Flexural Design For Prestress
Flexural Design For Prestress
Flexural Design For Prestress
Prepared by:
c a = β1 c C
h ds dp de
de − a/2
Aps ϵte
As T
Assumed strain
𝐜 𝛜𝐜𝐮 For As = 0, de = dp
=
𝐝𝐞 𝛜𝐜𝐮 + 𝛜𝐭𝐞 For Aps = 0, de = ds
de − c 1
ϵte = ϵcu = ϵcu −1
c c/de
where:
c = depth of compression stress block at nominal resistance
ϵcu = assumed failure strain of concrete in compression
ϵte = tensile strain in the concrete at the level of the centroid of the
resultant tensile force in the tension reinforcement, that is the level
of de
de = depth from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
tensile force resultant in the tension reinforcement (prestressed
and/or non – prestressed). Note that, de = dp for As = 0 and
de = ds for Aps = 0.
Moment Reduction Factor
0.90
1 5
∅ = 0.70 + 0.20 −
c/de 3
Spiral 1 5
0.70 ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 −
c/de 3
0.65
Other
𝜖𝑠 = 0.005
𝜖𝑠 = 0.002
𝜌 < 𝜌1 Tension-controlled
3 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1
𝜌1 =
8 𝑓𝑦
3 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1
𝜌2 =
5 𝑓𝑦
𝜌2 < 𝜌 Compression-controlled
Background for Analysis of Sections at Ultimate
2. Perfect bond exist between steel and concrete. This is not valid in
unbonded tendons.
0.05 ′
b) β = 0.85 − f c − 28 but not less than 0.65
7
h ds dp de
Aps fps
As T
fy
C = T1 + T2
0.85f′c β1 cb = Aps fps + As fy
Depth of compression block:
a
Mn = 0.85f′c ba de −
2
a
Mn = (Aps fps + As fy ) de −
2
Aps = area of prestressing reinforcement in the tensile zone
fps = stress in the prestressing steel at nominal flexural resistance of the section
As = area of non – prestressed tension reinforcement
fy = specified yield strength of non–prestressed tensile reinforcement
c = depth of neutral axis at ultimate
𝑎 = depth of rectangular stress block = β1 c
𝑑𝑝 = distance from the extreme compression fiber to centroid of tensile force in
prestressed reinforcement
𝑑𝑠 = distance from the extreme compression fiber to centroid of tensile force in
non–prestressed tensile reinforcement
Notations
Due to prestressing tendon jack force ……........... 0.94 fpy ≤ 0.80 fpu
Immediately after prestress transfer …..........…… 0.82 fpy ≤ 0.74 fpu
Post – tensioning tendons, at anchorage devices
and coupler, immediately after force transfer …… 0.74 fpu
Ultimate strength design
γp fpu d
fps = fpu 1− ρp + ω − ω′
β1 fc ′ dp
fpu d
ρp + ω − ω′ ≥ 0.17 and d′ ≤ 0.15db
fc ′ dp
dp = Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed
reinforcement, mm
d = Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of non –
prestressed tension reinforcement, mm
β1 = 0.85 − 0.05 fc ′ − 28 ; 0.65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85
7
γp = factor for type of prestressing tendon
= 0.55 for fpy /fpu not less than 0.80
= 0.40 for fpy /fpu not less than 0.85
= 0.28 for fpy /fpu not less than 0.90
Aps
ρp =
bd
f
ω = ρ y
fc ′
f
ω′ = ρ′ y
fc ′
For members with unbonded tendons
f′c
fps = fse + 70 +
100ρp
f′c
fps = fse + 70 +
300ρp
But 𝐟𝐩𝐬 shall not be greater than 𝐟𝐩𝐲 , nor greater than (𝐟𝐬𝐞 + 𝟐𝟏𝟎)
Minimum Bonded Reinforcement
As = 0.004Act
where Act is the area of that part of cross section between the
flexural tension face and center of gravity of gross cross section.
Nc
As =
0.5fy
where fy should be less than 415 MPa; Nc is the tensile force in
concrete due to unfactored dead load plus live load
As = 0.00075Acf
where Acf is the larger gross cross – sectional area of the slab –
beam strips in two orthogonal equivalent frames intersecting at a
column in two – way slab.
Under-reinforced Over-reinforced
0.85f′c
Determine the following: a C
430
N. A.
prestressed reinforcement d−
2
at nominal strength fps
b. Value of the depth of the
compression block. T = Aps fps
c. Ultimate moment capacity
of the prestressed beam. 250
All dimensions in mm
Part a: For bonded tendons:
Under – reinforced
d
ωp + ω − ω′ < 0.36β1
dp
a a a
Mn = Aps fps dp − + As fy d − + A′s fy − d′
2 2 2
Over – reinforced
d
ωp + ω − ω′ > 0.36β1
dp
2
′
Mu = ∅f c bdp 2
0.36β1 − 0.08β1
ρp fps
ωp =
f′c
0.0093(1,107.9)
ωp =
35
ωp = 0.294
d
ωp + ω − ω′ = 0.294 + 0
dp
d
ωp + ω − ω′ = 0.294
dp
0.36β1 = 0.36(0.80)
0.36β1 = 0.288
d
Since ωp + ω − ω′ > 0.36β1
dp
(over − reinforced)
Nominal flexural strength:
Mn = f ′ c bw dp 2 0.36β1 − 0.08β1 2
Mn = 35 250 430 2 0.36 0.80 − 0.08 0.80 2
/106
𝐌𝐧 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑. 𝟏 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦
Problem 02: The prestressed I – beam shown in cross – section with
bonded tendons is pretensioned using seven ordinary stress – relieved
strands Grade 250 (fpu = 1,728 MPa) carrying an effective prestress
fpe = 988 MPa, fpy = 1480 MPa, f’c = = 27.6 MPa.
fpy 1480
= = 0.856
Therefore, use fpu 1728
Sincefpy /fpu > 0.85, use γ = 0.40
γp fpu d
fps = fpu 1− ρp + ω − ω′
β1 fc ′ dp
0.40 1,728
fps = 1,728 1 − 0.004924 +0
0.85 27.6
𝐟𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Depth of Compression Block
Check whether the stress block depth is greater or less than the average
flange thickness of 150 mm.
Under – reinforced
d
ωp + ω − ω′ < 0.36β1
dp
a a a
Mn = Aps fps dp − + As fy d − + A′s fy − d′
2 2 2
Over – reinforced
d
ωp + ω − ω′ > 0.36β1
dp
2
′
Mu = ∅f c bdp 2
0.36β1 − 0.08β1
ρp fps Note: When stress block depth is less
ωp = than the average flange thickness and is
f′c
0.004924(1,477.31) under – reinforced, use the formula:
ωp =
27.6
ωp = 0.263 Nominal flexural strength:
a
d Mn = Aps fps d−
ωp + ω − ω′ = 0.263 + 0 2
dp 136.44
d Mn = (650)(1,477.31) 440 −
ωp + ω − ω′ = 0.263 2
dp Mn = 357 × 106 N ∙ mm
𝐌𝐧 = 𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦
0.36β1 = 0.36(0.85)
0.36β1 = 0.306
Flexural design strength:
d
Sinceωp + ω − ω′ < 0.36β1 Mu = ∅Mn
dp Mu = 0.90(357)
(under − reinforced) 𝐌𝐮 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏. 𝟑 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦
Problem 03: The prestressed I – beam shown is pretensioned by
using ordinary stress relieved strands having a specified tensile
strength fpu = 1,750 MPa, fpy = 1,480 MPa.
Material Properties
hf(ave) = 127 h = 600 mm
d = 440 mm
100 Aps = 650 mm2
t f = 127 mm
600 440 bf = 300 mm
t w = 100 mm
f′c = 27.6 MPa
fpe = 988 MPa
fpy = 1,480 MPa
Aps = 650 mm2
fpu = 1,750 MPa
All dimensions in mm
Part a:
fpy 1480
= = 0.845
fpu 1750
fpy
Since 0.80 < < 0.85, use γ = 0.55
fpu
Aps
ρp =
bd
650
ρp =
300(440)
𝛒𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟗
γp fpu d
fps = fpu 1 − ρp + ω − ω′
β1 fc ′ dp
0.55 1,750
fps = 1,750 1 − 0.004924 +0
0.85 27.6
𝐟𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟗𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Nominal flexural strength
Check whether the stress block depth is greater or less than the average
flange thickness of 150 mm.
Under – reinforced
d
ωpw + ωw − ωw ′ < 0.36β1
dp
Over – reinforced
d
ωpw + ωw − ωw ′ > 0.36β1
dp
d
ωp + ω − ω′ = 0.248 + 0
dp
d
ωp + ω − ω′ = 0.248
dp
0.36β1 = 0.36(0.85)
0.36β1 = 0.306
d
Since ωp + ω − ω′ < 0.36β1
dp
(under − reinforced)
Note: When stress block depth is greater than the average flange thickness
and is over – reinforced, use the formula:
a ′
hf
Mn = Apw fps dp − + As fy d − dp + 0.85f c b − bw hf dp −
2 2
132.92
Mn = 223.3 1,396.47 440 − +0
2
127
+ 0.85(27.6) 300 − 100 (127) 440 −
2
𝐌𝐧 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦
Mu = ∅Mn
Mu = 0.90(340.83)
𝐌𝐮 = 𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦
Problem 04: A prestressed beam is reinforced with a bonded tendon
having an area Ap𝑠 = 1,580 mm2 , f′c = 34.5 MPa, fpu =1,862 MPa, and the
effective stress after losses fpe = 1102 MPa. fpy = 1,763 MPa. Span of
beam is 6 m. Determine the following:
a
d−
2
Aps
T = Aps fps
250
All dimensions in mm
Part a:
For bonded tendons:
fpy 1713
= 0.05
fpu 1862 β1 = 0.85 − fc ′ − 28
7
fpy 0.05
= 0.92 ≥ 0.90 β1 = 0.85 − 34.5 − 28
fpu 7
β1 = 0.8036
Use: 𝛄 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
γp fpu d
fps = fpu 1 − ρp + ω − ω′
Check fse β1 fc ′ dp
γp fpu
0.5fpy = 0.5(1,862) fps = fpu 1 − ρ +0
β1 p fc ′
0.5fpy = 931 MPa < fse 0.28 1,862
fps = 1,862 1 − (0.00216)
0.8036 34.5
Aps
ρp = 𝐟𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟖𝟔. 𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚
bd
1,580
ρp =
1220(600)
𝛒𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔
Part b:
d
Checking the depth of compression block: ωp + ω − ω′ = 0.118 + 0
dp
d
C=T ωp + ω − ω′ = 0.118
dp
0.85f′c ab = Aps fps
(1,580)(1,786)
a=
0.85(34.5)(1,220)
0.36β1 = 0.36(0.8036)
a = 78.9 mm < 90 mm (ok!)
0.36β1 = 0.289
ρp fps
ωp = d
f′c Since ωp + ω − ω′ < 0.36β1
0.00216(1,786.4) dp
ωp = (under − reinforced)
34.5
ωp = 0.118
Ultimate moment capacity:
a
Mu = ∅T d −
2
a
Mu = 0.90Aps fps d −
2
78.9
Mu = 0.90(1,580)(1,786) 600 −
2
Mu = 1,424 × 106 N ∙ mm
Part c:
wu L2
Mu = wDL = [1.22 0.08 + 0.25 0.6 ](2.4)(9.8)
8
8Mu 𝐰𝐃𝐋 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐍/𝐦
wu = 2
L
1,424 8 wu = 1.2wDL + 1.6wLL
wu = 316.44 = 1.2(5.83) + 1.6wLL
62
𝐰𝐮 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐍/𝐦 𝐰𝐋𝐋 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟒 𝐤𝐍/𝐦
UNBONDED TENDONS
Problem 05: A 250 mm × 500 mm prestressed beam has a simple span of
6 m. The beam uses stress relieved tendons with fpu = 1,350 MPa and an
effective stress in prestressed reinforcement after allowable for all prestress
losses fse = 760 MPa. The prestressed beam is not to be grouted (unbonded)
after the application of the prestress. If the area of prestress reinforcement
in tension zone is Aps = 1,000 mm2 applied 70 mm above the bottom of the
beam and f’c = 35 MPa, determine the following:
0.85f′c
a. Reinforcement indices
for the prestressed beam a C
b. Safe ultimate moment
a
430
capacity of the beam d−
c. Safe live load that the 2
prestressed beam could Aps = 1,000 mm2
carry if concrete weighs
23.54 kN/m3. T = Aps fps
250
All dimensions in mm
Aps ρp fps
ρp = ωp =
bd f′c
1,000 0.0093(868)
ρp = ωp =
250(430) 35
𝛒𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟑 ωp = 0.231
L 6,000 0.05
= β1 = 0.85 − fc ′ − 28
d 500 − 70 7
L 0.05
= 13.95 < 35 β1 = 0.85 − 35 − 28
d 7
β1 = 0.80
Use:
Limiting value of ωp
f ′c
fps = fse + 70 + 0.36β1 = 0.36(0.80)
100ρp
35 0.36β1 = 0.288
fps = 760 + 70 +
100(0.0093)
𝐟𝐩𝐬 = 𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚 ωp = 0.231 < 0.36β1
(under − reinforced)
Part b: Safe ultimate moment capacity of the beam
C=T
0.85f′c ab = Aps fps
(1,000)(868)
a=
0.85(35)(250)
𝐚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 𝐦𝐦
a
Mu = ∅T d −
2
a
Mu = 0.90Aps fps d −
2
116.71
Mu = 0.90 1,000 868 430 − /106
2
𝐌𝐮 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎. 𝟑 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦
Part c: Safe live load
wu L2
Mu =
8
wu 6 2
290.3 =
8
𝐰𝐮 = 𝟔𝟒. . 𝟓𝟏 𝐤𝐍/𝐦
wDL = (0.20)(0.5)(1)(23.54)
𝐰𝐃𝐋 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐍/𝐦
wu = 1.2wDL + 1.6wLL
64.51 = 1.2(2.94) + 1.6wLL
𝐰𝐋𝐋 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝐤𝐍/𝐦
Problem 06: The I – beam with flange width of 460 mm and a thickness
of 175 mm has a total depth of 900 mm. Thickness of web is 140 mm. The
prestressed beam is provided by unbonded tendons with an effective
prestress after all losses fse = 1,100 MPa, fpy = 1,500 MPa, f’c = 36 MPa.
Determine the following:
Aps
ρp = fse + 415 = 1,515
bd
1,750
ρp = 𝐟𝐩𝐬 < 𝐟𝐬𝐞 + 𝟒𝟏𝟓 (𝐨𝐤!)
460(850)
𝛒𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟖
Use:
𝐟𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚
f ′c
fps = fse + 70 +
100ρp
36
fps = 1,100 + 70 +
100(0.00448)
𝐟𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚 < 𝐟𝐩𝐲 (𝐨𝐤!)
Part b:
460
A = 460 − 140 175 + 450(140)
A = 119,000 mm2
175
As = 0.004A 450
As = 0.004(119,000)
As = 476 mm2 550 N. A.
140
Using 16 mm ∅ 450
As 175
N= 50
Ao
476 All dimensions in mm
N=π
16 2
4
N = 2.36
𝐍 = 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬
460
0.85f′c 0.85f′c
a C1 C2
175
a a
550 785 785 − 850 −
2 2
140
Aps
60
175 As
65
T1 = Aps fps
50
T2 = As fy
All dimensions in mm
T2 = As fy
T1 = Aps fps π T = T1 + T2
T2 = 3 × 16 2 (415) T = 2,188,200 + 250,322
T1 = 1,750(1,250.4) 4
𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝟏𝟖𝟖, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐍 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎, 𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝐍 𝐓 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟑𝟖, 𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝐍
460
0.85f′c
C = 0.85f′c abf
175 a
850 − 𝑎/2
785 − 𝑎/2
550 785
140
Aps T1 = Aps fps
60
175 As
65
50
T2 = As fy
All dimensions in mm
T2 = As fy
T1 = Aps fps π T = T1 + T2
T2 = 3 × 16 2 (415) T = 2,188,200 + 250,322
T1 = 1,750(1,250.4) 4
𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝟏𝟖𝟖, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐍 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎, 𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝐍 𝐓 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟑𝟖, 𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝐍
Depth of compression block:
C=T
0.85f′c abf = T
2,438,522
a=
0.85(36)(460)
a = 173.2 mm < 175 mm (ok!)
a a
Mu = ∅T1 d1 − + ∅T2 d2 −
2 2
173.2
0.90 2,188,200 785 − +
2
Mu =
173.2
0.90 250,322 850 −
2
Mu = 1,547 × 106 N ∙ mm
𝐌𝐮 = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦