Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks: COMP2304 Computer Architecture and Organization
Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks: COMP2304 Computer Architecture and Organization
Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks: COMP2304 Computer Architecture and Organization
By:
2019390004
Sampoerna University
I. Introduction
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) refers to a technology in
computer data storage that is used to implement fault tolerance features on computer
storage media such as hard disks by using redundancy or data buildup, either by using
software or by a separate hardware RAID unit. The word "RAID" also has several
abbreviations for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, Redundant Array of
Independent Drives, and Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives. This technology
divides or replicates data into separate hard disks. RAID is designed to increase data
reliability and improve the I / O performance of a hard disk. RAID is also a disk memory
organization that can handle multiple disks with parallel access systems and
redundancies added to increase reliability. This parallel work results in a faster disk
speed resultant.
In its, implementation RAID is a set of hard disks arranged in such a way that
it has a total capacity more than the capacity of one of the most recent hard disks. The
need for RAID techniques arises due to the development of data storage needs which
are faster than the development of hard disk capacity. Moreover, in a data center
environment, the need for capacity to store data can reach thousands of times more than
the capacity of one hard disk. In 2007, IDC estimated that information growth had
increased more rapidly than the available storage capacity.
Stripping is dividing the work of 2 or more hard drives to process 1 data at the same
time. The disadvantage of stripping is that if one of the HDD arrays is jammed, then half the
data stored on the other HDD will not be readable. Now, if Mirroring means we will back up
the same data on another HDD in real-time. So, this is intended for data security. The
disadvantage is a capacity loss.
• A minimum of two drives is required for RAID 1: one drive for the user
data, and one drive for the mirrored data.
• We must have an even number of drives in the volume group. If we do
not have an even number of drives and we have some remaining
unassigned drives, select Storage > Pools & Volume Groups to add
additional drives to the volume group and retry the operation.
• Volume groups can have more than 30 drives. A volume group can be
created that includes all the drives in the storage array.
Advantages:
• Redundancy
• Speed.
Disadvantage:
Hard disk space is not used efficiently. Because the two hard disks are
copies of each other, only half the combined size is used.
Advantage:
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
Good reliability because it can reshape damaged data with the ECC, and the
number of redundancy bits needed is less when compared to level 1 (mirroring).
Disadvantages:
The need for bit parity calculation, so writing or changing data takes longer than
those without using bit parity, this level requires a special disk for its application
which is quite expensive.
v. Raid Level 3
RAID 3, also uses a stripping system. It also uses an additional hard disk
for reliability, but only added a new hard drive for parity. Therefore, the number
of hard disks needed is a minimum of 3 (n + 1; n > 1). The last hard disk is used
to store parity from the calculation of each bit in another hard disk. RAID level
3 is organizing with interleaved bit parity. This organization is almost the same
as RAID level 2, the difference is that RAID level 3 only requires a redundant
disk, regardless of the number of disk assemblies. So, it does not use ECC, but
only uses a parity bit for a set of bits that have the same position on each disk
that contains data. It also uses data striping and accesses disks in parallel.
Advantages:
Good reliability (reliability), faster data access because reading each bit is done
on several disks (parallel), only need 1 red disk and which is certainly more
profitable with levels 1 and 2.
Disadvantages:
The need for calculation and writing of parity bits resulting in lower
performance than those using parity.
vi. Raid Level 4
RAID level 4 is organizing with interleaved block parity, that is, using
data striping at the block level, storing a parity block on a separate disk for each
data block on other corresponding disks. If a disk fails, the parity block can be
used to reshape the data blocks on the failed disk. Same as the RAID 3 system
but uses the parity of each hard disk block, not the bits. The minimum hard drive
requirements are also the same, 3 (n + 1; n > 1).
Advantages:
Disadvantage:
Advantages:
Disadvantage:
The need for additional mechanisms for calculating the location of parity so that
it will affect the speed in reading the block and writing.
viii. Raid Level 6
In general, it is an improvement from RAID 5, namely by adding parity
to 2 (p + q). So, the minimum number of hard disks is 4 (n + 2; n > 1). With the
addition of this secondary parity, then damage to two hard disks at the same
time can still be tolerated. RAID level 6 works as a store of additional redundant
information to anticipate the failure of several disks at once. RAID level 6
performs two different parity calculations, then stored in separate blocks on
different disks. So, if the data disks are used as many as n disks, then the number
of disks needed for RAID level 6 is n + 2 disks.
Drive number requirements
• We must have a minimum of five drives in the volume group.
• Typically, we are limited to a maximum of 30 drives in the volume
group.
Advantage:
Data reliability is very high because to cause data loss, failure must occur on
three disks in the average interval for data recovery (Mean Time to Repair).
Disadvantage:
The time penalty at the time of writing data, because every writing that is done
will affect two parity blocks.
III. Summary
RAID is useful in terms of obtaining extensive hard disk capacity from the result
of combining multiple hard disks (RAID 0). RAID is also useful for obtaining a system
that is tolerant of the damaged hard disk (other than RAID 0). RAID support can be
obtained through RAID controller hardware or software RAID. The Windows 7
operating system supports RAID 0 and implementation RAID 1. The mdadm
application in a Linux environment supports implementations of RAID 0, RAID 1,
RAID 2, RAID 3, RAID 4, RAID 5, RAID 6 and RAID 1 + 0.
IV. Resources
1. Help,
mysupport.netapp.com/NOW/public/eseries/sam_archive1150/index.html#pag
e/GUID-8538272A-B802-49D9-9EA2-96C82DAD26A2/GUID-1BF9A33B-
C3A1-487C-B8D8-5F2C14E3ED2E.html.
2. Kuncara, Purba, et al. “Mengenal Teknologi RAID Pada HDD.” KlikHost, 5
Oct. 2012, klikhost.com/mengenal-teknologi-raid-pada-hdd/.
3. “RAID Levels Explained.” RAID Levels and Types,
www.enterprisestorageforum.com/storage-management/raid-levels.html.
4. Das, Anirban. “RAID Levels 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 10 Explained.” Boolean World,
Boolean World, 15 Mar. 2018, www.booleanworld.com/raid-levels-explained/.