Probability and Statistics Permutations of n things of which some Circular Permutation:

things are identical taken all at a time: P = (n-1)!

Algebra 3.1 Permutation
r1 things are identical of the
Permutation is a definite arrangement P = n! / r1! r2!... Circular Permutations, some things are
first kind.
of all parts of a set of objects. Here repetition identical:
is not allowed and order matters. r2 things are identical of P = (n-1)! / r1!r2!...
Considering the numbers 1,2 and 3. If second kind.
arranged all at the time, there will be 6 Ex. 2 In how many ways can the letters of the Ex. 5 How many different arrangements are
different permutations taken all at the time. word “BOOB” be arranged if all letters are possible when five different items are hanged
123 132 213 231 312 321 taken each time? Ans. 6 in a circular manner? Ans. 24
Using Horizontal bar Method: Ex. 3 In how many different ways can you Ex. 6 If repetitions are not permitted, how
A method of counting by drawing arrange four identical Algebra books, one many three-digit even numbers can be formed
horizontal blank bars as the position of objects calculus book and three identical Mechanics from the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9? How
to be arranged and the corresponding number book in a shelf by taking all the books in each many different four digit integers can be
of ways of placing an object on that bar. By the arrangement? Ans. 280 formed if they are to be greater than 6000?
fundamental principle of counting, the number How many different numbers can be formed
of arrangements can be found. Permutation by Group: from the given integers if they are to be greater
P = G! m1! m2!... G = no. of groups than 900000? Ans. 90, 360 & 5760 ways
Ex. 1 There are five available hangers in the M1 = no. of members in
cabinet. In how many ways can I hang my 7 group 1 Algebra 3.2 Combination
different shirts in a straight line? Ans. 2520 M2 = no. of members in Combination is an arrangement
group 2 and so on. without a specific order. Repetition is not
Theorem 1: Ex. 4 In how many ways can the books in allowed.
The number of permutations of n distinct math, hydraulics and structural engineering be The number of combinations of n
objects taken all at a time is n!. arranged on a shelf if math has 3 volumes, objects taken all at a time is 1. That is,
nP n = n! hydraulics has 2 volumes and structural nCn = 1
engineering has 4 volumes? Books of the same Considering the numbers 1,2 and 3. If
Theorem 2: subject must be altogether. Ans. 1728 ways taken 2 at a time then there will be 3 different
The number of permutations of n distinct combinations. 12 23 13
objects taken r at a time is: nCr = n! / (n –r )! r!

nPr = n! / (n – r)!
Ex. 1 In how many different orders can 7 c) Find the 7th term in the expansion. Ex. 3 What is the probability of obtaining a red
books be arranged on a shelf if a certain 3- Ans. 40095x8y4; -192,456; & 673,596x6y6 ace card or a red face card from a standard
volume book is not to be separated? Ans. 720 Ex. 3 What is the coefficient of the 5th term of deck of cards? Ans. 2/13
Ex. 2 In how many ways can 5 children line up the expansion of (2x2+3y3)10? And what is the Case 2: Mutually Inclusive Events (Joint, w/
to drink water in a drinking fountain if two sum of the coefficient? duplication, w/common outcome)
children don’t want to follow each other? Ans. 1,088,640 & 9765625 P(M or N) = PM + PN – P(M&N)
Ans. 72 Ex. 4 What is the sum of the coefficient of the
Ex. 3 In how many ways can a panel of 5 expansion of (3x-2)^7 ? Ans. 129 Ex. 4 What is the probability of obtaining a
judges make a non-debatable decision? Queen card or a heart card from a standard
Ans. 16 Algebra 3.4 Probability deck of cards? Ans. 4/13
 Probability of single events  Conditional Probability
Algebra 3.3 Binomial Expansion 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 ℎ Dependent Events: Event M and N are
𝑃𝑒 = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 ℎ+𝑓 dependent events if the occurrence or non-
𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 occurrence of one of them affects the
𝒏! Where: h = probability of an event to happen probability of the occurrence of the other.
=[ ] 𝒂𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒃𝒓−𝟏
(𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏)! (𝒓 − 𝟏)! f = probability of failure P(M & N) = PM x PN/M
 Complimentary Probability (used in
Sum of coefficients of the terms of thhe “at least” and “at most” condition) Ex. 1 A Calculus class consists of 14CE, 10
expanded binomial, Sc P not e = 1 - Pe ECE and 8ME students. The teacher shuffles
 CASE 1: General Binomial (axp+byq)n their class cards. What is the probability that
o
Sc = (a+b)n Ex. 1 What is the probability of drawing a face the first three drawn class cards are ECE
 CASE 2 : General Binomial (axp + k)n card from a standard deck of cards? Ans. 3/13 students? Ans. 3/124
o Sc = (a+k)n - kn Ex. 2 Roll a pair of dice. What is the Independent Events: Event M and N are
probability of obtaining a sum of at most 4? independent events if the occurrence or non-
Ex. 1 Determine the numerical coefficient of Ans. 1/6 occurrence of one of them does not affect the
5th term of the expansion of (x+4y)12.  Probability of Compound Events probability of the occurrence of the other.
Ans. 126, 720 Case 1: Mutually Exclusive Events (Disjoint, P(M & N) = PM x PN
Ex. 2 From the given expression (x-3y)12. w/out duplication, w/o common outcome)
a) Find the term involving x8 in the P(M or N) = PM + PN Ex. 2 One bag contains 4 green balls and 2
expansion. black balls while the second bag contains 3
b) Find the coefficient of the 6th term. yellow balls and 7 white balls. What is the
probability of containing a black ball in the The mode maybe unimodal, bimodal, … Normal Distribution
first bag and a white ball in the second? multimodal. 𝒛𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Ans. 7/30 Mean, μ – the entries is the average 𝑷(𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝒙𝟐 = ∫ 𝒆−𝟐𝒛 𝒅𝒛
√𝟐𝝅
 Probability in Repeated Trials of all entries. 𝒛𝟏
(Binomial Probability) Range – the difference between the
largest and the smallest values of the set. Ex. 1 Given the standard normal distribution,
n-r
P(h) = nCr (f) (h) r Variance, V – the average of the find the area under the curve that lies (1) to the
squared deviation from the mean. right of z=1.85 and (2) between z=-1.99 and
Where: P(h) = the probability that an event Standard deviation, σ = the square 0.85. Ans. 0.03216 & 0.7790
happens exactly r times. root of the variance. Ex. 2 Given a normal distribution with μ=50
nCr = the number of combinations that Relative variability, ω = defined as and σ=10, find the probability that X assumes
the event happens exactly r times. the ratio of the standard deviation and the a value between 45 and 62? Ans. 0.5764
f = the probability of failure of a single mean. Ex. 3 A certain type of storage battery lasts on
event Z – Score, z = the measure of the the average 3.0 years, with the standard
h = the probability of happening of a position that takes into account both center and deviation of 0.5 year. Assuming that the
single event the dispersion of the distribution. battery lives are normally distributed, find the
Ex. 1 In a multiple choice-type questions with Z = (X – μ) / σ probability that a given battery will last less
four choices, you attempt to answer 5 than 2.3 years. Ans. 0.08076
questions by pure guessing. What is the Ex. 1 Given the set of numbers: Ex. 4 the following indicates the probability
probability of getting exactly 3 correct 4,5,7,10,14,22,25,30. Find the median and the distribution of the number of breakdowns per
answers? Ans. 45/512 range? Ans. 12 & 26 month for a computer based on the pas data:
Ex. 2 A CE teacher gives the following scores Probability 0.18 0.21 0.31 0.4 0.52
Algebra 3.5 Statistics to his students. Compute the average or mean. Breakdowns
0 1 2 3 4
Freq. 1 3 6 11 13 10 2 /month
Find the probability that the number of
Median – a set of numbers is middle 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
breakdowns for this computer is at most 2.
number when these numbers are arranged in Ans. 70.22
Ans. 0.70
numerical order. If the number of entries is
even, the median is the average of the two
middle entries.
Mode – a given distribution is the
entry (or entries) that occurs most frequently.