A668/A668M − 13

4.1.1 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict 7. Mechanical Properties

with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
7.1 Tensile Requirements:
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
7.1.1 The material shall conform to the tensile properties
4.2 When this specification is to be applied to an inquiry, prescribed in Table 2. See Test Methods A370.
contract, or order, the purchaser should furnish the following 7.1.2 All Forgings—The dimensions of the controlling cross
information: section thickness (TC) of the forging at time of heat treatment
4.2.1 The ordering information required by Specification determine the mechanical properties to be met within each
A788/A788M, class (see Table 2) except as noted in 7.1.4.2.
4.2.2 The class of forging desired as listed in Table 1, 7.1.3 Number of Tests—Unless the purchaser specifies that
4.2.3 Location(s) of areas of significant loading if test forgings shall be furnished in accordance with the requirements
specimens are to be located in accordance with 7.1.4.5, of 7.3, the number of tension tests performed shall be as
4.2.4 The options which may be selected as found in 5.3.2, follows:
6.1, and 7.3, and
7.1.3.1 For all classes of heat-treated forgings with as-heat
4.2.5 Any applicable supplementary requirements.
treated weights (excluding test prolongations) less than 5000 lb
5. Materials and Manufacture [2250 kg] each, one test shall be made from each size
classification represented in each heat in each annealing or
5.1 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be made from each normalizing charge, or from each size classification in each
ingot to secure freedom from piping and undue segregation. heat in each normalizing or quenching charge represented in
5.2 Forging Process: each tempering charge. For untreated forgings (Class A)
5.2.1 The forging shall be brought as close as practical to weighing less than 5000 lb [2250 kg] each, one test from each
finished shape and size by hot mechanical work. heat shall be made.
5.2.2 Supplementary requirements S2, S14, and S15 may be 7.1.3.2 On all classes, for forgings with as-heat treated
specified by the purchaser to satisfy concerns about the utility weights (excluding test prolongations) of 5000 lb [2250 kg] or
of the proposed forging. more, at least one test from each forging shall be made.
5.3 Heat Treatment: 7.1.3.3 On all classes, for forgings with as-heat treated
5.3.1 All forgings, other than Class A, shall be heat treated. weights (excluding test prolongations) of 7000 lb [3200 kg] or
See Section 7. more, two tests will be taken: on ring and disk forgings 180°
5.3.2 Where options exist within a class, the choice of heat apart; on shafts and long hollow cylinders (over 80 in. [2.0 m]
treatment shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer, in length excluding test material), one from each end and offset
unless the purchaser specifies one of the available options. 180°. Shafts and cylinder forgings 80 in. [2.0 m] or less in
length (excluding test material) may have both tests located at
6. Chemical Composition one end 180° apart.
6.1 The steel shall conform to the chemical requirements 7.1.3.4 When forgings are made in multiple as a single
prescribed in Table 1. forging, that is, forged as one piece and divided after heat
treatment, the multiple forging shall be considered as one
6.2 The choice of chemical composition is left to the
forging, and the number of tests required shall be as designated
discretion of the manufacturer, unless otherwise specified by
in 7.1.3.1, 7.1.3.2, and 7.1.3.3.
the purchaser. See Appendix X2.
7.1.4 Prolongations:
6.3 Heat Analysis: 7.1.4.1 A sufficient number of the forgings shall have
6.3.1 An analysis of each heat shall be made by the prolongations for extracting specimens for testing. Examples
manufacturer. of test locations for various forging configurations are shown in
6.4 Product Analysis—An analysis may be made by the Figs. 1 and 2.
purchaser according to the requirements of Specification A788/
NOTE 1—Figures provided demonstrate the concept of controlling cross
A788M. If a standard grade has been used to manufacture the section thickness (TC) but do not encompass all possible test prolongation
forging the permissible variations in composition of Specifi- configurations which meet the requirements of Section 7.
cation A788/A788M shall apply. If a non-standard grade of
7.1.4.2 For all forgings of non-uniform cross section in
steel has been used, and composition limits have not been
classes A, B, C, D, E, G and H: The prolongation(s) may be
supplied, the product analysis can be used only to confirm the
extensions of sections other than the controlling cross section
type of steel supplied.
thickness (TC), that is TP ≠ TC. In this case, the dimension of
TP shall determine the mechanical properties to be met within
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements each class. When TP ≠ TC, TP shall not have more reduction
Elements Composition, max, % than the smallest cross section to be qualified.
Classes A to F Classes G to N (1) For annealed, normalized, or normalized and tempered
and AH to FH and GH to NH forgings in classes A, B, C, D, E, G and H the center of the
Manganese 1.35 ... gage length axis of tension test specimens shall be 1⁄4 the
Phosphorus 0.050 0.040
Sulfur 0.025 0.025 controlling cross section thickness (TC) from one surface
except as noted in 7.1.4.2 (2).
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TABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsA,B
Controlling Cross Yield Point, Yield Elonga-
Reduc-
Section (TC), Tensile Strength, min Strength 0.2 % tion in 2 Brinell
tion of
Class in. [mm] Offset, min in. or Hardness
Area,
50 mm, (HBW)
Over Not Over psi MPa psi MPa min, %
min, %
Carbon Steel
A (AH) (Untreated) ... 20 [500] 47 000 325 ... ... ... ... 183 max

B (BH) (Annealed, or normalized, or ... 20 [500] 60 000 415 30 000 205 24 36 120–174
normalized and tempered)

C (CH) (Annealed, or normalized, or ... 12 [300] 66 000 455 33 000 230 23 36 137–183
normalized and tempered) 12 [300] 20 [500] 66 000 455 33 000 230 22 34 137–183

D (DH) (Normalized, annealed, or normalized ... 8 [200] 75 000 515 37 500 260 24 40 149–207
and tempered) 8 [200] 12 [300] 75 000 515 37 500 260 22 35 149–207
12 [300] 20 [500] 75 000 515 37 500 260 20 32 149–207
20 [500] 75 000 515 37 500 260 19 30 149–207

E (EH) (Normalized and tempered or ... 8 [200] 85 000 585 44 000 305 25 40 174–217
double-normalized and tempered) 8 [200] 12 [300] 83 000 570 43 000 295 23 37 174–217
12 [300] 20 [500] 83 000 570 43 000 295 22 35 174–217

F (FH) (Quenched and tempered, or ... 4 [100] 90 000 620 55 000 380 20 39 187–235
normalized, quenched and tempered) 4 [100] 7 [175] 85 000 585 50 000 345 20 39 174–217
7 [175] 10 [254] 85 000 585 50 000 345 19 37 174–217
10 [250] 20 [500] 82 000 565 48 000 330 19 36 174–217
Alloy Steel
G (GH) (Annealed, or normalized, or ... 12 [300] 80 000 550 50 000 345 24 40 163–207
normalized and tempered) 12 [300] 20 [500] 80 000 550 50 000 345 22 38 163–207

H (HH) (Normalized and tempered) ... 7 [175] 90 000 620 60 000 415 22 44 187–235
7 [175] 10 [250] 90 000 620 58 000 400 21 42 187–235
10 [250] 20 [500] 90 000 620 58 000 400 18 40 187–235

J (JH) (Normalized and tempered, or ... 7 [175] 95 000 655 70 000 485 20 50 197–255
normalized, quenched, and tempered) 7 [175] 10 [250] 90 000 620 65 000 450 20 50 187–235
10 [250] 20 [500] 90 000 620 65 000 450 18 48 207–255

K (KH) (Normalized, quenched, and tempered) ... 7 [178] 105 000 725 80 000 550 20 50 212–269
7 [175] 10 [250] 100 000 690 75 000 515 19 50 207–269
10 [250] 20 [500] 100 000 690 75 000 515 18 48 207–269

L (LH) (Normalized, quenched, and tempered) ... 4 [100] 125 000 860 105 000 725 16 50 255–321
4 [100] 7 [175] 115 000 795 95 000 655 16 45 235–302
7 [175] 10 [250] 110 000 760 85 000 585 16 45 223–293
10 [250] 20 [500] 110 000 760 85 000 585 14 40 223–293

M (MH) (Normalized, quenched, ... 4 [100] 145 000 1000 120 000 825 15 45 293–352
and tempered) 4 [100] 7 [175] 140 000 965 115 000 790 14 40 285–341
7 [178] 10 [254] 135 000 930 110 000 758 13 40 269–331
10 [250] 20 [500] 135 000 930 110 000 758 12 38 269–341

N (NH) (Normalized, quenched, and tempered) ... 4 [100] 170 000 1175 140 000 965 13 40 331–401
4 [100] 7 [175] 165 000 1140 135 000 930 12 35 331–401
7 [175] 10 [250] 160 000 1100 130 000 900 11 35 321–388
10 [250] 20 [500] 160 000 1100 130 000 900 11 35 321–402
A
Forgings with controlling cross section thickness (TC) in excess of 20 in. [508 mm] for all classes other than class D may be certified to Specification A668/A668M provided
they meet the requirements for controlling cross sections of 20 in. [508 mm] listed in Table 2. Alternatively, the manufacturer and purchaser may agree upon the required
mechanical property values as described in Supplement S9.1.
B
Requirements presented in Table 2 are to be met at the test locations given in 7.1.4. Tests from other locations may not exhibit the property values shown in Table 2.

(2) If the prolongation thickness (TP) is less than the been demonstrated to be sufficient length to meet the test
controlling cross section thickness (TC) the center of the gage location requirements given above.
length axis of the tension test shall be ¼ of the prolongation 7.1.4.4 In place of prolongations, the manufacturer may: (1)
thickness (TP) from one surface. elect to submit a representative forging(s) to represent each test
7.1.4.3 For quenched forgings in Classes F, J, K, L, M, and lot; in this event, the representative forging must be made from
N, the center of the gage length axis of the tension test the same heat of steel, must not receive more reduction than the
specimen shall be at a minimum 1⁄4 (TC) from one quenched forging it represents, must receive the same type of hot
surface and 31⁄2 in. [90 mm] from all other quenched surfaces. working it represents, be of the same controlling cross section
The prolongation length shall be a minimum of 7 in. which has thickness (TC), and have been heat treated in the same furnace

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FIG. 1 Examples of Locations of Test Specimens for Various Types of Forgings (see Note 1).

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FIG. 2 Examples of Locations of Test Specimens for Various Types of Forgings (see Note 1).

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charge as the forging(s) it represents; or (2) obtain the test 7.2.5 For forgings 250 lb [110 kg] and less, Brinell testing
specimen from the trepanned material of transverse or radial shall be performed on the broken test specimens representing
holes, provided the required depth is met. the heat or heats included in each heat treating charge, or in the
7.1.4.5 With prior purchaser approval, test specimens may case of untreated forgings (Class A), on the test specimen
be taken at a depth (t) corresponding to the distance from the representing each heat. The results shall meet the requirements
area of significant stress to the nearest heat treated surface and of Table 2. If the purchaser desires Brinell testing of each
at least twice this distance (2t) from any second surface. forging, Supplementary Requirement S11 may be used.
However, the test depth shall not be nearer to one heat-treated 7.3 If so specified by the purchaser, forgings may be
surface than 3⁄4 in. [19 mm] and to the second heat treated supplied on the basis of hardness tests alone. If this option is
surface than 1 1⁄2 in. [38 mm]. Sketches showing the exact test exercised, the class shall be identified in certification and
locations shall be approved by the purchaser when this method marking with the suffix “H,” that is, “AH,” “BH,” “CH,” etc.
is used.
7.1.5 Tests for acceptance shall be made after final heat 8. Retreatment
treatment of the forgings. Thermal cycling after mechanical
testing is complete shall not exceed 50°F [30°C] less than the 8.1 When heat-treated forgings are specified, and the me-
temperature used to establish mechanical properties. chanical test results of any test lot do not conform to the
7.1.6 Test specimen orientation relative to the axis of major requirements specified, the manufacturer may re-austenitize
metal flow is to be at the discretion of the manufacturer the lot not more than three additional times, and retests shall be
provided the requirements of Table 2 are met. Test specimen made according to Section 7. Multiple retempering is not
orientation shall be reported. precluded by this requirement.
7.1.7 Yield point shall be determined on carbon steel Grades 8.2 When untreated forgings (Class A) are specified, and the
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A through F, and yield strength on alloy steel Grades G through mechanical test results of any test lot do not conform to the
N. For carbon steel grades not showing a yield point, the yield requirements specified, the manufacturer may anneal,
strength at 0.2 % offset shall be reported. normalize, or normalize and temper, one or more times, but not
7.2 Hardness Tests—Brinell hardness tests shall be per- more than three times; and retests shall be made in accordance
formed after heat treatment (except on Class A forgings) and with Section 7. The tensile properties shall conform to the
rough machining on each forging weighing under 7000 lb requirements for the class of forgings ordered (Class A).
[3200 kg] at the time of heat treatment and each multiple
forging made in accordance with 7.1.3.3 weighing under 7000 9. Inspection, Rejection, and Certification
lb [3200 kg] at the time of heat treatment. 9.1 Facilities for inspection at the place of manufacture,
7.2.1 Hardness testing on forgings in excess of 7000 lb rejection of forgings and certification shall comply with Speci-
[3200 kg] at the time of heat treatment may be omitted fication A788/A788M.
provided they meet the tensile requirements of Table 2. For
additional exceptions see 7.1.3.4 and 7.3. 10. Product Marking
7.2.2 When ordered without rough machining, hardness
10.1 The marking requirements of Specification A788/
measurements shall be conducted on the forgings after heat
A788M shall be augmented as follows.
treatment. Due consideration should be provided for the
removal of oxidation and decarburization to ensure accuracy of 10.2 Each forging over 250 lb [110 kg] shall be legibly
hardness results when forgings which have not been rough stamped by the manufacturer with the manufacturer’s name or
machined are evaluated. trademark, the manufacturer’s serial number, the specification
7.2.3 The average value of the hardness readings on each identification number, followed by the appropriate class num-
forging shall fall within the hardness ranges specified in Table ber and, where applicable, a standard Grade designation.
2. The permissible variation in hardness in any forging over 10.3 For forgings 250 lb [110 kg] and under, the purchaser
250 lb [110 kg] shall not exceed 30 HBW for Classes A through may indicate the nature and location of identification marks.
E, 40 HB for Classes F through J, 50 HB for Classes K through
N. 10.4 The type of stamps to be used shall be round-nosed or
7.2.4 At least two hardness tests shall be taken on each flat “interrupted-dot” die stamps having a minimum radius of 1⁄32
face of disks, rings, and hollow forgings over 250 lb [110 kg] in. [0.79 mm].
approximately at mid-radius and 180° apart, for example, at the
3:00 and 9:00 positions on one face, and 6:00 and 12:00 11. Keywords
positions on the opposite face. On solid forgings over 250 lb 11.1 alloy steel forgings; carbon steel forgings; general
[110 kg], at least four tests shall be taken on the periphery of industrial applications; heat treatment classifications; strength
the forging, two at each end 180° apart. classifications

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SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the
purchaser in the inquiry, contract, and order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be
agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser.

S1. Chemical Composition S9.2 Yield strengths higher than those listed in Table 2 for
S1.1 The supplier shall obtain approval of the grade of steel quenched and tempered grades may be specified.
he proposes to apply to the order and reach agreement with the S9.3 For controlling cross section thickness (TC) in excess
purchaser on the ranges of each element specified in the of 20 in. [508 mm]; for quench and tempered forgings
composition. produced to classes F, J, K, L, M, N the center of the gage
length of the tension test specimen shall be at least 5 in. [127
S2. Special Forging Techniques mm] from one heat treated surface and 3 1⁄2 in. [90 mm] from
S2.1 Special forging techniques are required to produce all other heat treated surfaces when agreed upon between
metal flow during the hot working operation in the direction manufacturer and purchaser.
most favorable for resisting the stresses encountered in service. S9.4 For quenched forgings in classes F, J, K L, M, and N,
Verification of forging flow lines shall be by macro-etch testing when agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser, the
of sample forgings in accordance with Method E381. test location may be specified as 1⁄4 the controlling cross
section thickness (TC) from the nearest surface and 1⁄2 the
S3. Rough Turning and Boring controlling cross section thickness (TC) from all other surfaces.
S3.1 The position of any rough turning or boring in the When this test location is specified, the prolongation length
sequence of manufacturing operations. shall be equal to or greater than the controlling cross section
thickness (TC).
S4. Carbon Content for Welding
S4.1 For forgings intended for welding, the carbon content S10. Heat Treatment
(product analysis) shall be limited to 0.35 max %. S10.1 A minimum tempering temperature shall be specified.
S5. Bend Tests
S11. Additional Tests
S5.1 The test specimen shall be prepared in accordance with
Test Methods E290 and shall withstand being bent at room S11.1 Tests in addition to those prescribed in Section 7 may
temperature through 180° without cracking on the outside of be specified.
the bent portion of an inside diameter of 11⁄2 in. [40 mm].
S12. Additional Marking
S6. Magnetic Particle Test S12.1 Additional identification marking or the locations of
S6.1 Forgings shall be magnetic particle tested in accor- the stamping or both may be specified.
dance with the latest issue of Practice A275/A275M.
S13. Forge Procedure
S7. Ultrasonic Test
S13.1 The forge procedure shall be submitted by the manu-
S7.1 Forgings shall be ultrasonically tested in accordance
facturer to the purchaser for approval prior to production of the
with the latest issue of Practice A388/A388M.
forging.
S8. Vacuum Treatment
S14. Rough Forging Sketches
S8.1 Vacuum degassed steel shall be supplied.
S14.1 A dimensioned sketch or drawing of the proposed
S9. Tensile Requirements rough forging shall be supplied by the producer for approval
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S9.1 When controlling cross section thicknesses (TC) or before the forging is produced. This drawing or sketch shall
prolongation sizes larger than permitted in Table 2 are required, indicate also the proposed heat treatment contour, including
mechanical property values may be reduced from the specified bores, if any, and the position of the required mechanical test
values as agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser. coupons.

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APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. COMPARISON OF SPECIFICATION A668/A668M VERSUS SUPERSEDED SPECIFICATIONS A235, A237, and A243

X1.1 See specification comparison in Table X1.1.

TABLE X1.1 Specification Comparison

Superseded Specification and Class Use A668/A668M, Class
A235, A A
A235, C B
A235, C1 C
A235, E D
A235, F ...
A235, F1 E
A235, G F
A237, A G
A237, B ...
A237, C H
A237, C1 ...
A237, D J
A237, E K
A237, F L
A237, G M
A237, H N
A243, A A
A243, C B
A243, C1 C
A243, E D
A243, F ...
A243, F1 E
A243, G F
A243, H G
A243, I ...
A243, J H
A243, K J
A243, L K
A243, M L
A243, N M
A243, O N

X2. TYPICAL GRADES OF STEEL USED FOR A668/A668MCLASSES

X2.1 See chemical composition and class/grade guide for

typical grades of steel in Tables X2.1 and X2.2, respectively.
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TABLE X2.1 Chemical Composition (Maximum Weight Percentage)

Element Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6
Carbon 0.30 0.45 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.40
Manganese 0.90 0.90 0.85 1.10 0.90 0.90
Phosphorous 0.04 0.04 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.015
Sulfur 0.04 0.04 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.015
Silicon 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
Nickel ... ... 3.75 ... 2.00 2.50
Chromium ... ... ... 1.10 1.00 1.25
Molybdenum ... ... ... 0.25 0.30 0.60
Vanadium ... ... ... ... ... 0.20

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TABLE X2.2 Class/Grade Guide
Class Brinell Hardness Applicable Grades
Carbon Steel
A 183 max X1
B 120–174 X1
C 137–183 X1, X2
D 149–207 X1, X2
E 174–217 X2
F 187–235 X2
Alloy Steel
G 163–207 X3, X4
H 187–235 X3, X4
J 197–255 X3, X4, X5
K 212–269 X3, X5
L 255–321 X4, X5
M 293–352 X5, X6
N 331–401 X6

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of the following changes to this standard since A668/A668M-04
(2009) that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) 2.1 and Supplement S5–Added reference to Test Methods (14) Deleted 7.1.4.3 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), and (6).
E290. (15) 7.1.4.4–Clarified the requirements necessary for the use of
(2) 3.2.1 and 3.2.2–Deleted definitions for hollow cylindrical representative forgings for testing purposes.
forging, disk shaped forging and ring shaped forging. Replaced (16) 7.1.5–Added limits for thermal cycles following mechani-
with definitions for class and controlling cross section thick- cal testing.
ness. (17) 7.1.6–Changed to allow test orientation to be at the
(3) 3.2.3–Added a definition for the term TP. manufacturer’s discretion.
(4) 4.2.5–Added reference to optional supplements. (18) 7.2–Clarified that forging weight referenced is weight at
(5) 6.1–Refined wording with respect to chemical require- time of heat treatment.
ments. (19) 7.2.1–Added exception for forgings over 7000 lb.
(6) 7.1.2–Clarified to show controlling cross section thickness (20) 7.2.2–Added cautionary statement regarding hardness
as the determining factor of mechanical properties.
checks on parts which are not rough machined prior to
(7) Deleted former section 7.1.2.1.
hardness check.
(8) Deleted former section 7.1.2.2.
(21) 7.2.3–Originally numbered 7.2.1.
(9) 7.1.3.1-7.1.3.3–Changed weight determination from “rough
machined” to “as heat treated” and clarified that the weight of (22) 7.2.4–Originally numbered 7.2.2.
the prolong can be excluded from the weight calculation in (23) 8.1–Changed “re-treat” to “re-austenitize” to clarify the
sections. intent of this section.
(10) 7.1.4.1–Clarified that test locations shown in Figs. 1 and (24) Table 2–Changed the column heading “Size” to “Control-
2 are examples that meet the requirements. They are not ling Cross Section (TC)”; Added abbreviation HBW to column
intended to encompass all possible configurations that meet the heading for hardness; Added Footnotes A, B.
specification requirements. (25) Replaced original Fig. 1 with new Figs. 1 and 2; Added
(11) 7.1.4.2–Changed language to reflect the use of Controlling Note 1.
Cross Section Thickness (TC) and clarified the requirements for (26) S9.1–Added controlling cross section thickness TC and
cases when TP≠TC. allowed all mechanical properties to be agreed upon between
(12) Added 7.1.4.2 (1) and 7.1.4.2 (2). manufacturer and purchaser.
(13) 7.1.4.3–Updated to reflect test location based on the (27) Added S9.3
dimensions of TC; Added minimum prolongation length of 7 (28) Added S9.4.
in.

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