LABORATORY EXERCISE – 2

Common Emitter Amplifier

Theory and Background

The common-emitter transistor amplifier configuration is widely used. It provides large

voltage gain (typically tens to hundreds) and provides moderate input and output
impedance. The AC signal voltage gain is defined as

AV=Voutput / Vinput

Where Voutput and Vinput can both be rms, peak, or peak-peak values. The input impedance,
Zi, is that of the amplifier (as seen by the input signal). The output impedance Zo, is that
seen looking from the load into the output of amplifier.

For the voltage-divider DC bias configuration Figure 1, all DC bias voltages can be
approximately determined without knowing the exact value of transistor beta. The
transistors AC dynamic resistance re can be calculated using

re=26mV / IEQ mA (Eq.1)

Assuming that IEQ≈ICQ

AC voltage gain : The AC voltage gain of a CE amplifier under no load can be

calculated using

Av= -Rc/ (RE+re)

If RE is bypassed by a capacitor then RE=0 in the equation above therefore.

Av= -Rc/ (re) (Eq.2)

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Part 1: Calculations
For the circuit in figure 1.

V1
25Vdc

R1 R2
33k 1.8k

C2

10u
Q1 V
C1

10u
V Q2N2222

V2
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 10m
FREQ = 10k
C3
R3 R4 100u
8k 1k

Fig. 1: Common-Emitter amplifier (with input divider)

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 a. Calculate the DC bias values for the circuit of figure 1. And Record them below.

VB (Calculated) =_____4.776V___________

VE (Calculated) =_____4.076V___________

VC (Calculated) =_____17.692V___________

IE (Calculated) =_____ 4.076mA___________

b. Calculate re using Equation 1.

re (Calculated) = _____6.378 ohm__________

c. Calculate the amplifier voltage gain for the bypassed emitter using Equation 2

Av (Calculated) =______-282.18 V/V__________

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Part 2: Simulation

a. Construct the circuit, shown in figure 1, in PSpice, Do not add the parts in dashed
boxes initially.
b. Perform a bias point analysis and Record the values

VB (Simulated) =________________

VE (Simulated) =________________

VC (Simulated) =________________

IE (Simulated) =________________

c. Now add the parts in the dashed boxes and perform a transient analysis.
Display both input and output waveforms and Attach them.

d. Calculate the gain from the waveforms and record the value

Av (Simulated) =________________

e. Comment on the proximity of the calculated and simulated values for part 1 and 2

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Part 3: Implementation

a. Patch the circuit in figure 1 on a breadboard. Do not supply any AC voltage for the
first part. Measure the resistances using handheld multimeter and note their
values. (Keep in mind that the capacitors are polarized. Longer pin is positive and
shorter pin is negative)

b. Measure the values of

VB (Measured) =____4.834____________

VE (Measured) =___4.18_____________

VC (Measured) =_____17.56___________

c. Using measured value of VE calculate IE i.e. VE (Measured)/ RE (measured)

4.18mA

d. Using results of Part C and equation 2, find out the re

re ( Practical):_____6.22ohm____________

e. Apply an AC signal V signal=10mV, rms at frequency of 10KHz. Observe the

output waveform on an oscilloscope and sketch it. Measure the resulting output
voltage.

Voutput: _______2.3V_______________
f. Calculate the gain of the implemented circuit and record the value below.

Av (measured):_______- 289 V/V________________

g. Compare all the values especially re and Av for all the parts (calculated,
measured and simulated) and comment on their proximity

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 Make sure you have completed all the tasks

Abstract:

Objectives of this lab includes the revision of previous concepts of common

Emitter Amplifier, calculating of VE, VC, VB, IE, re and gain, and comparing the calculated,
simulated and practical values

Conclusion:
This lab is basically related to our previous concepts of EDC in which the DC analysis was to
be carried out for Common Emitter Amplifier and then gain was to be measured. The first task
was all about manual calculations of the given circuit. The second task involved simulating the
circuit. Lastly we implemented the circuit on hardware.
Software used:
 PSpice

Hardware involved:
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 NPN BJT
 Power supply
 Oscilloscope
 Function generator

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