Pressure Measurement and Calibration Lab Report
Pressure Measurement and Calibration Lab Report
Pressure Measurement and Calibration Lab Report
Pressure is measured as a force per unit area. Pressure measurements are important
not only for the monitoring and control of pressure itself but also for measuring other
parameters, such as level and flow (through differential pressure). Pressure measurement is
one of the most common measurements made in process control. It is also one of the simplest
in terms of which measuring device to select. One of the key items to consider is the primary
element for example strain gage and the Bourdon tube. Primary-element materials should be
selected to provide sufficient immunity from the process fluids and at the same time the
required measured accuracy under the process conditions they will encounter.
2) Transmitters
A typical pressure transmitter consists of two parts: the primary element and the
secondary element. The primary element (which includes the pressure sensor or pressure
element) converts the pressure into a mechanical or electrical value to be read by the
secondary element. It is the part that is most subject to failure since it faces the process
conditions. The secondary element is the transmitter’s electronics: basically, a transducer to
convert the output from the primary element into a readable signal such as 4-20 mA.
Typically, electronic-based sensors such as strain gages have a better response and a higher
accuracy than mechanical- based types such as Bourdons (which are still acceptable in many
applications).
Results
Averag
Run III SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4 SET 5 e
Suggested Pressure, psig
A
20 20 20 20 20 20
Actual Gauge Pressure, psig
B
19.48 19.43 19.6 19.6 19.69 19.56
Gauge Pressure, psig
C
20 20 20 20 20 20
Gauge Pressure, psig
D
19.5 19.2 19.5 19.5 19.7 19.48
Absolute Pressure, psia
E
34.3 34 34.1 34.3 34.2 34.18
Calculated Absolute Pressure,
F=B+14.70 psia
34.18 34.13 34.3 34.3 34.39 34.26
At Pressure
G1=[B-C]
Gauge 0.52 0.57 0.4 0.4 0.31 0.44
Gauge Pressure
At Pressure
Deviation, psig
G2=[B-D] Indicator,
P12 0.02 0.23 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.08
Absolute Pressure Deviation,
H=[F-E] psia
0.12 0.13 0.2 0 0.19 0.08
Run IV SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4 SET 5 Ave
Suggested Pressure, psig
A
15 15 15 15 15 15
Actual Gauge Pressure, psig
B
15.12 15.13 15.13 15.12 15.12 15.12
Gauge Pressure, psig
C
16 16 16 16 16 16
Gauge Pressure, psig
D
14.5 14.5 14.2 14.15 14.13 14.296
Absolute Pressure, psia
E
29.1 29.2 29.8 28.89 29.2 29.238
Calculated Absolute Pressure,
F=B+14.70 psia
29.82 29.83 29.83 29.82 29.82 29.82
At Pressure
G1=[B-C]
Gauge 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88
Gauge Pressure
At Pressure
Deviation, psig
G2=[B-D] Indicator,
P12 0.62 0.63 0.93 0.97 0.99 0.828
Absolute Pressure Deviation,
H=[F-E] psia
0.72 0.63 0.03 0.93 0.62 0.586
Figure 1.
Discussion
Pressure measurement and calibration system is one of the most and main aspects at the
measurement system under process instrumentation. This experiment was conducted in order
to familiarize with the pressure measurement equipment and calibration process together with
pressure measurement tactics and calibration system with main concern on percentage error findings.
Absolute and gauge pressure is generally related related to pressure measurement. In this
experiment, pressure measurement skills were applied and calibration of the pressure system was
done by analyzing differential pressure or percentage of deviation between desired output and
calculated output results. The pressure gauge and pressure sensor/ indicator together with
digital manometer were used to measure the pressure. The pressure transmitter is used to
convert pressure into electrical output this can be clearly observe from this experiment where the
mechanical pressure in tank was transmitted to pressure indicator or in other word pressure transmitter
consist primary element (which includes the pressure sensor or pressure element) which
converts the pressure into a mechanical or electrical value that need to be read by the
secondary element.
For Experiment 1 (Measurement) the readings of pressure was measured at differ ent
gas pressure level by run and repeating each suggested pressure 5 times. T he experiment under
suggested pressure, psig of 30.00, 25.00, 20.00, 15.00, 10.00, 5.00, and 0.00 was performed.
The pressure was measured by taking into consideration the suggested pressure. The value of F is
calculated by adding the 14.70 psia, standard atmospheric pressure plus with actual gage
pressure. Experiment 1 shown that gauge pressure always smaller than absolute pressure
(gauge pressure + vacuum pressure). From Run 1 until Run 7, the result s that were obtained
clearly shows that the pressure reading not achieving suggested or desired pressure. There is no single
reading that would show zero pressure deviation even though the experiment was repeated for 5 times
each of the suggested pressure.
Base on the average results that have been collected from each run of the experiment, the
graph was constructed (Figure 1). The deviations shown by gauge pressure deviation, psig and
deviation of pressure indicator, P12 is higher, besides that, the absolute pressure deviation, psia
shows lower results. The graph shows fluctuation in the reading, however the lowest point achieved
by results from pressure indicator, P12 at suggested pressure 10 psig as low as 0.01 which close to the
zero. The highest point was achieved by gauge pressure deviation at suggested pressure 15 psig with
value of 0.876. The readings might have some error which caused by few factors. One of the main
factor is human error beside that sensitivity of the pressure measurement instrument also can
cause errors and decrease accuracy in the readings which is pressure meters and manometers.
Conclusion
This experiment was designed to investigate the relationship between gauge pressure,
absolute pressure, and diferential pressure. Pressure measurement and calibration system is
mainly studied in this experiment. Pressure measuring instrument like manometer and
transmitter which involve in converting physical to electrical output was plays great role in
measuring pressure. It is also proved that gauge pressure always lower than absolute pressure.
This experiment conducted in two way where Experiment 1 for pressure measurement and
Experiment 2 and 3 for calibration system. Experiment 1 shown that gauge pressure always
smaller than absolute pressure (gauge pressure + vaccum pressure). Eventhough, experiment
1 runs for seven time with pressure,psig 30.00, 25.00,20.00, 15.00, 10.00, 5.00 and 0.00 each
twice to obtain average result but there is always present deviations. Value of deviations quite
high. This due to some factors such as sensitivity of the pressure measuring instrument
(manometer in this experiment) and the leakage in connecters which not well fixed to gas
tank. As for Experiment 2 and 3, most of the percentage deviation is above the permissible
limits. Desired output values unable to achieved, which cause most of them fail except
calibration at 0.30/ 15.00 at 25.0% is pass for PT1 and for PT2 pass at 15.00 at 50.0% and
30.00 at 100.0% respectively. The lowest percentage deviation is 0.0625. This situation or
error occurred during pressing external hand pump to generate desired pressure. Constant
force have to applied to achieve the targeted pressure but unable to achieve due tired of
pressing for long period.
Recommendations
First of all, the system must be checked regularly to be in good condition where it
can use in future. Maintenance have to do on system if needed. Make sure the pressure
measuring instrument present in good condition with correct accuracy, because it will give
fault result if not checked well. There must be insulation made on the hand pump handle to
reduce the friction between handle and hand palm. This will prevent the hand palm from
getting injured and force can be applied continuously without tired fastly. Morever, makesure
that the readings becomes stable become record any measurements. Connecter from
manometer to gas tank must be in proper condition without any leakages.
Questions
1. State weather the pressure is higher/lower/equal at the bottom of a tank filled with a
gas than at the top.
The pressure at the bottom of the tank is equal to top of the tank because in a closed tank
gases properties is to fill in the space evenly.
3. If the contents of a tank holding 20m3 of gas are transferred to a tank with twice as
much volume and all other factors remain unchanged, what will happen to gas
pressure?
Volume is inversely proportional to pressure. Thus as the volume of the acquired spaces
increased, the pressure will decreased.
4. If the gas in a tank heated and all other factors remain unchanged, what will happen
to the gas pressure?
Temperature is proportional to pressure, thus as the temperature increases, the pressure will
also increases.
There are a few possible that can be point out from the experiment beside parallax
error while taking reading. The pressure device may not in good condition due to no
maintenance. The accuracy report should include all of the errors. Some ways to avoid error
are careful selection for standard of the type pressure, setting up the calibration equipment,
developing the calibration procedure, maintaining an audit chain of traceability to national
standard, providing proper maintenance for standards and equipment, analyzing calibration
data to ensure correct performance, establishing appropriate re-certification intervals.
References