6616 June, 1969 ST 6

Journal of the
° STRUCTURAL DIVISION
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SUBWAYS

By Thomas R.Kuesel,! F. ASCE

INTRODUCTION

The technical literature contains many papers on the design and analysis
of buildings and other above-ground structures for earthquake resistance. By
contrast, the designer of underground structures in seismic areasfinds little
written guidance for either a description of earthquake effects or useful de-
sign criteria for resistance to them,
The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit System includes 14 miles of
subway construction in alluvial ground ranging from dense, cemented sands
to soft clay. In the course of the design of this system it was necessary to
develop rational design criteria sufficiently general to cover a wide range of
structure configurations and soil conditions, and simple enough to permit
quick evaluation of the extent of the problem and the measures necessary for
its resolution.
Herein the resulting earthquake design criteria for subways is described.
The reader will find it short on theoretical development and long on qualita-
tive description and practical limitations. This is a deliberate result of the
writer’s experience that mathematical elaboration of this complex subject
does not necessarily lead to increased understanding of its nature. Any quan-
titative analyses must be based on assumptions of the seismic properties of
the soil, which are at best informed guesses. The accuracy of available basic
data, therefore, will not support an elaborate superstructure of mathematical
analysis. It is much more important to develop a picture of the action of un-
derground structures subjected to earthquakes, and to put reasonable bounds
on the problem. This enables the designer to determine quickly whether he
has a practical problem or merely a theoretical one, and if the former, what
to do about it.
Earthquake Action.—The effects of earthquakes on underground structures
Note.—Discussion open until November 1, 1969. To extend the closing date one
month, a written request mst be filed withthe Executive Secretary, ASCE. This paper
is part of the copyrighted Journal of the Structural Division, Proceedings of the Amer-
ican Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 95,No,ST6, June, 1969. Manuscript was submitted
for review for possible publication on May 6, 1968.
‘Partner, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas, New York, N.Y,

1213
1214 June, 1969 ST 6 ST 6 EARTHQUAKEDESIGN CRITERIA 1215
may be broadly grouped into two classes—faulting and shaking. Faulting in- tulation that the soil does not lose its integrity during the design earthquake,
cludes direct primary shearing displacements of bedrock, which may carry the basic concept governing the response of underground structuresis that
through the overburden to the ground surface. Such physical shearing of the the soil is stiff compared to the structure, and therefore the earthquake de-
rock or soil is generally limited to relatively narrow seismically active fault formation of the soil is imposed on the structure, which must conform to this
zones, which maybe identified by geological and seismological surveys. From deformation. For very soft soils, interaction between the soil and the struc-
a structural viewpoint, faulting includes all other cases in which major soil ture may be considered. Extensive analysis of the Trans-Bay Tube indicated
displacements occur, e.g. from liquefaction, landslide, or other earthquake- that for the very soft San Francisco Bay clay soils, the rigidity of the Tube
induced soil instability. reduced the free deformation of the soil approximately 15%. For any reason-
In general, it is not feasible to design structures to restrain major soil ably competent soil, this interaction may be neglected, and the structures
displacements. Useful design measures are limited to identifying and avoid- should be designed to conform to the free soil deformations.
ing sensitive areas, orif this is not possible, accepting the displacement, These deformations are of two types—curvature and shearing. The former
localizing the damage, and providing meansto facilitate repairs. represents the direct imposition of the soil curvature on the structure, which
Herein it is assumed that the soil does not lose its integrity during an must have the capacity to absorb the resulting strains. The latter represents
earthquake, and effects are therefore limited to the general class of shaking. the lag of the soil in response to a base acceleration imparted to it through
In response to earthquake motion of bedrock, the soil transmits energy by
waves. Seismologists identify various types of earthquake waves, but struc-
tural engineers are generally interested only in the effects of transverse
shear waves, which transmit the greatest proportion of the earthquake’s
energy. These waves produce a sinusoidal displacement of the ground trans-
verse to the axis of wave propagation. The orientation of propagation is gen-
erally random with respect to any specific structure. Waves propagated
parallel to the long axis of a linear structure, such as a subway tunnel, will
tendto enforce a corresponding sinusoidal transverse distortion onthe struc-
ture. Waves travelling at right angles to the structure will tend to move it
back and forth longitudinally, and may tend to pull it loose at zones of abrupt
transitions in soj] conditions, where wave properties may vary. Diagonally
impinging waves subject different parts of a linear structure to out-of-phase
displacements. This results in a longitudinal compression-rarefaction wave
that travels along the structure.
Seismic shear waves may have any inclination, but observations indicate
that waves causing displacements in a horizontal plane usually have the great-
est amplitude, and the amplitude of vertical waves is generally one-half to
two-thirds as great as that of the corresponding horizontal waves.
The velocity of propagation of shear waves decreases with decreased ri-
gidity of the rock or soil. Correspondingly, the amplitude of the vibration
increases as the medium becomes softer. The velocity of propagation, or FIG. 1.—SEISMIC SHEAR WAVES IN SOIL
seismic velocity, may be measured experimentally by geophysical methods.
However, it should be cautioned that the deformation properties of soil vary the bedrock. This may be visualized as similar to the sloshing of a bowl of
greatly with the amplitude of deformation, because of the inelastic stress- jelly in response to a shaking of the bowl. The effect is to distort a structure
strain curve of soils. For structural design purposes, it is recommended that of rectangular cross section into a rhomboidal shape. Fig. 1 gives a graphic
the velocity of propagation of the design earthquake waves be taken as one- representation of the two types of soil distortion.
half the small-amplitude seismic velocity for sands, and one-third for clays. It is important for the designer to recognize that the effect of the earth-
An earthquake produces an infinite family of shear waves, with wave lengths quake on underground structures is the imposition of an arbitrary deforma-
varying from a few ft to many thousands of ft. In general, the larger ampli- tion which cannot be changed by strengthening the structure. The structural
tudes are associated with the longer wave lengths, and maximum curvatures design criterion is therefore 4 provision of sufficient ductility to absorb the
and accelerations are produced by the shorter wave lengths with relatively imposed deformation without losing the capacity to carry static loads, rather
small amplitudes. From instrumental records of previous earthquakes, a than a criterion for resisting inertial loads at a specified unit stress.
spectrum, or envelope of anticipated amplitudes and wave lengths, may be The principal effects of earthquake distortion are likely tobe starting leaks
developed as a basis for design. This design spectrum defines the ground in corner joints and cracking brittle finish materials. Structural and archi-
distortion produced by the design earthquake. tectural details should be approached with this in mind. Areas of sharp dis-
Response of Underground Structures to Earthquake Shaking,—With the pos- continuity of structural form, such as the connection of a station entrance
1216 June, 1969 ST 6 ST 6 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CRITERIA 1217
passageway to the main structural shell of the station, are particularly For layered soils, the properties of the overburden may be assumed to be
vulnerable. the arithmetic average of the properties of the individual layers.
Nonetheless, it should also be recognized that although the absolute am-
plitude of earthquake displacement may be large, this displacement is spread II, Distortion Requirements.
over a long length. The rate of earthquake distortion is generally small, and Curvature Distortion.—Subway structures shall be designed to conform to
usually within the elastic deformation capacity of the structure. If it can be the ground curvature imposed by the displacement spectrum of Fig. 1. The
established that the maximum deformation imposed by the earthquake will not maximum unit strain of the structure resultsfrom a wave travelling obliquely
strain the structural frame beyond the elastic range, no further provisions to across the structure at an angle of approximately 32° to the structure axis.
resist the deformation are required. If certain joints are strained into the This oblique wave combines a transverse component, producing bending dis-
plastic range, the ductility of such joints should be investigated. Plastic tortion and strain, and a longitudinal component, producing compression-
straining of corner joints in conformance with shearing distortion of the rarefaction distortion and strain. (Appendix I considers the geometry of
ground mayaffect the elastic properties of the structural frame. If continuity curvature distortion and a derivation of the following formula.)
of the structural frame has been assumed in the design for static loads, the The combined maximum unit strain resulting from an oblique wave shall
effects of plastic joint straining may require special consideration. be taken as
Effect of Earthquake on Earth Pressures.—Except for recent, loose fills,
which may be consolidated by seismic shaking, the state of stress in natural
ground is not altered by the passage of earthquake waves. Wherea structure
has been constructed within a braced trench with preloaded bracing, it may in which L = the critical wave length, taken as 6 times the maximum width of
be assumedthat natural “at-rest” earth pressures are maintained during and structure inthe plane of bending; and A = the amplitude corresponding to wave
subsequent to the earthquake. For structures constructed in open excavations length L, taken from Fig. 2. (Fig. 2 gives horizontal amplitudes. For vertical
and surrounded with compacted backfill, the possibility of consolidation of the amplitudes, use two-thirds of these values.)
backfill should be considered. The shearing distortions assumed for the de- If € is less than 100 millionths of an in, per in. (0.0001 in./in.), the distor-
sign of such structures should be based on consideration of the elastic prop- tion may be assumedto be elastic, and no special provisions need be madein
erties of the compacted backfill, as well as those of the surrounding natural the structure. If ¢ exceeds 100 millionths of an in. per in., the structure shall
ground. be articulated with transverse joints designed to absorb the calculated strain
The following specific earthquake design criteria were adopted for the rate times the spacing of joints. (Except for very unusual structuresor soils,
BART project subway system. In general, all structures were designed and curvature distortion will generally be well within the elastic range. Fig. 4
detailed for static loads, and were checked for these special seismic require- illustrates typical situations).
ments. Except for a few special conditions in weak soil areas, it was found Shearing Distortion.—Subway structures shall be designed for racking as
that no additional provisions were required in subway structures for resis- the structure conforms to the shearing distortion of the soil. The magnitude
tance to seismic effects, beyond those required for static load considerations. of this distortion shall be determined from the formula

Ys _5 H
aa 7 (2)
BART EARTHQUAKEDESIGN CRITERIA FOR SUBWAYS
in which Ys/h = the angle of shearing distortion in radians; H = the depth
I. Design Earthquake. of overburden in feet; and V = the average velocity of propagation of the de-
All permanentstructures of the BART subway system shall be designed to sign earthquake wave through the overburden(see Design Earthquake section).
resist an earthquake considered to be the most severe probable occurrence For layered soils, Ys/h shall be taken as the greaterof either of the values
inthe region. The design earthquake shall be considered as having a peak hor- computed for: (1) The layer encompassing the structure, consideredbyitself;
izontal acceleration of 0.33 times the acceleration of gravity in rock and shal- or (2) the entire overburden thickness, using the average velocity V for all
low overburden, and 0.50 times gravity in deep overburden. Soil depths less soil layers. Fig. 3 gives a graphic presentation of the above formula. Its der-
than 70ft over bedrock shallbe classed as “shallow,” greater depths as “deep.” ivation is given in Appendix II.
Peak vertical accelerations shall be taken as two-thirds of the values for hor- Elastic Distortion Capacity.—The capacity ofa continuous structural frame
izontal accelerations. of reinforced concrete or structural steel to absorb racking distortion within
The curvature distortion of the ground shall be determined from the spec- the elastic range may be estimated as follows (see Appendix III for derivation),
trum of amplitudes and wave lengths for the design earthquake as givenin in lieu of more elaborate calculations. Inspection of the structural cross sec-
Fig. 2. tion will indicate the most rigid cell of the continuous framework (usually the
The shearing distortion of the ground shall be determined as illustrated in lowest exterior cell), A cell will generally consist of floor and wall slab ele-
Fig. 3. For design purposes, the velocity of propagation of the earthquake ments, interior columns and struts being insufficiently rigid to provide sig-
waves shall be as shown in Table 1, unless more precise data from dynamic nificant bending restraint to the slabs. The elastic racking distortion capacity
laboratory soil tests are available. may be calculated as the rotation capacity of the most rigid exterior corner
1218 June, 1969 ST 6 ST 6 EARTHQUAKEDESIGN CRITERIA 1219

joint of the cell. This is given by imposed shearing distortion Ys/h, the shearing distortion requirement is sat-
isfied and no further provisions need be made. (Inspection of Fig. 3 indicates
a=ae ge
a0 [Be * te SBR UHLES RM EETIA OS ccc (3)
3 that the imposed shearing distortion in competent soils is generally less than
two parts in1,000. If the thickness of exterior floor andwall slabs is less than
in which = the elastic rotation capacity of the joint, in radians; L = the clear one-fifth their clear span, their elastic rotation capacity will exceed this
length of the slab between points of bending restraint, in feet; ¢ = the struc- value.)
tural thickness of the slab, in feet; and the subscripts f and w designate the Allowable Plastic Distortion Capacity.—The maximum permissible end ro-
floor and wall slab elements forming the cornerjoint. tation ofa structural slab element of a continuous frameworkshall be limited
If the elastic rotation capacity of the most rigid corner joint exceeds the tothat producing a strain inthe tensile reinforcing steel, or the extreme fiber
of a structural steel beam, equal to twice the strain at static yield point.
3 | 28 If the imposed shearing distortion exceeds the elastic rotation capacity of
azcu J ZK a the most rigid corner joint, plastic distortion will be imposed ontheless rigid
Rat tier] é member at that joint. The elastic rotation of the other member may be de-
g al pf 24
& ‘ ‘, ducted from the imposed soil distortion to determine the maximumendrota-
= tion of the plastically deformed member.
Z| 20 The allowable limit of total end rotation (elastic plus plastic) may be taken
. as 6 = 0.001 (1.4 + L/5t) unless otherwise calculated in accordance with the
Loose SondS04——)
41 Cloy
- 2 Carve) ox
. > |
plastic design references cited below. If the imposed rotation exceeds this
Ob} 3 value for a single member, the joint may be designed to distribute plastic
L—] z
yielding to both members of the joint, by equalizing their elastic stiffnesses.
@ = agit—+——_], := This will only be necessary in most unusual circumstances.
So8) 2
TABLE 1.—VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF EARTHQUAKE WAVES
8 / [1

4 4 Soil Classification Velocity in feet per second

f
Compact granular soil 1,000
o
2 4 1 1 20 4 2 3 4 Silty sand 500
WAVE LENGTH "L" IN 1,000 FT.
Medium clay 200

FIG. 2.—TRANSVERSE GROUND DISPLACEMENT SPECTRUM Soft clay 100

GROUND SURFACE
y. vel
s LINE STATION
SILTY SAND STRUCTURE 80x
Ve
TYPICAL OVERALL WITH,W, FEET 35 70
& iY AY
2 V«VARIES WITH CRITICAL WAVE LENGTH, L * 6W, FEET 210 420
H * DEPTH
h = SOIL TYPE DENSE SOFT DENSE SOFT
x | SAND CLAY SAND CLAY
BEDROCK 5
8 M
CLAY AMPLITUDE — INGHES 0.0044 0.025 0.017 0.090
BREEN zS$ * = EET 10.00037| 0.002! 0.0014 0.0075
3 2 yam, -
Ys_ 5 (H SOFT CLAY
es (a) V= 100 RADIUS OF CURVATURE, R®* cans » MILES
5260
580 101 610 4

UNIT STRAIN INDUCED BY OBLIQUE WANE

H = DEPTH OF SOIL ABOVE BEDROCK - FT.
FOR W=32",
=32° & . 5.24, MILLIONTHS INCH| 9 52 7 93
V = VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF SHEAR Soa a aP ae ee

WAVE IN SOI= FT/SEC . UNIT DEFORMATION OF SOIL UNIT STRESS INDUCED, PSI 36 208 68 372 &

NOTE: V¥%TO/, SEISMIC VELOCITY FOR “Ys/h" INCHES PER 1,000 INCHES FOR E* 4,000,000 PS!
SMALL AMPLITUDES

FIG. 4.-EXAMPLES OF STRAINS DUE TO CURVATURE DISTORTION

FIG. 3.—SHEARING DISTORTION OF GROUND
1220 June, 1969 ST 6 ST 6 EARTHQUAKEDESIGN CRITERIA 1221
Detailing for Plastically Deformed Joints,—Where the imposed shearing Rigidly attached to the main subway structure and considered to be append-
distortion produces plastic rotation of joints, such joints shall be detailed in ages thereto, such as station mezzanine widening; and (2) loosely attached
to
accordance with the design recommendations(1,2).? the structure with a connection designed for differential movements.
Effects of Rigid Diaphragms.—Where rigid diaphragms act in parallel with Where the imposed ground shearing distortion does not strain the main
flexible structural frames, the distortion of the frame may be prevented ad- structural frame beyondits elastic capacity, all appendages may be designed
jacent to the diaphragm. This situation occurs, for example, at the transverse as rigidly attached. Where plastic deformation of the main framework
is an-
end wall of a subwaystation structure. ticipated, major appendagesshall preferably be designed as loosely attached.
The relative lateral displacement of the top and bottom floor slabs may be Local protrusions in such cases may be rigidly attached, with special atten-
calculated by multiplying the imposed soil distortion Ys/h by the overall tion given to detailing the connection to assure ductility.
structure height. If this calculated relative displacement exceeds 1/1000 times Rigidly attached appurtenant structures shall be considered to distort
in
the transverse width of the roof slab, special structural joints shall be pro- the same direction and magnitude as the main structure. These appurtenan
t
vided in the exterior wall, roof and floor slabs adjacent to the diaphragm to structures may be designed as an integral part of the main structure,
i.e.,
absorb this displacement, as described in Article VI. benefit from continuity with the main structural framework.
Ill. Effects of Soil Discontinuities. Loosely attached appurtenant structures shall be designed to function as
an integral unit. The connection shall be designed as a frangible joint easily
Discontinuities of soils, such as rock to sandy soils, are not expected to
repairable, or as a joint which will accommodate the differential movement
require special structural design. This is because the known rock-soil inter-
between the main and the appurtenant structure.
faces on the BARTalignmentconsist of considerable zones of weathered and
fractured rock which provide a mechanical keying between sedimentary soil VII. Detail Considerations.
and the rock.In any soil to rock zone, the subway structure should not be cast Where plastic distortion of the main structural frame is anticipated,
spe-
directly against rock or any rock ridge within the soil, but should be provided cial attention should be given to the following details.
with at least a two ft over-excavationfilled with soil or aggregate backfill to At the ends of major subway structures, the joints between the end dia-
prevent a hard point during seismic activity. This requirement is usually phragm walls and the roof and side wall slabs must accommodate differential
offered as a solution to groundwater drainage or differential settlement deformations.
problems. The junction of the roof slab to the end wall must accommodate a trans-
Soil discontinuities between firm sandy soils and soft plastic clays usually verse differential motion equivalent to the imposed shearing displacement
occur in gradual interfingering strata. This would provide a gradual transi- between top and bottom slabs. Intermediate floor slabs must accommodate
tion not requiring unusual structural seismic provisions. Each soil discon- similar, proportionately smaller displacements.
tinuity, however, must be examined and the structure treated to satisfy the The joint between the side wall and end wall must accommodate the trans-
site conditions. verse racking distortion expected for the structure.
The enddiaphragm walls of station structures, which are rigidly restrained
IV. Internal Members. against longitudinal racking distortions by the side, roof and floor slabs, shall
Structural members that have no direct contact with the soil shall be re- be designed to resist twice the static earth pressures, at one-third increase
ferredto as internal members. When these members are continuous with stiff in allowable stresses.
outer structural shell elements that are strained beyond their elastic rotation The deformation joints between end walls and longitudinal side, roof and
capacity, the internal members may also suffer plastic rotation. In such cases, floor slabs should preferably be located inthe longitudinal slabs, These joints
ductile sections or hinges shall be designed into the connections between these should be located such that those structural members that are found by
in-
elements. spection to be visibly overstressed after an earthquake, may be strengthen
ed
Interior columns, walls, beams and slabs shall be designed to resist dy- or repaired,
namic forces normal to their longitudinal axes. They shall be designed in ac- The prime consideration in deformation joint location is that no collapse
cordance with approved uniform standards (3,4). be imminent as the result of plastic deformation of the structural frame.
Compression Struts.--The design and detailing of axial members in com- At all joints where plastic distortion is anticipated, and at all special de-
pression shall receive special attention at end connections and the effect of formation joints, provision to prevent water from passing throughthe joint
racking of the whole structure shall also be attended to. Compressive mem- shall be made. This shall preferably be in the formof providing a local res-
bers acting in concert with continuous diaphragms (e.g. floor slabs) usually ervoir of bentonite, which will be drawn into any cracks to promote the seal-
will require special detailing to insure their acting in accordance with design ing of them. Bentonite may be applied either in bulk form or prepackaged in
assumptions. corrugated panels. Generally, a double layer of panels two ft wide, or the
equivalent amountof bulk bentonite, will furnish sufficient material for leak-
V. Appurtenant Structures. age sealing. Application should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
Appurtenant structures can be classified in two basic types as follows: (1) recommendations.
?Numerals in parentheses refer to corresponding items in the Appendix IV.— For appurtenant structures, all loose joints and frangible joints which may
References. be below the water table should be surrounded by dry bentonite.
 1222 June, 1969 ST 6 ST 6 EAh LHQUAKE DESIGN CRITERIA 1223

VI. Earth Pressures. 3. The maximum slenderness ratio of secondary bracing membersshall
Where the permanent subway structure is designed for “at-rest” earth be limited to 200.
pressures, no increase in pressures during or subsequent to an earthquake
need be considered. When structures are designed for active earth pressures
they shall be capable of resisting at-rest pressures at one-third increase in es CONCLUSIONS
unit stresses. i er,
Non-rigid structures, suchas cantilever walls andother unbraced elements By reference to the BART Earthquake Design Criteria for Subways, the
i supporting earth on oneside only, shall be designed to resist pressures de- designer of underground structures can quickly determinethe effect of seis-
rived from Fig. 5, using a horizontal acceleration of 0.5 times gravity. mic ground shaking of an intensity equal to the greatest probable occurrence ‘
i in California. In most practical cases, buried reinforced concrete structures i
: VI. Temporary Structures, have sufficient ductility to absorb the imposed distortionselastically, and no :
t In general, temporary structures shall be designed to resist the effects of special provisions need be madefor seismic effects. If plastic deformation of ;
i an earthquake producing a peak horizontal acceleration of 0.10 times gravity the structure is indicated, recommendations for special structural details
f in deep overburden. The amplitudes of ground curvature and shearing distor- may be found in the Criteria.

Ss ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
E y
‘ a oe La Basic quantitative data on ground motion during earthquakes were collected
t 80} and organized by G. W. Housner, of the California Institute of Technology, who ;
| 4 ine prepared the Design Spectrum of Fig. 2. Housner and N. M. Newmark, of the ;
f _ q a University of Illinois, provided valuable qualitative descriptions of earthquake i
i re ¥ ¥ action and structural response.
i e Y ara‘uotizomdliuacalbratton The theoretical analysis of dynamic soil distortions and of soil-structure
3 ZL | acceleration interaction was originally developed by the late H. Alden Foster of Parsons,
$ If | + indicates acceleration toward cut Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, in connection with the preliminary design of
Ee t t the San Francisco Trans-Bay Tube. This work was further developed by E. G.
yw l; For use only for design of unbraced Aisiks, who furnished the Soil Response Curvesof Fig. 10.
Y oar T seeerhag eons Fig. 5 is adapted from the Tennessee Valley Authority Technical Report 13,
i 5 I | the Kentucky Project, 1951, based on the investigations of Mononobe in Japan.
é / The organization of this material into the form of design criteria was de-
i veloped by the writer, as Assistant Manager of Engineering for Parsons
i | Brinckerhoff-Tudor- Bechtel, General Engineering Consultants to the San
i ° 50 100 750 200 250 30 350 400 Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Valuable contributions to this
TOTAL, HORIZONTAL, PRESSURE PER: CINEAL FOOT/OF WALL (Kips) work were madeby R. E. Thayer of Parsons Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel, and
i by K. D, Bull, now of the Tudor Engineering Company.
fi FIG. 5.-EARTH PRESSURES WITH SEISMIC ACCELERATION

{ tion may be estimated to be one-fifth of those indicated in Figs. 2 and 3 and

are generally negligible.
APPENDIX I.-GEOMETRY OF CURVATURE DISTORTIONS
‘ As protection against vibration, differential racking, and distortion result-
OF GROUND WAVES
i ing from out-of-phase response of elements of differing rigidity, the following
requirements shallbe observed in the design and detailing of temporary struc-
p
tures for the support of excavation:
'
Wave Parallel to Structure Axis.
t 1. All connections of struts, wales and wall systems shall be designed and
The maximum slope, or rate of change of deflection, shown as a sinusoidal
| detailed to resist tensile and shearing loads equal to 10% of the design com-
curve in Fig. 6, is
pression loads for static forces, at one-third increase in allowable stresses.
:| (This requirement is a minimum criterion, and not additive to any static de- ua
i sign tensile or shearing loads). 2” nA (4)
i 2, The maximum slenderness ratio of struts shall be limited to 120, and L Do rss ss
i the maximum unit stress for static loads limited to 12,000 psi. 4
q
1224 June, 1969 ST 6 ST 6 EARTHQUAKEDESIGN CRITERIA 1225

The maximum curvature, or rate of change of slope, is

nm 207A
7° 2 Referring to Fig. 8, length BC = A cos y represents the transverse deflec-
BO cnet (5) tion of structure section OCE.
4 The radius of curvature is
The minimum radius of curvature is then
_ ( cos vy y a L2
R= cos
Gr*A 7 “Fei
COmn Cte tet see ene nee mea es (9)

From Fig. 9 the following bending strain is obtained

Wave Oblique to Structure Axis.
In conforming to the wave deformations, which occurat right angles to the ds W
ay (10)
direction of wave propagation, a length of structure OB deforms to position
2 3
or «, = cosy @ Eid PG deme eee wae ee OE A nw Bo (11)

Consideration of deep beam action leads to an estimate of / = 6Was a min-

nik

imum length of structure that will deform in the manner indicated in Fig. 9,
Amplitude

without appreciable shear effects.

Stope
s

«
¥
. cs
ft
FIG, 6.—GEOMETRYOF A SINUSOI- FIG. 7.--DISTRIBUTION OF SLOPE OF
DAL WAVE SINUSOIDAL WAVE
Structure Axis —

Direction of
Wave Propagation

Structure
Axis

aE, sin
FIG. 9.-GEOMETRY OF STRUCTURE BENDING DEFORMATION

FIG. 8.—WAVE OBLIQUE TO STRUCTURE AXIS In Fig. 8, the structure length, 7, = L/cos y = 6W. Then
m?A
OCD. Length CD =A sin » represents the amount by which the structure axis & =a, ° COB? Bos mwa nes oe aew ET TWH EE EG EE RE TER RS (12)
is stretched.
The rate of stretching of the structure axis is proportional to the slope of
For wy = 45°, cos? » =} 4 CU EE BB Sadl Dec oe eee a ee een eo oe (13)
the deflection curve of the wave. From this, the maximum rate of stretching
is
_ 1A
1 ‘ and € = BL TEED EE net nes (14)
fy is: 2 ede
“sin? = 294
5 gin y cos ~ a (7) The combined strain from stretching and bending due to oblique wavesis
4 cos w
2nA /. mA
This function is a maximum for } = 45°, for which sin y cos y = 1/2 and
Es + €& = =F (sin p cos Y) + Fp (cos? ¥) «0... 0. eee, (15)
1226 June, 1969 ST 6 ST 6 EARTHQUAKEDESIGN CRITERIA 1987
or €= mA [e sin J cos y~) + G cos? v)| Lee eee ee (16) Lk
MS5 Bi besa WL ETON Eero mmn nen emeneunsnnees (20)
The function in brackets has a maximumvalue of 1.67, for y = 32°, There- 5 2TRE
or Ys Sys H
Gp eens (21)
fore, the maximum combined strain due to oblique waves is

Using ys/g =p; and Gy = G, = Gayg = pV, in which p is the mass density
€max = 1.67 uA « eA ove v vee vee eevveeeveeeens (17) of the soil and V is the average seismic velocity in feet per second, then

in which L is taken as 6W, and A is taken from the design spectrum for ee (22)
De
earthquake waves.
It should be noted that for ~ = 0 (wave parallel to structure axis) The best available data on seismic characteristics of soft soils comes from
the work on the design of the Trans-Bay Tube. From instrumental records of
2A 3.3A
Cmax. = 5 Fenn es (18)
Yo2 1.25 FT. Ye #0.25 FT.

and for ~ = 90° (wave perpendicular to structure axis), €max = 0; i.e. the en- 90
tire structure oscillates laterally back and forth without strain. 20
For = 45° 60
Tr 50

xP
7 e 40]
30
or about 8% less than the maximum value for j = 32°. 20

000008 010 018 020 0.000.

Go Go
APPENDIX II.—DERIVATION OF SHEARING DISTORTION FORMULA Ge oe
B=0.500 ps Ho B+0.100
(9)Ge

‘Ye =0.030 FT. ‘Ys = 0.0030 FT.

100,
The shearing deformations of soil, in response to a horizontal base accel-
eration imparted through bedrock, were studied througha mathematical model
simulating the elastic properties of the soil, as a vertical cantilever with a
rigidity modulus varying linearly with depth. This cantilever was subjected
to a dynamic horizontal base acceleration spectrum derived from the records
of the 1940 El Centro earthquake, adjusted for a peak horizontal acceleration
of 0.33 times gravity in rock and 0.50 times gravity at the ground surface,
and a duration of strong shaking of 30 sec. The response of the mathematical
model was analyzed with the aid of an electronic computer, which recorded
the accumulated response of the first six modes of vibration. The resulting 2.00
soil response curves for displacement (y.) are shown in Fig. 10, In this fig- 000 008 010 OB 20 000 «0081S ORO
a &
Ge
ure: y, = horizontal displacementof soil, in feet; h = height above bedrock, in
B=0.010 B+0.001
feet; H = total height of soil between surface and bedrock, in feet; y, = unit
weight of soil, in kips per cubic feet; g = acceleration of gravity = 32.2 ft per
FIG. 10.—SOIL RESPONSE CURVES FOR DISPLACEMENT
sq sec; Gy = rigidity modulus of soil at bedrock level in kips per squarefeet;
and G, = rigidity modulus of soil at surface level in kips per square feet.
the vibrations resulting from explosive chargessetoff in the Bay, the small-
Inspection of Fig. 10 indicates that the following linear approximation gives amplitude seismic velocity of the Bay Mud was established as
an accuracy comparableto any assumptions that may be made regarding depth
to rock and rigidity modulus. (The linear approximation is within 10% of the Vie 040 OG ye cee 0 WW Rien enn eer wknd ume enue (23)
computed curves, which is closer than the unavoidable uncertainties in the
in which V = the seismic velocity in feet per second; and is the depth below
assumption of values for the physical parameters).
ground surface in feet.
1228 June, 1969 ST 6 ST 6 EARTHQUAKEDESIGN CRITERIA 1229

Dynamic laboratory tests by F. W. Converse established that the dynamic Evenfor highly under-reinforced sections, as are commonly found in heavy
rigidity modulus of the Bay bottom soils dropped off rapidly with increase in subway structures, ¢, may conservatively be taken as 0.2 €,, andd as 0.96t.
the amplitude of vibration. This and other data lead to an estimate of a factor Then
of 4 to 9 for the ratio between the small-amplitude rigidity modulus and that wg
for large amplitudes. g = (Sat)
(fat ce) 12 €s _ 1.25 €
Tee ee, (26)
Using the relation G = pV? leads to the recommendation that the design
seismic velocity be taken as one-half to one-third of that measured experi- The allowable maximum rate of steel strain €, is determined by subtract-
mentally for small amplitudes. ing the strain at working stresses (assumedutilized for carrying static loads)
Applying a factor of 3 to the field data for the Bay Mud results in a design from the strain at the dynamic yield point, which may be taken as 1.2 times
value of that for the static yield point.
Va 80 22 nwo ces ome teen Ha RAM MOR TE RG GF (24) erok
The shearing distortions corresponding to this formula are indicated by
the dashed line on Fig. 3.

APPENDIX II].-DEFORMATION OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE JOINTS
FIG. 12.—ELASTIC DEFORMATION FIG. 13,—ELASTIC DEFORMATION

Elastic Deformation.
The general deformation of a rectangular joint, of a symmetrical frame- Plostic Detormotion
work, composed of uniform members, subjected to racking shear distortion, op a
is shown in Fig, 11. Elostic Deformetion
e Err

Ly
bw
FIG. 14.—PLASTIC DEFORMATION

pf For intermediate grade steel, assume: working stress f,, = 20,000 psi;
static yield point fy = 40,000 psi; dynamicyield point Fya = 48,000 psi; and
modulusof elasticity E, = 29,000,000 psi.
ut
(48,000 ~- 20,000) 1 ‘
Then ¢€, = 29,000,000 ©cg
jpop i Perin, 6... eee, (27)
FIG, 11.—-ELASTIC DEFORMATION
a €_ 1.25 1
@ = 1.25 TP TOOT eee (28)
The total angular rotation, a, of the joint is equal to the sum of the rota-
tion A ofthe end of the floor slab andthe rotation B of the end of the wall slab. ~,z2L__1 L
Fig. 12 represents the floor slab, with ¢ being the maximum rate of angle and A = ¢ B TOO XT eee eee (29)
change per unit length, and © the total angle change in a length L/2.
By inspection, the end rotation angle For approximate calculations, use
oL — 1 ob
AS O/d OFS seq gzras wees :sGR Aas s GMa de cewnners (25) 4 = 300 * Si niet of eve Wea A TG EG ETB GES SBR VEE 8 RG (30a)

The rate of elastic angle change per unit length is derived from Fig. 13. A similar derivation results in
1230 June, 1969 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CRITERIA 1231

3
p=, lw = height above bedrock, in feet;

Wa bots
total depth of overburden,in feet;
length of seismic wave, in feet;

" now ow
Plastic Deformation. clear length of slab between points of bending restraint, in feet;
The distribution of angle changesin the floor slab is shown in Fig, 14, -total thickness of structural slab, in feet;
According to Ref. 2, the length of plastic deformation Ly, may be taken average velocity of propagation of design earthquake wave through
equal to the depth of the member, or Ly = t. overburden, in feet per second;
The maximum total steel strain should be limited to twice that at static Ys horizontal displacement of ground due to shearing distortion, in feet;
yield point, if the structure is to undergo repeated cycles of plastic straining. elastic rotation capacity of structuraljoint, in radians;
The additional angle of plastic deformation may be taken approximately as Ys unit weight of soil, in kips per cubic foot;
unit strain, in inches per inch;

<e Oem
Ap Op KE vce ene eee enn eee (31) mass density of soil, in kips times square seconds, per feet’;
rate of angular rotation, in radians per foot;
ep = IO = a fay Pern: cvaswauys sae (32) total end rotation, in radians; and
angle between direction of wave propagation and structure axis, in
By analogy to Fig. 13, it may be assumed that degrees.

ily Sel Pew Ee nee occ sawn e ewe ne esac eens non: (33)
then Ap = Gee eee eect ene e nes (34)
td. Agata © appg (14 4 Gp) we esses evanwerenaatinen nena (35)

APPENDIX IV.—REFERENCES

1, Beedle, L. S., Plastic Design of Steel Frames, Chapters 4, 5, 6, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
N.Y., 1958.
2. Blume, Newmark, and Corning, Design of Multistory Reinforced Concrete Buildings for Earth-
quake Motions, Chapiers5, 6, Portland Cement Association, Chicago, Ill., 1961.
3. RecommendedLateral Force Requirements and Commentary of the Structural Engineers Asso-
ciation of California, 1967.
4. Uniform Building Code, Vol. 1, 1967 edition, International Conference of Building Officials,
Pasadena, Calif.

APPENDIX V.—NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper:

A = single amplitude of seismic wave, in feet;

d = effective thickness of structural slab, in feet;
g = acceleration of gravity, i.e., 32 ft per sq sec;
Gy = rigidity modulus of soil at bedrock level, in kips per square foot;
Go = rigidity modulus of soil at surface level, in kips per square foot;