Construction Equipments & Material Management: Assignment

-1- Construction Materials & Equipment Management
Construction Equipments & Material Management
ASSIGNMENT
Your company has been awarded a contract of developing and constructing a new
International Airport 30 K.M. away from a city. You have been appointed as
Planning Engineer (Materials and Equipment). Project is to be implemented in
phases. In Phase I, one strip of landing of 100 m width is to be constructed in 100
days. The scope of work for this assignment is only as follows –
a) Cutting and Dozing of 100,000 cum of earth. Average height 0.75 m.
b) Transportation of 20,000 cum of surplus earth from site to dumping place 3

k.m. away fro site (including spreading.) Filling of 80,000 cum in landing
strip.
c) Bringing in 3000 cum of sand from 20 k.m (including spreading and

leveling at site)
d) Procurement of 1, 50,000 liters of Bitumen, Duration of work 30 days from

60th day of starting of work. Bitumen to be obtained from refinery at
Bongaigaon in Assam. Lead time upto site is 45 days. Storage facility
available at site 50,000 liters tank.
Estimate total cost of work and your plan of
i. Equipment Planning – Procurement & Deployment.
ii. Ordering and replenishing of Bitumen.
COURSE: GDPM
COURSE NO: NCP 23
REG NO: 26-05-14-2624-271
CODE STUDENT NAME: POTE SONALI A
COURSE TITLE: CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT AND CONTRACTING
ASSIGNMENT NO: 02
SCOPE OF WORK:
Construction of 100m wide airstrip for landing in 100 days i.e. 30 km away from
city.
Data Given:
Volume of earth - 100,000 cum
Agv. Ht. - 075 m
Width of Airstrip - 100 m
Length of Airstrip - 1333.33 m
Assumption:
Assume 50% of normal soil is filling & 50% of normal soil is cutting as per
standard mass design.
Avg. Embankment – 666.67 m

Avg. cutting view - 666.67 m
1) EXCAVATION EQUIPMENTS:
INTRODUCTION
Excavator is a self-propelled crawler or wheel mounted machine, with an upper
structure, capable of a minimum of 360° rotation, which excavates, elevates,
swings and discharges material, by the action of a bucket fitted to the boom and
arm or telescopic boom, without moving the chassis or under-carriage, during
any part of the working cycle, of the machine.
Hydraulic excavator is a multipurpose earthmoving machine, which can perform
many duties, in the field, such as digging earth, mining, loading, quarrying,
etc., apart from other activities like well-digging, material handling. The excavator
Is the only "Earthmoving" machine, capable of, working in three dimensions?
and in all directions.
APPLICATIONS
Below Ground Level Applications: The hydraulic excavators, can be used
(primarily with backhoe attachment) for digging below ground levels.
Applications are:
Canal excavation
Channel making
Trench digging
Pipe laying
Burrow pit excavation
Land leveling
Below or Above Ground Level in Vertical Plane: These are accomplished by
Clamshell attachments. Applications are:
Well sinking
Dredging
Handling of loose materials
Above Ground Level Applications: These are mainly done by using a shovel
attachment, either bottom dumping, or forward dumping. Applications are:
Mining
Quarrying
Bulk earthmoving against face
Tunneling
Under Ground Applications: These are generally handled by shovel or backhoe
attachment or hydraulic hammers. Applications are:
Tunnel making
Excavation
Scaling
Special Applications: By using special attachments, a hydraulic excavator can be
used for other applications, such as:
Rock breaking, demolition
Wood handling (Forestry)
General construction - vibratory pile drivers, extractors, etc.
Scrap handling
Specialized Mounting Applications: Depending on work requirement, excavator
can be -mounted on barge and pontoon for swamp, river and marine excavation or
dredging operations; mounted on railcar for route maintenance activity of railway
tracks
HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
INTRODUCTION
Excavator is a self propelled crawler or wheel machine, with an upper structure,
capable of a minimum of 360 degrees rotation which excavates, elevates, swings
and discharges materials, by the action of a bucket fitted to the boom and arm or
Telescopic boom, without moving the chassis or under-carriage during any part of
The working cycle of the machine (IS: 12138-1987).
Excavators are primary earthmoving machines and equipments used to excavate
earth and related materials and to lift items frequently used in construction
operations. They are called by different names and put to different uses,
depending upon the implements and attachments required. Excavator comprises
of fair basic machines namely backhoe, shovel, dragline and clamshell. All
Four are manufactured in India, along with the necessary implement and
attachments. They are made of various sizes and capacities to suit the need for
light, medium or heavy duty applications where as backhoe and shovels may be
either hydraulic or mechanical, the draglines and clamshells are only of the
mechanical type. Hydraulic excavator is a multi-purpose earthmoving machine,
which can perform many duties in the field such as digging earth, mining, loading,
quarrying etc., apart from other activities like well-digging, material handling the
excavator is only "earthmoving" machine capable of working in three dimensions
and in all directions. Unrivalled versatility is the main reason, for hydraulic
excavator's domination, of today's world construction equipment scene. Thirty five
years ago, when the hydraulic excavator was first introduced in Europe, it was
considered as an agricultural loading tool, but today, it can perform functions
frames from pile-driving to hedge trimming, often, just as efficiently as purpose
built equipment.
APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS:

As stated in the previous chapter, a hydraulic excavator is the most versatile
construction machine. The excavator is the only "earthmoving" machine, capable
of working in three dimensions and in all directions, It can lift, lower, push,
pull and side shift at, above, and below ground level and in a full circle, without
having to move its under-carriage. The wheel loader, by comparison, can work
only at ground level and above and at severally limited reach, the scraper and the
Bulldozers are restricted to the horizontal plane at ground level, and the tractor
mounted backhoe, even ignoring its severe size restrictions, is effective through
less than half a circle.
The following are applications for hydraulic excavator:
Below Ground Level Applications: The hydraulic excavators can be used
(primarily with backhoe attachment) for digging below ground levels.
Applications are:
Canal excavation,
Channel making.
Trench digging.
Pipe laying.
Borrow pit excavation.
Land leveling.
Below or Above Ground Level in Vertical Plane: (These are accomplished by
Clamshell attachments.) Applications are:
Well sinking
Dredging
Handling of loose materials.
Above Ground Level - Applications: These are mainly done by using a shovel
attachment, either bottom dumping or forward dumping. Applications are:
Mining
Quarrying
Bulk earthmoving against face
Tunneling
Under Ground Applications: These are generally handled by shovel or backhoe

attachment or hydraulic hammers. Applications are:
Tunnel making
Excavation
Scaling
Special Applications: By using special attachments, a hydraulic excavator can be
used for other applications such as:
Rock breaking, demolition.
Wood handling (Forestry)
General construction - vibratory pile drivers, extractors etc.
Scrap handling.
Specialized Mounting Applications: Depending on work requirement, excavator
can be - mounted on barge and pontoon for swamp, river and marine excavation
Or dredging operations. Mounted on railcar for route maintenance activity of
railway tracks.
Equipment Considered In This Project.
FRONT SHOVELS:-
Front shovels are used predominantly for hard digging above track level and for
loading haul units. Loading of shot rock would be a typical application. Shovels
are capable of developing high break out force with their buckets but the material
being excavated would be such that it will stand as vertical bank i.e. a wall of
material that stands perpendicular to the ground most shovels are crawler mounted
and have very slow travel speeds less than 3 mph. The parts of the shovel are
designed machine balance. Each element of the front end attachment is designed
for anticipated load. The front end attachment weight about one third as much as
the superstructure with its power parts and cab.
Size Rating of Front Shovels:
The size of a shovel is indicated by the size of the bucket represent in cubic yards.
There are the three diff bucket – rating standards, power crane and shovel
association (PCSA) Standard No. 3, society of Automotive Engineer (SAE)
Standard J-296 and the Committee on European Construction Equipment +
(CECE) method. All of these methods are based only on physical dimension of
the bucket & do not address the bucket loading motion of a specific machine for
bucket’s than 3 cg. Capacity, rating in ¼ cy intervals and 1/8 cy intervals for
buckets less than 3 cy in size.
Struck Capacity – The volume actually enclosed by the bucket with no allowance
for bucket teeth is the struck capacity.
Heaped Capacity: Both PCSA and SAE use a 1:1 angle of repose for evaluating
heaped capacity. CECE specifies a 2:1 angle of repose.
Fill Factors: The amount of material actually in a bucket compared to its volume
is a vital factor in determining shovel production. Materials that are easy to dig
and that can be described as flowing (sand, gravel, or loose earth) should easily fill
the bucket to capacity with a minimum of void space. At the other extreme are the
hard, rocky materials that will have lots of void spaces. If the material dug has a
significant amount of oversize chunks or is extremely sticky, the average bucket
load will be reduced. Rated heaped capacities represent a net section bucket
volume, therefore they must be corrected to average bucket payload based on the
characteristics of the material being handled. Manufacturers usually suggest
factors, commonly called “fill factors” for making such corrections. Fill factors
are percentage that, when multiplied by a rated – heaped capacity, adjust the
volume by accounting for how the specific material will load into the bucket. It is
best, when possible; to conduct field tests based on the weight of material per
bucket load to validate fill factors.
Basic Parts and Operation:
The basic parts of a front shovel include the mounting, cab, boom, stick, and
bucket. With a shovel in the correct position, near the face of the material to be
excavated, the bucket is lowered to the floor of the pit, with the teeth pointing into
the face. A crowding force is applied by hydraulic pressure to the stick cylinder at
the same time the bucket cylinder rotates the bucket through the face.
SHOVEL PRODUCTION
There are four elements in the production cycle of a shovel:
1. Load bucket
2. Swing with load
3. Dump load
4. Return swing
It should be noted that a shovel does not a travel during the digging and loading
cycle. Travel is limited to moving into or alone the face as the excavation
progresses. One study of shovel travel found that on the average it was necessary
to move after about 20 bucket loads. This movement into the excavation took an
average of 36 sec.
Typical cycle element times under average conditions, for 3 to 5 cy size

shovels are -
1. Loud bucket - 7 - 9 sec.
2. Swing with load - 4 – 6 sec.
3. Dump load - 3 – 4 sec.
4. Return Swing - 4 – 5 sec.
The actual production of a shovel is affected by numerous factors,

including the –
1. Class of material
2. Height of cut
3. Angle of swing
4. Operator skill
5. Condition of the shovel
6. Haul-unit exchange
7. Size of hauling unit
8. Handling of oversize material
9. Cleanup of loading area.
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT:

Introduction – Earth moving is the planned, progressive modification of the
natural earth surface to give it a profile material to a proposed engineering
structure or use the material processing. While this is a more macro view of Earth
moving and its importance to mankind, more specifically the them Earth moving
is related to construction (dams, roads etc.) land clearness make of canals, mining
& querying etc.
Machines deployed commons for Earth moving
a) Dozers
b) Scrapers
c) Graders
d) Tractors
Equipment Considered In This Project.
DOZERS:-
A dozer is a tractor –power unit that has a blade attached to the machine’s front. It
is designed to provide tractive power for drawbar work. A dozer has no set
volumetric capacity. The amount of material the dozer moves is dependent on the
quantity that will remain in front of the blade during the push. Crawler dozers
equipped with special clearing blades are excellent machines for land clearing.
Heavy ripping of rock is accomplished by crawler dozers equipped with rear-
mounted rippers because of the power and tractive force that they can develop.
Dozers are self-contained units equipped with a blade. They are designed to
provide tractive power for drawbar work. Dozers may be either track laying
crawler or wheel-type machines. Consistent with their purpose, as a unit for
drawbar work, they are low-cement-of-gravity machines. This is a prerequisite of
an effective machine. The larger the difference between the line-of-force
transmission from the machine and the line-of –resisting force, the less effective
the utilization of developed power. Dozers are used for dozing (pushing
materials), land clearing, ripping, assisting scrapers in loading, and towing other
pieces of construction equipment. They can be equipped with either a rear-
- 10 - Construction Materials & Equipment Management
mounted winch or a ripper. For long moves between projects or within a project,
the track dozer should be transported. Moving them under their own power, even
at slow speeds, increases track wear and shortens the machine’s operational life.
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DOZERS
Dozers are classified on the basis of running gear;
1. Crawler (track laying) type
2. Wheel type
Crawler dozers are actually track laying machines. They have a continuous track
of linked shoes that moves in the horizontal plane across fixed rollers. At the rear
of the machine, the track passes over a vertically mounted sprocket drive wheel.
As the sockets turns, it forces the track forward or back, imparting motion to the
dozer. In the front of the machine, the track passes over a vertically mounted idler
wheel that it’s connected to a recoil device having adjustable tension. The idler
wheel maintains the proper tension in the track and enables it to absorb heavy
shocks. The linked shoes are made of heat treated steel designed to resist wear and
abrasion. There are several companies that now offer tracks having rubber-covered
steel shoes. The usable force available to perform work is often limited by
traction. This limitation is dependent on two factors:
1. Coefficient of traction of the surface being traversed.
2. Weight carried by the drive wheels
An advantage of a wheel-type dozer as compared with a crawler dozer is the
higher speed possible with the former machine – in excess of 30 mph for some
effort. Also, because of the lower coefficient of traction between rubber tire and
some ground surfaces, the wheel dozer may slip its wheels before developing its
rated pulling effort.
Manufactures provide dozers with a variety of transmissions, but primarily the
options are
 Direct drive.
 Torque converter and power-shift transmission.
Some less-than-100-hp dozers are available with hydrostatic power trains. The
smaller, lesss-than-300-hp, diesel-powered machines are commonly available with
either direct- or power-shift-type transmissions. Larger dozers are always

equipped with powers-shift transmissions.
Crawler Dozers with Direct Drive

The term direct drive means the power is transmitted straight through the
transmission as if there was a single shaft. This is usually what happens when the
transmission is in its highest gear. In all other gears, mechanical elements match
speed and torque. Direct drive dozers are superior when the work involves
constant loading conditions. A job where full blade loads must be pushed long
distances would be an appropriate application of a direct drive machine. Some
manufacturer’s specifications list two sets of drawbar pulls rated and maximum
for direct drive dozers. The rated value it the drawbar pull that can be sustained for
continuous operation. The maximum drawbar pull is the when passing over a soft
spot in the ground that requires a temporary higher tractive effort. Thus, the rated
pull should be used for continuous operation. Available drawbar pull is subject to
the limitation imposed by the traction that can be developed between the tracts and
the ground.
Crawler Dozers with Torque Converter and Power-Shift Transmissions

Transmissions that can be shifted while transmitting full engine power are known
as power shift. These transmission are teamed with torque converters to absorb
drive train shock loads caused by changes in gear ratios. A power –shift
transmission provides an efficient flow of power from the engine to the tracks and
gives superior performance in applications involving variable load conditions.
illustrates the performance curves for a track-type dozer equipped with a power-
shift transmission.
Crawler Dozers with Hydrostatic Power trains

Confined oil under pressure is an effective means of power transmission. A
hydrostatic power train offers an infinitely variable speed range with constant
power to both tracks. This type of power train improves machine controllability
and increases operational efficiency. Hydrostatic power train transmissions are

available on some small – size dozers.
Wheel Dozer
Most wheel dozers are equipped with torque converter and power-shift
transmissions. illustrates the performance curves for a wheel dozer equipped with
a power-shift transmission. Wheel dozers exert comparatively high ground
pressure, 25 to 35 psi (172-241 kpa).
Pushing Material
General Information
A dozer is a tractor power unit that has a blade attached to the machine’s
front. The blade is used to push, shear, cut, and roll material ahead of the dozer.
Dozers are effective and versatile earthmoving machines.
Dozer is used as both support and as production machines on many
construction projects. They may be used for operations such as
1. Moving earth or rock for short haul (push) distances, up to 300 ft (91 m) in
the case of large dozers.
2. spreading earth or rock fills.
3. Bank-filling trenches.
4. Operating up pilot roads through mountains or rocky terrain.
5. clearing the floors of borrows and quarry pits.
6. Helping load tractor –pulled scrapers.
7. clearing land of timber, stumps, and root mat.
BLADES
A dozer blade consists of a moldboard with replaceable cutting edges and side
bits. Push arms and tilt cylinders or a C-frame connect the blade to the dozer.
Blades vary in size and design based on specific work applications. The hardened
steel cutting edges and side bits are bolted on because they receive most of the
abrasion and wear out rapidly. The bolted connection enables easy replacement.
The design of some machines enables end of the blade to be raised or lowered n
the vertical plane of the blade, tilt. The top of the blade can be pitched forward or
backward varying the angle of attack of the cutting edge, pitch. Blades mounted
on a C-frame can be turned from the direction of travel, angling. These features
are not applicable to all blades, but any two of these may be incorporated in a
single mount. Figure 6.6 illustrates tilt, pitch, and angling. Tilt. This movement is
within the vertical plane of the blade. Tilting enable concentration of dozer driving
power on a limited portion of the blade’s length.
Pitch. This is a pivotal movement about the point of connection between bottom
edge moves back, and this increases the angle of cutting edge attack.
Angling. Turning the blade so that it is not perpendicular to the direction of the
dozer’s travel is known as angling. Angling causes the pushed material to roll off
the trailing end of the blade. This procedure of rolling material off one end of the
blade is called side casting.
PROJECT EMPLOYMENT
Stripping
Dozers are excellent machines for stripping, which is the removal of a thin layer of
material. On most projects, this is a term used to describe the removal of topsoil.
As with all dozer earthmoving operations, stripping should be conducted in such a
manner that push distances are minimized. Dozers are economical such a manner
that push distances are minimized. Dozers are economical machines for moving
material only about 300 ft in the case of large machines. The economical push
distance decreases as dozer size decreases, but economical push distance also
depends on the material being handled. A material exhibiting cohesion (clay
content) is easier to push than a granular material (sand), which tends to run in
front of the blade. In situation where material must be moved a distance grater
than 300 ft. scrapers should be considered. Dozers can be very effective support
machines for long-haul stripping situations when used to create windrows of
stripped material that can be easily picked up by the scrapers.
Side hill Cuts
It is very difficult to develop the initial working table for excavations made on
steep ground. Usually, the excavated material from such a cut is pushed over the
side of the hill. The first passes are made perpendicular to the long direction of the
project. Starting on the uphill side, short passes are made to push the material
across the centerline and over the side. Pushing downhill takes advantage of
gravity. Because these perpendicular passes are short, the dozer usually is not able
to develop a full-blade load. Therefore, once a bench is establish, the dozer should
push in the long direction of the project, develop a full-blade load, and them use
turns to push material over the side.
Ditching
A dozer can be used to accomplish ditching, but this is practical only for very
rough ditch sections. Small shallow ditches are usually cut with a motor grader.
Large deep ditches are either cut with excavators or, if the cut is made before
water enters the ditch. Scrapers can be used. A dozer will follow the scrapers and
perform the final dressing of the slopes. If a dozer is used to cut rough ditches, the
machine pushes the material out of the cut by working perpendicular to the line of
the ditch.
Backfilling
A dozer can efficiently accomplish backfilling by drifting material sideways with
an angle blade. This enables forwards motion parallel to the excavation. If a
straight blade is used, the dozer will approach the excavation at a slight angle and
then, at the end of the pass, turn in toward the excavation. No part of the tracks
should hang over the edge of the excavation. Caution must be exercised in making
the initial pass completely across pipes and culverts. As a minimum, 12 in. of
material should cover the pipe of structure before accomplishing a crossing. The
diameter of the pipe, the pipe type, the distance between the sidewalls of the
excavation, and the number of lines of pipe larger excavation dictate the minimum
required cover. Larger diameter pipe, larger excavation widths, and multiple lines
of pipe are factors that all dictate more cover before crossing the structure.
Rocks or Frozen Ground
With proper attack techniques, a dozer can move rocks or frozen ground. In both
cases, the blade must be worked under the material to be moved. This can be
accomplished by tilting the corner of the blade. To maximize the driving force of
the blade, hook only the titled end under the rock or ground. It may be necessary
to use the blade as a pry bar to lift the rock. Once the blade is in contact beneath
the rock and the dozer is driving forward, the operator lifts the blade to pry up the
rock Weak formations of soft rocks, such as shale and sandstone, can be attacked
in a similar manner. Work under the outcrop and lift. Once a plane of weakness
slides, a track machine can often crush the material by running over it. Is should
be remembered that dozer work in rocky areas increase track wear.
Spreading
The spreading of material dumped by trucks or scrapers is a common dozer task.
Ordinarily, project specifications state a maximum loose lift thickness. Even when
lift thickness limits are not stated in the contract specifications, density
requirements and proposed compaction equipment will force the contractor to
control the height of each lift. Uniform spreading is accomplished with a dozer by
keeping the blade straight and at the desired height above the previously placed fill
surface. The dumped material is forced directly under the blade’s cutting edge.
Fairly uniform spreading can be achieved, even by semiskilled operators, if two
complete passes are made across the dump area; with the second pass made
perpendicular to the first. Today laser blade controls are available for this type of
work
Slot Dozing
Slot dozing is the technique whereby the blade end spillage from the first pass or
the sidewalls from previous cuts are used to hold material in front of the dozer
blade on subsequent passes. When employing this method to increase production,
align cuts parallel, leaving a narrow uncut section between slots. Then, remove the
uncut sections by normal dozing. The technique prevents spillage at each end of
the blade and usually increases production by about 20%. The production increase
is highly dependent on the slope of the push and the type of material being pushed.
Blade-to-Blade Dozing
Another technique used to increase bulldozer production is blade-to-blade dozing.
the technique is sometimes referred to as side-by-side dozing. As the names imply,
two machines maneuver so that their blades are right next to each other during the
pushing phase of the production cycle. This reduces the side spillage of each
machine by 50%. The extra time necessary to position the machines together
increases that phase of the cycle. Therefore, the technique is not effective on
pushes of less than 50 ft because of the excess maneuver time required. When
machines operate simultaneously, delay to one machine is in effect a double delay.
The combination of less spillage but increased maneuver time tends to make the
total increase in production for this technique somewhere between 15 and 25%.
DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATING

A dozer has no set volumetric capacity. There is no hopper or bowl to load;
instead the amount of material the dozer moves is dependent on the quantity that
will remain in front of the blade during the push. The factors that control dozer
production rated are
1. Blade type.
2. Type and condition of material.
3. Cycle time.
Blade Load
The load a blade will carry can be estimated by several methods;
1. Manufacturer’s blade rating.
2. Previous experience (similar material, equipment, and work
conditions).
3. Field measurements.
Manufacture’s blade ratings Manufactures may provide a blade rating
Based on SAE practice J 1265
Vs = 0.8 WH2
Vu = Vs + ZH (W-Z) tan x0
Where
Vs = capacity of straight or angle blade, in lcy
Vu = capacity of universal blade, in lcy
W = blade width, in yards, exclusive of end bits
H = effective blade height, in yards
Z = wing length measured parallel to the blade width, in yards
X = wing angle
Previous experience Properly documented past experience is an excellent

estimating method. Documentation requires that the excavated area by cross-
sectioned to determine the total volume of material moved and that the number of
dozer cycles by recorded. Production studies can also be made based on the weight
of the material moved. In the case of dozers, the mechanics of weighting the
material are normally harder to accomplish than surveying the volume.
Production
The formula to calculate dozer production in loose cubic yards per a 60-min hour
is presented below:
Production (lcy per hour)

60 min x blade load
= _____________________________________________
Push time (min) + return time (min) + maneuver time (min)
Production Formulas
Equipment manufactures have developed production formulas for use in
estimating the amount of material bulldozers can push. Equation is a rule-of-
thumb formula proposed by International Harvester (IH). This formula equates the
horsepower for a power-shift crawler dozer to lcy production.
Production (Icy per 60-min hr) = net hp x 330

(D + 50)
where
net hp = net horsepower at the flywheel for a power-shift crawler dozer
D = one-way push distance, in feet
HOULING EQUIPMENTS
Trucks are hauling units that provide relatively low hauling costs because of their
high travel speeds. The weight capacity of a truck may limit the volume of the
load that a unit may haul. The productive capacity of a truck depends on the size
of its load and the number of trips it can make in an hour. The number of trips
completed per hour is a function of cycle time. Truck cycle time has four
components: (1) load time, (2) haul time, (3) dump time, and (4) return time. Tires
for trucks and all other haul units should be suitably matched to the job
requirements.
TRUCKS
In transporting excavated material, processed aggregates, and construction
materials, and for moving other pieces of construction equipment, trucks serve one
purpose; they are hauling units that, because of their high travel speeds. Provide
relatively low hauling costs. The use of trucks as the primary hauling unit provides
a high degree of flexibility, as the number in service can usually be increased or
decreased easily to permit modifications in the total hauling capacity of a fleet.
Most trucks may be operated over any haul road for which the surface is
sufficiently firm and smooth, and on which the grades are not excessively steep.
Some units are designated as off-highway trucks because their size and weight are
greater than the permitted on public highways. Off-highway trucks are used for
hauling materials in quarries and on large projects involving the movement of
substantial amounts of earth and rock. On such projects, the size and costs of these
large trucks is easily justified because of the increased production capability they
provide.
Truck can be classified by many factors, including
1. The method of dumping the load – rear-dump, bottom-dump, or side-dump.
2. The type of frame- rigid-frame or articulated.
3. The size and type of engine – gasoline, diesel, butane, or propane.

4. The kind of drive- two wheel, four-wheel, or six-wheel
5. The number if wheels and axles, and the arrangement of driving wheels.
6. The class of material hauled – earth, rock, coal, or ore.
7. The capacity – gravimetric (tons) or volumetric (cubic yards)
If trucks are to be purchased for general materials hauling, the purchaser should
select units adaptable to the multipurpose for which they will be used. However, if
trucks are to be used on a given project for a single purpose, they should be
selected specifically to fit the requirements of the project.
Types of Dump trucks

a) Rigid frame Rear Dump trucks
b) Articulated Rear Dump trucks
c) Tractor with Bottom Dump Tractor considered
d) Articulated Raw Dump Track
ARTICULATED REAR-DUMP TRUCKS

The articulated dump truck (ADT) is specifically designed to operate over rough
or soft ground, and in confined working locations where a rigid-frame truck would
have problems. An articulated joint and oscillating ring between the tractor and
dump body permit all wheels to maintain contact with the ground at the times. The
articulation, all-wheel drive, high clearance, and low-pressure redial tires combine
to produce a truck capable of moving through soft or sticky ground.When haul-
route grades are an operating factor, articulated trucks can typically climb steeper
grades than rigid-frame trucks. Articulated trucks can operate on grades up to
about 35%, whereas rigid-frame trucks can navigate only grades of 20% for short
distances, and for continues grades, 8 to 10% is more reasonable limit. The most
common ADTs are the 4 x 4 models, but there are larger 6 x 6 models. Articulated
dump trucks usually have high hydraulic dumping pressures, which mean they
hoist their beds faster. The bed also achieves a steeper dump angle. One model can
attain a 720 dump angle in 15 sec. The combination of these two attributes, hoist
speed and a steep angle, translates into quick discharge times To solve the
problem of unloading sticky materials; one manufacturer is equipping its truck bed
with an ejector.
Rear-dumps, be they rigid-frame or articulated, should be considered when

1. The material to be hauled is free flowing or has bulky components.
2. The hauling unit must dump into restricted locations or over the edge of a
bank or fill.
3. Maximum maneuverability in the loading or dumping area is required.
CAPACITIES OF TRUCKS AND HAULING EQUIPMENT

There are at least three methods of rating the capacities of trucks and wagons:
1. Gravimetric – the load that it will carry, expressed as a weight.
2. Struck volume – the volumetric amount it will carry, if the load was water
level in the body.
3. Heaped volume – the volumetric amount it will carry, if the load was
heaped on a 2:1 slope above the body.
The gravimetric rating is usually expressed in pounds or kilograms and the later
two ratings in cubic yards or cubic meters.
The struck capacity of a truck is the volume of material that it will haul
when it is filled level to the top of the body sides. The heaped capacity is the
volume of material that it will haul when the load is heaped above the sides.
EFFECTS OF TRUCK SIZE

The productive capacity of a truck depends on the size of its load and the number
of trips it can make in an hour. The number of trips completed per hour is a
function of cycle time. Truck cycle time has four components: (1) load time, (2)
haul time, (3) dump time, and (4) return time. Examining a match between truck
body size and excavator bucker size yields the size of the load and the load time.
The haul and return cycle times will depend on the weight of the vehicle, the
horsepower of the engine, the haul and return distance, and the condition of the
roads traversed. Dump time is a function of the type of equipment and conditions
in the dump area. When an excavator is used to load earth into trucks, the size of
the trucks may introduce several factors, which will affect the production rate and
the cost of handling earth.
1. Advantage of small compared with large trucks :

a. They are more flexible in maneuvering, which may be an advantage on
restricted work sites.
b. They typically can achieve higher haul and return speeds.
c. The loss in production is less when one truck in a fleet breaks down.
d. It is easier to balance the number of trucks with the output of the
excavator, which will reduce the time lost by the trucks or the excavator.
2. Disadvantage of small compared with large trucks :
a. A small truck is more difficult for the excavator to load owing to the
small target for depositing the bucket load.
b. More total spotting time is lost in positioning the trucks because of the
larger number required.
c. More drivers are required to haul a given output of material.
d. The greater number of trucks increases the danger of units bunching at
the pit, along the haul road, or at the dump.
3. Advantage of large compared with small trucks :
a. Fewer trucks are required, which may reduce the total investment in
hauling units and the cost of maintenance and repairs.
b. Fewer drivers are required.
c. The smaller number of trucks facilities synchronizing the equipment
and reduces the danger of bunching by the trucks. This is especially true for
long hauls.
d. There is a larger target for the excavator during loading.
e. The frequency of spotting trucks under the excavator is reduced.
f. There are fewer trucks to maintain and repair, and fewer parts to
stock.
4. Disadvantage of large compared with small trucks :

a. The cost of truck time at loading is grater, especially with small excavators.
b. The heavier loads may cause more damage to the haul road. Thus
increasing the cost of mechanical maintenance to the trucks and requiring
more support equipment for maintenance of the haul road.
c. It is more difficult to balance the number of trucks with the output
of the excavator.
d. The largest size may not be permitted to haul on highway.
Balancing the capacities of hauling units with the excavator bucket size is
important. When loading with excavators such as hydraulic hoes or shovels,
dragline, or loaders, it is desirable to use haul units whose load body volume is
balanced with the bucket size of the excavator. If this is not done, operating
difficulties will develop and the combined cost of excavating and hauling material
will be higher than when balanced units are used. A practical rule-of-thumb
frequently used in selecting the size of trucks is to use trucks with a minimum
capacity of four to five times the capacity of the excavator bucket. The
dependability of this practice is discussed in the following analysis.
CALCULATING TRUCK PRODUCTION

The following is a format that can be used to calculate truck production.
Step 1. Number of Bucket Loads.
The first step in analyzing truck production is to determine the number of
excavator bucket loads it takes to load the truck.
Balanced number of bucker loads = Truck capacity (Icy) (10.1)

Bucket capacity (Icy)
Step 2. Load Time
The actual number of bucket loads placed on the truck should be an integer
number. It is possible to light load a bucket to match the bucket volume to the
truck volume, but that practice is usually inefficient as it results in wasted loading
time. If one less bucket load is placed on the truck, the loading time will be
reduced; but the truckload is also reduced. Sometimes job conditions will dictate
that a fewer number of bucket loads be placed on the truck, i.e., the load size is
adjusted if haul roads are in poor condition or if trucks must traverse steep grades.
The truckload in such cases will equal the bucket volume multiplied by the
number of bucket swings. For the case where the number of bucket loads is
rounded down to an integer lower than the balance number of swings or reduced
because of job conditions:
Load time = Number of bucket swings X bucket cycle time
Truckload (volumetric) = Number of bucket swings X volume of the bucket
If the division of truck body volume by the bucket volume is rounded to the next
higher integer and that higher number of bucket swings is used to load the truck,
excess material will spill off the truck. In such a case, the loading duration equals
the bucket cycle time multiplied by the number by bucket swings. But the volume
of the load on the truck equals the truck capacity, not the number of bucket swings
multiplied by the bucket volume.
Number of bucket loads rounded up to next higher integer above the balance
number of swings:
Load time = Number of bucket swings X bucket cycle time
Truckload (volumetric) = Volumetric capacity of the truck
Always check the load weight against the gravimetric capacity of the truck.
Truckload (gravimetric) = Volumetric (Icy) X unit weight (loose vol. Ib/lcy)
Truckload gravimetric < Rated gravimetric payload?
Step 3. Haul Time

Hauling should be at the highest safe sped and in the proper gear. To increase
efficiency, use one-way traffic patterns.
Haul time (min) = Haul distance (ft)

88 fpm/mph X Haul speed (mph)
Based on the gross weight of the truck with the load, and considering the rolling
and grade resistance from the loading area to the dump point, haul speeds can be
determined using the truck manufacturer’s performance chart.
Because the cost of the excavation equipment is usually greater than the cost of a
haul truck it is common practice to use a greater number of trucks than the
balance number derived from the ratio of the loader and truck cycle times. When
considering this decision the mechanical condition of the trucks should be
considered. Another consideration is the availability of standby trucks. These are
not necessarily idle units but could be trucks assigned to lower priority tasks from
which they can easily be diverted. After the job has started, the number of trucks
required may vary because of changes in haul-road conditions, reductions or
increases in the length of hauls, or changes in conditions at either the loading or
dumping areas. Management should always continue to monitor hauling
operations for changes in assumed conditions.
SUMMARY
The use of truck as the primary hauling unit provides a high degree of flexibility,
as the number in service can usually be increased or decreased easily to permit
modifications in the total hauling capacity. When estimating what a truck will
carry both the rated gravimetric load and the rated –heaped volume must be
examined. The heaped capacity is the volume of material that the truck will haul
when the load is heaped above the sides. The actual heaped capacity will vary with
the material that is being hauled. Critical learning objective include:
 An understanding of the necessity to achieve balance between excavator
bucket volume and truck load volume.
 An ability to use performance charts to calculate truck speed.
 An understanding of the job site constraints that affect dump times.
 An ability to calculate the number of trucks required to keep the excavating
equipment working at capacity.
These objective are the basis for the problems that follow.
COMPACTION OF GEOTECHNICAL MATERILS

With time, material will settle or compact itself naturally, but the object of
compaction is to achieve the required density quickly. The earliest recorded use of
compaction can be found in the Roman Empire records of their road construction
projects. The Romans realized that compaction would improve the engineering
properties of soils; therefore, they used large cylindrical stone rollers to achieve
mechanical densification of their road bases.
Obtaining a greater soil unit weight is not the direct objective of
compaction. The reason for compaction is improve soil properties to
1. Reduce or prevent settlements.
2. Increase strength
3. Improve bearing capacity
4. Control volume changes
5. Lower permeability.
Density, however, is the most commonly used parameter for specifying
construction operations because there is a direct correlation between these
properties and a soil’s density. Construction contract documents usually call for
achieving a specified density, even though one of the other soil properties is the
crucial objective. There may be other methods whereby the desired properties
could be attained, but by far the most widely used method of soil strengthening is
compaction of the soil at optimum moisture. The benefits of proper compaction
are enormous, far outweighing their costs. Typically, a uniform layer, or lift, of
soil from 4 to 12 in thick is compacted by means of several passes of mechanized
compaction equipment.
TYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

Applying energy to a soil by one or more of these methods will cause compaction:
1. Impact – sharp blow
2. Pressure – static weight

3. Vibration – shaking
4. Kneading – manipulation or rearranging
The effectiveness of different compaction methods is dependent on the individual
soil type being manipulated. Appropriate compaction methods based on soil type
are identified in.
Manufacturers have developed distinct compactors that incorporate at least one of
the compaction methods and in some cases more than one into their performance
capabilities. Many types of compacting equipment are available, including:
1. Sheepsfoot roller
2. Tamping rollers
3. Smooth drum vibratory soil compactors.
4. Pad drum vibratory soil compactors
5. Pneumatic-tired rollers.
summarizes the principal method of compaction for the various types of
compactors. There are also static, smooth steel-wheel rollers. These generally
consist of two tandem drums, one in front and one behind. Steel three-wheel
rollers are another version of this type of compactor, but they are not very
common today. Vibratory rollers are more efficient than static steel-wheel rollers
for earthwork and have largely replaced them.
Principal method of compaction used by various compactors.
Compactor type Impact Pressure Vibration Kneading
Sheepsfoot X
Tamping foot X X
Vibrating smooth X X
Vibrating pad foot X X
Pneumatic X X
On some projects, it may be desirable to use more than one type of

equipment of attain the desired results and to achieve the greatest economy. The
ultimate goal is to construct a quality embankment in the shortest time at the least
cost, and that means the compaction equipment must be matched to the material.
Therefore, the job should always be closely examined and samples taken of the
excavation or borrow materials. The proper excavation and compaction equipment
cannot be selected until the soils are identified. It provides guidance for selecting
compaction equipment based on the type of material that must be compacted. As
seen in the table, if the required density is not achieved within four to eight
coverage’s, a different type of compactor should be considered. Appropriate
project compaction equipment based on material type
Material Lift Number of Compactor type Comments
thickness passes
(in)
Gravel 8-12 3-5 Vib. padfoot Foot psi 150-200
Vib. smooth -
Pneumatic Tire psi 35-130
Sheepsfoot Foot psi 150-200
Sand 8-10 3-5 Vib. padfoot -
Vib. smooth -
Smooth static Tandem 10-15
ton
Silt 6-8 4-8 Vib. padfoot Foot psi 200-400
Tamping foot -
Clay 4-6 4-6 Vib. padfoot Foot psi 200-400
Tamping foot -
Rock fills are usually spread in 18 to 48 in lifts. Attention to spreading the

material in a uniform lift is vital o achieving density during the compaction
process. Consistent spreading helps to fill voids and orients the rocks so as to
provide the compaction equipment with an event surface. The largest possible
smooth-drum vibratory rollers are used for deep rock lifts.
Considered in this project.

Smooth Drum Vibratory soil compactor.
The smooth drum compactors, whether single – or dual-drum models, generate
three compactive forces: (1) pressure, (2) impact, and (3) vibration. These rollers
are most effective on granular materials, with particle sizes ranging from large
rocks to fine sand. They can be used on semi cohesive soils with up to about 10%
of the material having a PI of 5 or greater. Large steel-drum vibratory rollers can
be effective on rock lifts as thick as 3 ft.
ROLLER PRODUCTION ESTIMATING

The compaction equipment used on a project must have a production capability
matched to that of the excavation. hauling, and spreading equipment. Usually,
excavation or hauling capability with set the expected maximum production for
the job. The production formula for a compactor is
Compacted cubic yards per hour = 16.3 X W X S X L X efficiency

n
where
W = compacted width per roller pass in feet
S = average roller speed in miles per hour
L = compacted lift thickness in inches
N = number of roller passes required to achieve the required density
The computed production is in compacted cubic yards (ccy), so it will be

necessary to apply a shrinkage factor to convert the production to bank cubic yards
(bcy), which is how the excavation and hauling production is usually expressed.
PAVING EQUIPMENT
ASPHALT PAVERS
An asphalt paver consist of a tractor, either track or rubber-tired, and a screed. The
tractor power unit has a receiving hopper in the front and a system of slat
conveyors to move the mix through a tunnel under the power plant to the rear of
the tractor unit. At the rear of the tractor unit, the mix is deposited on the surface
to be paved and augers are used to spread the asphalt evenly across the front of the
trailing screed. Two tow arms, pin connected to the tractor unit, draw the screed
the tractor. The screed controls the asphalt placement width and depth, and imparts
the initial finish and compaction to the material. There is one manufacturer that
offers a paver having two sets of twin screws to move the mix through the tunnel
to the rear of the paver. The use of the screw conveyors is said to reduce mix
segregation. Pavers can receive mix directly into their front hoppers or can pick up
a windrow of material placed in front of the paver. The traditional method for
directly loading the hopper has the truck directly dump the asphalt concrete into
the paver hopper. Push rollers mounted on the front frame for the paver, and
extending beyond the hopper, push against the wheels of the truck, or a bar on the
paver pushes the pusher bar of the truck. The material is then transferred to the
hopper by raising the truck bed or by activating the live bottom. Loading the
hopper with individual truckloads often requires that the paver stops
intermittently. This can cause problems with construction a smooth pavement
since frequently the paver must wait between truckloads, and mating up to the
truck can bump the paver, causing the screed to release material.
Screed
The “floating” screed is free to pivot about its pin connections. This pin connected
tow arm arrangement allows the screed to be self-leveling and gives it the ability
to compensate for base surface irregularities. The paver’s ability to level out
irregularities is controlled by the tractor’s wheelbase length and by the length of
the screed towing arms. Greater lengths of these two components mean smooth
transitions across irregularities and therefore a smooth riding surface. Mat
thickness, which is controlled by the screed, can be maintained by using grade
sensors tracing grade by the use of sensors tracing a stringline. When all the forces
acting on the screed are constant, it will ride at a constant elevation above the
grade or follow the stringline. However, there are factors that can cause the sensor
regulated screed height to vary:
 The screed angle of attack.
 The head of asphalt in front of the screed

 The paver speed.
The angle created by the plane of the surface upon which the asphalt is being
placed and the plane of the screed bottom is known as the” screed angle of attack”.
This angle is the principal mechanical factor affecting variation in mat thickness.
It regulates the amount of material passing under the screed in a given distance.
When either the screed or the tow points are vertically displaces, the angle of
attack is changed. The screed will immediately begin to move, restoring the
original angle, but this correction requires about three tow-arm lengths to be
accomplished. The asphalt material directly in front of and across the length of the
screed is referred to as the head of material.. Paver speed is inked to the rate at
which asphalt mix is delivered from the plant. To produce a smooth mat, forward
travel speed should be held constant. Changes in paver speed will affect the
screed’s angle of attack. Increasing the speed causes the screed to ride down,
whereas decreasing the speed has the opposite effect. Additionally, when the paver
is stopped, the screed tends to settle into the mat. Initial mix compaction is
achieved by vibration of the screed. Vibrators mounted on the screed are used to
impart compaction force to the mat. To prevent material from sticking to the
screen at the beginning of a paving operation it is necessary to heat the screed.
Built-in diesel or propane burner heaters are used to heat the bottom screed plates,
Required burner-heating time will vary with air temperature and the type of mix
being placed. About 10 min of heating is normal, but care must be exercised as
overheating can warp the screed.
Paver Production
Continuous paving operations depend upon balancing paver production with plant
production. The critical choke points in the operation, which must be analyzed and
managed, are the plant load-haul unit and the haul unit-feed paver links.
EQUIPMENT PLANNING:
INTRODUCTION
Planning is very important for selecting the right type of equipment. First the
Planner has to see what type of work he is doing and then he should know various
types of equipments that can be used for the work. He has to see the Various
models and makes of equipments that are available in the market. He should study
the capacity and cost of equipment. He also has to see what type equipment he
possesses. Based on that he can go for similar type, make and model of
equipments so that there will be standardization and minimum inventory cost. He
also has to look into the probable life of equipment and its depreciation. He should
go in for equipment which has minimal maintenance. Experience is one of the
most important pre-requisite for equipment planners.
HOW TO SELECT THE EQUIPMENT

Factors to be first considered in selecting suitable equipment are discussed below:
Scope of work to be carried out: Apart from the evaluation of the quantities of
various items of work and the timeframe within which the work is required to be
carried out, the specification for work will have a bearing on the selecting of
equipments.
PLANNING FOR EQUIPMENT:

Equipment planning shall include the following aspects:
i. Selection of equipment
ii. Number and sizes of units
iii. Matching capacities
iv. Schedule of procurement
v. Arrangement of skilled staff for operation and maintenance
vi. Establishment of service and repair facilities
vii. Maintenance of spare parts inventory
viii. Decision regarding number of shifts per operation
Thus a systematic approach in respect of planning for equipment is necessary,

incorporating all the factors detailed above. In addition an important factor to
be considered is the necessary inter-disciplinary acceptance of the planning for
equipment. In a majority of the cases project may be headed by a Civil

Engineer whereas the construction equipment management will demand close
liaison with mechanical and electrical engineers. It will be prudent to have
detailed consultations among the disciplines before the final choice of the
equipment.
Having taken a decision to go in for additional equipment, the following
factors are required to be evaluated:
Suitability for job commissions – The nature of site terrain will often affect the
cost of constructing the plant and its supporting facilities. The plant must be
accessible to transportation facilities to be used. There may be limitations in
respect of the quality and capacity of roads, waterways bridges etc, which may
limit the size of transport vehicles used.
Infrastructure – The availability and cost of infrastructure are important
considerations. The supply of electricity from public utilities is either not
available or not dependable. Diesel powered equipment will be required or
electricity may have to be generated at site. Water supply is equally critical,
when required in large quantities for washing raw materials or for cooling
purposes.
LAYOUT OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT

The layout should ensure minimum movement of material, equipment and
personnel as well as minimum processing time. Proper drainage should be
planned. The wind conditions should be evaluated and provided for.
Operations of items like tower cranes are highly prone to heavy winds.
Crushers should be oriented so that the dust is carried by the wind away from
the crusher. Supporting facilities such as generators, offices, stores etc. should
be located out of the path of the dust flow. Adequate space must be provided
for handling and storing raw materials as well as finished products. Covered
storage may be required to protect it from the weather. Depending on the size
of the project, paved areas may have to be provided for storing raw materials
such as aggregates. Wherever possible, separate service roads should be
provided for incoming materials and outgoing products. As most of the
service roads are not paved, provision must be made for adequate regular
maintenance.
SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The proper selection of equipment for any construction project involves
decision on a number of parameters for economic operation and maintenance
of the equipment. The following aspects need detailed consideration at the
selection stage:
1. SUITABILITY FOR THE JOB
The equipment selected should obviously match the dimensions of the job
and ground conditions. Climatic and other operating conditions are also
required to be borne in mind. A piece of equipment designed and
manufactured for operations in temperate climatic conditions will not
necessarily function satisfactorily under hot climatic conditions.
2. USE OF AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT
Use of available equipment, though not operating under optimum
conditions, may sometimes have to be resorted to taking into account the
limited utility of any new equipment, depreciated low value of the available
equipment etc. In short, the economics of the two alternatives will have to
be evaluated before the final choice.
3. SIZE OF THE EQUIPMENT
The choice is indicated as neither a minimum number of large – size
machines nor several units of medium / small capacity machines. Large
size units will require matching equipment of equally larger sizes. It also
suffers the disadvantage of total breakdown of operations in the event of
one large size unit’s failure to operate. On the other and, the main
advantage is that the larger units are generally more sturdy and are suitable
for tough working conditions. The size of the standby equipment will also
be a consideration in the choice of the size of the equipment.
4. VARIETY REDUCTION
It is desirable to have the minimum possible number of varieties of

equipment. Preferably, the prime movers should be of a common type to
facilitate interchange of prime movers between various machines, if
required. Variety reduction also results in more efficient maintenance
programmed.
5. STANDARDISATION
Standardized equipment manufactured in large number is generally readily
available and cost effective. Spare parts availability is also an advantage.
The resale value of the standardized equipment is always higher.
6. VERSATILITY
The selected unit should, if possible, be capable of performing more than
one function. In short, it should be of multi-purpose variety for use on
different types of projects.
7. UTILISATION
The size and numbers of the equipment shall be fixed to ensure full
utilization of the equipment on the projects. The economics of ownership
and operation of the equipment shall be of paramount consideration.
8. SELECTION OF MANUFACTURE
It is desirable to have the units supplied by reputed manufacturers and to
have minimum number of different sizes / makes of equipment.
9. SUITABILITY FOR LOCAL CONDITIONS
The equipment should be such that the necessary technical and operating
personnel could be easily obtained or trained with minimum efforts.
10. ADAPTABILITY
Adaptability for future use if machine is likely to wok only for a short time
on a particular project, and subsequent utilization on other projects should
be kept in view. Full utilization of the equipment should be aimed at
during the life of the machine, so that investment could be recovered with
profits during its useful life.
11. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The efficient performance of any piece of equipment and its service life are
conditioned by the following factors –
i. Strength
ii. Rigidity
iii. Vibration stability
iv. Resistance to wear
v. Heat resistance
vi. Reliability
vii. Maintainability
CLASSIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT
Any typical construction equipment may be classified in a number of ways:
a) The type of job
b) The nature of the working process
c) The operating conditions
d) The prime mover
e) The type of transmission
f) The output capacity
g) The type of control gear
In terms of the type of job, equipment used for construction operations are
generally divided into the following classes:
i. Horizontal off-track vehicle
ii. Load lifting machines for erection work
iii. Machines for loading / unloading operations
iv. Continuous conveyance machines
v. Material handling machines
vi. Machines for excavation and preparatory works
vii. Drilling and pile driving equipment
viii. Machines for working on stone materials
ix. Materials for preparation, transportation and placement of
concrete and mortar
x. Machines for finishing work
xi. Machines for making reinforced concrete products
xii. Power tools
xiii. Supporting equipment
The following types of prime movers are used as sources of power for operating
the equipment.
a) Electric motor
b) Internal combustion engine
c) Pneumatic motor
d) Hydraulic motor
e) A combination of two or more sources for example, diesel – electric
driven.
Mobility Machines are classified as stationary and mobile. The mobile units can
further be subdivided as self – propelled, semi – trailer and trailer types. Based on
the running gear, machines may be classified as crawler, pneumatic type units, rail
mounted units and walking units.
SELECTION OF EQUIPMENTS:
Selection of Equipment needs careful thought to ensure efficient and effective
performance. Though the actual selection would depend on factors like type of the
work, its magnitude location etc. certain guidelines can be laid down. Basically
the various operations involved are as below:
a) Earth moving
i) Clearing and grubbing
ii) Stripping
iii) Earth work in cutting and embankment
iv) Spreading earth for bank work
v) Providing camber
vi) Watering
The following table shows the suitable equipment for the works mentioned above.
Sr. Operation Suitable Plant Remarks
No.
1 Cleaning/grubbing a) Tractor mounted Blade to be used in
dozer position. For light
a) Light / scrub & grass scrub
bulldozing
b) Grader motor
a) Clearing debris rubble a) Tractor mounted For large objects
dozer
b) Tractor with heavy

duty winch
2 Stripping Top soil a) Dozer, tractor 300m to 3000m haul
mounted
b) Motorized – Scraper 60m to 3000m haul
Tractor towed scraper
Light stripping
c) Grader, motor
3 Earthwork in cutting and a) Dozer, tractor For hauls 60m to
embankment mounted 300m.
b) Tractor towed scraper
a) Light & Medium soils c) Motorized scraper Hauls 300m to
d) Grader motor 3000m.
e) Excavator and dump
trucks
f) Front end loader
g) Tipping bucket
b) Heavy soil a) Dozer Tractor Upto 90m haul
mounted
b) Scraper tractor towed
with pusher tractor to
help loading or
preceded by tractor
towed rooter or tractor Haul 60m. to 300m.
mounted ripper.
c) Motorized scraper
with pusher tractor or
preceded by tractor
towed rooter.
Haul 300m to
d) Grader motor 3000m.
preceded by tractor
towed rooter.
4 Spreading earth for bank a) Scraper tractor towed 60m, to 300m
work b) Scraper motorized
c) Grader motor 300m to 3000m.
d) Tipping motor
e) Dozer, tractor
mounted
5 Providing camber a) Grader motor
b) Dozer, tractor
mounted
c) Scraper tractor towed

or motorized
6 Watering (Embankment Truck or trailer mounted
or surfacing) water tanker with water
pump and sprinkler.
Sr. Operation Suitable Plant Remarks

No.
1 Compaction of bank a) Sheepsfoot roller Blade to be used in
work and sub grade soils b) Smooth wheel an position. For light
roller scrub
c) Pneumatic tyre roller
d) Vibratory roller
e) Power rammer
2 Granular base and sub a) Smooth wheeled roller
base b) Vibratory roller
3 Macadam base / sub base a) Steel wheeled roller
4 Mix-in-situ bituminous a) Steel wheeled roller
base b) Vibratory Contractor
5 Plant mix base course or a) Three wheeled roller
surface course b) Tandem roller
OUTPUTS AND PERFORMANCE OF THE EQUIPMENT:

Manufacturers of the equipment give output of their products. This however is
based on ideal conditions which are difficult to obtain on working site. Naturally
the actual output of an equipment is different and may vary from site to site. One
of the important tasks of the planner is to assess the requirement of the plant and
equipment on a particular job.
For this he must know.

i. Total quantity of work to be done and
ii. The output of the equipment proposed to be used.

Factors affecting the performance of equipment.
Factors which affect the performance and hence the output of an equipment have
to be carefully considered.
Factors related to the job are required to be considered which include:
i. Swell and shrinkage of material handled
ii. Gradient of the haul road
iii. Rolling resistance of the haul road
iv. Climate and topography
v. Tractice efficiency
vi. Moisture content of materials handled
vii. Altitude
In addition to the above factors which more or less have to be accepted as the are
on a job there are factors which relate to the way the job is managed. These
factors include:
i. How well the operators are trained
ii. Layout on job site
iii. Proper matching of various allied equipments.
iv. Availability of the facilities for maintenance, repairs etc.
v. Management and worker relationship.
Estimating the requirement of the equipment:

Equipment on a roadwork (or on any work) has either to be purchased, obtained
on hire or transferred from some other project. In either of the cases a fairly
accurate estimate of the requirement of equipment has to be done so as to ensure
that expenditure on equipment is not wasted. This needs planning well in
advance.
Factors to be considered are:
i. What is the most desirable sequence of operations involved in the
work?
ii. Which of the operations are to be performed by the machinery?
iii. In case some or all equipment is to be transferred from other projects

how the programme of both the projects to be arranged so that there is no
undue to and from movement of the equipment and at the same time the
work is completed in optimum time.
Data Required:
Basic data required for estimating the equipment are:
i. Quantities of items of work: Road Project is sub divided in operations
like (a) Earthwork, (b) Aggregate production, (c) transporting aggregate to
road, (d) metalling (e) compaction, (f) wearing surface – concrete /
bituminous surface etc. Quantities of items are worked out.
ii. Period of completion of the project.
Period of completion would depend on the duration required for the various
constituent items and the sequence in which they are proposed to be
executed. Normally a given road work has to be completed in a stipulated
period particularly when the work is to be completed on contract. In such
cases the duration of the constituent operations has to be adjusted taking
into consideration the activity interrelation and overall period of
completion. While fixing the activity durations due allowance must be
made for bad weather, monsoon, loss of time due to shifting equipment,
break down, repairs and maintenance of equipment etc.
iii. Normally no work is possible for 3 to 4 months in a year due to
monsoon. Further considering weekly holidays normally 25 days could be
considered to be available for working. Though a working day is
considered to comprise 8 hours, a part is spent in inevitable operations like
shifting, waiting etc. Thus in about 200 days available, working hours
would be about 1200-1500.
iv. From (i) to (iii) above a fair estimate of requirement of equipment can
be done. Over and above this a suitable provision. (to the extent of 10%)
is done as stand by to take care of break down or unforeseen circumstances.
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT:
INTRODUCTION:
The management of materials in project is different from that in an on-going
situation. Some of the differences are described below.
i. Most of the materials in project are bulky and heavy.
ii. The lead time for procurement of materials in most cases is usually
much more.
iii. The principle of E.O.Q. has very limited applicability in project
situations. Usually sequential arrival of material is desired.
iv. The demand of materials in project is by and large highly deterministic.
v. Sufficient care has to be taken in the selection of vendors, as the
performance of vendors has significant impact on the project
performance.
In addition many project managers, more so in developing countries (where
procurement of capital equipments is rather difficult), feel a sense of achievement
and progress, when they see the capital equipments physically at site, though these
are required much later for erection. Due to these the classical principal of
Materials Management are not very effective in the project situation. Accordingly
suitable approaches in various of materials management in project are desirable.
MATERIAL PLANNING
The demand of materials in a project situation is highly deterministic. The gross
requirement of various materials is worked out during the detailed project Report
stage. The period at which the demand is to be met is also deterministic and is
known from the project network. The element of uncertainty is incorporated from
the uncertainty in activity realization. The primary concern in material planning
for projects is that the cost of not meeting a demand is very high, as it may lead to
delay in project completion. Hence the RIGHT TIME is the key word in material
planning for projects. The capital equipments are to be planned in such a way that
these are available at the site just before the erection/installation of these. Since
different equipments are to be erected/installed at different periods, a sequential
arrival of capital equipments based on their respective installation period is
desired, instead of getting all the capital equipments at a time and storing them till
they are installed. This calls for detailed planning and co-ordination with various
agencies like, technical consultants, designers, suppliers, transport contractors etc.
The demand for construction is known as soon as the resource requirement for the
project is finalized. These materials are normally required before the construction
can start and are to be planned for availability prior to the construction phase of
the project. The consumables are used throughout the project duration and the total
requirements are known. However, the consumption rate at different period is
different but deterministic. In order to take into account the varying demand rate
in the planning of consumable materials it is desirable to draw the aggregate
demand pattern of the materials it is desirable to draw the aggregate demand
pattern of the materials may run into hundreds, the analysis of aggregate demand
pattern may be restricted to high consumption value materials only, i.e. the so
called “A” category items. The consumables are procured in several lots and not
in one lot; due to limited storage space at project sites, wastage or spoilage or
certain materials (like cement) when stored for a long period, and to save the
inventory carrying cost. The concept of economic order quantity can be used in
planning for consumables materials taking into account procurement cost,
inventory carrying cost, wastage and spoilage cost etc.
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS & THEIR APPLICABILITY:

Lead Time:
One of the factors to be considered in procurement of material is lead time. As the
name implies, it is the period elapses between the point of time when the need for
material is contemplated and the point of time the material actually available on
the site of construction for use.
It comprises time required for:-
a) User’s intimation to the materials manage department regarding the time
and quantity of material required.
b) Materials management to decide that the materials purchased.
c) Selecting the source, fixing the price and ultimately placing the order.
d) To deliver material
e) Transportation and receiving the material including inspection and testing
of material if necessary.
If no lead time is necessary (a rather impractical proposition) it would be very

easy to purchase mate knowledge its need in construction. Even if procurement
through purchase involves a lead time which is certain, problem could be tackled
by planning sufficiently in advance that the need for a material is assessed well
ahead of actual use and the lead time is taken care of.
From the user’s point of view the problem arises due to following factors:
a) The lead time in purchase is uncertain and if it delayed it will result in
stoppage of work.
b) There may be unexpected shortage due to scarcity (or total non-
availability) of material or some unexpected difficulties in transportation.
c) The continuously rising prices and small quantities purchased frequently
may make the materials costlier.
SAFETY LEVEL:
Related to the EOQ in the desired protection against stock depletion referred to as
a safety level. The ideal situation is often thought of by the inventory manager as
always avoiding both zero balance and backorder position. The existence of
shortage suggests that some additional stock should be placed on the shelf to
protect against uncertainty of demand during the resupply time. Therefore action
must be taken to adjust for unexpected demands from customer or delays I
delivery from acquisition since shortage can be quite costly interim of unit
readiness. The safety level is an attempt to overcome this problem. However
100% protection is theoretically impossible.
EOQ – Economic Order Quantity:

The curve AMB indicates the graph of inventory carry costs for various
frequencies of ordering. Please note that low ordering frequency means large
order, which in turn means m inventory and hence inventory carrying costs. It also
means few orders and hence less ordering costs. OMG shows the graph of
ordering costs corresponding to various frequencies. If we add the two costs we
get a graph PQR, which indicates the total invent cost corresponding to various
frequencies Q is the least c and hence the intercept OS shows the most desirable
frequency of ordering for which the total inventory cost is minimum. The quantity
of order corresponding to the frequency is known as Economic order quantity
(EOQ)>.We can also plot the graph with quantity per order plotted along x-axis
and costs along y-axis (what will be the nature j the two graph in such a case) Both
the costs when totaled will get the total cost. The intercept on x axis corresponding
to the lowest point on the total cost will now give economic order quantity (EOQ).
This is also known as Economic Lot size.
ROL – Reorder letter (Replenishment)

In the EOQ model discussed we have made the assumption that the lead time for
procuring material is zero. Consequently, the recorder point for replenishment of
stock occurs when the level of inventory drops down to zero. In vie of
imtantaneous replenishment of stock the levels of inventory jumps to the original
level from zero level in real life situation one never encounter a zero lead time.
There is always a time lag from the date of placing an order for material and the
date on which materials are received. As a result the recorder level is always at a
level higher than zero. And if the firm places the order when the inventor reaches
the recorder point, the new goodwill arrives before the firm ---- out of goods. The
decision on how much stock to hold is generally referred to as the order point
problem that in how should the inventory be depleted before it is reordered.
The two factors that determine the appropriate order point are the procurement or
delivery time stock which is the inventory needed during the lead time G.C. The
difference between the order date & the receipt of the inventory order with safety
stock which is the minimum level of the inventory that is held as a protection
against shortages.
Recorder Point = Normal consumption during lead time + safety stock =
= Avg. daily usage rate & lead time in day.
Ordering Schedule – Logistic & plan of conveyance of bitumen.

Ordering Schedule – Procurement of Materials.
PROCUREMENT:
Procurement is of special significance in a project situation. The net effect of
delay in delivery and supply of inferior quality of material is delay in the
completion of the project. Economic procurement is also important as it is a
determinant for the viability of the project. Because of these considerations
vendor selection plays an important role. In addition contingency procurement
plans are also necessary to minimize the effect of undesirable performance by
vendors. The consumables are standard materials and are usually available from
many sources. Occasionally, there is a scarcity of some of these materials. The
gross demand as well as the demand profile of these materials for the entire
project duration are known, and it is desirable to enter into contracts with the
suppliers (preferably more than, one for each material) for the entire requirement
with staggered delivery. The construction machineries need to be procured before
the construction activity is in full swing. The performance characteristics of these
machineries are important considerations while procuring these materials. It may
be possible to penalize the supplier for poor performance of the construction
machineries, but the cost to the project in terms of delays is much more than the
penalty that a be realized. The suitability of the construction machineries for the
particular construction site should also be evaluated. Another important, factor in
the selection of construction machineries is the maintenance requirement, in many
construction sties extensive maintenance facilities may not be available, specially
due to the limited period for which these construction machineries are to be used.
Keeping in view the severity of the requirements of construction machineries, it
may be desirable to procure these from reputed manufacturers even at a slightly
higher price.
Apart from the discussion on the technical details and price the negotiation can
centre around the following issues;
a) Delivery Schedule: To match with the project network.
b) Payment terms
c) Liquidated Damages
d) Quality specifications and procedure for checking quality.
e) Inspection at different stages of manufacture at the supplier’s premises.
f) Incorporation of design changes while the manufacturing is in progress.
g) Performance guarantee etc.
STORAGE AND LOGISTIC SYSTEM FOR MATERIALS:

The availability of storage capacity is very limited at project site. Further most of
the available space is open and very little covered area is available. In these
circumstances proper storage of material becomes important to facilitate quick
identification and location of material and to minimize the damage and losses of
materials while in stores. The materials, which need to be stored, are the
consumables and the capital equipments prior to their erection. The construction
machineries are put to use as soon as these are received. The consumables are
received in lots at different periods and used over the entire period of the project.
As such the stores operation of these materials is similar to those in an on-going
operation. Accordingly these materials are stored in fixed locations. Either in
open on covered space, and issued against store issue slips. The capital
equipments are one off type and are to be stored till these are required for erection.
A random storage system is normally followed for capital equipments, for better
utilization of the available storage space. The storage space is divided into various
zones and these are marked. The capital equipments, on arrival, are stored in the
available storage space and the zone identification codes are recorded in the
relevant material cards for easy retrieval. A simple Kardex system needs to be
maintained for the purpose.
TRANSITION FROM SITUATION TO ON-GOING STRUCTURE:

The planning for the materials management function on completion of the
construction activity need to be carried out much before the completion of the
project for smooth transition from project to on-going operation. The tasks to be
performed are:
i. Identification of the materials including spares required for on-going
operation.
ii. Assessment of consumption rates
iii. Codification and classification of the materials
iv. Assessment of storage requirement, store-layout, planning etc.
.
CALCULATION FOR PER DAY WORK:-
FRONT SHOVEL
1) Consider we are using
BEML front shovel model No. PC 220-3
Operating weight Tones – 22
Bucket capacity Range cum – 1.26 cum
Time in seconds - 24 secs for 1 bucket
Therefore,
in 1 min = 2.5 buckets
in 1 hr = 60 min x 2.5 bucket
1 hr = 150 bucket will be filled
= 150 x 1.26 cum
1 hr = 189 cum of earth will be filled
Taking in consideration of head, maintenance & Breakdown period and induction

& induction upto 2 hr in 1 shift per day.
Total working hrs. = 6hr.

6 hr = 189 x 6 = 1134 cum
1 day = 1134 cum will be excavated
The in 1, 00,000 cum of earth will be excavation 88 days / 1 shovel.

TRUCK PRODUCTION
Number of Bucket loads
Balanced number of bucket loads = Truck capacity
Bucket Capacity
= 4 Cum = 3.27 = 3 bucket
1.26 Cum
Load time:-
Load time = Number of bucket swing x bucket cycle time.
Load time = 3 buckets x 24 sec.
= 72 sec
Haul Time:-
Hauling should be at the highest safe speed and in the proper gear, to increase
efficient use one way traffic pattern.
Haul time (min) = Haul distance (ft)
88 fpm / mph x Haul speed (mph)
3km = 3000 m = 9840 ft.
Haul speed mph = 25mph
= 9840
88 x 25 mp/h
Haul time = 4.47 min = 287 Sec.
Return time:-
Based on the empty vehicle wt & the rolling and grade resistance from the dump
point to the loading area return speed can be determined using the trucks
manufacturer performance chart.
Return Speed = 48.30 Mph
Return time (min) = Return distance (ft)
88 f pm/mph x Return speed (mph)
= 9840 = 2.32 min
88 x 48.3
= 152 Sec.
Dump time:-
Approximately 3.5 min = 230 sec.
Truck cycle time:
Truck cycle time = load time + Haul time + Dumpling + Return
Truck Cycle time = 1.20 + 4.47 + 3.5 + 2.32
= 11.50 min
Number of Truck Required. :-
Number of Trucks = Truck cycle time (min)
Loader cycle time (min)
= 11.50
1.12
= 10.27 trucks
= 10 trucks
Production
Production (1cum/hr) = Truck load (1cum) x 60 min
loader cycle time (min)
production (1cum/hr)= 4 Cum x 60 = 214.29 cum/hr

1.12
The production per day:-
1 hr = 6 hr = 214.29 x 6
6 hr = 1285.74 cum per day / truck
The 1, 00,000 cy of earth will be transported in 78 days.
To transport 20,000 cum of earth from site to dumping place it will take 15.5 day
= 16 days/per truck
1 day – 6 trips/truck = 1285.74
16 day - 96 trips
11 trucks x 1285.74 = 14143.14 cum will be transported by 11 trucks in 1 day.
= 1.5 day for 20.000 cum.
To bring in 3000 cum of sand from 20 km.

Truck Production
1) Number of bucket load = 3 bucket
2) Load time = 72 sec = 1.2 min
3) Hail time
20 km = 20,000 m = 65600 ft.
Haul speed mph. 40 mph

= 65600 = 18.63 min
88 x 40
4) Return time
Return Speed = 60 mph
Return time (min) = 65600 = 12.45 min
88 x 60
5) Dump time
Approximately = 4 min
6) Truck Cycle time
= 1.2 + 18.63 + 12.42 + 4
= 36.25 min
7) Number of truck required.
= 36.25 = 32.36 = 33 trucks
1.12
8) Production = 214.29 cum hr.
6 hr. = 1285.57 cum.
To transport 3000 cum of sand no. of day required.
= 2.5 day = 15 trips
DOZERS:
Consider we are using dozer of make Catter pillar D9 - tracks
Model No. : CAT (18 Acert (D9T)
3408 Haul (D9R
Gross power: - 346 kW (464 hp) D9T
Tractor 354 kw (475 hp D9R)
Fly wheel power: 306 KW (410hp) D9T
306 kw (410hp) D9R
280 kw (375hp) D9N
343 kw (460hp) D9L
Operation wt. : 48784 kg. (107550 lb)

Length: 8.1 m Width: 4 m blade Ht: 4m
Speed: 11.9 km/h forward 14.7 km/h increase
Blade capacities: 13.5 m3 (17.7 d3) 9 sv blade, 16.4 m3 (21.4 yd3) 9 u blade
Suppose dozer is used to push material 90 ft.
Production (1 as per 60 min-hr) = net hp x 330
(D + 50)
= 375 x 330
(90 + 50)
= 883.93 cy/hr
= 675.32 cum/hr
Per hour rate of dozers is 1260 per/hour

To complete 83000 (80000filling + 3000 sand) = 123 hrs. = 20 day.
ROLLER:-
1) Consider we are using “Maxmech” make smooth Drum Vibratory Roller Model
No. MDVA 925 Given
Dimension:-
Overall L = 4435 mm
Overall W = 1835 mm
Overall H = 3000 mm (top of canopy
Drum base = 3050 mm = 3.050, cub clearance = 400mm
Drum width = 1675 mm = 1675 mm, Drum Shell thk (machined) = 18 mm
Articulation angle = steering angle = 40, Oscillation angle = 10
Working speed = 0 – 6.5 Kmph = 4.0389 miles per how (mph)
Compacted lift thk = 8 inches, Mumbai of roller panes = 3 nos
Compacted cubic yards per hour = 16.3 x W x SxL x efficiency
n
W = Compacted width per roller pas in feet
S = average roller speed in miles per hour
L = compacted lift thk. In inches
N = number of roller pass required to achieve the required. Density
= 16.3 x 1.675 x 4.039 x 066 x 50/60
20.21
= 15.44 cy/per hour cum/per hour
= 15.44 x 6 = 92.64 = 93 cum per day.
To compact 83000 cum of earth 5376 hrs = 892.47 day i.e. 893 days
Sr. Per no. No. of Rate Amount

No. Equip
1. Front Shovel 88 days 2 2000/- per 10,56,000.00
hour
2. Trucks 16 + 2.5 = 18.5 11 + 33 2500/- per day 47,500.00
19 days 44 nos
3. Dozers 20 day 3 nos 2000/- per 2,46,000.00
(123 hrs) hour
4. Roller 893 day 10 nos 7000/- per day 62,51,000.00
(6hrs)
76,00,500.00
Total cost of equipment for this project Rs.76,00,500.00

To complete the work in 60 days we require following no of equipments:
Front shovel - 2 nos
Trucks - 44 nos
dozers - 3 nos
roller - 10 nos
PROCUREMENT OF MATERIAL BITUMEN:-

Duration of work 30 days from 60th day of starting of work i.e. 60th to 90th day.
Bitumen to be obtained from refinery at Bongaigwon in Assam. Lead time upto
site us 45 days storage facility available at site 59000 liter tank.
i.e. from starting of work reach on site.

i.e. 1st order on – 12th day – on 57th day.
i.e. 2nd order on 22nd day – on 67th day.
3rd orders – 32nd day – on 77th day.
CONCLUSION:
Materials management is very important for timely completion of the projects. A

delay in providing the materials for construction will naturally put the project
behind schedule from which it may never recover or the cost of bringing it back on
schedule may be very high. Such shortage disrupts the workflow and apart from
the lowering morale, need additional organizational efforts to generate the flow
again. Men and machines remain idle while they await the arrival of the materials.
These delays are not simply a matter of few weeks or days; they have a cascading
effect on the entire project performance. Because the construction is delayed, the
billing gets help u and affects the cash flow. Added to it, the additional overheads
that will be required to carry on the project to its final completion and the
liquidated damages that a contractor may have to pay for exceeding the time, limit
or the loss in productions and revenue for the owners. These are but direct and
visible effects of the delays. Internally, it may create friction among the various
departments or work units and generate widespread discontent among the
employees. This is caused by the feelings that while the other departments,
specifically the construction, are sweating it out to maintain the schedule; the
materials management dept. is taking things easy and creating avoidable pressures
on the schedule. Externally, it may cause embarrassment to the organization and
dissatisfaction among its customers. This loss of face may take a long time to
heal. Thus considerable management skill must go into ensuring the time
provision of variety of materials to be used in Construction.
Planning includes aspects like selection of equipments, number of size of units,
matching capacities, schedule of procurement, maintenance etc. The general
consideration for selection of equipment are suitability for the job, use of available
equipment, size of the equipment, variety reduction, standardization, versatility,
utilization, selection of manufacturer, suitability for local conditions, adaptability
and technical considerations. It would be obvious from the above details that the
planner / estimator should have a good understanding of the work site, methods /
techniques of work as well as the characteristics of the equipment, their output

factors affecting the output etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1) Peurifoy / Schexnayder, Construction Planning Equipments &

Methods, Tata McGraw Hill.
2) S.Seetharaman, Construction Engineering & Management, Umesh
Publications Delhi.
3) Dr. Mahesh Varma, Construction Equipment & Planning,
Metropolitan Books Co. Delhi.

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-1- Construction Materials & Equipment Management

Construction Equipments & Material Management

a) Cutting and Dozing of 100,000 cum of earth. Average height 0.75 m.

b) Transportation of 20,000 cum of surplus earth from site to dumping place 3

c) Bringing in 3000 cum of sand from 20 k.m (including spreading and

d) Procurement of 1, 50,000 liters of Bitumen, Duration of work 30 days from

Estimate total cost of work and your plan of

i. Equipment Planning – Procurement & Deployment.

ii. Ordering and replenishing of Bitumen.

Avg. Embankment – 666.67 m

APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS:

Under Ground Applications: These are generally handled by shovel or backhoe

Typical cycle element times under average conditions, for 3 to 5 cy size

The actual production of a shovel is affected by numerous factors,

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT:

either direct- or power-shift-type transmissions. Larger dozers are always

Crawler Dozers with Direct Drive

Crawler Dozers with Torque Converter and Power-Shift Transmissions

Crawler Dozers with Hydrostatic Power trains

and increases operational efficiency. Hydrostatic power train transmissions are

DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATING

Previous experience Properly documented past experience is an excellent

Production (lcy per hour)

Production (Icy per 60-min hr) = net hp x 330

3. The size and type of engine – gasoline, diesel, butane, or propane.

Types of Dump trucks

ARTICULATED REAR-DUMP TRUCKS

Rear-dumps, be they rigid-frame or articulated, should be considered when

CAPACITIES OF TRUCKS AND HAULING EQUIPMENT

EFFECTS OF TRUCK SIZE

1. Advantage of small compared with large trucks :

4. Disadvantage of large compared with small trucks :

CALCULATING TRUCK PRODUCTION

Balanced number of bucker loads = Truck capacity (Icy) (10.1)

Step 3. Haul Time

Haul time (min) = Haul distance (ft)

COMPACTION OF GEOTECHNICAL MATERILS

TYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

2. Pressure – static weight

On some projects, it may be desirable to use more than one type of

Rock fills are usually spread in 18 to 48 in lifts. Attention to spreading the

Considered in this project.

ROLLER PRODUCTION ESTIMATING

Compacted cubic yards per hour = 16.3 X W X S X L X efficiency

The computed production is in compacted cubic yards (ccy), so it will be

 The head of asphalt in front of the screed

HOW TO SELECT THE EQUIPMENT

PLANNING FOR EQUIPMENT:

Thus a systematic approach in respect of planning for equipment is necessary,

equipment. In a majority of the cases project may be headed by a Civil

LAYOUT OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT

SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

It is desirable to have the minimum possible number of varieties of

11. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

b) Tractor with heavy

c) Scraper tractor towed

Sr. Operation Suitable Plant Remarks

OUTPUTS AND PERFORMANCE OF THE EQUIPMENT: