Hydraulic jump experiment in a rectangular open channel flume.

A hydraulic jump in an open channel of small slope. In engineering practice the hydraulic
jump frequently appears downstream from overflow structures (spillways) or underflow
structures (sluice gates) where velocities are high. It may be used to effectively dissipate kinetic
energy and thus prevent scour of the channel bottom, or to mix chemicals in a water or sewage
treatment plant. In design calculations the engineer is concerned mainly with prediction of
existence, size, and location of the jump. A hydraulic jump is formed when liquid at high
velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity, creating a rather abrupt rise in the liquid
surface (a standing wave) accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment, and
surface undulations.

A flow is supercritical when:

Where Fr is the Froude number, V is the fluid velocity, g is the gravitational constant, and
y is fluid depth.
Types of Hydraulic Jumps – Based on Froude’s Number

Basically a hydraulic jump occurs in many types depending on topographical features and bed
surface roughness and many other natural interface relations. This hydraulic jump types can be
probably expressed based on Froude’s number:

1. Undular Hydraulic Jump – Froude Number (1 to 3):

Undular Jump is irregular, not properly formed and there are certain turbulences in water
particles.

2. Weak Jump – Froude Number (3 to 6)

Weak jump takes place when the velocity in water is very less and the water particles cannot be
stable and flows in various ways.

3. Oscillating Hydraulic Jump – Froude Number (6-20)

Oscillating jump forms when an oscillating jet enter into super critical state and there the number
of particles starts oscillating in clockwise or either anticlockwise direction, forming slighter tides
or waves to the top surface. Also the flow is dependent on heavy blow of air in one direction.
4. Steady Hydraulic Jump – Froude Number (20 to 80)

In steady jump, the bed surface is quite rough so the particles start to tend in one direction with
heavy velocity and turbulence, frictional losses are more in this type of jump.

5. Strong Hydraulic Jump – Froude Number (greater than 80)

Strong jump is a perfect jump formed when frictional losses are more, air pressure division is
equal and velocity is very high that losses take place. The water changes its state from super
critical to subcritical in very shorter length when compared to all other types of hydraulic jumps,
so this jump is highly preferred in dam structures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental open channel flume Laboratory experiments are carried out on a

rectangular open channel flume and a basic hydraulic bench. The open channel width is 10 cm,
whereas the maximum water depth can reach about 30 cm. The transparent side walls of channel
are made of acrylic glass, whereas the bottom is made of stainless steel. The flume is provided
with a point gauge is implemented for measuring water depth. An over-shot weir is installed at
the end of the channel to control water depth while a sluice gate is installed in the open channel
to form the hydraulic jump. The basic hydraulic bench includes a submersible pump that supplies
the flume with the required discharge controlled by a valve. The water flows through a connected
pipe beneath the flume where flow returns back to the hydraulic bench in a closed cycle flow.
Several experimental runs are performed by varying the discharge and measuring the
corresponding conjugate depths. Accordingly, Froude number can be indicated for both sub-
critical and super-critical flows. the location of hydraulic jump can be determined by varying the
gate openings. The former analytical models are simulated and compared with the experimental
results in order to overcome the improper defects in such models and develop a new
mathematical model that maintains more accurate outcomes.

Open channel flume basic hydraulic bench.

Procedure for Hydraulic Jump Experiment:

1. started the pump to supply water to the flume.

2. Then closed the tail gate to allow water to accumulate and to develop hydraulic jump.

3. adjust the position of the hydraulic jump by adjusting the amount of closure of sluice
gate.

4. then measured the depth of the bed of flume by using a point gauge.

5. In the next step, measured water surface level before it had crossed the spillway.

6. Then measured height of spillway & the depth of water over the spillway.

7. Using the point gauges determined the water surface levels downstream of the jump.

8. Then measured y1 & y2.

9. repeat the measurement steps again for a different data to compare.

 SLOPE 1.5

SPEED 1 SPEED 2 SPEED 3

Y M Y M Y M
0.001 0.001472467 0.006 0.00492796 0.007 0.021498
0.0015 0.000982437 0.007 0.00423303 0.008 0.018821
0.002 0.000737984 0.008 0.00371447 0.009 0.016742
0.006 0.000263328 0.0087 0.00342402 0.0129 0.011735
0.005 0.000306893 0.01 0.00299597 0.027 0.005932
0.008 0.000215996 0.02 0.00167299 0.037 0.004747
0.015425 0.000214388 0.031367254 0.00143114 0.0534463 0.004241
0.017 0.000231086 0.033 0.00143722 0.0533 0.004241
0.023 0.000328499 0.037 0.00148071 0.0537 0.004241
0.0385 0.000779358 0.0436 0.00162616 0.0518 0.004243
0.033 0.000589105 0.05 0.00183919 0.06 0.004305

M-y Diagram for Slope 1.5

0.07

0.06
SPEED
0.05 1
SPEED
2
0.04 SPEED
3
0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025

Figure above: Based on the data taken during the experiment showns the M-y Diagram for
slope 1.5% and q = 0.000469 m^3/s, 0.001361 m^3/s, and 0.003026 m^3/s.
 SLOPE 2.0

SPEED 1 SPEED 2 SPEED 3

Y M Y M Y M
0.002 0.001657963 0.005 0.005767 0.007 0.021498
0.003 0.001108476 0.006 0.004813 0.008 0.018821
0.004 0.000835982 0.007 0.004135 0.009 0.016742
0.004 0.000835982 0.0088 0.003308 0.0132 0.011474
0.0075 0.000469715 0.01 0.002927 0.025 0.006325
0.0105 0.000370547 0.02 0.001639 0.035 0.004907
0.011771 0.00035064 0.031607 0.00141 0.054272 0.004242
0.02 0.000365596 0.0335 0.00142 0.0533 0.004241
0.025 0.000444977 0.0375 0.00147 0.0537 0.004241
0.0327 0.000635927 0.043 0.001594 0.058 0.004274
0.04 0.000882798 0.05 0.001825 0.06 0.004305

M-y Diagram for Slope 2

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04 SPEED 1
SPEED 2
0.03
SPEED 3
0.02

0.01

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025

Figure above: Based on the data taken during the experiment showns the M-y Diagram for
slope 2.0% and q = 0.004 m^3/s, 0.0176 m^3/s, and 0.0396 m^3/s.
 SLOPE 2.5

SPEED 1 SPEED 2 SPEED 3

Y M Y M Y M
0.002 0.00177621 0.005 0.004358 0.007 0.021163
0.003 0.001187307 0.006 0.003639 0.008 0.018529
0.004 0.000895105 0.007 0.003129 0.009 0.016482
0.0051 0.000708774 0.0087 0.002535 0.0132 0.011297
0.0075 0.000501248 0.01 0.002223 0.025 0.006231
0.0105 0.00039307 0.02 0.001286 0.035 0.00484
0.013841 0.000352158 0.031367 0.001185 0.054272 0.004199
0.02 0.000377421 0.0335 0.00121 0.0533 0.004197
0.025 0.000454437 0.0375 0.001283 0.0537 0.004197
0.0408 0.000919291 0.0457 0.00152 0.0602 0.00427
0.04 0.00088871 0.05 0.001685 0.07 0.004564

M-y Diagram for Slope 2.5

0.08

0.07

0.06 0.0602

0.05
SPEED 1
0.04
SPEED 2
0.03 SPEED 3

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025

Figure above: Based on the data taken during the experiment showns the M-y Diagram for
slope 2.5% and q = 0.0051 m^3/s, 0.0174 m^3/s, and 0.0396 m^3/s.
Relationship of conjugate depths on M-y diagram.

The M-y Diagram for this example is plotted below. To develop the M-y Diagram, we
plot the value of M as a function of depth with M on the x-axis and depth on the y-axis since
this is more naturally conducive to visualizing the change in momentum with depth. This
example is a very basic hydraulic jump situation where the flow approaches at a supercritical
depth, y1, and jumps to its subcritical conjugate depth, y2, in order to obtain the necessary
energy to continue moving down the channel with the given flow rate, q.

Conjugate depths in a rectangular channel

Conjugate, or sequent, depths are the paired depths that result upstream and downstream
of a hydraulic jump, with the upstream flow being supercritical and downstream flow being
subcritical. Conjugate depths can be found either graphically using a specific momentum curve
or algebraically with a set of equations. Because momentum is conserved over a hydraulic jump
conjugate depths have equivalent momentum, and given a discharge, the conjugate to any flow
depth can be determined with an M-y diagram (Figure 6).
 M-y Diagram for Slope 2.5
0.08

0.07

0.06 0.0602

0.05

0.04
SPEED 3

0.03

0.02

0.0132
0.01

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025

Figure above: Based on the data taken during the experiment this is the one of M-y
Diagram for q = 0.4602 m^2/s Showing Conjugate Depths Corresponding to a Momentum
of 0.17 m^2.

Conjugate depths can also be calculated using the Froude number and depth of either the
supercritical or subcritical flow. The following equations can be used to determine the
conjugate depth to a known depth in a rectangular channel:
Supercritical flow versus subcritical flow on an M-y diagram

As mentioned before, an M-y diagram can provide an indication of flow classification for
a given depth and discharge. When flow is not critical it is classified as either subcritical or
supercritical. This distinction is based on the Froude number of the flow, which is the ratio of
the bulk velocity (V) to the propagation velocity of a shallow wave. The generic equation of
the Froude number is expressed in terms of gravity (g), the flow’s velocity (V) and the
hydraulic depth (A/B), where (A) represents the cross sectional area and (B) the top width.
For rectangular channels, this ratio is equal to the depth of flow (y).

A Froude number greater than one is supercritical, and a Froude number less than one is
subcritical. In general, supercritical flows are shallow and fast and subcritical flows are deep and
slow. These different flow classifications are also represented on M-y diagrams where different
regions of the graph represent different flow types. Figure 5 shows these regions, with a specific
momentum curve corresponding to a q = 0.4062 m^2/s. As stated previously, critical flow is
represented by the minimum momentum that exists on the curve (yellow line). Supercritical
flows correspond to any point on the momentum curve that has a depth less than the critical
depth with subcritical flows having a depth greater than critical depth.
 M-y Diagram for Slope 1.5
0.06

0.05

0.04 SPEED
2

0.03 0.031367254

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

Example of critical depth “yc” (blue line) = based on slope 1.5% and speed.
CONCLUSIONS

A hydraulic jump experiment was accomplished in a rectangular open channel flume

under the influence of various flow structures. Several experimental runs were accomplished to
obtain y2 by measuring y1 and Q using different flow structures and various gate openings. The
measured values of y2 disagree with the simulated results of former equations. Also, the
measured y2 varies by varying the flow structure for the same y1 and Q that reveals that the
former equations of hydraulic jump should be modified to show the impact of shear force due to
friction between hydraulic jump and bed of water canals. The change in downstream depth is
relevant to the existence of shear force resistance obtained by the flow structure in water canals
that can lead to bed scouring. Regarding open channel flume, the impact of shear force may owe
to the friction between hydraulic jump flow and wall sides . Also, the experimental runs revealed
that upstream Froude number increases from 4.1 to 8.3 by increasing the speed where the jump
returns back to the gate owing to the decline in specific force vena contraction.
Measurement of slope point gauge for measuring the depth

Measuring y1 measuring the y2 and length of jump

Flow out before return back to bench flow through the obstacle