‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (D‬‬

‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺯﺯﺓ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻨﺴﺔ ﺸﻴﻼﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺤﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﻲ‬
‫ﻣــﺪرس ﻣﺴــﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﺳـﺘﺎذ ﻣﺴــﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪-‬آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﺪود واﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪-‬آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻧﺒﺎر‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻁﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺩﺭﻫﻤﺎ )‪ %١,٦‬ﻭ ‪ (%٣,٢٥‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟـ‪ SBR‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟـ)‪ (%١٠‬ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺤﺴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻀﻭﺤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﻤﺭ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪ (%٢٤,٤‬ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (%٣,٢٥‬ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (%٤,١‬ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ( ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪Summary‬‬
‫‪This research includes study the effect of adding plastic chips resulting from‬‬
‫‪cutting the plastic beverage bottles (which is used in Iraqi markets now) as fiber added‬‬
‫‪to the polymer concrete and study there effects on some properties of polymer modified‬‬
‫‪concrete like compressive strength and flexural strength. Two different percentage of‬‬
‫‪fiber by volume equal to (1.6% and 3.25%) were used to made mixes. A reference mix‬‬
‫‪was also made. SBR polymer was added as percentage of cement weight equal to‬‬
‫‪(10%) to all concrete mixes.‬‬
‫‪Results proved that , improvement in mechanical properties with an increasing of fibers‬‬
‫) ‪percentage by volume . An improvement in flexural strength (modulus of rupture‬‬
‫‪appeared more clearly . The maximum increasing in the value of 28-day modulus of‬‬
‫‪rupture equal to (24.4%) for PMC mix with fiber percentage (3.25%), whereas the‬‬
‫‪maximum increasing in compressive strength was equal to (4.1%) for the same mix. No‬‬
‫‪clear different in density are notes.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﺭ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺰزة ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻔﻀﻼت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻼن ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﻤﻪ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺒﺎﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺭﺨﺹ ﺜﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻌﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺨﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﻼﺠﺎ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-١-١‬ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺫ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻋﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺒﺩﺍ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٠‬ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻱ )‪ (PM‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (PC‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺼـﺒﺤﺕ ﺸـﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ )‪.(١‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻁـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﺘﻠﻨـﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(٥٤٨‬‬
‫)‪ (PPCC‬ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺒـﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺘـﺸﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ ،(latex‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ‪ .‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﺘﻠﻨﺩﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻤﻁـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟـﺴﺘﺎﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻭﺘـﺎﺩﻴﻥ) ‪Styrene Butadine Rubber Modified‬‬
‫‪(Concrete‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﺩﻴﻥ )‪ (SBR‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺴﻤﻨﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪Benture‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ) ‪.(Acrylic، Styrene-butadine and Saran‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل – ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ – ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻨﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ‪ Acrylic‬ﻭ ‪ Styrene-butadine‬ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻭﻟـﻡ ﺘـﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ‪ Saran‬ﺴﺒﺏ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٨٠‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪ Folic‬ﻭ ‪Radonjanin‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻜل ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ‪ Styrene Butadine Rubber‬ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـ)ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ‪:‬ﺴﻤﻨﺕ( ﻭﺯﻨﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ )ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ‪:‬ﺴﻤﻨﺕ ( =‪ % ٢٠‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻋﻥ ﻗﺼﺩ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ، (% ١٦‬ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒـﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ‬

‫‪654‬‬
‫)‪Dr. Abd Alqadier The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (D‬‬

‫ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺼ‪‬ﻨﻌﺕ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺩﺨل ﻋﻥ ﻗﺼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻗل ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ %(٤-٣‬ﻓﻘـﻁ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺩﻨﺔ ) ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ( ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺩﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻘﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫) ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪:‬ﺴﻤﻨﺕ( ﻭﻟﺤﺩ ‪ % ٣٠‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ )‪ (ball-bearing‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ )‪.( disprse effect of surface-active substances‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ )‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ‪ :‬ﺴﻤﻨﺕ ( ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ %٧,٥‬ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %٤٠‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺼﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻗﺩ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ‪ .‬ﺃﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﻴﻜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ ﻟـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ )‪ (double role‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺼﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻲ )ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ‪:‬ﺴﻤﻨﺕ( ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫‪ %٥‬ﻭ ‪ %٧,٥‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ‪ %٢٤‬ﻭ ‪ %٢٩‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(5‬‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﻱﺀ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ )ﺘﺤـﻭﺭﺍﺕ( ﺸـﺒﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒـﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ‪Modification with‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ‪Ohama‬‬
‫‪ polymer latexes‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻤﺎﻫـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻱ )‪ (polymer film‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻤﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻤﺎﻫﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺒﻕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻨـﺩﻤﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ )ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ( ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻏﺸﺎﺀﹰﺍ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻴﻐﻠﻑ ﻭﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ )‪.(co-matrix‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ Ohama‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺸﺭﺡ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﺒﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪.SBR‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠـﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟـﻙ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋ ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻫﻭ )ﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺘﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺨﻤـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﺎﺏ )‪ (Fog‬ﺘﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻋﺸﺭﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻤلﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٢-١‬ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺰزة ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻔﻀﻼت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻼن ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﻤﻪ‬

‫ﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺭﺨﺹ ﺜﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻹﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫)‪(٨‬‬ ‫)‪(٧‬‬ ‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ ‪Schimizzee‬‬ ‫‪Biel ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ ‪Eldin‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻭﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (high flexibility‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺒﻠـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ "‪ "stabilized base‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻥ )‪.(flexible pavement‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﻨﺩﻯ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﺒﺎﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﻻﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴـﺘﻙ ﻻﺤﻤـﺎل ﺍﻟـﺼﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻗﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‪.‬‬
‫‪-٢‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‪:‬‬
‫‪-١-٢‬ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﺘﻠﻨﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ)ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻭل ‪ (ASTM Type I -‬ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﻤـل ﺴـﻤﻨﺕ ﻜﺒﻴـﺴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﺘﻠﻨﺩﻱ ﻡ‪.‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻉ ‪.(٩)١٩٨٤/٥‬‬
‫‪-٢-٢‬ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪-١-٢-٢‬ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻡ )ﺍﻟﺭﻤل(‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻠﻊ )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ‪ (٣٥‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪.(١٠)(B.S. ،٤١٠ :١٩٨١‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ : (١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻡ )ﺍﻟﺭﻤل(‪.‬‬
‫)‪Sieve (mm‬‬ ‫‪PASSING%‬‬

‫‪٤,٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٨٣‬‬

‫‪٢,٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٦٦‬‬

‫‪١,١٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬

‫‪ ٦٠٠‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬

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‫)‪Dr. Abd Alqadier The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (D‬‬

‫‪ ٣٠٠‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬

‫‪ ١٥٠‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫‪ ٧٥‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪-٢-٢-٢‬ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻥ )ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ(‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻘﻼﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﺠـﻪ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺔ‬
‫)‪(١١‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪(B.S.-٨٨٢ :١٩٩٢‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ : (٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻥ )ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭ(‬

‫)‪Sieve (mm‬‬ ‫‪Passing%‬‬

‫‪٣٧,٥‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨,٨‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬

‫‪-٣-٢‬ﺍﻟﻤـــﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺏ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٤-٢‬ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺎ )‪ (GIC SBR‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺠﻬـﺎ ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ﺍﺒﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ‬
‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪11 ± 0.2 @ 250 c‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫‪9.83‬‬ ‫‪7-10.5‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ )‪(pH‬‬
‫‪-٥-٢‬ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ )ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ( ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻁﻴﻊ ﻗﻨـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (٢×١٠‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٦-٢‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺒﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (١٠٠×١٠٠×١٠٠‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺒﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (٥٠٠×١٠٠×١٠٠‬ﻤﻠـﻡ ﻟﻠﺤـﺼﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺸﻴﺭ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٧-٢‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺰزة ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻔﻀﻼت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻼن ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﻤﻪ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ : (٣‬ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻤل‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪(SBR‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﻟﺘﺭ(‬ ‫)ﻜﻐﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻜﻐﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻜﻐﻡ(‬
‫)ﻜﻐﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻟﺘﺭ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ)‪(%‬‬

‫‪٠,٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٣,٩٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٥١٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٢‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪P10F0‬‬

‫‪1.73‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٣,٩٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٥١٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٢‬‬ ‫‪0.16‬‬ ‫‪P10F.160‬‬

‫‪3.45‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٣,٩٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٥١٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٢‬‬ ‫‪0.325‬‬ ‫‪P10F.325‬‬

‫‪ -٨-٢‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻁ ﻭ ﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴـﺔ‪/‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺨﻼﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻀﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ )‪ (٠,٠٧‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺨﻠﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻡ ‪،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟـﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺸﻴﺭ ) ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻫﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺒﺩﻫﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺒﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻓﺭﺸـﺎﺓ( ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺭﺹ ﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﺜﻭﺍﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺼﺏ ﻭ ﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٩-٢‬ﺍﻹﻨﻀﺎﺝ ﻭﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻐـﺭﺽ ﺍﻜﺘﻤـل‬
‫ﺘﺼﻠﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ٤٨‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-١٠-٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪-١-١٠-٢‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (ELE‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺘـﻡ‬
‫)‪(١٢‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ‪ ٧،١٤،٢٨‬ﻴﻭﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ)‪( B.S.1881, part (116): 1983‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻜل ﻋﻤﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪-٢-١٠-٢‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (ELE‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺤـﺹ ﻁﺒﻘـﺎ‬
‫)‪(١٣‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ‪ ٧،١٤،٢٨‬ﻴﻭﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻜﻌﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ) )‪( ASTM (192-88‬‬
‫ﻟﻜل ﻋﻤﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

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‫)‪Dr. Abd Alqadier The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (D‬‬

‫‪-٣-١٠-٢‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻜل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺠﺎﻓﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٣‬ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪-١-٣‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (٤‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل )‪(١‬ﻭ)‪ (٢‬ﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺁﻨﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ )‪ (%١٨ - %٠‬ﻭ ﻨﻼﺤـﻅ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﺭ ‪ ٧‬ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ %١٨‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺭ ‪ ١٤‬ﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ‪ %٤,١‬ﺒﻌﻤﺭ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻴﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺒـﺩﺃ ﺘـﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺒـﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ : (٤‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪* (٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٢٨‬ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫)‪ (٢١‬ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫)‪(٧‬ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬

‫‪٣٦,٥‬‬ ‫‪٣١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢١,٨‬‬ ‫‪P10F0‬‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٢,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,٥‬‬ ‫‪P10F.160‬‬

‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٤,٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥,٧٥‬‬ ‫‪P10F.325‬‬

‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺩل ﺜﻼﺙ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗل ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬

‫‪-٢-٣‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ )ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ(‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (٥‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل )‪(٣‬ﻭ)‪ (٤‬ﺃﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌـﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﻥ ﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼل ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (%٣٦‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒـﺎ ﻋـﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﺭ ‪ ٧‬ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ %٣٦‬ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻟﻌﻤﺭ ‪ ١٤‬ﻴﻭﻡ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ %٢٧‬ﻭﺒﻌﻤـﺭ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻴـﻭﻡ ﺘـﺼل ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫‪ %٢٤,٢‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ )ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ( ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬

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 ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺰزة ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻔﻀﻼت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻼن ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﻤﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺠﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ( ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ ﻋـﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪-٣-٣‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (٥‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﻫﺔ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﻫﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻠﺊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺒـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋـﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ : (٥‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ )ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ( ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ )ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ( )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪* (٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(٢٨‬ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫)‪ (١٤‬ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫)‪ (٧‬ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬

‫‪٤,٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٣,١٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢,٨٥‬‬ ‫‪P10F0‬‬

‫‪٥,١٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٣,٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٣,٦٥‬‬ ‫‪P10F.160‬‬

‫‪٥,٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٤,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٣,٨٧٥‬‬ ‫‪P10F.325‬‬

‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺩل ﺜﻼﺙ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗل ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ : (٦‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ ‪* (٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٢٨‬ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫)‪ (١٤‬ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫)‪ (٧‬ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬

‫‪2360‬‬ ‫‪2260‬‬ ‫‪2214‬‬ ‫‪P10F0‬‬

‫‪2367‬‬ ‫‪2295‬‬ ‫‪2268‬‬ ‫‪P10F.160‬‬

‫‪2400‬‬ ‫‪2300‬‬ ‫‪2283‬‬ ‫‪P10F.325‬‬

‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺩل ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬

‫‪660‬‬
‫)‪Dr. Abd Alqadier The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (D‬‬

‫‪40.0‬‬

‫‪38.0‬‬

‫‪36.0‬‬

‫)‪Compressive Strength (MPa‬‬

‫‪34.0‬‬

‫‪32.0‬‬

‫‪30.0‬‬

‫‪Mixes‬‬
‫‪28.0‬‬
‫‪P10F0‬‬
‫‪P10F0‬‬
‫‪P10F0.115 Mix‬‬
‫‪26.0‬‬ ‫‪P10F0.16‬‬
‫‪P10F0.23‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪24.0‬‬

‫‪22.0‬‬

‫‪20.0‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫)‪Age (Day‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪:(١‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫‪38‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫‪36.5‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪32.8‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪31.5‬‬
‫‪25.75‬‬
‫ﻣ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎط )‪(MPA‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
‫‪23.5‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫‪21.8‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫ﻋ‬
‫ﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻔﺤ‬

‫‪P10F.325‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺺ‬

‫‪P10F.160‬‬
‫)ﻳﻮ‬
‫م(‬

‫ﻧﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪P10F0‬‬
‫ﺳﺎ‬
‫ﺨﺮ‬
‫ت اﻟ‬
‫ﻠﻄﺎ‬
‫ا ﻟﺨ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪:(٢‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬

‫‪661‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺰزة ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻔﻀﻼت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻼن ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﻤﻪ‬

‫‪6.0‬‬

‫‪Mixes‬‬
‫‪5.5‬‬
‫‪P10F0‬‬
‫‪P10F0‬‬
‫‪P10F0.115 Mix‬‬
‫‪P10F0.16‬‬
‫‪5.0‬‬ ‫‪0P10F0.23‬‬
‫)‪Flexural Strength (MPa‬‬

‫‪4.5‬‬

‫‪4.0‬‬

‫‪3.5‬‬

‫‪3.0‬‬

‫‪2.5‬‬

‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫)‪Age (Day‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪:(٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫‪5.65‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪5.175‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4.55‬‬
‫‪4.04‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3.875‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬
‫‪3.65‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫) ‪(MPA‬‬

‫‪3.183‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪2.85‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬
‫ﺮ اﻟ‬
‫ﻔﺤ‬
‫‪P10F.325‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺺ )ﻳ‬
‫‪P10F.160‬‬ ‫ﻮم(‬
‫‪P10F0‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪:(٤‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ)ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ( ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬

‫‪662‬‬
‫)‪Dr. Abd Alqadier The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (D‬‬

‫‪2400‬‬

‫‪2400‬‬
‫‪2367‬‬
‫‪2360‬‬
‫‪2 3 50‬‬

‫‪2300‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪2300‬‬ ‫‪2295‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫آﻐﻢ‪/‬م‬ ‫‪2283‬‬

‫‪2 2 50‬‬ ‫‪2268‬‬

‫‪2260‬‬

‫‪2200‬‬

‫‪2 2 14‬‬

‫‪2 150‬‬

‫‪2 10 0‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪P10 F .3 2 5‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬
‫‪P10 F .16 0‬‬ ‫)ﻳﻮم(‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪P10 F 0‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪:(٥‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬

‫‪-٤‬ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪-١‬ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻁﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺜـﻡ ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٢‬ﺇﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻜﻤﻌـﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٣‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺴﺊ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٥‬اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‪:‬‬
‫‪1. Nagaral , T. S. ; Iyengar,S.R.;and Viswanatha,C.S.,” PC and Polymer-Fibrous‬‬
‫‪Concrete”. Int. Symposium, SP-58, ACI, Detriot, 1978,pp.139-160.‬‬
‫‪2. Fu,X.L. ; Lu,W.M. ;and Chung,DDL,”Improving the bond strength between‬‬
‫‪carbon fiber and cement by fiber surface treatment and Polymer Addition To‬‬
‫‪Cement Mix “.Cement and concrete research.26(7),1996 July, pp.1007-1012.‬‬
‫‪3. -Benture, A.,“Properties of polymer latex-cement composites”. The International‬‬
‫‪J. of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete”. 4(1)February ,1982,pp.57-‬‬
‫‪65.‬‬

‫‪663‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬.‫ﺩ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺰزة ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻔﻀﻼت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻼن ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﻤﻪ‬

4. Folic,R.J. and Randonjanin,V.S. ”Experimental Research on Polymer Modified

Concrete”. ACI Material J.,May-June.,199٨,pp.463-469.
5. Ohama , Y. “ Polymer-based Admixtures ”. Cement and Concrete
Composites J.1998, 20 ,pp. 189-212.
6. Eldin, N. N., and Senouci, A. B. (1993), “Rubber – tire particles as concrete
aggregate.” J. Mat. In Civ. Engrg., ASCE, 5(4), pp. 478 – 496.
7. Biel, T., D., and Lee, H., (1994). “ Use of recycle tire rubbers in concrete.”
Proc., ASCE 3rd Mat., Enger. Conf., Infrastructure: New Mat. And Methods of
Repair, pp.351 – 358.
8. Schimizze, R., Nelson, J., Amirkhanian, S., and Murden, J. (1994). “Use of
waste rubber in light – duty concrete pavements.” Proc., ASCE 3RD Mat. Enger.
Conf., Infrastructure: New Mat. and Methods of Repair, pp.367 – 374.
9. ‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴـﻴﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬،“ ‫ " ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﺘﻼﻨﺩﻱ‬،٥ / ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬
. ٨ ‫ ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬، ١٩٩٩ ‫ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
10. British Standard Institution. B. S. 1981, Part (5).
11. B.S. 882-1992; "Specification for Aggregate from Natural Sources for
Concrete", British Standards Institution, 8pp.
12. British Standards Institution, B.S.1881. Part 116:1983, “Method for
Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes”.
13. ASTM committee, C 78-84, "Standard test method for Flexural Strength of
Concrete " 1988.

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