Work, Energy and Power

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER OP-MI-P-1
LESSON
4
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
The concept of work-energy is one of the most important concepts in science.
It is an important concept that we use in physics, engineering chemistry, biology,
geology and astronomy.
In this lesson, we shall concentrate over mechanics related situations only. We

shall first introduce the concept of work, and then energy and finally we shall see
the concept of work-energy theorem. We shall see that the concept of work and
energy can be applied to the dynamics of mechanical system without resorting to
Newton’s laws.
‘Energy approach’ often provides much simpler analysis than the direct
applications of Newton’s laws in complex situations.
IITJEE Syllabus: Work and power; Kinetic and potential energy;

Conservation of mechanical energy.
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1 WORK
Almost all the terms we have used so far, velocity, acceleration, force etc. have same
meaning in Physics as they have in our everyday life. We, however, encounter a term „work‟
whose meaning in Physics is distinctly different from its everyday meaning. e.g. consider a person
holding a 100 kg weight on his head moves through a distance of 100 m. In everyday language we
will say he is doing work. But according to definition of work in Physics, you will say the work done
by the man is zero.
1.1 WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE
Consider an object undergoes a displacement S along a straight line while acted on a force
F that makes an angle  with S as shown.
The work done W by the agent is the product of the Fsin F

component of force in the direction of displacement and the
magnitude of displacement.

Fcos
i.e., W = (F cos)S … (1)
S
= F S cos  Fig. 1
Work done is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is N-m or joule (J). We can also write work
done as a scalar product of force and displacement.
 
W  F .S . … (2)
From this definition, we conclude the following points:
(i) force does no work if point of application of force does not move (S = 0).
(ii) work done by a force is zero if displacement is perpendicular to the force ( = 90°).
(iii) if angle between force and displacement is acute ( < 90°), we say that work done by the force
is positive.
(iv) if angle between force and displacement is obtuse ( > 90°), we say that work done by the
force is negative.
Illustration 1
Question: A person slowly lifts a block of mass m = 10kg through a vertical height h =1m and
then walks horizontally a distance d = 2m while holding the block. Determine work
2
done by the person. (g = 10 m/s )
Solution: The man slowly lifts the block, therefore he must be applying a force equal to the weight of
the block, mg, the work done during vertical displacement is mgh, since the force is in the

direction of displacement. The work done by the person during the horizontal displacement
of the block is zero. Since the applied force during this process is perpendicular to
displacement. Therefore total work done by the man is mgh = 100 J

Illustration 2
Question: A block of mass M = 11 kg is pulled along a horizontal surface by applying a force at

an angle  = 45 with horizontal. Coefficient of friction between block and surface is
0
 =0.1 If the block travels with uniform velocity, find the work done by this applied
force during a displacement d= 1m of the block.
Solution: The forces acting on the block are shown in Figure. As the block moves with uniform velocity
the forces add up to zero.
 F cos  = N …(i)
F sin  + N = Mg …(ii) N
Eliminating N from equations (i) and (ii),
F
F cos  = (Mg  F sin )

M
Mg N
F=
cossin
Work done by this force during a displacement d

Mg
μMgd cosθ
W = F  d cos  = = 10 J
cosθ  μsinθ
Illustration 3

Question: A particle moving in the xy plane undergoes a displacement s = (8.0 iˆ + 6.0 ĵ ) m
while a constant force F = (4.0 iˆ + 3.0 ĵ ) N acts on the particle.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the displacement and that of the force.
(b) Calculate the work done by the force.
Solution:
(a) s  x2  y 2  (8.0)2  (6.0)2 = 10 m
F  Fx2  Fy2  ( 4.0)2  (3.0)2  5 N
 
(b) Work done by force, W = F . s
= (4.0 iˆ + 3.0 ĵ ) (8.0 iˆ ) + 6.0 ĵ ) N.m

.
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 18 = 50 N.m = 50J
Give the examples in which work done by friction is (a) zero (b) negative and (c) positive

1.2 WORK DONE BY A VARYING FORCE

Consider a particle being displaced along the x-axis under the action of a varying force, as
shown in the figure. The particle is displaced in the direction of increasing x from x = xi to x = xf. In
such a situation, we cannot use W = (F cos )s to calculate the work done by the force because
this relationship applies only when F is constant in magnitude and direction. However, if we
imagine that the particle undergoes a very small displacement x, shown in the figure 2(a), then
the x component of the force, Fx, is approximately constant over this interval, and we can express
the work done by the force for this small displacement as
W1 = Fx x
Fx
Area = A = Fx x Fx
Fx
Work
xi xf x
x xi xf x
Fig. 2 (a) Fig. 2 (b)
This is just the area of the shaded rectangle in the figure 2(a). If we imagine that the Fx
versus x curve is divided into a large number of such intervals, then the total work done for the
displacement from xi to xf is approximately equal to the sum of a large number of such terms.
xf
W   F x
xi
x
If the displacements are allowed to approach zero, then the number of terms in the sum
increases without limit but the value of the sum approaches a definite value equal to the area
under the curve bounded by Fx and the x axis.
xf xf
lim
x 0
 F x   F dx
xi
x x
xi
This definite integral is numerically equal to the area under the Fx versus x curve between
xi and xf. Therefore, we can express the work done by Fx for the displacement of the object from
xi to xf as
xf
W  F dx
xi
x … (3)
This equation reduces to equation (1) when Fx = Fcos  is constant.

If more than one force acts on a particle, the total work done is just the work done by the
resultant force. For systems that do not act as particles, work must be found for each force
separately. If we express the resultant force in the x-direction as Fx, then the net work done as
the particle moves from xi to xf is
xf
W net   ( F
xi
x ) dx … (4)

Illustration 4
Question: A force F = (4.0 x iˆ  3.0yjˆ ) N acts on a particle which moves in the x-direction from
the origin to x = 5.0 m. Find the work done on the object by the force.
Solution: Here the work done is only due to x component of force because displacement is along x-axis.
x2
i.e., W   Fx dx
x1
 4 x dx = 2x  0 = 50 J
5
2 5
=
0
Illustration 5
Question: Force acting on a particle varies with x as shown in figure. Calculate the work done
by the force as the particle moves from x = 0 to x = 6.0 m.
Solution: The work done by the force is equal to the area under Fx(N)
the curve from x = 0 to x = 6.0 m. This area is equal to
the area of the rectangular section from x = 0 to 5
x = 4.0 m plus the area of the triangular section from
x = 4.0 m to x = 6.0 m. The area of the rectangle is
(4.0) (5.0) N.m = 20J, and the area of the triangle is
1
(2.0 (5.0) N.m = 5.0 J. Therefore, the total work 0
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 x(m)
done is 25J.
1.3 WORK DONE BY A SPRING
A common physical system for which the force varies

with position is a spring-block system as shown in the figure 3. If K
the spring is stretched or compressed by a small distance from M
its unstreached configuration, the spring will exert a force on the
block given by Fig. 3
F = -kx, where x is compression or elongation in spring. k is a constant called spring

constant whose value depends inversely on un-stretched length and the nature of material of
spring.
Important: The negative sign indicates that the direction of the spring force is opposite to x, the
displacement of the free end.

Consider a spring block system as shown in the figure 3 and let us calculate work done by
spring when the block is displaced by x0.
At any moment if elongation in spring is x, then force on block by the spring is kx towards
left. Therefore, work done by the spring when block further displaces by dx towards right.
dW = – kxdx [Negative sign shows force is opposite to displacement]
x0
 Total work done by the spring, W    kx dx

0
1 2
=  kx0
2
1 2
Similarly, work done by the spring when it is given a compression x0 is – kx0 . We can
2
1
also say that work done by an agent in giving an elongation or compression of x0 is kx02 .
2
2 POWER
From a practical viewpoint, it is interesting to know not only the work done on an object but
also the rate at which the work is being done. The time rate of doing work is called power.
If an external force is applied to an object (which we assume as a particle), and if the work
done by this force is W in the time interval t, then the average power during this interval is
defined as
W
P … (5)
t
The work done on the object contributes to increasing the energy of the object. A more
general definition of power is the time rate of energy transfer. The instantaneous power is the
limiting value of the average power as t approaches zero.
W dW
i.e., P  lim  … (6)
t 0 t dt
where we have represented the infinitesimal value of the work done by dW (even though it

is not a change and therefore not a differential). We find from equation (2) that dW = F . ds .
Therefore, the instantaneous power can be written as

dW  ds  
P F .  F .v … (7)
dt dt



ds
where we have used the fact that v  .
dt
The SI unit of power is „joule per second (J/s), also called watt (W)‟ (after James Watt);
1W = 1J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3.
Illustration 6
Question: An elevator has a mass of 1000 kg and Motor

carries a maximum load of 800 kg. A T
constant frictional force of 4000 N retards

its upward motion, as shown in the figure.
What must be the minimum power delivered

by the motor to lift the elevator at a
f
constant speed of 3.00 m/s?
Mg
Solution:
The motor must supply the force T that pulls the elevator upward. From Newton‟s second law
and from the fact that a = 0 since v is constant, we get
T – f – Mg = 0, Where M is the total mass (elevator plus load), equal to 1800 kg.
 T = f + Mg
3 3 2 3
= 4.00 × 10 N + (1.80 × 10 kg) (10 m/s ) = 22 × 10 N
Using equation (7) and the fact that T is in the same direction as v, we have gives
P = Tv
3 3
= (22 × 10 N) (3.00 m/s) = 66 × 10 W
= 66 kW
In the first part of the previous example, the motor delivers power to lift the elevator, yet
the elevator moves at constant speed. A student analyzing this situation claims that
according to the work-energy theorem, if the speed of the elevator remains constant, the
work done on it is zero. The student concludes that the power that must be delivered by
the motor must also be zero. How would you explain this apparent paradox?

3 ENERGY
A body is said to possess energy if it has the capacity to do work. When a body possessing
energy does some work, part of its energy is used up. Conversely if some work is done upon an
object, the object will be given some energy. Energy and work are mutually convertible.
There are various forms of energy. Heat, electricity, light, sound and chemical energy are
all familiar forms. In studying mechanics, we are however concerned chiefly with mechanical
energy. This type of energy is a property of movement or position.

3.1 KINETIC ENERGY

Kinetic energy (K.E.), is the capacity of a body to do work by virtue of its motion.
If a body of mass m has a velocity v its kinetic energy is equivalent to the work, which an
external force would have to do to bring the body from rest up to its velocity v.
The numerical value of the kinetic energy can be calculated from the formula
1
K.E. = mv2 … (8)
2
This formula can be derived as follows.

Consider a constant force F which, acting on a mass m initially at rest, gives the mass a
velocity v. If, in reaching this velocity, the particle has been moving with an acceleration a and has
been given a displacement s, then
F = ma (Newton‟s Law)
v2 = 2as (Motion of a particle moving with uniform acceleration)
Fs = Work done by the constant force
Combining these relationships, we have
v2  1
Work done = ma   = mv 2
 2a  2
But the K.E. of the body is equivalent to the work done in giving the body is velocity.
1
Hence, K.E. = mv 2
2
 Since both m and v2 are always positive, K.E. is always positive and does not depend
upon the direction of motion of the body.
3.2 POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is energy due to position. If a body is in a position such that if it were
released it would begin to move, it has potential energy.
There are two common forms of potential energy, gravitational and elastic.
3.2 (a) Gravitational Potential Energy:-
it is possessed by virtue of height mg

h P.E. = mgh
When an object is allowed to fall from one
level to a lower level it gains speed due to
gravitational pull, i.e., it gains kinetic energy.
Therefore, in possessing height, a body has the Fig. 4 (a)
ability to convert its gravitational potential energy
into kinetic energy.

The gravitational potential energy is

equivalent to the negative of the amount of work
m1g h1
done by the weight of the body in causing the
descent. Specific level where P.E.
is zero
If a mass m is at a height h above a lower h2 P.E. of m1 is m1gh1
level the P.E. possessed by the mass is (mg) (h). P.E. of m2 is –m2gh2
Since h is the height of an object above a
specified level, an object below the specified level
has negative potential energy.
m2g
Therefore GPE =  mgh …. (9) Fig. 4 (b)
 The chosen level from which height is measured has no absolute position. It is important
therefore to indicate clearly the zero P.E. level in any problem in which P.E. is to be
calculated.
 GPE =  mgh is applicable only when h is very small in comparison to the radius of the
earth. We have discussed GPE in detail in ‘GRAVITATION’
3.2 (b) Elastic Potential Energy, It is a property of stretched or compressed springs.

The end of a stretched elastic spring will begin to move if it is released. The spring
therefore possesses potential energy due to its elasticity. (i.e., due to change in its configuration)
The amount of elastic potential energy stored in a spring of natural length a and spring
constant k when it is extended by a length x is equivalent to the amount of work necessary to
produce the extension.
1 2
Earlier in the lesson we saw that the work done was kx so
2
1 2
E.P.E. = kx …. (10)
2
E.P.E. is never negative whether the spring is extended or compressed..
4 WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
Solution using Newton‟s second law can be difficult if the forces in the problem are
complex. An alternative approach that enables us to understand and solve such motion problems
is to relate the speed of the particle to its displacement under the influence of some net force. As

we shall see in this section, if the work done by the net force on a particle can be calculated for a
given displacement, the change in the particle‟s speed will be easy to evaluate.
As shown in the figure 5 a particle of mass m moving to the right under the action of a
constant net force F. Because the force is constant, we know from Newton‟s second law that the
particle will move with a constant acceleration a. If the particle is displaced a distance s, the net
work done by the force F is
Wnet = Fs = (ma)s
We found that the following relationships are valid when a particle moves at constant
acceleration
1 vf  vi s
s  (v i  v f ) t ; a 
2 t
F
where vi is the speed at t = 0 and vf is the speed m
at time t. Substituting these expressions
vi vf
v  vi 1
 v i  v f t
Fig. 5
W net  m  f
 t 2
1 1
W net  mv f2  mv i2
2 2
Wnet = Kf – Ki = K … (11)
That is, the work done by the constant net force Fnet in displacing a particle equals the
change in kinetic energy of the particle.
Equation (11) is an important result known as the work-energy theorem. For

convenience, it was derived under the assumption that the net force acting on the particle was
constant.
Now, we shall show that the work-energy theorem is valid even when the force is varying. If
the resultant force acting on a body in the x direction is Fx, then Newton‟s second law states that
Fx = ma. Thus, we express the net work done as
xf xf
W net    F  dx   ma dx
xi
x
xi
Because the resultant force varies with x, the acceleration and speed also depend on x.
We can now use the following chain rule to evaluate Wnet.
dv dv dx dv
a  v
dt dx dt dx
1 1
Wnet = mvf2  mvi2
2 2

Illustration 7
Question: A 2 kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal frictionless
surface by a constant force of 12 N, as shown in the figure. Find
(a) the speed of the block after it has moved 3.0 m. F = 12 N
(b) the acceleration of the block and its final speed using
the kinematic equation v f2  v i2  2as .
Solution: The normal force balances the weight of the block, and neither of these forces does work
since the displacement is horizontal. Since there is no friction, the resultant external force is
the 12 N force. The work done by this force is
W = Fs = (12 N) (3.0 m) = 36 N.m = 36 J
Using the work-energy theorem and noting that the initial kinetic energy is zero, we get
1
W = Kf – Ki = mv f2  0
2
2W 2(36 J)
v f2    36 m2 / s 2
m 2 kg
vf = 6 m/s
2
(b) a = 6.0 m/s ; vf = 6 m/s.
Note that result calculated in two ways are same.
4.1 CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCE
Suppose a body is taken to a height h from the ground level, work done by the gravity on
the body is equal to –mgh. When it is allowed to come back to the ground, the work done by it is
equal to +mgh. So the net work performed = –mgh + mgh = 0. Thus, in a gravitational field if a
particle describes various displacements and finally comes back to its initial position, the total work
performed by the gravity taking into account all the displacements is zero. This is the case with
electrostatic fields also. These forces acting in such fields are called conservative forces. On the
other hand, consider a body moving on a rough surface from A to B and then back from B to A.
Work done against frictional forces only add up because in both the displacements work is done
against frictional forces only. Hence frictional force cannot be considered as a conservative force. It is
a non-conservative force.
4.2. CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
Kinetic and Potential Energy both are forms of Mechanical Energy. The total mechanical
energy of a body or system of bodies will be changed in value if
(a) an external force other than weight causes work to be done (work done by weight is
potential energy and is therefore already included in the total mechanical energy),

(b) some mechanical energy is converted into another form of energy (e.g. sound, heat,
light etc). Such a conversion of energy usually takes place when a sudden change in
the motion of the system occurs. For instance, when two moving objects collide some
mechanical energy is converted into sound energy, which is heard as a bang at the
impact. Another common example is the conversion of mechanical energy into heat
energy when two rough objects rub against each other.
If neither (a) nor (b) occurs then the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant.
This is the Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy and can be expressed, as,
The total mechanical energy of a system remains constant provided that no external work is
done and no mechanical energy is converted into another form of energy. “
When this principle is used in solving problems, a careful appraisal must be made of any
external forces, which are acting. Some external forces do work and hence cause a change in the
total energy of the system. Other, however, can be present without doing any work and these will not
cause any change in energy.
N
For example, consider a mass m moving along a v
rough horizontal surface.
The normal reaction N is perpendicular to the direction of

motion and does not do any work. N
The frictional force N, acting in the line of motion,

does cause the velocity of the mass to change. The frictional
force therefore does do work and the total mechanical mg
energy will change. Fig. 6
The principle of conservation of mechanical energy principle is a very useful concept to use
in problem solving. It is applicable to any problem where the necessary conditions are satisfied and
which is concerned with position and velocity.
Illustration 8
Question: A body of mass 4 kg is at rest at a height of 10 m above the ground. Calculate its
potential energy and kinetic energy after it has fallen through half the height. Also
find the velocity at this instant.

Solution: Total energy at B = K.E. + P.E. B

= 0 + mgh
= 4  10  10
C = 400 J
As it descends half the height it loses
h
Potential energy = mg
2
A
1
= mgh
2
= 200 J
 its P.E. at C = 400  200 = 200 J = 98 J
The loss of potential energy = gain in
kinetic energy
= 400  200
= 200 J
1 2
But K.E. = mv
2
1
  4  v = 200
2
2

2
v = 100
or v = 10 m/s

Illustration 9
Question: A block of mass m = 1kg is pushed against a spring of spring constant k =100 N/m
fixed at one end to a wall. The block can slide on a frictionless table as shown in
Figure. The natural length of the spring is L0 = 1m and it is compressed to half its
natural length when the block is released. Find the velocity of the block.
Solution: When the block is released the spring pushes it towards right. The velocity of the block
increases till the spring acquires its natural length. Thereafter the block loses contact with
L
the spring and moves with constant velocity. Initially the compression in the spring  o .
2
When the distance of block from the wall becomes x where x < L0 the compression is
(L0 – x). Using the principle of conservation of energy
2
1  L0  1 1
k   k (Lo  x ) 2  mv 2
2  2  2 2
1
m v
 L2 2
Solving this, v  k / m  o  (Lo x )2 
 4 
When the spring acquires its natural length

x = L0, we have
k Lo
then v = = 5 m/s
m 2
An object of mass m is sliding down a hill of arbitrary

shape and after travelling a certain horizontal path stops
because of friction. Find the minimum work done that h
force must perform to return the object to its initial position
along the same path.
5 MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE
5.1 BODY SUSPENDED WITH THE HELP OF A STRING

Imagine an arrangement like a simple pendulum where a mass m is tied to a string of
length r, the other end of the string being attached to a fixed point O.

Let the body initially lie at the equilibrium position A. Let it

be given a velocity v1 horizontally. If the velocity is small then the
body would make oscillations in the vertical plane like a simple
pendulum. O
Let us now find the velocity of projection v1 at the lowest
 
point A required to make the body move in a vertical circle.
A2 A1
The following points can be noted while considering the
motion: A v1
(i) The motion along the vertical circle is non-uniform v2 B

since the velocity of body changes along the curve. Hence the
centripetal acceleration v2/r must also change, where v is the mg
instantaneous velocity of the body at any point on the circle. T2
(ii) The resultant force acting on the body (in the radial O C
direction) provides the necessary centripetal force.
T1
(iii) The velocity decreases as the body moves up form A
to B, the topmost point.
v1
When the body is at A, the resultant force acting on it is A
mg
T1 – mg, where T1 is the tension in the string.
Fig. 7
mv12
The centripetal force T1 – mg =
r
mv 12
 T1 = mg + … (i)
r
The tension is always positive (even if v1 is zero). Therefore, the string will be taut when it
is at A. The condition for the body to complete the vertical circle is that the string should be taut all
the time i.e., the tension is greater than zero.
The region where the string is most likely to become slack is above the horizontal radius
OC. Also the tension would become the least when it is at the topmost point B. Let it be T2 at B and
the velocity of the body be v2. The resultant force on the body at B is
mv 22
T2 + mg =
r
mv 22
T2 = – mg … (ii)
r
If the string is to be taut at B, T2  0.
mv 22
– mg  0
r

v 22  rg
v2  rg … (iii)
1
At A, the K.E. of the body = mv12
2
P.E. of the body = 0
1
Total energy at A = mv12
2
1
At B, the K.E. of the body = mv 22
2
P.E. of the body = mg(2r)
1
Total energy at B = 2mgr + mv 22
2
Using the principle of conservation of energy, we have
1 1
mv12 = mv 22 + 2mgr
2 2
v 12 = v 22 + 4gr … (iv)
Combining equations (iii) and (iv)
v 12  rg + 4gr
v1  5gr
Hence, if the body has minimum velocity of 5gr at the lowest point of vertical circle, it will
complete the circle.
The particle will describe complete circle if both v2 and T2 do not vanish till the particle
reaches the highest point.
The following points are important:
(i) If the velocity of projection at the lowest point A is less than 2gr , the particle will come
to instantaneous rest at a point on the circle which lies lower than the horizontal diameter. It will
then move down to reach A and move on to an equal height on the other side of A. Thus the
particle executes oscillations. In this case v vanishes before T does.
We may find an expression for the tension in the string when it makes an angle  with the
vertical. At C, the weight of the body acts vertically downwards, and the tension in the string is
towards the centre O.
The weight mg is resolved radially and tangentially.
The radial component is mg cos  and the tangential component is mg sin .

The centripetal force is T – mg cos 
mv 2
T – mg cos  = , where v is the velocity at C,
r
v 2 
i.e., T = m  g cos  … (v)
 r 
The velocity v can be expressed in terms of velocity v1 at A. B
1
The total energy at A = mv12
2
O v
1  T
The kinetic energy at C = mv 2 M C
2
 mg cos 
The potential energy at C = mg(AM) A v1 mg
= mg (AO – MO) Fig. 8

= mg (r – r cos )
= mgr (1 – cos )
1
The total energy at C = mv 2 + mgr (1  cos )
2
1 1
 From conservation of energy mv12  mv 2 mgr (1cos)
2 2
v 12 = v2 + 2gr (1  cos )
or v2 = v 12  2gr (1  cos )
Substituting in equation (v),
 v2  mv12  2
T = m g cos  1  2g (1  cos)   3mg  cos   … (vi)
 r  r  3
This expression gives the value of the tension in the string in terms of the velocity at the
lowest point and the angle .
Equation (v) shows that tension in the string decreases as  increases, since the term „g
cos ‟ decreases as  increases.
When  is 90, cos  = 0, and
mv 2
TH = … (vii)
r
This is obvious because, the weight is vertically downwards whereas the tension is
horizontal. Hence the tension alone is the centripetal force.

(ii) If the velocity of projection is greater than 2gr but less than 5gr , the particle rises
above the horizontal diameter and the tension vanishes before reaching the highest point.
(iii) We have seen that the tension in the string at the highest point is lower than the tension
at the lowest point. When the string is above the horizontal, tension may be
deduced from equation (vi), if we make  an obtuse angle. However, in order to
have a physical picture of the situation let us study this separately.
At the point D, the string OD makes an angle  with the vertical. The radial component of
the weight is mg cos  towards the centre O.
mv 2
T + mg cos  =
r
v2 
T = m   g cos   … (viii)
 r 
1
The kinetic energy at D = mv2
2
Potential energy at D = mg(AN)
= mg (AO + ON) B
= mg(r + r cos ) N D
T

= mgr(1 + cos ) mg
O 
1 1
From conservation of energy mv12  mv 2 mgr (1cos)
2 2
v 2 v 12  2gr(1 + cos ) A
Fig. 9
Substituting in equation (viii),
v 2 
T = m  1  2g (1  cos )  g cos
 r 
v 2  2 
T = m  1  3g  cos   … (ix)
 r  3 
This equation shows that the tension becomes zero, if
v 12  2
 3g  cos    … (x)
r  3
If the tension is not to become zero,

 2
v 12 3rg  cos  
 3
Equation (x) gives the values of  at which the string becomes slack.
2 v2
cos  +  1
3 3rg
v 12 2
cos  =  … (xi)
3rg 3
5.2 A BODY MOVING INSIDE A HOLLOW TUBE OR SPHERE
The same discussion holds good for this case, but instead of tension in the string we have
the normal reaction of the surface. If N is the normal reaction at the lowest point, then
mv12
N  mg = ;
r
O
v2 
N = m  1 g 
 r 
N
v1
At the highest point of the circle,
mg
mv 22
N + mg =
r Fig. 10
v2 
N = m  2 g 
 r 
The condition v1  5rg for the body to complete the circle holds for this also.
All other equations (can be) similarly obtained by replacing tension T by reaction R.
5.3 BODY MOVING ON A SPHERICAL SURFACE B

R
C
N

The small body of mass m is placed on the top of a mg
O
smooth sphere of radius r.
If the body slides down the surface, at what point does if

fly off the surface? A
Fig. 11
Consider the point C where the mass is, at a certain
instant. The forces are the normal reaction R and the weight mg.

The radial component of the weight is mgcos  acting towards

the centre. The centripetal force is
mv 2
mg cos   R = ,
r
where v is the velocity of the body at O.
 v2 
R = m  g cos   … (i)
 r 
The body files off the surface at the point where R becomes zero.
v2 v2
i.e., g cos  = ; cos  = … (ii)
r rg
To find v, we use conservation of energy
1
i.e., mv2 = mg(BN)
2
= mg (OB  ON) = mgr (1  cos )
v2 = 2rg (1  cos )
v2
2(1  cos ) = … (iii)
rg
From equations (ii) and (iii) we get
cos  = 2  2 cos ; 3 cos  = 2
2
;  = cos1
2
cos  =   … (iv)
3 3
This gives the angle at which the body goes off the surface. The height from the ground of
that point = AN = r(1 + cos )
 2 5
= r 1  r
 3 3

Illustration 10
Question: A small block of mass m =1kg slides P

along the frictionless loop-to-loop track
shown in the Figure. (a) If it starts from
rest at P what is the resultant force
acting on it at Q? (b) At what height
above the bottom of loop should the 5R
R =2m
block be released so that the force it
Q
exerts against the track at the top of the
loop equals its weight?
Solution:
(a) Point Q is at a height R above the ground. Thus, the difference in height between points P
and Q is 4R. Hence, the difference in gravitational potential energy of the block between
these points = 4mgR.
Since the block starts from rest at P its kinetic energy at Q is equal to its change in potential
energy. By the conservation of energy.
1
 mv 2 4mgR ; 2
v = 8gR
2
At Q, the only forces acting on the block are its weight mg acting downward and the force N
of the track on block acting in radial direction. Since the block is moving in a circular path,
the normal reaction provides the centripetal force for circular motion.
mv 2 m8gR
N  = 8 mg = 80 N
R R
The loop must exert a force on the block equal to eight times the block‟s weight.
(b) For the block to exert a force equal to its weight against the track at the top
of the loop, at the top let the velocity v and normal reaction is N. so that
mv ' 2
N 'mg 
R
if N '  mg ( force exerts against the track at the top of the loop equal to its weight)
mv 2 mv 2
then  mg  mg ; = 2mg
R R
1 v  2 2gR
v = 2gR  mgh  mv  2 ; h   R
2
or
2 2g 2g
The block must be released at a height of 6m above the bottom of the loop.

A particle of mass m is tied to one end of a string of length l. The other end of string is
fixed. If particle is just able to complete vertical circle about fixed point, then find the
difference in tensions in string at lowest and highest point of particle.

PROFICIENCY TEST
The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the following
briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is at least 80%. Do not consult the Study
Material while attempting these questions.
1. When a particle rotates in a circle, a central force acts on it directed towards the centre of
rotation. Why does this force does no work on the particle?
2. Describe a situation in which friction causes an increase in kinetic energy.
3. A car travelling at a speed v skids a distance d after its brakes lock. Estimate how far it will
skid if its brakes lock when its initial speed is 2v. What happens to the car‟s kinetic energy as
it stops?
4. If the net work done on a particle is zero, what can you conclude about the following:
(a) its acceleration;
(b) its velocity.
5. A spring of force constant k is cut into three equal parts. What is the force constant of each
part?
6. A body of mass 1 kg is dropped from a height of 10m reaches the ground with a speed of
1.2 gH . Calculate the loss of energy due to air friction.
7. Water drawn from a well of (water surface) depth 10 m below the open end of a tube of
cross-section 0.245 cm2 comes out of the tube with a speed of 40 m/s. Calculate the
minimum horsepower of motor to be used for this purpose.
8. A 2kg block collides with a horizontal

weightless spring of force constant 2N/m. The
block compresses the spring 4 metre from rest
position. Calculate the speed of the block at
the instant of collision

(i) if the surface on which the block slides is frictionless
(ii) if the coefficient of friction between block and horizontal surface is 0.25.
9. The variation of force with position is depicted in Fx

figure. Find the work done from (0,2)FO
(i) x = 0 to x = -A.
-A (–1,0)
(1,0) A x
(ii) x = +A to x = 0.
-Fo (0,–2)
10. A motor car, of mass 1000 kg, runs under a bridge at 72 km/h, the roadway being in the
form of an arc of a circle of radius 20 m. Find the reaction between the car and the road at
the lowest point of the arc.

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST
6. 28 J
7. 98 W
8. (i) 4 m/s;
(ii) 6 m/s
9. (i) 1 J
(ii) 1 J
10. 12 kN

SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
Two masses 10 kg and 20 kg are connected by a

200 N
massless spring. A force of 200 N acts on 20 kg mass. 20 kg
10 kg
At the instant when the 10 kg mass has an
2
acceleration 12 m/s the energy stored in the spring
(k = 2400 N/m) will be
(a) 30 J (b) 3 J
(c) 3 J (d) 80 J
Solution:
F = 10  12 = 120 N
F = kx = 2400 x
1
x=
20
1 2
Energy stored in the spring E = kx
2
1 1
= 2400  =3J
2 400
 (b)
Example 2:
A body is projected at an angle of 30° to the horizontal with kinetic energy 40 J. What will be
the kinetic energy at the top most point?
(a) 25 J (b) 40 J (c) 30 J (d) 20 J
Solution:
At the topmost point, the horizontal component of velocity = u cos 
1
 initial kinetic energy =
2
mu = 40 J
2
1
Kinetic energy at the topmost point = mu 2 cos 2 
2

= 40 cos 
2
403
= = 30 J
4
 (c)

Example 3:
Two springs of spring constants 1000 N/m and 2000 N/m are stretched with same source.
They will have potential energy in the ratio of
2 2 2 2
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 2
Solution:
2
1 2 1 T  1T 2
Potential energy = k x = k  =
2 2 k 2 k
E k =E k
1 1 2 2
E1 k2 2000 2
  
E2 k1 1000 1
Ratio is 2 : 1
 (a)
Example 4:
A body is slowly lowered on to a massive platform moving horizontally at a speed of 4 m/s.

through what distance will the body slide relative to the platform? (The coefficient of friction
2
is 0.2; g = 10 m/s )
(a) 4 m (b) 2 m (c) 16 m (d) 8 m
Solution:
The frictional force between the body and the platform = mg, where m is the mass of the body.
Initially the relative velocity = 4 m/s
The relative retardation = g
= 0.2  10
2
= 2 m/s
If S is the relative displacement before the relative velocity becomes zero, we have
0=4 –22S
2
16
S= =4m
4
 (a)
Example 5:

A ball falls under gravity from a height 10 m with an initial velocity v0. It hits the ground,
loses 50% of its energy in collision and it rises to the same height. What is the value of v0?
(a) 14 m/s (b) 7 m/s (c) 28 m/s (d) 9.8 m/s
Solution:
Let v be the velocity when it hits the ground.
Then v – v 02 = 2g  10 = 2  9.8  10
2
i.e., v = v 02 + 196
2
Let v be the velocity after impact and it reaches the same height 10 m.
v – 0 = 2  9.8  10
2
2
v = 196
v = 14 m/s
1
mv 2
2 v2 v 2 196
Ratio of kinetic energy before impact and after impact = = 2 = 0 = 2.
1
mv  2 v 196
2
 v 02 = 2  196 – 196 = 196
v0 = 14 m/s.
 (a)
Example 6:
A block of mass m moving with speed v compresses a spring through a distance

x before its speed is halved. What is the value of spring constant?
3mv 2 mv 2 mv 2 3mv 2
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 2
(d)
4x 4x 2x x2
Solution:
1 2
Initial kinetic energy = mv
2
2
1 v  1 2
Final energy = m  + kx
2 2 2
By principle of conservation of energy,
1 2 1 v2 1 2
mv = m + kx
2 2 4 2

3mv 2
k=
4x 2
 (a)
Example 7:
A small block of mass 100 g is pressed against a

horizontal spring fixed at one end and compression 2m
is 5 cm. The spring constant is 100 N/m. When the
block moves horizontally it leaves the spring.
Where will it hit the ground 2 m below the spring?
(a) Horizontal distance of 1 m from end of spring.
(b) Horizontal distance of 2 m from end of spring.
(c) 0.5 m from free end of spring.
(d) 1.5 m from free end of spring.
Solution:
Let v be the velocity when it leaves the spring.
1 2 1 2
Then mv = kx .
2 2
kx 2 100(0.05 ) 2

2
v =
m 10010 3
v = 10  0.05 10
Time to fall vertical distance of 2 metres from the spring
2s 22 2
= = =
g 10 10
2 2
Horizontal distance = v =  10  0.05  10 = 1 m.
10 10
 (a)
Example 8:
A spring of natural length  and spring constant k is fixed on

the ground and the other is fitted with a smooth ring of mass m

which slides on a horizontal rod fixed at a height also equal to 

37
(see Figure). Initially the spring makes an angle of 37 with the 
vertical when the system is released from rest. What is the
speed of the ring when the spring becomes vertical?
 k k
(a) (b) 
4 m m
k k
(c) 2 (d) 4
m m
Solution:
In the initial position of the ring as shown in the Figure, 

37


The length of spring =
cos37 
 5
 
4 4
5
5
 Extension = 
4

=
4
1 2
Energy stored in spring = k
2 16
This stored energy when released becomes kinetic energy of the ring. If v is the velocity of the ring,
1 2
kinetic energy when it is vertical = mv
2
By principle of conservation of energy,
1 1 2
mv 2  k 
2 2 16
2 k 2
v =
16m
 k
v =
4 m
 (a)
Example 9:

A mass of 1 kg suspended on a thread deviates through an angle of 30 . Find the tension of

the thread at the moment the weight passes through the position of equilibrium.
(a) 12.4 N (b) 15 N (c) 24.8 N (d) 6.2 N
Solution:
At the moment the weight passes through the position of equilibrium the tension of the thread
mv 2
T mg 

By the conservation of energy
mv 2
mgh = 30º
2 
 v = 2gh
h
But h =    cos 30 =  (1  cos 30)
mv 2 m
 =  2gh
 
m
=  2g (1  cos 30)

and T = mg [1 + 2 (1  cos 30)]
2 3
Given m = 1 kg; g = 9.8 m/s ; cos 30 =
2
 T = 12.4 N
 (a)
Example 10: M
An ideal massless spring S can be compressed one
metre by a force of 100 newton. The same spring is
S
placed at the bottom of a frictionless inclined plane
inclined at 30 to horizontal. A block M of mass 10Kg is 30o
released from rest at the top of the incline and is
brought to rest momentarily after compressing the
spring 2 metres. What is the speed of mass just before
2
it reaches the spring? (g = 10 m/s ).
(a) 20 m/s (b) 30 m/s

(c) 10 m/s (d) 40 m/s
Solution:
Applied force on the spring, F = k.x,
where x is the distance through which it is compressed.
F 100 N
k=  = 100 N/m
x 1m
Let the mass M slide a distance s metres along the incline before hitting the spring. The spring gets
compressed by 2 metres. Hence the mass M slides a total distance (s + 2) metres along the incline.
s 2
Initially M is placed at a height (s + 2) sin 30 above the bottom of incline = = h.
2
Mg (s 2)
The mass has initially P.E. = Mgh =
2
When the spring is compressed, the energy has gone entirely into deformation of spring.
1 2 Mg (s 2)
kx 
2 2
kx 2 100  2 2 40
s+2=  
Mg 10g g
40 s
s=  2 = 2 m. The mass falls through a height, s sin 30 = .
g 2
Gain in K.E. = Loss of P.E.
1
Mv 2 = Mgh or v = 2gh
2
s
v= 2g   2g 1  2g = 20 m/s.
2
 (a)

SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
A body of mass 2 kg is allowed to fall from the top of a 10 m tall building. It lands on a sandy
patch of ground and buries itself 20 cm deep in the sand. Find the average resistance offered
to it by sand.
Solution: c
2 kg
AB is the ground level. The body reaches M, 0.2 m
below ground level through sand. Taking M as
standard (reference) position for calculating
10 m
potential energy the potential energy at C = mgh
= 2  10  10.2 = 204 J. This is used to do work
against the resistance offered by the sand. A B
ground
0.2
If R is the average resistance, then
K 2 kg L sand
R  0.2 = 204 M
204
R = = 1020 N
0.2
Example 2:
A block of mass 2 kg is pulled up on a smooth incline of angle 30 with horizontal. If the
2
block moves with an acceleration of 1 m/s , find the power delivered by the pulling force at a
time 4 seconds after motion starts. What is the average power delivered during these four
seconds after the motion starts?
Solution: N F
The forces acting on the block are shown in Figure.
Resolving forces parallel to incline,
m
F  mg sin  = ma
 F = mg sin  + ma
mg
= 2  10  sin 30 + 2  1 30°
= 12 N
The velocity after 4 seconds = u + at
=0+14
= 4 m/s

Power delivered by force at t = 4 seconds
= Force  velocity
= 12  4
= 48 W
The displacement during 4 seconds is given by the formula

2 2
V = u + 2aS
v =0+21S
2
 S=8m
Work done in four seconds = Force  distance = 12  8 = 96 J
work done
 average power delivered =
time
96
= = 24 W
4
Example 3:
A motorcar of mass 1000 kg attains a speed of 36 km/hr when running down an incline of 1 in
20 with the engine shut off. It can attain a speed of 72 km/hr up the same incline when the
engine is switched on. Assuming that the resistance varies as the square of the velocity, find
the power (in kW) developed by engine.
Solution: F
When the motor car is moving down the plane there is a

force Mg sin  down the plane. This is opposed by the M
2
resistance, which is proportional to square of the kv
velocity. That is Mg sin  Mg

Mg sin   v
2
1
Mg 
2
= kv , where k is a constant.
20
2
1000 g  5 
 k  36 
20  18 
2
1000 g  18 
k=   … (1)
20  365 
When the engine is on, let the tractive force (force exerted by engine) be F. This is used to
overcome the force due to incline and the resistance offered.

2 Mg
 F = k (72  5/18) +
20
2 1000 g
= k (72  5/18) +
20
Substituting the value of k from equation (1)
2 2
1000 g  18   5  1000 g
F =    72  
20  365   18  20
1000g  1818 725 725 

=   1
20  365365 1818 
= 2500 N
Power developed = Force  velocity
= 2500  72  5/18
= 50 kW
Example 4:
l
A uniform flexible chain of length l = 60 m is held on a smooth horizontal table so that m
n
overhangs one edge, the chain being perpendicular to the edge. If the chain is released from
rest find the velocity with which it leaves the table. (n = 2)
Solution:
ABC is the flexible chain and BC is the free part which overhangs on one side of the table.
The C.G of the part BC lies at its middle.
Let the surface of the table be the level of zero potential energy.
Potential energy of the chain at the start = potential energy of A B

the overhang
= mgh
mgl C
= 
2n 2
The potential energy is negative because the C.G of overhanging part lies below the zero potential
energy level.
Kinetic energy of the chain at start = 0

 total energy at the start = kinetic energy + potential energy
mgl
= 
2n 2
Let v be the velocity of chain when its full length gets detached from the table.
1 2
Its kinetic energy will be = mv
2
potential energy of the chain at that instant = Mass of chain  g  depth of C.G below table level
mgl
=
2
1 mgl

2
total energy = mv + joules
2 2
By the principle of conservation of energy
1  mgl mgl
=  2
2
mv +
2 2 2n
1 mgl mgl
mv 2   2 
2 2n 2
mgl mgl mgl  2mgl mgl

   
4 2 4 4
gl
v2  ( n  2)
2
v  300 m/sec

Example 5:
A block of mass m released from rest onto an ideal non- m 1

deformed spring of spring constant k from a negligible height.
d
Neglecting the air resistance, find the compression d of the
K 2
spring. (mg = k)
Solution:
According to work energy theorem the increment of the kinetic energy of the block is equal to the
algebraic sum of the works performed by all forces acting on it.
i.e., W = T
or, Wmg + Wsp = 0
d
1

mg d  ( kx ) dx  0 i.e., mgd – 2
or, kd = 0
0
2
2mg
Hence d = =2m
k
Example 6: m
A B
r  10 2 cm
A small particle of mass m = 2 kg initially at A
(see Figure) slides down a frictionless surface AEB. =45°
When the particle is at the point C. Find the angular C
velocity and the force exerted by the surface. E
Solution: A r O B
The force diagram of the mass when it is at C   F

is shown in Figure.
D C
At the point C the total energy = P.E. + K.E.
E 
mg cos 
1 2 mg
= mg(DE) + mv
2
Where v is the linear velocity at C.
At the point A the total energy = mgr
By the principle of conservation of energy,
1 2
mgr = mg (DE) + mv
2

But v = r, where  is the angular velocity.
1
 mgr = mg(OE  OD) + mr 
2 2
2
1 2 2
 gr = g(OE  OD) + r 
2
 Now, (OE  OD) = r  r cos 
= r (1  cos )
1 2 2
 gr = gr (1  cos ) + r 
2
 r = 2gr cos 
2 2
 
= 2gr sin   
2 
= 2gr sin 
2g sin
 = = 10 rad/s
r
Now, m r = 2mg sin 

2
 total force at C, F = m r + mg cos 

2
= 2mg sin  + mg sin 
= 3 mg sin  = 30 N
Example 7:
A 100000 kg engine is moving up a slope of gradient 5 at a speed of 100 m/hr. The coefficient
of friction between the engine and the rails is 0.1. If the engine has an efficiency of 4% for
converting heat into work, find the amount of coal, the engine has to burn up in one hour.
(Burning of 1 kg of coal yields 50000 J.)
Solution: N F
v
The forces are shown in Figure.
Net force to move the engine up the slope.
F = N + mg sin 
mg sin 
f
= mg ( cos  + sin ) mg mg cos
 = 5°
If the engine has to apply an upward force equal to F,

power of engine, P = Fv
where v is the velocity equal to 100 m/hr.

Work done by engine, W = Pt = Fvt
Output Fvt
Efficiency of engine,  = =
Input Energy used
Fvt mg(cossin)vt
Energy used by engine = =
 
m = 100000 kg,  = 0.1,  = 5, v = 100 m/hr, t = 1 hr
4
= = 0.04
100
100000  9.8 (0.1cos5   sin5  )  100

Energy used by engine =
0.04
10 5 9.8(0.10.9962 0.0872 )100

=
410 2
9.80.1868 10 9
=
4
= 4.577  10 J
8
As 1 kg coal yields 50000 J, we have the amount of coal burnt up
4.57710 8
= = 9154 kg
510 4
Example 8:
A
Two bodies A and B connected by a light rigid bar 10 m long move 10 m

in two frictionless guides as shown in the Figure. If B starts from
rest when it is vertically below A, find the velocity (in cm/s) of B
O
when x = 6 m. Assume mA = mB = 200 kg and mC = 100 kg. B
x C
Solution:

At the instant, when the bar is as shown in the Figure,

A
2 2 2
X +y =L
y l
dx dy
 2x 2y 0 ... (i)
dt dt O
x B
dx dy C
 x  y ... (ii)
dt dt
dx dy
where = velocity of B = velocity of A.
dt dt
Applying the law of conservation of energy, loss of potential energy of A, if it is going down when the
rod is vertical to the position shown in the Figure = mAg [10 – 8] = 2  200  9.8
C moves down 6 m since B moves 6 m along x-axis
Loss of potential energy of C (= mgh) = 100  9.8  6
Total loss of potential energy = 200  9.8  2 + 100  9.8  6 if x = 6  y = 8
= 100  9.8  10 = 9800 J.
This must be equal to kinetic energy gained
1 1 1
Kinetic energy gained = m A (v A ) 2  mB (v B ) 2  m(v C ) 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1  dy  1  dx  1  dx 
=  200     200     100  
2  dt  2  
dt 2  dt 
2 2
 dy   dx 
= 100   150  
 dt   dt 
2 2
 x dx   dx 
= 100    150   from (ii)
 y dt   dt 
2 2
 6 dx   dx 
= 100   150  
 8 dt   dt 
2
 9  dx 
= 100 150  
 16  dt 
3300 2
= vB
16
3300 2
 v B = 9800
16

9816 2 –1
 vB = 74 = 6.9 ms .
33 33
 velocity of B at the required moment = 690 cm/s
Example 9:
Two bars of masses m1 = 4 kg and m2 m1 F

m2 = 8kg connected by a non-
deformed light spring rest on a
horizontal plane. The coefficient of
friction between bars and surface is
 = 0.2. What minimum constant
force has to be applied in the
horizontal direction to the bar of
mass m1 in order to shift the other
bar?
Solution:
Let F be the force applied as shown in the Figure. If F

m2 m1 F
moves through x, the work done will be F  x. This is
used to work against friction m g and store energy in the m 2 g m 1 g
1
spring.
Work done against friction = m1gx;
1 2
Energy stored = k x , where k is the spring constant.
2
1 2
 F  x = m1 gx + kx ... (i)
2
When the mass m2 moves, the tension in the spring balances the force of friction at m2.
 kx = m2g ... (ii)
 combining equations (i) and (ii),
1
F  x = m1 gx + m2 g  x
2
 m 
F = μg m 1  2  = 16 N
 2 

Example 10:
The Figure shows a loop-to-loop track of radius

R = 6m. A car without engine starts from a
platform at a distance h above the top of the loop h
and goes around the loop without falling off the
track. Find the minimum value of h for a
successful looping. Neglect friction.
R
Solution:
The speed of the car at the top-most point of the loop is v. The gravitational potential energy is zero
at the platform and the car starts with negligible speed. (This is assumed.)
According to the law of conservation of energy,
1
0 =  mgh  mv 2 or v 2 2gh , where m is mass of the car. … (i)
2
v2 
The car has radial acceleration   . The forces acting on the car are mg due to gravity and
R 
 
reaction N due to contact with the track. These forces are radial at the top of the loop.
mv 2
 mg N 
R
2mgh
i.e., mg N  … (ii)
R
For h to be minimum, N should be minimum or zero,
i.e., 2 mgh = Rmg
R
or, h min  = 3m
2

MIND MAP
3. If force is along the line of

1. Work done by a constant 2. Work done by a variable motion, work done can be
 
force W = F.S = FS cos. force =  F . ds calculated by calculating area
enclosed between F-S curve
and displacement axis.
4. Work done by conservative

10. Work energy theorem force is path independent
W ext = Kf  Ki =  K while that by non-
conservative force is path
dependent.
WORK, ENERGY AND

POWER 5. Power is the rate at which
9. Spring‟s elastic energy an agent does work.
1 W
= kx 2 Average Power, P 
2 t
Instantaneous Power
dw 
P= = F .v
dt
8. Gravitational potential 6. Slope of W-t graph gives

energy =  mgh, we take 1 power of agent.
positive GPE when body is 7. Kinetic energy = mv 2 Area enclosed between
above reference level and 2
P-t curve and time axis
negative when the body is
gives work done by the
below the reference level.
agent.
MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE

(Body suspended with the help of a string)
If body has velocity v1 at its lowest position A,
then at any position A1
Velocity, V =
Tension in string, T =
To complete the circle, .

EXERCISE – I
AIEEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. A weightless rigid rod AB of length l carries two A

equal masses m, one secured at the end and other
at the middle of the rod as shown in figure. The rod
can rotate in vertical plane around the hinge at A. C
The minimum horizontal velocity required to be
imparted to the end B of rod so as to make the rod
go around in a complete circle is B
24 gl 24 gl
(a) 4 gl (b) 5 gl (c) (d)
5 7
2. The work done by all the forces (external and internal) on a system equals the change in
(a) total energy (b) kinetic energy (c) potential energy (d) none of these
3. The work done by the external forces on a system equals the change in
(a) total energy (b) kinetic energy (c) potential energy (d) none of these
4. Two equal masses are attached to the two ends of a spring of spring constant k. The
masses are pulled out symmetrically to stretch the spring by a length x over its natural
length. The work done by the spring on each mass is
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
(a) kx (b)  kx (c) kx (d)  kx
2 2 4 4
5. The work done against gravity in moving the block

of mass m a distance s up the slope as shown in s
the figure is
h
(a) mh (b) mgs
(c) ms (d) mgh
6. An object of mass 10 kg falls from rest through a vertical distance of 10 m and acquires a
velocity of 10 m/s. The work done by the push of air on the object is (g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 500 J (b) –500 J (c) 250 J (d) –250 J

7. A uniform chain of length  and mass m overhangs a smooth table with its two third part
lying on the table, then the kinetic energy of the chain as it completely slips off the table is
4 2
(a) mgl (b) mgl (c) mgl (d) none
9 9
8. A chain of mass m and length l is placed on a table with one-sixth of it hanging freely from
the table edge. The amount of work done to pull the chain on the table is
(a) mgl / 72 (b) mgl / 36 (c) mgl / 6 (d) mgl / 4
9. Under the action of a force, a 2 kg body moves such that its position x as a function of time
t3
is given by x  . where x is in metre and t in seconds. The work done by force in first two
3
seconds is
(a) 1.6 J (b) 16 J (c) 160 J (d) 1600 J
10. A person of mass 60 kg is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s. A boy of mass 40 kg is moving
with a speed of 10 m/s. The ratio of kinetic energy of person and boy is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 6 : 1 (c) 1 : 6 (d) 4 : 3
11. A pump can hoist 9000 kg of coal per hour from a mine of 120 m deep. Then the power in
watts, assuming that its efficiency is 75%, is
(a) 4920 watt (b) 5920 watt (c) 3920 watt (d) none of these
12. A particle moves under the effect of a force F  cx from x = 0 to x  x 1 . The work done is
2 1 2 3
(a) cx 1 (b) cx1 (c) cx 1 (d) zero
2
13. Work done in time t on a body of mass m accelerated from rest to a speed v in time t1 as
function of time t is
2 2
1 mvt 2 mvt 2 1  mv  2 1  vt 
(a) (b) (c)   t (d) m 
2 t1 t1 2  t 1  2  t1 
14. How much work must be done by a force on 100 kg body to accelerate it from 0 to 20 m/s
in 20 s?
(a) 2 × 103 W (b) 2 × 103 J (c) 2 × 104 J (d) 4 × 104 J

15. A 2 kg body and a 3 kg body have equal momentum. If the kinetic energy of 3 kg body is
10J, the K.E. of 2 kg body will be
(a) 6.66 J (b) 15 J (c) 22.5 J (d) 45 J
16. A running man has half the kinetic energy of that of a boy of half of his mass. The man
speeds up by 1 m/s so as the have same kinetic energy as that of the boy, the original
speed of the man is
1 1
(a) ( 2  1) m/s (b) 2 m/s (c) m/s (d) m/s
( 2  1) 2
17. A heavy weight is suspended from the spring. A person raises the weight slowly till the
spring becomes slack. The work done by him is W. The energy stored in the stretched
spring was E. What will be the gain in gravitational potential energy?
(a) W + E (b) W – E (c) W (d) E
18. An elastic string of unstretched length l and force constant k is stretched by a small amount
x. It is further stretched by another small length y. What is the work done in second
stretching?
1
(a) 1/ 2 k ( y 2  x 2 ) (b) 1/ 2 ky (2x  y ) (c) 1/2 ky2 (d) k( x 2  y 2 )
2
19. A block slides down an inclined plane of slope  with constant velocity. It is then projected
up the plane with an initial velocity u. How far up the incline will it move before coming to
rest?
u2 u2 u2 2u 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g sin 2g sin 4g sin g sin
20. A triangle formed using three wires AB, BC and CA and is C'
A B
placed in a vertical plane. Coefficient of friction for all the three
S
wires is same. If w1 and w 2 is the work done by the friction in
moving an object from A to B through C ' and C respectively, C
then
(a) w 1  w 2 (b) w 1  w 2
(c) w 1  w 2 (d) the relation depends on the length AC and BC
21. The natural length of spring is 0.3 m and its spring constant is 30 N/m. How much work is
done by the applied external force to stretch the spring from 0.1 to 0.2 m?
(a) 0.68 J (b) 0.45 J (c) 0.55 J (d) 0.70 J

22. Coefficient of friction between block 2 and ground is

1.3/2. Work done by the friction force when blocks are m
released for 1 second is 1
= 0 m
1 .3 3mg 2
(a) mg (b) 45°
2 2 2
1 .3
(c) 0 (d) mg
2
23. The kinetic energy K of a particle moving along a circle of radius R depends on the
distance covered as K = aS2. Force acting on the particle is
1/ 2
S2  S2  2aR 2
(a) 2a (b) 2aS 1  2 
 (c) 2aS (d)
R  R  S
24. A wind-powered generator converts wind energy into electrical energy. Assume that the
generator converts a fixed fraction of the wind energy intercepted by its blades into
electrical energy. For wind speed v, the electrical power output will be proportional to
(a) v (b) v2 (c) v3 (d) v4
25. A position dependent force F is 7 – 2x + 3x2 newton acts on a small body of mass 2 kg and
displaces it from x = 0 to x = 5 m. The work done in joules is
(a) 70 (b) 270 (c) 35 (d) 135
EXERCISE – II
IIT-JEE- SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. A child builds a tower from three blocks. The blocks are uniform cubes of side 2 cm. The
blocks are initially lying on the same horizontal surface and each block has a mass of 0.1
kg. The work done by the child is
(a) 4 J (b) 0.04 J (c) 6 J (d) 0.06 J
2. A long spring is stretched by 2 cm; its potential energy is U. If the spring is stretched by 10
cm, the potential energy stored in it will be
(a) U/25 (b) U/5 (c) 5U (d) 25U
3.  
A particle is acted upon by a conservative force F  7iˆ  6 ˆj N. The work done by the force
when the particle moves from origin (0, 0) to the position (-3m, 4m) is given by
(a) 3 J (b) 10 J (c) –45 J (d) none of these

4. Bob B connected with a massless rod of length l as shown

A
in the figure is given an initial velocity gl in horizontal l
direction, the maximum vertical height of the bob from the B gl
starting point is
l l 2l
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
2 3 3
5. A block of mass m moves towards a light spring of stiffness

k on a smooth horizontal plane. If it compresses the spring
through a distance x0, then the magnitude of total change in
momentum of the block. k
m
m mk x 0
(a) x0 (b) 2mk x 0 (c) (d) mk x 0
k 2
6. A particle which is constrained moving along the X-axis is subjected to a force in the same
direction which varies with the distance x of the particle from the origin as F x   kx  ax 3 .
Here k and a are positive constants. For x  0 , the graph of the potential energy U(x) of
the particle with its position is
U(x) U(x) U(x) U(x)
(a) x (b) x (c) x (d) x
7. A block of mass m moving on a smooth horizontal plane a speed v compresses a spring

through a distance x before its speed is halved. The spring constant of the spring is
(a) m v 2 / 4 x 2 (b) 3mv 2 / 4 x 2 (c) 5mv 2 / 4 x 2 (d) 7mv 2 / 4 x 2
8. Consider the situation shown in the figure. Initially the

spring is unstretched when the system is released
from rest. Assuming no friction in the pulley, the
maximum elongation of the spring is
mg 2mg
(a) (b) k m
k k
3mg 4mg
(c) (d)
k k

9. A block weighing 10 N travels down a smooth curved A

track AB joined to a rough horizontal surface. The
rough surface has a friction coefficient of 0.20 with the 1.0m
block. If the block starts slipping on the track from a B
point 1.0 m above the horizontal surface, then it would
move a distance S on the rough surface. The value of
S is [g = 10 m s–2]
(a) m (b) 2m (c) 3m (d) 5m
10. A projectile is projected at an angle 60º with horizontal with speed 10 m/s. The minimum
radius of curvature of the trajectory described by the projectile is:
(a) 2.55 m (b) 2 m (c) 10 m (d) none of these
11. A smooth track is shown in the figure. A part of track is

a circle of radius R. A block of mass m is pushed
R
against a spring of constant k fixed at the left end and
is then released. The initial compression of the spring k
m
so that the block presses the track with a force mg
when it reaches the point P of the track, where radius
of the track is horizontal:
mg R 3gR 3mg R 3mg
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3k mk k kR
12. A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a string of length l while the other end is
fixed to a point h above the horizontal table. The particle is made to revolve in a circle on
the table, so as to make P revolutions per second. The maximum value of P if the particle
is to be in contact with the table will be
g  h 1 g 
(a) 2P gh (b)   (c) 2P   (d)  
h g  2  h 
13. A person wants to drive on the vertical surface of a large cylindrical wooden well commonly
known as death well in a circus. The radius of well is R and the coefficient of friction
between the tyres of the motorcycle and the wall of the well is µ s . The minimum speed, the
motorcyclist must have in order to prevent slipping should be
Rg µs µs g R
(a) (b) (c) (d)
µs Rg R µs g
10
14. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of length L  is whirling in a
3
circular path of radius L in vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum tension to the

minimum tension in the string is 4, what is the speed of stone at the highest point of the
circle? (Taking g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 10 m/s (b) 5 2 m/s (c) 10 3 m/s (d) 20 m/s
a b
15. The potential energy between the atoms in a molecule is given by U ( x )  ,where 12

x x6
a and b are positive constants and x is the distance between the atoms. The atom is in
stable equilibrium when
1/ 6 1/ 6 1/ 6
 a   2a   11a 
(a) x = 0 (b) x    (c) x    (d) x   
 2b   b   5b 
16. A bullet of mass 100 gm leaves a riffle with an initial velocity of 100 m/sec and strikes the
earth at the same level with a velocity of 50 m/sec. The work in overcoming the resistance
of air will be
(a) 50 J (b) 500 J (c) 375 J (d) 475 J
17. A small block of mass m is kept on a rough inclined surface of inclination  fixed in an
elevator. The elevator goes up with a uniform velocity v and the block does not slide on the
wedge. The work done by the force of friction on the block in time t will be
(a) zero (b) mgvt cos2 (c) mgvt sin2 (d) mgvt sin2
18. A particle is moved from (0, 0) to (a, a) under a force y


F = ( 3iˆ  4 ˆj ) from two paths. Path 1 is OP and path 2 is P (a, a)
OQP. Let W1 and W2 be the work done by this force in
these two paths. Then
(a) W1 = W2 (b) W1 = 2W2
(c) W2 = 2W1 (d) W2 = 4W1 45°
O Q x
19. A particle is given an initial speed u inside a smooth

spherical shell of radius R = 1 m that it is just able to
complete the circle. Acceleration of the particle when
its velocity becomes vertical is R u
(a) g 10 (b) g

(c) g 2 (d) g 6
20. A bob is suspended from a crane by a cable of

length l = 5m. The crane and load are moving at a
v0
constant speed v0. The crane is stopped by a
bumper and the bob on the cable swings out an
angle of 60°. The initial speed v0 is (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(a) 10 m/s (b) 7 m/s
(c) 4 m/s (d) 2 m/s
21. If the system in the Figure is released from rest in

the configuration shown, find the velocity of the
block Q after it has fallen through a distance
10 metres, given mass of P = mass of Q = 10 kg.
(a) 8 m/sec (b) 8.85 m/sec

A
(c) 9.5 m/sec (d) 10 m/sec
P
Q
22. A block of mass 1 kg slides down a curved track that

is one quadrant of a circle of radius 1m. Its speed at R=1m
the bottom is 2 m/s. The work done by the frictional
force is
(a) –8 J (b) +8 J
(c) 9 J (d) –9J
23. With what minimum speed v must a small ball

should be pushed inside a smooth vertical tube from
a height h so that it may reach the top of the tube?
Radius of the tube is R.
R
5
(a) (2g (h  2R ) (b) R
2 h v

(c) g (5R  2h) (d) 2g (2R  h)
24. When an object is allowed to slide down a hill it stops at the A

point B because of friction. If friction force depends only on the
normal component of the reaction force with coefficient of friction h
varies along the path, the work done in taking the object slowly B
from B to A along the hill will be
(a) mgh (b) 2 mgh (c) > 2 mgh (d) < mgh
25. A nail is located at a certain distance vertically below the point of suspension of a simple
pendulum. The pendulum bob is released from a position when the string makes 60° with
vertical, then the distance of nail from point of suspension such that the bob will just
perform revolutions with nail as centre is (The length of pendulum is given as one metre)
(a) 80 cm above the point of suspension
(b) 80 cm below the point of suspension
(c) 60 cm below the point of suspension
(d) 60 cm above the point of suspension

EXERCISE – III
IIT-JEE MORE THAN ONE CHOICE
1. A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height h with a speed v. The stone hits the ground
with maximum speed. The stone may be thrown
(a) vertically downward
(b) vertically upward
(c) horizontally
(d) at an angle of 45° with the horizontal
2. Consider two observers moving with respect to each other at a speed v along a straight
line. They observe a block of mass m moving a distance l on a rough surface. The
following quantities will be different as observed by the two observers
(a) kinetic energy of the block at time t
(b) work done by friction
(c) total work done on the block

(d) acceleration of the block
3. A block of mass M is hanging over a smooth and light pulley through a light string. The
other end of the string is pulled by a constant force F. The kinetic energy of the block
increases by 20 J in 1s.
(a) the total work done on the block in 1s is 20 J.
(b) the tension in the string is F
(c) the work done by the tension on the block is 20 J in 1 s.
(d) The work done by the force of gravity is –20 J in 1 s.
4. The kinetic energy of a body moving along a straight line KE

varies with time as shown in the figure. The force acting
on the body is
(a) directly proportional to t
(b) inversely proportional to t t

(c) directly proportional to velocity
(d) inversely proportional to velocity
5. A block of mass M is attached with a spring of spring a

constant K. The whole arrangement is placed on a K
vehicle as shown in the figure. If the vehicle starts moving M
towards right with an acceleration a (there is no friction
anywhere), the
Ma
(a) Maximum elongation in the spring is
K
2Ma
(b) Maximum elongation in the spring is
K
2Ma
(c) Maximum compression in the spring is
K
(d) Maximum compression in the spring is zero.
6. The velocity-time graph of a particle is shown in figure. v

The work done in the interval
B C
(a) AB is positive (b) BC is positive
(c) CD is negative (d) DE is zero A t
D
E
7. A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height h in a given direction. The speed with which it
hits the ground
(a) must depend on the speed of projection
(b) must be larger than the speed of projection
(c) must be independent of the speed of projection

(d) must be smaller than the speed of projection
8. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude which is always perpendicular to

the velocity of the particle. The motion of the particle takes place in a plane. It follows that

(a) its velocity is constant
(b) its acceleration is constant
(c) its kinetic energy is constant

(d) it moves in a circular path.

9. No work is done on an object by a force if

(a) the force is always perpendicular to its velocity
(b) the force is always perpendicular to its acceleration
(c) the object is stationary
(d) the object moves in such a way that the point of application of force remains fixed.

10. The potential energy U for a force field F is such that U  Kxy , where K is a constant.
Then
 
(a) F  Kyiˆ  Kxˆj (b) F  Kxiˆ  Kyˆj
 
(c) F is a conservative force (d) F is a non-conservative force
11. A sledge moving over a smooth horizontal surface of ice at velocity v0 drives out on a
horizontal road and comes to halt. The sledge has length l, mass m and friction coefficient
between sledge and road is . Then
(a) No work is done by the friction to switch the sledge from ice to the road.
mgl
(b) A work of is done against friction while sledge switches completely on to the road.
2
v 02 l
(c) The distance covered by the sledge on the road is 
2g 2
v 02 l
(d) Total distance moved by the sledge before stopping is 
2g 2
12. In projectile motion, power of the gravitational force
(a) is constant through out.
(b) is negative for first half, zero at topmost point and positive for rest half.
(c) varies linearly with time.

(d) is positive for complete path.
13. A force F  kx 3 is acting on a block moving along x-axis. Here, k is a positive constant.
Work done by this force is
(a) positive in displacing the block from x = 3 to x = 1.
(b) positive in displacing the block from x = –1 to x = –3.
(c) negative in displacing the block from x = 3 to x = 1.

(d) negative in displacing the block from x = –1 to x = –3.

14. In the system shown in the figure, the mass m moves in a 4m

circular arc of angular amplitude 60°. The mass 4m remains 60°
stationary. Then m
m A
(a) the maximum value of coefficient of friction between the
B
mass 4m and the surface is 0.5.
(b) the work done by gravitational force on the block m is positive when it moves from A to B.
(c) the power delivered by the tension when m moves from A to B is zero.
(d) the kinetic energy of m in position B equals the work don by gravitational force on the
black when it moves from position A to B.
15. A block is suspended by an ideal spring of force constant k. The block is pulled down by
applying a constant force F and maximum displacement of block from its initial mean
position is x0. Then
(a) increase in energy stored in spring is kx02
3F
(b) x 0 
2k
2F
(c) x 0 
k
(d) work done by applied force is Fx0.

EXERCISE – IV
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column –II.
1. Potential energy of conservative field versus x U

graph is as shown in the figure, where x is the
displacement in the direction of force. Four
points A, B, C and D are marked in the graph. A D
Match the column I with column II.
B
C
x
Column -I Column -II
I. At point A A. Fnet = 0
II. At point B B. Potential energy is maximum.
III. At point C C. Potential energy is minimum.
IV. At point D D. Fnet  0
E. Potential energy is constant.
Note: Each statement in column – I has only one match in column –II
2. The potential energy of a particle moving along U(x)

x-axis is shown in figure, where E0 is the total
mechanical of the particle. E0
x1 x2 x3 x
Column -I Column -II
I. Force on the particle is towards +ve x-axis if A. x1 < x < x2
II. Particle cannot be found where B. x2 < x < x3
III. Force is towards the equilibrium position if C. x1 > x > x3
IV. Force is towards the –ve x-axis if D. x3 > x2 > x
E. x1 < x < x3

3. Two blocks A and B are kept on a rough surface of B A

v(t)
coefficient of friction  = 0.1. Block A is pulled with a 10kg 10kg
time varying velocity v(t) = 0.1t. Spring constant of the
spring is k = 100 N/m. Then match the following
Column –I Column -II
I. Work done by spring force on block A till time t = 1 sec A. zero

II. Work done by spring force on block B till t = 1sec 1
B.  J
2
III. Work done by friction on block A till t = 1sec 1
C.  J
8
IV. Work done by friction on block B till t = 1sec 1
D. J
128
1
E. J
8
REASONING TYPE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose
(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.
1. Statement-1: Non-conservation force always changes the mechanical energy.

Statement-2: Work done by non-conservative force is equal to the change in mechanical
energy.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
2. Statement-1: Total mechanical energy is always greater than or equal to the potential
energy.
Statement-2: Kinetic energy cannot have negative value.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
3. Statement-1: Work done by non conservative force over a closed path cannot be zero.

Statement-2: Potential energy is not associated with the non-conservative force.

(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
4. Statement-1: When a body moves vertically upwards, then work done by gravity is negative.
Statement-2: When a body moves vertically upwards, its potential energy increases.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
5. Statement-1: In uniform circular motion, work done by tension in a loop is zero.

Statement-2: In uniform motion, tension is always perpendicular to the velocity.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
A small sphere of mass m suspended by a thread is first taken aside so that the thread
forms the right angle with the vertical and then released.
1. The total acceleration of the sphere as a function of angle  with the vertical is
(a) g 1  cos 2  (b) g 1  3 cos2 
(c) g cos  (d) g sin 
2. Then tension in the string as a function of angle  with the vertical is
(a) 3 mg cos  (b) mg cos 
(c) mg 1  cos 2  (d) mg 1  3 cos2 
3. The tension in the thread at the moment the vertical component of the sphere‟s velocity is
maximum is
mg
(a) mg (b)
2
mg mg
(c) (d)
3 2
4. The angle  made by the thread with the vertical at the moment when total acceleration
vector of the particle is directed horizontally is

(a) 54° (b) 53°
(c) 54.7° (d) 53.7°

EXERCISE – V
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1. A heavy particle is suspended by a string of length . The particle is given a horizontal

velocity v0. The string becomes slack at some angle and the particle proceeds” on a
parabola. Find the value of v0 if the particle passes through the point of suspension.
2. Find the velocity of A in the Figure after it has started

P
from rest in the position shown and travelled 9 m
along the frictionless surface. 200 kg
8m
A 15m
300 kg
3. A light string ABCDE whose mid point is C passes B 2a D

through smooth rings B and D, which are fixed in a
CO
horizontal plane distant 2a apart. To each of the points
A, C and E is attached a mass m. Initially C is held at
rest at O (mid point BD) and is then set free. What is A E
the distance OC when comes to instantaneous rest?
4. (a) If work is done on a particle at constant rate, prove that the velocity acquired in
1
describing a distance x from rest varies as x 3 .
(b) A mass of 18 kg moving in a straight line is brought to rest in such a way that it loses
kinetic energy at uniform rate of one joule per sec. If the initial kinetic energy is 900 joule,
find the distance travelled before coming to rest.
5. A body of mass m is slowly hauled up a curved incline by a force, which at each point is
directed along the tangent to the curve. Find the work done by this force, if the height of the
incline is h and the length of the base is l. The coefficient of friction is .

6. A system consists of two identical slabs each of mass m

m
linked by compressed weightless spring of stiffness k as
shown in Figure. The slabs are also connected by a
thread, which is burnt at a certain moment. Find at what k
value of  the initial compression of spring, the lower slab
will bounce up after the thread is burned through. m

7. A 20 kg body is released from rest, so as to slide in between vertical rails and compresses
a spring having a force constant, K = 1920 N/m. The spring is 1 m below the starting position
of the body. The rails offer a resistance of 36 N to the motion of the body. Find
(i) the velocity of the body just before touching the spring,(ii) the distance, , through which
the spring is compressed, (iii) the distance „h‟ through which the body rebounds up.
8. The flexible bicycle-type chain of length r/2 and mass

per unit length  is released from rest with  = 0 in the
smooth circular channel and falls through the hole in the
supporting surface. Determine the velocity v of the chain 
as the last link leaves the slot. r
9. The two particles of mass m and 2m respectively, are

connected by a rigid rod of length 2 r and negligible
mass and slide with negligible friction in a circular path of
radius r on the inside of the vertical circular ring. If the r r 
m  2m
unit is released from rest at  = 0, determine (a) the
velocity v of the particles when the rod passes the
horizontal positions. (b) the maximum value of .
10. A simple pendulum is placed on an elevator, which

accelerates upward as shown. If the pendulum is
displaced by an angle 0 and released from rest relative
to the elevator, find the tension T0 in the supporting light
rod when  = 0. Evaluate your result for 0 = /2. O
l
  a0
m

ANSWERS
EXERCISE – I
AIEEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d)
EXERCISE – II
IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b)
EXERCISE – III
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (a,b,c,d) 2. (a,b,c) 3. (a,b) 4. (b,d) 5. (b,d)

6. (a,c) 7. (a,b) 8. (c,d) 9. (a,c,d) 10. (a,c)
11. (b,c,d) 12. (b,c) 13. (a,d) 14. (a,b,c,d) 15. (c,d)
EXERCISE – IV
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
1. I – A, B; II – D; III – A, C; IV – A, E
2. I – A ; II – C ; III – E ; IV – B
3. I – C ; II – A ; III – B ; IV – A
REASONING TYPE
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a)
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c)
EXERCISE – V
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1/2
1. v0 = {g(2 + 3 )} .
70 –1
2. 14 = 8.59 ms
186
4
3. OC  a
3
4. (b) 6 km

5. W = mg (h +  l)
F
3 mg
6.
k
7. (i) 4 ms–1; (ii) 0.5 m; (iii) 1.03 m
 4
8. v  gr   
2 
9. (a) v = 0.865 gr ; (b) max = 126.9°
10. T0 = m(g + a0) (3 – 2 cos 0)
T  3mg  a0 


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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER OP-MI-P-1

In this lesson, we shall concentrate over mechanics related situations only. We

IITJEE Syllabus: Work and power; Kinetic and potential energy;

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1.1 WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE

The work done W by the agent is the product of the Fsin F

From this definition, we conclude the following points:

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Question: A block of mass M = 11 kg is pulled along a horizontal surface by applying a force at

Work done by this force during a displacement d

while a constant force F = (4.0 iˆ + 3.0 ĵ ) N acts on the particle.

(b) Calculate the work done by the force.

(a) s  x2  y 2  (8.0)2  (6.0)2 = 10 m

F  Fx2  Fy2  ( 4.0)2  (3.0)2  5 N

= (4.0 iˆ + 3.0 ĵ ) (8.0 iˆ ) + 6.0 ĵ ) N.m

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1.2 WORK DONE BY A VARYING FORCE

Fig. 2 (a) Fig. 2 (b)

This equation reduces to equation (1) when Fx = Fcos  is constant.

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1.3 WORK DONE BY A SPRING

A common physical system for which the force varies

F = -kx, where x is compression or elongation in spring. k is a constant called spring

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dW = – kxdx [Negative sign shows force is opposite to displacement]

 Total work done by the spring, W    kx dx

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Question: An elevator has a mass of 1000 kg and Motor

constant frictional force of 4000 N retards

What must be the minimum power delivered

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3.1 KINETIC ENERGY

This formula can be derived as follows.

3.2 POTENTIAL ENERGY

3.2 (a) Gravitational Potential Energy:-

it is possessed by virtue of height mg

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The gravitational potential energy is

3.2 (b) Elastic Potential Energy, It is a property of stretched or compressed springs.

E.P.E. is never negative whether the spring is extended or compressed..

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Equation (11) is an important result known as the work-energy theorem. For

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(a) the speed of the block after it has moved 3.0 m. F = 12 N

Note that result calculated in two ways are same.

4.1 CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCE

4.2. CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

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The normal reaction N is perpendicular to the direction of

The frictional force N, acting in the line of motion,

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Solution: Total energy at B = K.E. + P.E. B

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When the spring acquires its natural length

An object of mass m is sliding down a hill of arbitrary

5 MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE