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    PFD Write Up

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    Zeeshan Waheed
    Crushed jatropha seeds are extracted in a Soxhlet extractor using hexane solvent to produce raw jatropha oil over 6 hours. The oil undergoes esterification with methanol and sulfuric acid to reduce free fatty acids below 2%, then transesterification with methanol and sodium hydroxide to produce biodiesel and glycerol. The biodiesel undergoes water washing and vacuum distillation to purify it, while glycerol undergoes neutralization. Catalyst recovery could optimize the process economically.

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    PFD Write Up

    Uploaded by

    Zeeshan Waheed
    40 views2 pages
    Crushed jatropha seeds are extracted in a Soxhlet extractor using hexane solvent to produce raw jatropha oil over 6 hours. The oil undergoes esterification with methanol and sulfuric acid to reduce free fatty acids below 2%, then transesterification with methanol and sodium hydroxide to produce biodiesel and glycerol. The biodiesel undergoes water washing and vacuum distillation to purify it, while glycerol undergoes neutralization. Catalyst recovery could optimize the process economically.

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    Crushed jatropha seeds are extracted in a Soxhlet extractor using hexane solvent to produce raw jatropha oil over 6 hours. The oil undergoes esterification with methanol and sulfuric acid to reduce free fatty acids below 2%, then transesterification with methanol and sodium hydroxide to produce biodiesel and glycerol. The biodiesel undergoes water washing and vacuum distillation to purify it, while glycerol undergoes neutralization. Catalyst recovery could optimize the process economically.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    40 views2 pages

    PFD Write Up

    Uploaded by

    Zeeshan Waheed
    Crushed jatropha seeds are extracted in a Soxhlet extractor using hexane solvent to produce raw jatropha oil over 6 hours. The oil undergoes esterification with methanol and sulfuric acid to reduce free fatty acids below 2%, then transesterification with methanol and sodium hydroxide to produce biodiesel and glycerol. The biodiesel undergoes water washing and vacuum distillation to purify it, while glycerol undergoes neutralization. Catalyst recovery could optimize the process economically.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    PFD Write up

    Dry healthy seeds are crushed with a mechanical crusher to improve oil extraction by
    increasing surface area.

    Crushed seeds are passed into Soxhlet extraction thimble. A thimble is used to allow the
    liquid to pass through. Soxhlet extraction is a continuous solid / liquid extraction. The
    Jatropha oil is extracted over a continuous cycle of six hours, using hexane as the solvent.

    The product and solvent are collected and exposed to heat in a drying oven (K-101) at 90oC
    in order to remove and recover the hexane by evaporation. Recovered hexane is used in the
    oil extraction process again.

    The Jatropha oil is pumped into the esterification reactor (R-101), not before being cooled by
    a heat exchanger (W-100). Simultaneously, sulfuric acid and methanol are pumped through
    a mixer (Mixer-1) before entering the reactor too.

    The esterification reaction between the free fatty acids present in the oil and methanol occur
    at 45oC and 1atm in the presence of the acid catalyst (sulfuric acid), producing a small
    amount of biodiesel. More importantly, the free fatty acid percentage (FFA%) is lowered to
    below 2%, crucial for the transesterification process.

    Stream 9 enters the first decanter (S-101), where triglycerides, FFA’s and biodiesel are
    separated from water, methanol and sulfuric acid forming two distinct streams, 8 and 10;
    Stream 10 enters the transesterification reactor, whilst the stream 8 is recycled into the
    esterification reactor.

    Stream 10 enters the transesterification reactor (R-102) at 25oC and 1 atm. Its entrance is
    simultaneous with the introduction of stream 11, a mixture of methanol and the alkaline
    catalyst sodium hydroxide. In the reactor, triglycerides and methanol react in the presence of
    the catalyst at 65oC to produce biodiesel and glycerol. The incidental reaction between the
    remaining FFA and sodium hydroxide occur in this reactor also.

    The products, unreacted reactants and catalyst exit the reactor and are cooled to 25oC by
    W-104 before entering the second decanter (S-102). It is in S-102 where large amounts
    biodiesel and glycerol are separated out into two distinct streams, 13 and 14.

    Stream 13 mostly consists of crude biodiesel and undergoes water washing with acid at the
    combined temperature of both streams at 52.67oC, using phosphoric acid. The acid works to
    neutralize the sodium hydroxide present in the stream while the water works to wash out
    impurities. Stream 14 which mostly consists of crude glycerol also undergoes a
    neutralization reaction in V-101 using a mixture of water and phosphoric acid with a similar
    effect, instead occurring at 25oC.

    Final purification processes occur for both the biodiesel and the glycerol. Stream 22 enters a
    dryer (T-101), where it is heated at 80oC to remove the added water from the water washing
    stage. Stream 17 enters D-101, undergoing vacuum distillation to remove impurities,
    producing biodiesel. The impurities are recycled back into decanter 1 to undergo the
    transesterification process once more.

    To optimise the process, catalyst recovery could be included. During some operations, the
    catalyst can get clogged which reduces activity, if this happens the catalyst is then
    regenerated. The generation can be done using solvents. As catalysts are expensive, the
    higher the percentage of recovery, the more economical the process would be.

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