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Sample Questions

Introduction to Environmental Geology, 5e (Keller)

Chapter 2 Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics

2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) What is the principal difference between the inner core and outer core?

1. A) The inner core consists mainly of iron and nickel, while the outer core
consists mainly of silicate minerals.
2. B) The inner core consists mainly of silicate minerals, while the outer
core consists mainly of iron and nickel.
3. C) The inner core is solid while the outer core is liquid.
 4. D) The inner core is liquid while the outer core is solid.

Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32
Section Number: 2.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

2) The Mohorovicic discontinuity represents

1. A) the boundary between inner and outer cores

2. B) the boundary between mantle and crust
3. C) the boundary between lithosphere and hydrosphere
4. D) the boundary between outer core and mantle

Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34
Section Number: 2.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

3) How does the lithosphere differ from the asthenosphere?

1. A) The lithosphere is stronger than the asthenosphere.

2. B) The asthenosphere is stronger than the lithosphere.
3. C) The asthenosphere is part of the core, while the lithosphere is part of
the mantle.
4. D) The asthenosphere is less dense than the lithosphere.

Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34
Section Number: 2.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding
4) Which type of earthquake wave moves fastest?

1. A) P-wave
2. B) S-wave
 3. C) L-wave
4. D) R-wave

Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35
Section Number: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

5) How do seismologists know the outer core is liquid?

1. A) P-waves are refracted upon arrival in the outer core

2. B) S-waves are absorbed upon arrival in the outer core
3. C) both S-waves and P-waves speed up in the outer core
4. D) both S-waves and P-waves slow down in the outer core

Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37
Section Number: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

6) Why was Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift not taken

seriously by most geologists?

1. A) his evidence for former joining of the continents was faulty

2. B) because it was and is known that continents do not move
3. C) his mechanism for movement of the continents was faulty
4. D) he was not a well-respected scientist

Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding
7) How did seafloor spreading revive Alfred Wegener’s ideas about
continental drift?

1. A) Sea floor spreading relied on new fossil evidence documenting the

former joining of the continents.
2. B) Sea floor spreading provided an explanation for the consumption of
oceanic crust at plate boundaries.
3. C) The topography of the ocean floor demonstrated that mountain
ranges on either side of the Atlantic Ocean were formerly joined.
4. D) Sea floor spreading prevented a viable mechanism for moving the
continents.

Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 38
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding
8) At convergent plate boundaries

1. A) the plate of higher density subducts into the mantle

2. B) the plate of lower density subducts into the mantle
3. C) new oceanic crust is created
4. D) magnetic stripes are generated in oceanic rocks

Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

9) Transform plate boundaries are marked by

1. A) volcanic island arcs

2. B) consumption of oceanic crust
3. C) creation of oceanic crust
4. D) two plates sliding relative to one another

Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 44
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

10) How do magnetic stripes on the ocean floor serve as evidence for seafloor
spreading?

1. A) Their symmetry on either side of the mid-ocean ridge shows that new
crust is created, then split.
2. B) Their patterns show that the Earth’s magnetic field reverses every
few hundred years, on average.
3. C) They show that island arc volcanism creates new oceanic crust at
the mid-ocean ridges.
4. D) Their symmetry on either side of mid-ocean ridges shows that
transform boundaries are sliding boundaries.

Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 47
Section Number: 2.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

11) Hot spots are recorded by

1. A) extensive earthquake hazards

2. B) mantle rock exposed at the Earth’s surface
3. C) rock from the outer mantle included in volcanic rocks
4. D) a sequence of volcanic centers younging toward the hot spot

Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 49
Section Number: 2.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying
12) The process of isostasy is responsible for

1. A) moving plates apart at a divergent margin

 2. B) creating volcanoes at a hot spot
3. C) causing rock uplift in mountain ranges in response to erosion
4. D) causing compressive stresses at convergent boundaries

Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

13) Tectonic plates move about as fast as

1. A) a car moves on a city street

2. B) fingernails grow
3. C) a swallow flies
4. D) a tortoise walks

Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

14) When did the supercontinent Pangaea start breaking apart?

4. A) 4.6 billion years ago

5. B) 560 million years ago
6. C) 180 million years ago
7. D) 65 million years ago

Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50
Section Number: 2.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering
15) What driving force of plate movement is likely dominant?

1. A) ridge push
2. B) slab pull
3. C) mountain rise
4. D) valley fall

Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 56
Section Number: 2.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding
2.2 True/False Questions

1) The rocks of the core are more dense than the rocks of the mantle.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33
Section Number: 2.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

2) The asthenosphere is stronger than the lithosphere.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34
Section Number: 2.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

3) S-waves accelerate as they enter the outer core.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35
Section Number: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

4) Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of sea floor spreading.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

5) Crust is consumed at transform boundaries.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 44
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

6) A submarine trench is associated with a convergent boundary.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 44
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

7) The Earth’s magnetic field reverses in a regular pattern every few hundred
thousand years.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering
8) The concept of seafloor spreading was supported by magnetic polarity
stripes on the ocean floor.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48
Section Number: 2.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

9) The Hawaiian Islands are a volcanic arc atop an oceanic subduction zone.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49
Section Number: 2.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

10) Plate tectonic processes can affect climate.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57
Section Number: 2.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

11) New oceanic lithosphere is generated at mid-ocean ridges.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 46
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

12) Transform boundaries do not generate earthquakes.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering
13) Deep (>200 km) earthquakes can only be found at a convergent
boundary.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

14) Only a few transform boundaries (<10) mark the Earth’s tectonic plates.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding
2.3 Short Answer Questions

1) The rocks of the core consist mostly of ________.

Answer: iron
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32
Section Number: 2.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

2) The ________ separates the mantle and the crust.

Answer: Moho
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34
Section Number: 2.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering
3) A change in the direction of wave travel at the core-mantle boundary is
called ________.
Answer: refraction
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35
Section Number: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

4) ________-waves pass through the outer core.

Answer: P
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37
Section Number: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

5) Convergence of plates can cause ________ forces that build mountain

ranges.
Answer: compressive
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

6) ________ can cause uplift in a mountain range through isostatic

compensation.
Answer: erosion
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying

7) A(n) ________ is a location where three plates border one another.

Answer: triple junction
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 44
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering
8) At the Curie point, iron-bearing minerals orient themselves parallel to the
________.
Answer: magnetic field
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47
Section Number: 2.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

9) The volcano called ________ is the youngest of the Hawaiian volcanoes.

Answer: Loihi
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50
Section Number: 2.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering

10) The supercontinent Pangaea consisted of Laurasia and ________.

Answer: Gondwana
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52
Section Number: 2.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering
11) Yellowstone National Park lies atop a(n) ________.
Answer: continental hot spot
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55
Section Number: 2.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

12) The Cascade Mountains are part of a(n) ________ convergent boundary.
Answer: ocean-continent
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understanding

13) The San Andreas Fault is a(n) ________ boundary.

Answer: transform
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55
Section Number: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering