Chapter I

FACTORS AFFECTING TARDINESS OF 11GHT-01A AT PHINMA UPANG

COLLEGE OF URDANETA

Background of the Study

Tardiness in schools if left unchecked creates a serious systematic problem

(Pilgrim, 2013). Understanding that tardiness is the quality of fact of being late in

an institution it can affect a person’s performance in variety of ways

(merianwebster.com)

Tardiness has been a serious matter especially to the students. This study

about tardiness focused on finding out what causes the students to come late

which affects their attentiveness to academic performances and to know how to

avoid this kind of problem. One of the most important things a student can do to

achieve academic success is also one of the most basic: going to school every

day and being on time (Kleber, 2013). Chronic tardiness is when students are

consistently late to class and can have dramatic results on a student’s future

education and career (Bennion, 2018). Lateness can be defined as the “situation

where an individual arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual time (Nakpodia

and Dafiaghor 2011). Tardiness is recorded as part of a student’s permanent

attendance record (Bangor Christian Schools, 2016).

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 According to Caldarella, P., et. al (2011), Principals and teachers consider

student tardiness to be a serious problem. Some have argued that tardiness is

a widespread problem with serious effects, particularly for younger students

who must depend on their parents to get them to school on time. Students who

are frequently tardy may miss important opening announcements or academic

activities. Teachers can become frustrated as late students disrupt instruction,

often requiring reteaching of what they have missed. Tardy behavior can also

negatively affect the overall classroom environment.

Always looked at decreasing tardiness in primary school-aged students

using teacher-written praise notes. Arriving late to school can also mean that

students miss out on activities designed to build connections with their peers,

potentially impacting their social interactions and creating a greater sense of

alienation from their classmates. The researchers found that students who are

frequently late to school often miss out on important opening announcements

and academic activities. (Vukovic, 2017).

Students who are repeatedly tardy may need more support. Teachers

should consider that building respect for time in all students is a life skill that can

be taught in any subject area, (Kelly, 2018).

Schools have rules on tardiness or absences. Students are human, and

teenagers can be a trial as much to their teachers as to their parents. Many

students may be rude, absent, late. But there are also students who want to

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listen, who are punctual, who are always present. These students genuinely

want to learn, and teachers owe it to them to keep the difficult ones in line. Try

various ways of dealing with erring students by knowing what makes them

tick. If the teacher feel they can take it, call attention to their behavior without

embarrassing or humiliating them, (Lee-Chua, 2012).

Dealing with students who are constantly tardy becomes frustrating for

many teachers. Students who show up late disrupt a teacher's lecture and slow

the class down. Teachers should not handle tardiness lightly and properly

discipline students who continuously come to class late, (Lamson, 2012).

Tardiness is a serious matter but has not immediate consequences, so

that the student leads to achieve poor performances in academics. In this study,

will aim on finding an answer to the different causes of tardiness and how to

avoid being tardy.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine how the following affecting the tardiness of the

student. At the end of this study, the researchers will answer the following

questions:

1. What are the effects in the academic performance of a student who

comes to class late;

2. What could be the reasons causing tardiness; and

3. What could be the possible solutions to address this problem?

Significance of the Study

The result of this study is helpful to the following:

To the Students: Students can use the result of this study to know how

to overcome tardiness in school. The result of the study will help them to

improve their academic performance, this study also can help them to create

plan to how handle their time to come early in school.

To the Teachers: Teachers can use the result of this study to help their

student how to reduce tardiness. They can use the results to know why come

students came late in school, it helps to encourage their students to came early

in school.

To the School Administration: School Administration can use this

study to guide and to reduce tardiness in their school. This study can use to

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conduct seminar or meeting for all teacher and student through this plan the

result of tardiness can improve.

To the Future Researcher: Future researcher can use the results of this

study to their guide and reference for their own similar study.

Scope and Delimitations

This study will be determining not only the number of students who

come to school late as well its possible effects when this habit of being late

continues. In this research the first limitation to be considered is that it only

focuses on the senior high school students. Second, the proponents preferred

only a sample size of 30 students to answer the issue regarding about the topic.

Lastly, the proponents will conduct the research application of surveys only in

Grade 11 GHT-01A students of Phinma Upang College of Urdaneta during the

second semester of school year 2019-2020. In application to the research in

understanding these results, it will not identify the respondents from what strand

they belong.

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Definition of Terms

The following definitions are provided to ensure uniformity and understanding of

these terms throughout the study. The researcher develops all definition not

accompanied by a citation.

Tardiness. The quality of being late at school or the failure to arrive at school in

time.

Senior High School. Is the focus of the study and respondents regarding about

the issue.

School work. Being able to catch up with the lesson.

Academic Performance . Factor that affect the Student’s grades, discipline

and performance at school.

Punctuality. Attribute of being on time.

Attentiveness. Attentiveness is being alert or observant.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Being always present in class and getting to school on time are two of

the crucial determining factors of a student’s success, not just as a student but

as a person who will be managing his/her own life in the future. Given the

importance of being punctual, this study aims to explore and find out the factors

that affect the punctuality of PUCU students. In this chapter, we will be

discussing about the background of our study. It includes facts about tardiness,

the different factors that causes it and its effect to the students as students and

as bearer of their own lives in the future. From reliable research materials like

online journals and research papers, we will provide some facts and theories

from authors, teachers and notable people in order to have a concrete

justification of our study.

RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) emphasized that lateness or tardiness is

not just the problem of the late student but it affects the surrounding people. A

student coming late in class distracts the rest of the students and disrupts the

flow of the teacher's discussion. It is even a burden to the student/s whom the

late students ask for what to catch up with.

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 One of the causes of lateness given by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor is Lack of

functional and effective punctuality policy. Obviously, individuals could come late

to school, if they perceive that there are no consequences to it. It is a consensus

that “if black man no see strong thing, e no they hear”. This consensus is more

pronounced in Delta State, Nigeria, where the probability of misdemeanour and

stubbornness is high. Furthermore, school head’s fairness or equal treatment

between different subjects, as perceived by individuals, could cause lateness.

Individuals are likely to be more punctual, if they perceive obvious “rule of law”

in terms of punctuality (Clackmannanshire Council Online, 2010).

The rest of the effects given by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor are about the

welfare of the whole school, its productivity and revenue. Knowing the possible

effects of lateness or tardiness it is necessary for solutions to be executed.

Though, it does not guarantee to make zero tardiness inside the school, at least

it can alleviate it. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011)

According to the results of the study of the U.S Department of Education

on "truancy", which is related to tardiness, being present and on time in going to

school are big factors on the 'success and behavior' of the students

(Zeiger,2010). His article was all about the different impacts and effects of

student tardiness, not just on his academic performance, but also on the

behavior and the students’ performance on his/her job when he/she acquires

one. He explained that tardiness is indirectly proportional to the students’ GPAs,

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that is, students who are often late in coming to class have a bigger possibility of

having lower GPAs.

Zeiger explained that the lessons discussed during “morning classes”

are the most “crucial” because during these times, the students are most alert

and mindful, so when students come in late in class, they miss out the

opportunity of possibly having more knowledge. He also explained that students

who come late have negative effect, not just on the other students but also on

the teacher. They cause distraction whenever they come in especially when the

teacher is discussing which could lead them veer away from the lessons and

cause behavioral problems and “missed instructions”. They could also cause the

teacher problems like having to restructure the lessons and reteach the “missed

materials”

Thus, it is a lot important to value time and practice being on time while

being a student. It is because, it spell the difference between a successful or

stagnant person in the future. It can be seen in the society as well. Person who

came or do things on time tend to get the good result. While those late, tends to

cram and make a not so ideal result. These should not be tolerated in students

so that they can give their best shot in everything they do, as much as possible.

(Zeiger,2010)

Lateness is a form of disorderly behavior. Many students are tardy since

they had turned tardiness to be a habit. The habit of being late to school is an

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unwritten behavior that may be passed on with each student. Tardiness suggests

being slow to respond or sluggish to act thus not meeting up with assigned or

standard timing (n/a. 2013). Lauby (2009) defined tardiness as when “people

not showing up on time.” Weade (2004) contributed by citing tardiness as being

late for an amount time past the stated or scheduled start time for work or

school.

Local Literature

According to Mico's blog (2016) "Filipino Time" is the coined phrase for the

embarrasing affliction of tardiness among Filipino's. It is curious and mind

boggling how the general population of a certain nation could possibly be

chronically late. And yet, it has been tried and tested to be true to this very day.

Try having a party with an invitation stating an arrival time of 5pm, and people

will start tickling at 6 to 7 pm. Filipino time is such a phenomenon that made

enough of an impression.

This real situation nowadays proved that first impression last. Only some

people are late comers in their job or school but it is taken as a whole. It is

because it is what they see and heard before. But in reality, it is happening

around. Knowing that a certain event will start at that time and just preparing for

the last minute scenario. This is the culture we have grown up. But it's still us,

who will decide if we want the always rushing type of person or the person that

punctual in time. Mico's blog (2016)

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 According to the National Initiative Attendance Works (2015) missing just 10

percent of the school year in the early grades causes many students to struggle

in primary school, and lateness in later grades is associated with increased failure

and dropout rates. Fortunately, parents can help prevent tardiness from

becoming frequent enough to negatively impact their child's school life.

This is very evident in every school. Absenteeism is never been tolerated. As

a matter of fact, missing school for just thrice a month will put you in a home

visit list. Its even harder to catch up the missed lesson. And even harder to

achieve the good grades you have wished for. So, it’s true that tardiness and

absenteeism will have an impact not only for oneself but for his future too.

Let’s talk about “Filipino Time”. Some people have habit of putting down

Filipinos? It is as if they become better persons when they point to us our flaws

as a people. They want to agree that Filipinos are not as good as the others.

They have muddy spectacles. To label is to libel. “Filipino Time” is a label

grounded on ignorance and contempt. When someone is late for an

appointment, people are quick to say that that is “Filipino time”. When a person

is on time they call it “American time”. Hasty generalization. I know many

Americans who come late to appointments. Not only that many of them do not

always come on time, many of them do not also make the most out of their time.

But forgive me, an American who is always late, or who keeps you waiting is not

practicing American Time. An action of one American should not be attributed to

all Americans. Do you not wonder why Americans have to invent “Time

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Management’ and why productivity blogs sell? I made appointments with

Italians, Germans, Canadians, Polish, Malaysian, Chinese, Singaporeans, etc.

Some of them came on time, some of them came late. Being late has nothing to

do with race. And though I have limited experience as I have not traveled

around the world, I must speak. The problem with time is true for all people.

Filipino Time as the phrase connotes is not an attribute that all Filipinos practice

and value. A little reading of Philippine history will show the opposite. Travel

around the country, and you will find many Filipinos who value their time and

respect yours. To change our perspective about Filipinos, we need to have

another set of eyes. Look for their flaws and you will find many. Find their

strengths and it will not take you long to discover their beauty. You will

understand why people from other countries decided to live in the Philippines. If

you are a Filipino, you better give a new meaning to Filipino Time. One that you

will be proud of. I can say the same if you are an American, Italian, Polish,

German, Malaysian, etc. You will see the world the way you want to see it. You

may need a new set of eyes. Because making the best use of time speaks about

how you value your life. Let us play a game. Set a goal to be always on time for

all of your appointments for the next fifteen days. Then think of a reward you

can give yourself when you succeed. Encourage your friends and co-employees

to play this game too. If you are a boss in your company, treat your employees

to a free merienda if they observe punctuality for the next fifteen days. (Jef

Menguin, 2011)

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 RELATED STUDIES

Foreign Studies

Santillano (2010) stated that psychological theorists considered some

“personality traits, including low self-esteem and anxiety” as triggering factors of

tardiness. She also mentioned that while some theorists considered tardiness as

an “inborn quality” since our being early or late is “partially biologically

determined”, which she also agreed, other experts also believed that some

people are “chronically tardy” for the reason that they consciously and

unconsciously get good things from it.

This study is adopted by some because it reasons out the factors of

tardiness of students. There are sometimes good things you can get from

tardiness. Just like finishing your project or homework first before going to

school. It’s about making everything perfect before leaving your house. But

contrary to this, leaving late makes you deal with heavy traffic, penalties from

your work, or missed lesson in school.

Studies have revealed that those students with “perfect or near-perfect

attendance” have good grades compared to those students who misses classes

often and late-comers (Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community, 2007).

This article from the school’s publication discussed about the effect of tardiness

of their students on the performance, not just of the students, but of the

teachers and the school as well. It also showed the plan for a policy that could

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possibly minimize the tendencies of the students to be late in coming to class.

CAESC has their policy worked this way. For the first three consecutive tardies of

a student, the school would send a letter to his/her parents for them to be

notified about the problem of their child. After two more tardies, which adds up

to 5 tardies, the school would again send a letter to the student’s home but this

time, the teacher would give the parents a phone call for them to discuss about

how the student’s performance in school is affected by his/her tardiness and talk

about how to solve the problem. After four more tardies, which makes it 9

tardies in all, another letter would be sent to the student’s home and a

conference between the principal, teacher and the parents of the student will be

conducted to talk about the matter. Lastly, when the number of tardies would

reach to 12, the situation will already handled by the school’s Public Services and

Attendance (PSA). An officer will be sent to the student’s home to discuss the

tardies with the parents and find ways for the student to come to school on time.

The objective of the study was to determine the causes of the absenteeism and

lateness among the secondary students in Nigeria and to seek for solutions to

the growing problem. According to Oghuvbu (2008), female students are more

likely to be late than male students because of “their involvement in domestic

activities by their parents”. Also, as cited by Oghuvbu, “distance to school, school

discipline, family background and school location” are some of the common

causes for the tardiness of the secondary students. Oghuvbu collected the data

from a sample size of 17, 417 respondents from the Federal Republic of Nigeria

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during the 2005-2006 academic session. The respondents were made up of

secondary school principals, teachers, parents and students. The means of

collecting data was through a thirty-item questionnaire to be answered by “50

each of a set of teachers, parent, students and 20 principals within an interval of

two weeks” (Oghuvbu, 2008). The questionnaire had four questions, one of

which was about the causes of lateness among the secondary students of

Nigeria. Lastly, the respondents were scored based on his response to each

question which was to be either strongly agree (SA), agreed (A), disagree (D),

and strongly disagreed (SD). The study revealed that the causes of lateness

among the secondary students in Nigeria were “going late to bed because of

watching films and home movies, resulting into wake up late in the morning,

distance to school and keeping friends who are not students” (Oghuvbu, 2008).

These results went consistent with the results of Oghuvbu’s reference studies

which proves that tardiness among students have been a growing problem and

that it is caused, not just because of the students but also because of the lack of

imposing discipline from the parents.

Local Studies

According to Martinez, Javier (2015) In his study he said that Filipino Time

like other norms, is a tool for social control.

To summarize, how they view time is a cultural matter (Bluedorn, 2002).

The Filipino is not the American, or the Arabian or Argentine. How it affects us is

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strongly tied to how we see ourselves and as Filipinos, our perception of time is

ours. Through Western eyes, is it inefficient? Yes, but to us it is what works. The

learning that can learned from this is “Filipino Time” has its purpose as a norm,

and being deviant on an individual basis will merely ostracize you as part of the

group.

This revealed that the Filipino Time or Tardiness is somehow good in its

own way. Because, when a Filipino works with a Filipino Company and with a

Filipino co-workers chances are more likely to have a harmonious environment.

They can understand each other's time that leads for social control. Though, it’s

just a tool for combing and making unity in some aspect it doesn't mean that it is

accepted by all. Martinez, Javier (2015)

For Filipinos, being late and starting things late have always been part of our

culture. Many Filipinos seems to either practice it or accept it, so much that

we’ve been given a term for it — Filipino Time. However, what many Filipinos

don’t realize is how crippling on our total productivity Filipino Time can be, and

how it says a lot about the character of Filipinos. With the deep-rootedness of

tardiness in Philippine culture and literature, the horrible Manila traffic and public

transportation system, and our lack of ability to discipline ourselves, Filipino Time

will always be a glaring facet of Filipino culture, and its strong network effects

speaks volumes about the kind of people Filipinos are.

Filipino Time in our Literature

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 Before we can discuss the implications of Filipino Time though, it’s

important for us to know the origin of the term first. According to Fr. Miguel

Bernad, who wrote an essay about Filipino Time in his book “Budhi: A Journal of

Ideas and Culture”, the phrase Filipino Time was coined by Americans in the

1900’s because they were irritated by the lack of punctuality of Filipinos.

However, this habit of tardiness was already commonplace even during the

Spanish colonial period, and students may even remember that it was featured in

Jose Rizal’s “El Filibusterismo”. In chapter 22 of the novel, where the characters

watch a play in a grand theater, a lady and her husband enter the theater very

late into the play. She was decribed to have the “air of a queen” and came late

as if to say, “I’ve come later than all of you, you crowd of upstarts and

provincials!”. Rizal points out here that tardiness by Filipinos was not just a habit,

but a status symbol. He even compared this mindset of tardiness of Filipinos to

being in a mule race — that the latest one “wins” and is considered most

important.

The Reasons for Filipino Time

However, in today’s society, there are legitimate reasons as to why

Filipinos still have the habit of Filipino Time. One of these is the incredible traffic

Filipinos have to go through in Metro Manila. Metro Manila is now known to have

the “worst traffic on Earth” based on a global survey by Waze. As such, when

people want to meet up at a certain time in Manila, the unpredictable traffic can

17
make them either way too early or too late for their meeting. Moreover, Metro

Manila also has the longest commute time, with an average of 45.5 minutes

based on the Waze survey. Filipinos are already used to waiting in long lines for

the LRT and MRT lines, and with no set times for the trains to come, they can

never be certain of how long it will take to get from point A to B. As such, it is

almost impossible for two people to meet precisely at a certain time with the

condition of traffic and public transportation here in the Philippines.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This part of the research presents the Research design, Sample of

respondents, Research instruments, Research Procedure, and Data Gathering.

Research Design

The research design that the group has decided to use is the Descriptive

research design. Martyn Shuttleworth(2017) stated that Descriptive research

design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the

behaviour of a subject without influencing it in any way. The research is

essentially asking the students in their personal experience in answering up front

without any subjected experiments upon them, thus, the Descriptive research

design is suitable.

Sample of Respondents

The Grade 11 GHT Students Of PHINMA UPang College Of Urdaneta is the

respondents of the study. They will be selected through random sampling, as

one of the main types of a probability sampling methods.

RESEARCH INTRUMENTS

Researchers used survey questionnaire to gather information about the

tardiness of the students in their class. This will guide the researcher to know

about the reasons and factors that are affecting the student’s performances. The

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researcher must prepare the questions in advance and be punctual and

organized.

The researcher conduct a survey to the students by giving survey

questionnaire from the chosen student who can contribute to the researcher

because of their answers why they are always late. It is the same in having

interview because researcher must prepare questions in advance and be

organized.

Research Procedure

The data that was gathered through survey will be observed by the

research group if there is any general pattern in their answers and will be

categorized in themes in the following chapters.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher had an idea to conduct an observation in the following

students who were late. Then the researcher prepared questioners to conduct a

survey to late comers of 11GHT-1A of PHINMA Upang College of Urdaneta. The

researcher examines the gather data and differentiates the reasons that may

affect the performances each student. And lastly, the researcher found the exact

answer to the questions about that affect the punctuality of the students in

PUCU, and these matter the researchers indicated recommendations that can

solve problems about tardiness.

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Treatment of Data

The data gathered by researchers in this study used the following

statistical tools in the treatment of data.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The data to be gathered in this study will be subjected to the following

statistical treatment:

FOR SPECIFIC QUESTION #1:

The frequency of the each response will be determined on the number

of the respondents who will check in the particular item. The demographic profile

of the respondents will be determined by using the formula of percentage.

F x100

P= -------

Where

P=percentage

F=frequency

N=total number of respondents

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