry mass of the 2nd subspecimen, g or kg
2ndSubS,PPN = specimen’s percent passing the Nth sieve in the finer sieve set while sieving the 2nd subspecimen, %
AASHTO = American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AMRL = AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory
Asr,N = Method A repeatability standard deviation for a given Nth sieve
AsR,N = Method A reproducibility standard deviation for a given Nth sieve
avgPRN = average of two percent retained values on the Nth sieve between two laboratories or within laboratory
Bsr,N = Method B repeatability standard deviation for a given Nth sieve
BsR,N = Method B reproducibility standard deviation for a given Nth sieve
CMRN = cumulative mass retained on the th sieve; that is, the mass of material retained on the Nth sieve and those
above it, g or kg
CMRN-1 = cumulative mass retained on the sieve above the Nth sieve, g or kg
CP,CMRN = coarser portion’s cumulative mass retained on the Nth sieve in the coarser sieve set, g or kg
CP,Md = dry mass of the coarser portion, g or kg
CP,MRpan = dry mass retained in the pan after dry sieving the coarser portion, g or kg
CP,PPN = specimen’s percent passing the Nth sieve in the coarser sieve set while sieving the coarser portion of the
specimen, %
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CPL = percent of the coarser portion lost during washing and dry sieving, %
CPw,Md = dry mass of the coarser portion after washing, g or kg
CSCF = composite sieving correction factor
d2s = acceptable range of two results (or 95 % limit) calculated as 1.960×√2×s, as defined by Practice E177
FP,Mm = moist or air-dried mass of the finer portion, g or kg
FP,PPN = finer portion’s percent passing the Nth sieve, %
MRN = mass retained on the Nth sieve, g or kg
PP = percent passing, %
PPN = percent passing the Nth sieve, %
PR = percent retained, %
s = standard deviation, units of calculation
S,Md = dry mass of the specimen, g or kg
sr = repeatability (within laboratory) standard deviation
sR = reproducibility (between laboratories) standard deviation
STPD = single test precision data
SubS,FCMRfirst = fractional cumulative mass retained on the first sieve in the 2nd coarser sieve set, g or kg (This mass is
actually the mass retained since there is not any sieve above it.)
SubS,FCMRfirst = fractional cumulative mass retained on the first sieve in the finer sieve set, g or kg (This mass is actually
the mass retained since there is not any sieve above it.)
SubS,FCMRN = subspecimen’s fractional cumulative mass retained on the Nth sieve in the finer sieve set, g or kg
SubS,FCPRfirst = fractional cumulative percent retained on the first sieve (sieve size equal to the designated separating sieve)
in the finer sieve set, %
SubS,FPPN = subspecimen’s fractional percent passing the Nth sieve in the finer sieve set, decimal (not in %) or in %
SubS,Md = dry mass of the subspecimen, g or kg
SubS,PPN = specimen’s percent passing the Nth sieve in the finer sieve set, %
TTPD = triplicate test precision data
wfp = water content of the finer portion, %
∆PPN = absolute (positive) difference between two PRN test values (within laboratory or between laboratories)
A2.1 General—It is possible that bulk samples, jar samples, A2.1.2 Quartering—This method can be used on moist
or specimens from prior testing may be significantly larger than samples (see Practice C702), however it is often difficult and
needed for a sieve analysis. To reduce these samples to an requires effort to collect all the finer particles. The sample is
appropriate specimen size, several techniques are applicable. placed on a clean nonporous smooth surface (floor or sheet)
The type and sizes of particles contained within the sample will and is thoroughly mixed using shovels, scoops, or spoons as
influence the specimen processing and selection. Practice C702 appropriate for the sample size. Then, mound the sample into
provides details of mechanical splitting, quartering and minia- a cone-type shape by placing each shovelful or scoop on top of
ture stockpile sampling for aggregate. When testing soils, these the preceding material. Flatten the cone to form a disk. Using
methods are adapted based on soil type. The goal is to have the a straight edge, or knife, divide the disk into wedge-shaped
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specimen accurately represent the sample. Loss of particles quarters. Remove two opposing quarters. Remix the remaining
(finer sizes) and segregation of particles are the most common two quarters. Repeat this process until the mass of the
problems when obtaining a specimen and most frequently remaining two quarters is greater than the minimum mass
occur during low or no moisture situations. Likewise, it is requirement, but less than 1.5 times the minimum mass
difficult to obtain a representative specimen if the sample requirement. If the sample is in a dry state, then this process
contains excess or free water. can be repeated only once.
A2.1.1 Mechanical Splitting—This method is used only on A2.1.3 Miniature Stockpile Sampling—This method is only
dry samples that contain little or no fines. If the sample appears applicable for moist samples. The sample is placed on a clean
to create dust during the splitting, the sample has lost fines and nonporous smooth surface and is thoroughly mixed using
mechanical splitting should be limited. For all soils, the shovels, scoops or spoons as appropriate for the sample size.
splitting method may be used a maximum of two times, see Then, mound the sample into a cone-type shape by placing
10.4.4. The splitter or riffle box shall conform to 6.9. The each shovel full or scoop on top of the preceding shovel full or
sample is placed in a feeder pan and distributed evenly scoop of material. If desired, flatten the cone to form a disk.
throughout the pan. Pour the sample from the pan, into the Using a scoop, obtain material from at least five locations in
hopper/feed chute, open the gate, if applicable, and allow the the pile. Scoop until the mass of the specimen is greater than
specimen to feed into the two catch pans. This process can be the minimum mass requirement. Do not attempt to take very
repeated once. small scoops in order to obtain an exact mass because this
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 General—Two example data sheets are presented. Fig. both is needed. Fig. X1.2 presents a data sheet that may be used
X1.1 presents a data sheet that may be used in processing bulk to record the sieve analysis data.
samples in which a sieve-analysis specimen, or other testing, or
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FIG. X2.1 Precision Example Calculations: Method A—Triplicate Test Precision Data
FIG. X2.2 Precision Example Calculations: Method B—Triplicate and Single Test Precision Data
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