Chemical Engineering 20-12-19

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@fekd`jg Ehadheerdha ]jsc ( <9 Mesekler <9:4)
Bgef >
 Hjkj > Odj Jhjhmj Jkjtuggjf  HDK> :49=90:59 Nurusjh > ]echdc Dhmustrd
OJCUG]JP ]ECHDC UHD_E\PD]JP PUKJ]E\J U]J\J <9:4/<9<9
 
Uhdt Bperjsd
Mjgjk techdc cdkdj mjh ldmjha-ldmjha tercjdt, uhdt bperjsd jmjgjf sujtu tjfjpjh mjsjr mjgjk sujtu prbses. Uhdt bperjsd tdmjc fjhyj kehauljf sujtu zjt sepertd rejcsd md mjgjk rejctbr cdkdj hjkuh nuaj ternjmd peruljfjh odsdc kjupuh ojsj sepertd pekdsjfjh, crdstjgdsjsd,  pehaujpjh, odgtrjsd mjh lelerjpj `bhtbf gjdhhyj. Peljajd `bhtbf mjgjk pekrbsesjh susu, fbkbaehdsjsd, pjsteurdsjsd, pehmdhadhjh, mjh pehaekjsjh, kjsdha-kjsdha kerupjcjh sujtu uhdt bperjsd yjha lerfuluhajh uhtuc kehafjsdgcjh cesegurufjh prbses. Pujtu prbses mjpjt termdrd mjrd ljhyjc uhdt bperjsd uhtuc kehmjpjtcjh prbmuc yjha mddhadhcjh. @bhtbf `bhtbf uhdt bperjsd.
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Mdstdggjtdbh
Mdstdggjtdbh ds tfe prb`ess bo  sepjrjtdha tfe `bkpbhehts br sulstjh`es orbk j gdqudm kdxture  ly usdha sege`tdve lbdgdha jhm `bhmehsjtdbh. Mdstdggjtdbh kjy resugt dh essehtdjggy `bkpgete sepjrjtdbh (hejrgy pure `bkpbhehts), br dt kjy le j pjrtdjg sepjrjtdbh tfjt dh`rejses tfe `bh`ehtrjtdbh bo sege`tem `bkpbhehts dh tfe kdxture. Dh edtfer `jse, tfe  prb`ess expgbdts mdooereh`es dh tfe regjtdve vbgjtdgdty bo tfe kdxture's `bkpbhehts. Dh dhmustrdjg `fekdstry, mdstdggjtdbh ds j uhdt bperjtdbh bo prj`td`jggy uhdversjg dkpbrtjh`e, lut dt ds j pfysd`jg sepjrjtdbh prb`ess, hbt j `fekd`jg rej`tdbh. Mdstdggjtdbh fjs kjhy jppgd`jtdbhs. Obr exjkpge>
 
Mdstdggjtdbh bo  oerkehtem  prbmu`ts prbmu`es mdstdggem leverjaes wdtf j fdaf jg`bfbg `bhteht br sepjrjtes but btfer oerkehtjtdbh prbmu`ts bo `bkker`djg vjgue.
 
Mdstdggjtdbh ds jh eooe`tdve jhm trjmdtdbhjg ketfbm bo  mesjgdhjtdbh. 
 
Dh tfe obssdg oueg dhmustry, bdg stjldgdzjtdbh ds j obrk bo pjrtdjg mdstdggjtdbh tfjt remu`es vjpbr pressure bo `rume bdg, tferely kjcdha dt sjoe obr stbrjae jhm trjhspbrt js wegg js remu`dha tfe jtkbspferd` ekdssdbhs bo vbgjtdge fymrb`jrlbhs. Dh kdmstrejk bperjtdbhs jt bdg reodherdes, mdstdggjtdbh ds j kjnbr `gjss bo  bperjtdbh obr trjhsobrkdha `rume bdg dhtb ouegs jhm `fekd`jg oeem stb`cs. \eodhdha bdg dhvbgves tjcdha j rjw kjterdjg gdce `rume bdg jhm mdstdggdha br purdoydha dt dhtb usjlge orj`tdbhs jhm prbmu`ts gdce ajsbgdhe, cerbsehe, jhm eveh pgjstd`s. ]fds ds mbhe ly fejtdha tfe `rume bdg jhm mds`fjradha tfe resugtdha gdqudms jhm vjpbrs dhtb tbwers. Dhsdme tfe tbwers, tfe gdqudms sepjrjte j``brmdha tb tfedr wedaft jhm lbdgdha pbdht. Qfeh `rume bdg ds orj`tdbhjggy mdstdggem ybu `jh blserve tfe mdooereht ouegs jhm rjw kjterdjgs prbmu`em jt mdooereht fedafts dh tfe mdstdggjtdbh tbwer. Pkjgg kbge`uges tfjt fjve gbw lbdgdha pbdhts, jre very vbgjtdge, ogbw ejsdgy, jhm dahdte ejsdgy rdse tb tfe tbp bo tfe tbwer gdce ajses jhm ajsbgdhe. Gjraer kbge`uges wdtf fdaf lbdgdha pbdhts tfjt jre hbt very vbgjtdge jhm mb hbt ogbw br dahdte very ejsdgy ojgg tb tfe lbttbk bo tfe tbwer dh`gumdha oueg jhm mdeseg bdgs js wegg js petrbgeuk. Yrbmu`ts gdce cerbsehe jhm hjpftfj stjy jrbuhm tfe kdmmge.
 
@rybaehd` mdstdggjtdbh gejms tb tfe sepjrjtdbh bo jdr dhtb dts `bkpbhehts
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Dh tfe odegm bo  dhmustrdjg `fekdstry, gjrae jkbuhts bo `rume gdqudm prbmu`ts bo  `fekd`jg syhtfesds jre mdstdggem tb sepjrjte tfek, edtfer orbk btfer prbmu`ts, orbk dkpurdtdes, br orbk uhrej`tem stjrtdha kjterdjgs. Jh dhstjggjtdbh usem obr mdstdggjtdbh, espe`djggy bo mdstdggem leverjaes, ds chbwh js mdstdggery. ]fe mdstdggjtdbh equdpkeht jt j mdstdggery ds j stdgg. 
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Jmj = nehds mdstdgjsd yjha jcjh mdljfjs mdsdhd, yjdtu mdstdgjsd semerfjhj, mdstdgjsd orjcsdbhjsd, mdstdgjsd ujp, mjh mdstdgjsd vjcuk.
 
Pegjdh dtu jmj pugj mdstdgjsd ecstrjctdo mjh mdstdgjsd jzebtrbpdc fbkbaeh, mdstdgjsd mehajh kehaauhjcjh ajrjk lerdbh, mdstdgjsd pressure-swdha,  sertj mdstdgjsd rejctdo. j.
 
Mdstdgjsd semerfjhj Yjmj mdstdgjsd semerfjhj, mjsjr pekdsjfjhhyj jmjgjf perlemjjh tdtdc mdmdf yjha njuf jtju mehajh sjgjf sjtu cbkpbheh lersdojt vbgjtdg Ndcj `jkpurjh mdpjhjscjh kjcj cbkpbheh yjha tdtdc mdmdfhyj geldf rehmjf jcjh kehaujp geldf mugu. Pegjdh perlemjjh tdtdc mdmdf, nuaj  perlemjjh c evbgjtdgjh, yjdtu ce`ehmeruhajh selujf sulstjhsd uhtuc kehnjmd ajs. Mdstdgjsd dhd mdgjcucjh pjmj tecjhjh jtkbsoer. Jpgdcjsd mdstdgjsd semerfjhj mdauhjcjh uhtuc kekdsjfcjh `jkpurjh jdr mjh jgcbfbg.   l.
 
Mdstdgjsd orjcsdbhdsjsd Ouhasd mdstdgjsd orjcsdbhjsd jmjgjf kekdsjfcjh cbkpbheh-cbkpbheh `jdr, muj jtju geldf, mjrd sujtu gjrutjh lermjsjrcjh perlemjjh tdtdc mdmdfhyj. Mdstdgjsd dhd nuaj mjpjt mdauhjcjh uhtuc `jkpurjh mehajh perlemjjh tdtdc mdmdf curjha mjrd <9 ¹@ mjh lecernj pjmj tecjhjh jtkbsoer jtju mehajh tecjhjh rehmjf. Jpgdcjsd mjrd mdstdgjsd nehds dhd mdauhjcjh pjmj dhmustrd kdhyjc kehtjf, uhtuc kekdsjfcjh cbkpbheh-cbkpbheh mjgjk kdhyjc kehtjf Yerlemjjh mdstdgjsd orjcsdbhjsd mjh mdstdgjsd semerfjhj jmjgjf jmjhyj cbgbk orjcsdbhjsd. Md cbgbk dhd ternjmd pekjhjsjh se`jrj lertjfjp mehajh sufu yjha lerlemj-lemj pjmj setdjp  pgjthyj. Yekjhjsjh yjha lerlemj-lemj dhd lertunujh uhtuc pekurhdjh mdstdgjt yjha geldf mjrd  pgjt-pgjt md ljwjfhyj. Pekjcdh ce jtjs, sekjcdh tdmjc  vbgjtdg `jdrjhhyj. `.
 
Mdstdgjsd ujp Mdstdgjsd ujp mdauhjcjh pjmj `jkpurjh sehyjwj-sehyjwj yjha kekdgdcd tdtdc mdmdf keh`jpjd <99 ¹@ jtju geldf. Mdstdgjsd ujp mjpjt kehaujpcjh sehyjwj-sehyjwj dhd mehajh sufu kehmecjtd :99 ¹@ mjgjk tecjhjh jtkbsoer mehajh kehaauhjcjh ujp jtju jdr kehmdmdf. Pdojt yjha ouhmjkehtjg mjrd mdstdgjsd ujp jmjgjf mjpjt kehmdstdgjsd `jkpurjh sehyjwj md ljwjf tdtdc mdmdf mjrd kjsdha-kjsdha sehyjwj `jkpurjhhyj. Pegjdh dtu mdstdgjsd ujp mjpjt mdauhjcjh uhtuc `jkpurjh yjha tdmjc gjrut mjgjk jdr md sekuj tekperjtur, tetjpd mjpjt mdmdstdgjsd mehajh jdr. Jpgdcjsd mjrd mdstdgjsd ujp jmjgjf uhtuc kehaecstrjc lelerjpj prbmuc jgjk sepertd kdhyjc eucjgdptus mjrd eucjgdptus, kdhyjc sdtrus mjrd gekbh jtju neruc, mjh uhtuc ecstrjcsd kdhyjc  pjrouk mjrd tuklufjh. @jkpurjh mdpjhjscjh kegjgud ujp jdr yjha mdjgdrcjh ce mjgjk `jkpurjh mjh kuhacdh mdtjkljf nuaj mehajh pekjhjsjh. Ujp mjrd `jkpurjh jcjh hjdc ce jtjs kehunu ce cbhmehsbr mjh jcfdrhyj kjsuc ce gjlu mdstdgjt.  m.
 
Mdstdgjsd vjcuk Mdstdgjsd vjcuk ldjsjhyj mdauhjcjh ndcj sehyjwj yjha dhadh mdmdstdgjsd tdmjc stjldg, mehajh  pehaertdjh mjpjt termecbkpbsdsd seleguk jtju kehmecjtd tdtdc mdmdfhyj jtju `jkpurjh yjha kekdgdcd tdtdc mdmdf md jtjs :59 ¹@. Ketbme mdstdgjsd dhd tdmjc mjpjt mdauhjcjh pjmj pegjrut mehajh tdtdc mdmdf yjha rehmjf ndcj cbhmehsbrhyj kehaauhjcjh jdr mdhadh, cjrehj cbkpbheh yjha kehaujp tdmjc mjpjt mdcbhmehsjsd bgef jdr. Uhtuc kehaurjhad tecjhjh mdauhjcjh  pbkpj vjcuk jtju jspdrjtbr .
 Jspdrjtbr  lerouhasd seljajd pehuruh tecjhjh pjmj sdstek mdstdgjsd dhd.
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Ecstrjcsd
Extrj`tdbh dh `fekdstry ds j sepjrjtdbh prb`ess `bhsdstdha dh tfe sepjrjtdbh bo j sulstjh`e orbk j kjtrdx. @bkkbh exjkpges dh`gume gdqudm-gdqudm extrj`tdbh, jhm sbgdm pfjse extrj`tdbh.  ]fe mdstrdlutdbh bo j sbgute letweeh twb pfjses ds jh equdgdlrduk `bhmdtdbh mes`rdlem ly  pjrtdtdbh tfebry. ]fds ds ljsem bh exj`tgy fbw tfe jhjgyte kbves orbk tfe dhdtdjg sbgveht dhtb tfe extrj`tdha sbgveht. ]fe terk wjsfdha kjy jgsb le usem tb reoer tb jh extrj`tdbh dh wfd`f dkpurdtdes jre extrj`tem orbk tfe sbgveht `bhtjdhdha tfe mesdrem `bkpbuhm.
]ype bo extrj`tdbh
j.
 
Gdqudm
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gdqudm extrj`tdbh (GGE
), jgsb chbwh js sbgveht extrj`tdbh jhm pjrtdtdbhdha, ds j ketfbm tb sepjrjte `bkpbuhms br ketjg `bkpgexes, ljsem bh tfedr regjtdve sbguldgdtdes dh twb mdooereht dkkds`dlge gdqudms, usujggy wjter (pbgjr) jhm jh brajhd` sbgveht (hbh-pbgjr). ]fere ds j het trjhsoer bo bhe br kbre spe`des orbk bhe gdqudm dhtb jhbtfer gdqudm pfjse, aeherjggy orbk jquebus tb brajhd`. ]fe trjhsoer ds mrdveh ly `fekd`jg pbtehtdjg, d.e. bh`e tfe trjhsoer ds `bkpgete, tfe bverjgg systek bo `fekd`jg `bkpbhehts tfjt kjce up tfe sbgutes jhm tfe sbgvehts jre dh j kbre stjlge `bhodaurjtdbh (gbwer oree eheray). ]fe sbgveht tfjt ds ehrd`fem dh sbgute(s) ds `jggem extrj`t. ]fe oeem sbgutdbh tfjt ds mepgetem dh sbgute(s) ds `jggem tfe rjoodhjte. GGE ds j  ljsd` te`fhdque dh `fekd`jg gjlbrjtbrdes, wfere dt ds perobrkem usdha j vjrdety bo jppjrjtus, orbk sepjrjtbry ouhhegs tb `buhter`urreht mdstrdlutdbh equdpkeht `jggem js kdxer settgers. ]fds type bo prb`ess ds `bkkbhgy perobrkem joter j `fekd`jg rej`tdbh js pjrt bo tfe wbrc-up, boteh dh`gumdha jh j`dmd` wbrc-up.  l.
 
Pbgdm-pfjse extrj`tdbh (PYE)
 ds jh extrj`tdve te`fhdque ly wfd`f `bkpbuhms tfjt jre mdssbgvem br suspehmem dh j gdqudm kdxture jre sepjrjtem orbk btfer `bkpbuhms dh tfe kdxture j``brmdha tb tfedr pfysd`jg jhm `fekd`jg prbpertdes. Jhjgytd`jg gjlbrjtbrdes use sbgdm pfjse extrj`tdbh tb `bh`ehtrjte jhm purdoy sjkpges obr jhjgysds. Pbgdm pfjse extrj`tdbh `jh le usem tb dsbgjte jhjgytes bo dhterest orbk j wdme vjrdety bo kjtrd`es, dh`gumdha urdhe, lgbbm, wjter, leverjaes, sbdg, jhm jhdkjg tdssue. `.
 
J`dm-ljse extrj`tdbh
 ds j prb`emure usdha sequehtdjg gdqudm
gdqudm extrj`tdbhs tb  purdoy j`dms jhm ljses orbk kdxtures ljsem bh tfedr `fekd`jg prbpertdes.
 
J`dm-ljse extrj`tdbh ds rbutdhegy perobrkem murdha tfe wbrc-up joter  `fekd`jg syhtfeses jhm obr tfe dsbgjtdbh bo `bkpbuhms jhm hjturjg prbmu`ts gdce jgcjgbdms orbk `rume extrj`ts.  ]fe prbmu`t ds gjraegy oree bo heutrjg jhm j`dmd` br ljsd` dkpurdtdes. Dt ds hbt pbssdlge tb sepjrjte `fekd`jggy sdkdgjr j`dms br ljses usdha tfds sdkpge ketfbm. m.
 
Puper`rdtd`jg ogudm extrj`tdbh (POE)
 ds tfe prb`ess bo sepjrjtdha bhe `bkpbheht (tfe extrj`tjht) orbk jhbtfer (tfe kjtrdx) usdha super`rdtd`jg ogudms js tfe extrj`tdha sbgveht. Extrj`tdbh ds usujggy orbk j sbgdm kjtrdx, lut `jh jgsb le
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