IOT BASED SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR SMART

CITY
A Project Report
Submitted to the FACULTY of ENGINEERING of
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
by
P. AKHILA P. SRI GAYATHRI
(16481A0281) (16481A0286)

S. DILEEP SK. JANI

(16481A0298) (16481A02A6)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. J. KIRAN
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institute with Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada)
SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLEGE
GUDLAVALLERU-521356
ANDHRA PRADESH
2020
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE
GUDLAVALLERU – 521356

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “IOT BASED SMART WASTE
MANAGEMENT FOR SMART CITY” is a bonafide record of work carried out by Ms.
P. Akhila (16481A0281), Ms. P.Sri gayathri (16481A0286), Mr. S. Dileep(16481A0298),
Mr. Sk. jani (16481A02A6) under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical And
Electronics Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.

( Dr. J. KIRAN ) ( Dr. L. RAVI SRINIVAS )

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are glad to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. J. Kiran, Assistant
Professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering for his guidance and cooperation in
completing this project. Through this we want to convey our sincere thanks to him for
inspiring assistance during our project.

We express our heartful gratitude and deep indebtedness to our beloved Head of the
Department Dr. L. Ravi Srinivas, for his great help and encouragement in doing our project
successfully.
We also express our gratitude to our principal Dr. P. Ravindra Babu, for his
encouragement and facilities provided during the course of project.
We express our heartfelt gratitude to our Faculty members and Lab Technicians
for providing a great support for us in completing our project.
We thank one and all who have rendered help to us directly or indirectly in the
completion of this work.

TEAM MEMBERS

P. Akhila (16481A0281)
P. Sri Gayathri (16481A0286)
S. Dileep (16481A0298)
Sk. Jani (16481A02A6)
 CONTENTS

Page No.
List of Figures i
List of Tables ii
Abstract iii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1-3
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Need for improvement in waste management system 1
1.3 Project description 2
1.3.1 Existing System 2
1.3.2 Proposed system 2
1.4 Working of proposed system 3
Chapter 2: Block diagram and Circuit diagram 4-5
2.1 Block diagram 4
2.1.1 Description of Block diagram 4
2.2 Circuit diagram 5
Chapter 3: Arduino nano 6-14
3.1 Introduction to Arduino Nano 6
3.2 Technical specifications 8
3.3 Arduino nano pinouts 8
3.3.1 Pin description 9
3.4 Programming 12
3.5 Communication 13
3.6 Applications 14
Chapter 4: Node MCU(ESP8266) 15-18
4.1 Introduction 15
4.2 Features 16
4.3 Pin functions of ESP8266 17
4.4 Node MCU pinout for Arduino 18
4.5 Advantages 18
Chapter 5: Sensors 19-32
5.1 IR Sensor 19
5.1.1 Basic concept 19
5.1.2 Types of IR sensors 20
5.1.3 Principle of working 20
5.1.4 IR sensor circuit diagram 21
5.2 Rain sensor 22
5.2.1 Introduction 22
5.2.2 Rain sensor module 22
5.2.3 Pin configuration 23
5.2.4 Specifications 24
5.2.5 Applications 25
5.3 Ultra sonic sensor 25
5.3.1 Introduction 25
5.3.2 Detection principle 26
5.3.3 Working 26
5.3.4 Pin functions 28
5.3.5 Features 28
5.3.6 Applications 29
5.4 Inductive proximity sensor 29
5.4.1 Introduction 29
5.4.2 Description 30
5.4.3 Principle of operation 31
5.4.4 Features 32
Chapter 6: Other important components 33-38
6.1 DC gear motor 33
6.1.1 Gear motor performance curves 34
6.1.2 Basic principle of operation 34
6.2 Motor drive 35
6.2.1 Introduction 35
6.2.2 Types of DC motor drives 36
6.2.3 Braking of DC motor drives 36
 6.2.4 Applications 37
6.3 Garbage container 37
6.4 PCB board 38
Chapter 7: Software section 39-42
7.1 Blynk app 39
7.1.1 Working 39
7.1.2 Features 40
7.2 Arduino IDE 41
Chapter 8: Advantages and Disadvantages 43
8.1 Advantages 43
8.2 Disadvantages 43
Chapter 9: Results and conclusion 44-46
9.1 Results 44
9.2 Applications 45
9.3 Conclusion 46
9.4 Future scope 46
Appendices 47-51
1. Code for Arduino 47
2. IoT code 49

References 51
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Name of the figure Page No.

2.1 Block diagram 4
2.2 Circuit diagram 5
3.1 Arduino nano 7
3.2 Arduino Nano pinouts 9
3.3 Pin description 12
4.1 Node MCU 15
4.2 Pin out for Arduino 18
5.1 IR sensor 19
5.2 Principle of working 21
5.3 IR sensor circuit 21
5.4 Rain sensor 22
5.5 Rain sensor module 23
5.6 Rain sensor module-Pinout 23
5.7 Ultrasonic sensor 25
5.8 Principle of detection 26
5.9 Representation of trigger signal, reflected signal 27
5.10 Distance calculation 27
5.11 Inductive proximity sensor 30
5.12 Internal elements of an inductive proximity sensor 31
6.1 Gear motor 33
6.2 Performance curve 34
6.3 Motor drive 36
6.4 PCB board 38
7.1 Blynk app 39
7.2 Working of Blynk app 40
7.3 Arduino IDE 42
9.1 Setup of equipment 44
9.2 Output on mobile 45
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Title of table Page no.

3.1 Technical specifications of Arduino Nano 8

4.1 Pin functions of ESP8266 17

5.1 Pin functions of rain sensor module 24

5.2 Features of Ultrasonic sensor 28

 ABSTRACT

The most important problem that is currently experienced by smart cities is waste
management. The factors which directly affect this problem are: an increase in urban areas
and rapid population growth. In this project, a system is introduced to manage waste in big
cities effectively without having to monitor the parts 24x7 manually.
Hence the problem of unorganized and non-systematic waste collection is solved by
designing an embedded IoT system which will monitor each dumpster individually for waste
deposited. Here an automated system is provided for segregating wet and dry waste. A
mechanical setup can be used for separating wet, dry and metallic waste into separating
containers. The presence of any waste can be detected using an IR sensor. For detecting wet
waste, a moisture sensor can be used and for detecting metallic waste, a metallic sensor is
used. In this process, if only IR is detected motor will rotate in the direction of the dry waste
container. If IR sensor and metallic sensor are detected, it will go to the metallic waste
container and if IR and moisture sensors are detected, it will rotate in the direction of wet
waste. All these containers are embedded with ultrasonic sensors so that, if the bin is half
full, a message will be sent to the corporation using IoT.
This makes it possible to measure the amount of waste in the containers is full then
an alert message will be sent to the corresponding personal using IoT.
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW
Waste management is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal. This includes collection, transportation, treatment and disposal
of waste together with monitoring and regulation. Waste collection methods vary widely
among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided
by local government authorities.
Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most countries, in
which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialized trucks. Waste collected is then
transported to an appropriate disposal area.
Now a days, cities with developing economies experience exhausted waste collection
services, inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites and the problems are worsening
[2]. Waste collection method in such countries is an on-going challenge and many struggle
due to weak institutions and rapid urbanization.

1.2 NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

▪ By 2030, almost two-third of the world’s population will be living in cities. This fact
requires the development of sustainable solutions for urban life, managing waste is a
key issue for the health.
▪ Efficient and energy-saving waste management, reducing CO2, air pollution and
vehicle exhaust emissions--these are just a few examples for the demands of future
cities. In views of that, the efficient use and responsible handling of resources become
more important.
▪ Effectively managing waste is important in developed countries. Waste management
may swallow up to 50% of a city’s budget, but only serve a small part of the
population.
 ▪ Sometimes, up to 60% of waste is not being collected, it is often simply burned by
the roadside. It can pollute drinking water; it can spread diseases to people living
nearby.
▪ Even with great route optimization, the worker must still physically go to the dustbin
to check waste levels. Because of this, trucks often visit containers that do not need
emptying, which wastes both time and fuel.
▪ Waste management prevents harm to human health and the environment by reducing
the volume and hazardous character of residential and industrial waste.

▪ Improving proper waste management will reduce pollution, recycle useful materials
and create more green energy.

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The project description will explain us the existing system for waste management in
the society and then the proposed system with many of its advantages.

1.3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

In the existing system there is no indication whether the dustbin is full or empty. In
some places, the waste will not be separated and so it can’t be recycled. The corporation will
collect the garbage by weekly once or by 2 days once, though the garbage shrinks or
overflows the bin and pollutes the environment. This will cause severe consequences.

Limitations of the existing system:

▪ Time consuming and less effective.
▪ A recheck is to be done every day.
▪ Unhygienic environment.
▪ Cause illness to human beings.

1.3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed method for the management of waste is efficient and time saving
process. The ultrasonic sensor which is placed in the dustbin will detect the depth of the waste
and the data will be sent to the corporation using IoT. It maintains dry waste, metallic waste
and wet waste separately. This can be implemented at any place with ease and within
reasonable amount of time and reliable with long distance coverage.
Advantages of proposed system:
▪ It is a time saving process.
▪ Less human effort.
▪ A 24x7 monitoring of bins will be done.
▪ Recycling of waste (if any) can be done easily.
▪ Waste separation can be done efficiently.

1.4 WORKING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

When the waste is dumped in a bin, as every object is detected by the IR sensor, the
waste (maybe of any type) will be detected by IR sensor. Then the inductive proximity sensor
will try to sense the metallic waste. If the metallic waste is detected, then the waste will be
dumped into the bin with metallic waste. If there is no metallic waste then, comes the rain
sensor and it tries to sense if there is any moisture content in the waste. If the rain sensor
detects any moisture content, then the information will be sent to Arduino. Then if both IR
sensor and rain sensor are detected, the waste will be dumped in the bin with wet waste. If
only IR sensor is detected, then the waste will be dumped into the bin with dry waste.
In this process of dumping the waste into three bins, if the waste in any of the bins
exceeded the indicated level which will be sensed by ultrasonic sensor, then an alert message
will be displayed on blynk app indicating ‘net is to be filling’ on mobile.
Then the corresponding corporation workers will try to collect the waste from the dumpsters.
This method is sophisticated one and if further modifications are done, it can be used very
well in day-to-day life.
 CHAPTER-2
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Metallic
sensor ARDUINO
NANO

Fig 2.1 : Block Diagram

2.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of Smart Waste management system is shown in fig 2.1. Here
Arduino Nano controls the whole process. All the sensors required to detect the waste i.e.
metallic sensor, IR sensor and rain sensor are connected to Arduino itself. Based on the
detection of the sensors, Arduino will send the information to DC motor to rotate in that
direction based on the delay angle and then the waste will be dumped into the resulting
dumpster.
The ESP8266 module connected to the Arduino will also be connected to the
ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor will detect the distance from the top of the bin and if
the waste crosses the indicated level, a message will be displayed on blynk application on
mobile using IoT.
2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2.2: Circuit diagram

 CHAPTER-3
ARDUINO NANO
Arduino is a software company, project, and user community that designs and
manufactures computer open-source hardware, open-source software, and microcontroller-
based kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
physical devices.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards
are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (For prototyping) and other circuits. The
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on
some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers can be programmed using C and C++ programming languages. In addition
to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO NANO

▪ Arduino Nano is a small, compatible, flexible and breadboard friendly

Microcontroller board, developed by Arduino.cc in Italy, based on ATmega328p
(Arduino Nano V3.x) / Atmega168 (Arduino Nano V3.x).
▪ It comes with the same functionality as in Arduino UNO but quite in small size.
▪ It comes with an operating voltage of 5V however, the input voltage can vary from 7
to 12V.
▪ Arduino Nano Pinout contains 14 digital pins, 8 analog Pins, 2 Reset Pins & 6 Power
Pins.
▪ Each of these Digital & Analog Pins are assigned with multiple functions but their
main function is to be configured as input or output.
▪ They are acted as input pins when they are interfaced with sensors, but if you are
driving some load then use them as output.
▪ Functions like pinMode() and digitalWrite() are used to control the operations of
digital pins while analogRead() is used to control analog pins.
▪ The analog pins come with a total resolution of 10bits which measure the value from
zero to 5V.
▪ Arduino Nano comes with a crystal oscillator of frequency 16 MHz. It is used to
produce a clock of precise frequency using constant voltage.
▪ There is one limitation using Arduino Nano i.e. it doesn’t come with DC power jack,
means you can not supply external power source through a battery.
▪ This board doesn’t use standard USB for connection with a computer, instead, it
comes with Mini USB support.
▪ Tiny size and breadboard friendly nature make this device an ideal choice for most of
the applications where a size of the electronic components are of great concern.
▪ Flash memory is 16KB or 32KB that all depends on the Atmega board i.e Atmega168
comes with 16KB of flash memory while Atmega328 comes with a flash memory of
32KB. Flash memory is used for storing code. The 2KB of memory out of total flash
memory is used for a bootloader.
▪

Fig 3.1: Arduino Nano

3.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Table 3.1: Technical specifications of Arduino NANO

3.3 ARDUINO NANO PINOUTS

▪ Each pin on the Nano board comes with a specific function associated with it.

▪ We can see the analog pins that can be used as an analog to digital converter where
A4 and A5 pins can also be used for I2C communication. Similarly, there are 14
digital pins, out of which 6 pins are used for generating PWM.
 Fig 3.2: Arduino Nano pinouts

3.3.1 Pin Description

Vin: It is input power supply voltage to the board when using an external power source of 7
to 12 V.

5V: It is a regulated power supply voltage of the board that is used to power the controller
and other components placed on the board.
3.3V: This is a minimum voltage generated by the voltage regulator on the board.

GND: These are the ground pins on the board. There are multiple ground pins on the board
that can be interfaced accordingly when more than one ground pin is required.
Reset: Reset pin is added on the board that resets the board. It is very helpful when running
program goes too complex and hangs up the board. LOW value to the reset pin will reset the
controller.

Analog Pins: There are 8 analog pins on the board marked as A0 – A7. These pins are used
to measure the analog voltage ranging between 0 to 5V.

Rx, Tx: These pins are used for serial communication where Tx represents the transmission
of data while Rx represents the data receiver.

13: This pin is used to turn on the built-in LED.

AREF: This pin is used as a reference voltage for the input voltage.
PWM: Six pins 3,5,6,9,10, 11 can be used for providing 8-pit PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. It is a method used for getting analog results with digital sources.
SPI: Four pins 10(SS),11(MOSI),12(MISO),13(SCK) are used for SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface). SPI is an interface bus and mainly used to transfer data between microcontrollers
and other peripherals like sensors, registers, and SD card.
External Interrupts: Pin 2 and 3 are used as external interrupts which are used in case of
emergency when we need to stop the main program and call important instructions at that
point. The main program resumes once interrupt instruction is called and executed.
I2C: I2C communication is developed using A4 and A5 pins where A4 represents the serial
data line (SDA) which carries the data and A5 represents the serial clock line (SCL) which
is a clock signal, generated by the master device, used for data synchronization between the
devices on an I2C bus.

Fig 3.3: Pin description

3.4 PROGRAMMING

▪ It is programmed using Arduino IDE which is an Integrated Development

Environment that runs both offline and online.
▪ No prior arrangements are required to run the board. All you need is board, mini USB
cable and Arduino IDE software installed on the computer. USB cable is used to
transfer the program from computer to the board.
 ▪ No separate burner is required to compile and burn the program as this board comes
with a built-in boot-ladder.

The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Diecimila, Duemilanove, or Nano w/ ATmega168" or "Arduino Duemilanove or
Nano w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on
your board).

The ATmega168 or ATmega328 on the Arduino Nano comes preburned with a

bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

3.5 COMMUNICATION

▪ The Nano device comes with an ability to set up a communication with other
controllers and computers. The serial communication is carried out by the digital pins
like pin 0 (Rx) and pin 1 (Tx) where Rx is used for receiving data and Tx is used for
the transmission of data. The serial monitor is added on the Arduino Software which
is used to transmit textual data to or from the board. FTDI drivers are also included
in the software which behave as a virtual com port to the software.

▪ The Tx and Rx pins come with an LED which blinks as the data is transmitted
between FTDI and USB connection to the computer.

▪ Arduino Software Serial Library is used for carrying out a serial communication
between the board and the computer.

▪ Apart from serial communication the Nano board also support I2C and SPI
communication. The Wire Library inside the Arduino Software is accessed to use the
I2C bus.

▪ The Arduino Nano is programmed by Arduino Software called IDE which is a

common software used for almost all types of board available. Simply download the
software and select the board you are using. There are two options to program the
controller i.e either by the bootloader that is added in the software which sets you free
from the use of external burner to compile and burn the program into the controller
and another option is by using ICSP (In-circuit serial programming header).
 ▪ Arduino board software is equally compatible with Windows, Linux or MAC,
however, Windows are preferred to use.

3.6 APPLICATIONS

Arduino Nano is a very useful device that comes with a wide range of applications and
covers less space as compared to other Arduino board. Breadboard friendly nature makes it
stand out from other board. Following are the main applications of the board.

• Arduino Metal Detector

• Real-Time Face Detection

• Medical Instruments

• Industrial Automation

• Android Applications

• GSM Based Projects

• Embedded Systems

• Automation and Robotics

• Home Automation and Defense Systems

• Virtual Reality Applications

 CHAPTER-4

NODE MCU(ESP8266)

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board
designs are available. The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-
controller unit).[8]. The term "NodeMCU" strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than
the associated development kits.

Fig 4.1 Node MCU

4.1 INTRODUCTION
ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WiFi networking solution; it can
be used to host the application or to offload WiFi networking functions from another
application processor. When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an
external flash. In has integrated cache to improve the performance of the system in such
applications. Alternately, serving as a WiFi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to
any micro controllerbased design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART
interface).

ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi chip in the industry; it integrates the
antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power
management modules, it requires minimal external circuitry, and the entire solution,
including front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. ESP8266EX also
integrates an enhanced version of Tensilica’s L106 Diamond series 32-bit processor, with
on-chip SRAM, besides the WiFi functionalities. ESP8266EX is often integrated with
external sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs; sample codes for
such applications are provided in the software development kit (SDK).
The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash, allowing the building of
single-chip devices capable of connecting to Wi-Fi. The successor to these microcontroller
chips is the ESP32.

4.2 FEAUTURES

▪ Processor: L106 32-bit RISC microprocessor core based on the Tensilica Xtensa
Diamond Standard 106Micro running at 80 MHz
▪ Memory:

• 32 KiB instruction RAM

• 32 KiB instruction cache RAM
• 80 KiB user-data RAM
• 16 KiB ETS system-data RAM

▪ External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is supported (512 KiB to 4 MiB typically included)
▪ IEEE 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi

• Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

• WEP or WPA/WPA2 authentication, or open networks

▪ 16 GPIO pins
▪ SPI
▪ I²C (software implementation)
▪ I²S interfaces with DMA (sharing pins with GPIO)
▪ UART on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be enabled on GPIO2
▪ 10-bit ADC (successive approximation ADC)
4.3 PIN FUNCTIONS OF ESP8266

The pinout is as follows for the common ESP-01 module:

Table 4.1: Pin functions of ESP8266

Pin Number Pin Alternate Normally used for Alternate purpose

Name Name

1 Ground - Connected to the ground of -

the circuit

2 TX GPIO – 1 Connected to Rx pin of Can act as a General-

programmer/uC to upload purpose Input/output
program pin when not used as
TX

3 GPIO-2 - General purpose Input/output -

pin

4 CH_EN - Chip Enable – Active high -

5 GPIO - Flash General purpose Input/output Takes module into

0 pin serial programming
when held low during
start up

6 Reset - Resets the module -

7 RX GPIO - 3 General purpose Input/output Can act as a General

pin purpose Input/output
pin when not used as
RX

8 Vcc - Connect to +3.3V only

1. VCC, Voltage (+3.3 V; can handle up to 3.6 V)

2. GND, Ground (0 V)
3. RX, Receive data bit X
4. TX, Transmit data bit X
5. CH_PD, Chip power-down
6. RST, Reset
7. GPIO 0, General-purpose input/output No. 0
 8. GPIO 2, General-purpose input/output No. 2

4.4 NODE MCU PIN OUT FOR ARDUINO

Fig 4.2: Pin out for Arduino

4.5 ADVANTAGES

▪ Low cost
▪ Integrated support for WIFI network
▪ Reduced size of the board
▪ Low energy consumption
 CHAPTER-5
SENSORS
5.1 IR SENSOR
An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared
radiation in its surrounding environment. IR is invisible to the human eye, as its wavelength
is longer than that of visible light (though it is still on the same electromagnetic spectrum).
Anything that emits heat (everything that has a temperature above around five degrees
Kelvin) gives off infrared radiation.

Fig 5.1: IR sensor

The frequency range of infrared is higher than microwave and lesser than visible light.
An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense its surroundings. The
working of any Infrared sensor is governed by three laws: Planck’s Radiation law, Stephen
– Boltzmann law and Wien’s Displacement law.

5.1.1 BASIC CONCEPT

The basic concept of an Infrared Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to

transmit an infrared signal, this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an object and the
signal is received at the infrared receiver.
There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and signal
processing. Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength can be used as infrared
sources. The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum,
atmosphere and optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or
to limit the spectral response.

5.1.2 TYPES OF IR SENSORS

There are two types of infrared sensors: active and passive. Active infrared sensors
both emit and detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two parts: a light emitting
diode (LED) and a receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor, the infrared light from
the LED reflects off of the object and is detected by the receiver. Active IR sensors act
as proximity sensors, and they are commonly used in obstacle detection systems (such as in
robots).
Passive infrared (PIR) sensors only detect infrared radiation and do not emit it from
an LED. Passive infrared sensors are comprised of:
▪ Two strips of pyroelectric material (a pyroelectric sensor)
▪ An infrared filter (that blocks out all other wavelengths of light)
▪ A fresnel lens (which collects light from many angles into a single point)
▪ A housing unit (to protect the sensor from other environmental variables, such
as humidity)
PIR sensors are most used in motion-based detection, such as in-home security
systems. When a moving object that generates infrared radiation enters the sensing range of
the detector, the difference in IR levels between the two pyroelectric elements is measured.
The sensor then sends an electronic signal to an embedded computer, which in turn triggers
an alarm.

5.1.3 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

The principle of an IR sensor working as an Object Detection Sensor can be explained
using the following figure. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR Photodiode;
together they are called as Photo – Coupler or Opto – Coupler.
When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the
radiation reflects back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by the IR
receiver, the output of the sensor is defined.
 Fig 5.2: Principle of working

5.1.4 IR SENSOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor module in
an electronic device. This sensor is analogous to human’s visionary senses, which can be
used to detect obstacles and it is one of the common applications in real-time. This circuit
comprises of the following components
▪ LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair
▪ Resistors of the range of kilo-ohms.
▪ Variable resistors.
▪ LED (Light Emitting Diode).

Fig 5.3: IR Sensor circuit

5.2 RAIN SENSOR
For detecting the wet waste, we used rain sensor in our project. So that, it will sense the
moisture content in the waste and sends the information to Arduino.

5.2.1 INTRODUCTION
A rain sensor or rain switch is a switching device activated by rainfall. There are two
main applications for rain sensors. The first is a water conservation device connected to an
automatic irrigation system that causes the system to shut down in the event of rainfall. The
second is a device used to protect the interior of an automobile from rain and to support the
automatic mode of windscreen wipers. An additional application in professional satellite
communications antennas is to trigger a rain blower on the aperture of the antenna feed, to
remove water droplets from the mylar cover that keeps pressurized and dry air inside the
wave-guides.

Fig 5.4: Rain sensor

It works like a switch and the working principle of this sensor is, whenever there is
rain, the switch will be normally closed.

5.2.2 RAIN SENSOR MODULE

The rain sensor module/board is shown below. Basically, this board includes nickel
coated lines and it works on the resistance principle. This sensor module permits to gauge
moisture through analog output pins & it gives a digital output while moisture threshold
surpasses.

Fig 5.5: Rain sensor module

This module is similar to the LM393 IC because it includes the electronic module as
well as a PCB. Here PCB is used to collect the raindrops. When the rain falls on the board,
then it creates a parallel resistance path to calculate through the operational amplifier.
This sensor is a resistive dipole and based on the moisture only it shows the resistance. For
example, it shows more resistance when it is dry and shows less resistance when it is wet.

5.2.3 PIN CONFIGURATION

Fig 5.6: Rain Sensor Module – PinOut

The pin configuration of this sensor is shown below. This sensor includes four pins which
include the following.
 Table 5.1: Pin functions of rain sensor module

Pin Description

Vcc +5 Volts Power Source

GND Ground or negative power source

D0 Digital Output. Goes low when moisture exceeds set threshold.

Analog Output – Zero to five volts. The lower the voltage, the greater
A0
the moisture

POWER LED Indicates that power is applied

Illuminates when moisture has exceeded threshold set by sensitivity

OUTPUT LED
adjustment.

Sensitivity
Clockwise is more sensitive. Counterclockwise is less sensitive.
Adjustment

5.2.4 SPECIFICATIONS
The specifications of the rain sensor include the following.
▪ This sensor module uses good quality of double-sided material.
▪ Anti-conductivity & oxidation with long time use
▪ The area of this sensor includes 5cm x 4cm and can be built with a nickel plate on the
side
▪ The sensitivity can be adjusted by a potentiometer
▪ The required voltage is 5V
▪ The size of the small PCB is 3.2cm x 1.4cm
▪ For easy installation, it uses bolt holes
▪ It uses an LM393 comparator with wide voltage
▪ The output of the comparator is a clean waveform and driving capacity is above 15Ma
5.2.5APPLICATIONS

▪ This sensor is used as a water preservation device and this is connected to

the irrigation system to shut down the system in the event of rainfall.
▪ This sensor is used to guard the internal parts of an automobile against the rainfall as
well as to support the regular windscreen wiper’s mode.
▪ This sensor is used in specialized satellite communications aerials for activating a
rain blower over the opening of the aerial feed, to get rid of water droplets from the
mylar wrap to keep pressurized as well as dry air within the waveguides.

5.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

5.3.1 INTRODUCTION
As the name indicates, ultrasonic / level sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic
waves. Ultrasonic transducers or ultrasonic sensors are a type of acoustic sensor divided into
three broad categories: transmitters, receivers and transceivers. Transmitters
convert electrical signals into ultrasound, receivers convert ultrasound into electrical signals,
and transceivers can both transmit and receive ultrasound.

Fig 5.7: Ultra Sonic sensor

5.3.2 DETECTION PRINCIPLE

The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected from the
target. Ultrasonic / level sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time
between the emission and reception.
 Fig 5.8: Principle of detection

An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic / level sensor
uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a reflective model
ultrasonic / level sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately.
This enables miniaturization of the sensor head.

5.3.3 WORKING

The ultrasonic sensor (or transducer) works on the same principles as a radar system.
An ultrasonic sensor can convert electrical energy into acoustic waves and vice versa. The
acoustic wave signal is an ultrasonic wave traveling at a frequency above 18kHz. The famous
HC SR04 ultrasonic sensor generates ultrasonic waves at 40kHz frequency.
Typically, a microcontroller is used for communication with an ultrasonic sensor. To
begin measuring the distance, the microcontroller sends a trigger signal to the ultrasonic
sensor. The duty cycle of this trigger signal is 10µS for the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. When
triggered, the ultrasonic sensor generates eight acoustic (ultrasonic) wave bursts and initiates
a time counter. As soon as the reflected (echo) signal is received, the timer stops. The output
of the ultrasonic sensor is a high pulse with the same duration as the time difference between
transmitted ultrasonic bursts and the received echo signal.
Fig 5.9: Representation of trigger signal, reflected signal and output of echo pin.

The microcontroller interprets the time signal into distance using the following functions:

Fig 5.10: Distance calculation

Theoretically, the distance can be calculated using the TRD (time/rate/distance)

measurement formula. Since the calculated distance is the distance traveled from the
ultrasonic transducer to the object—and back to the transducer—it is a two-way trip. By
dividing this distance by 2, you can determine the actual distance from the transducer to the
object. Ultrasonic waves travel at the speed of sound (343 m/s at 20°C). The distance between
the object and the sensor is half of the distance traveled by the sound wave.[iv] The following
equation calculates the distance to an object placed in front of an ultrasonic sensor:
5.3.4 PIN FUNCTIONS

TRIG: Trigger Pulse Input

ECHO: Echo Pulse Output
GND: Ground
VCC: 5V Supply

5.3.5 FEAUTURES

Table 5.2: Features of Ultrasonic sensor

Working
DC5V
Voltage

Working
16mA
Current

Working
40Hz
Frequency

700cm, Ensured stable signal within 5m, gradually faded signal

Max Range
outside 5m till disappearing at 7m position.

Min Range 2cm

 Trigger Input
10uS TTL pulse
Signal

Echo Output
Input TTL lever signal and the range in proportion
Signal

Dimension 46x20.5x15 mm

5.3.6 APPLICATIONS

Ultrasound can be used for measuring wind speed and direction (anemometer), tank or
channel fluid level, and speed through air or water. For measuring speed or direction, a device
uses multiple detectors and calculates the speed from the relative distances to particulates in
the air or water. To measure tank or channel liquid level, and also sea level (tide gauge), the
sensor measures the distance (ranging) to the surface of the fluid.

Further applications include: humidifiers, sonar, medical ultrasonography, burglar

alarms, non-destructive testing and wireless charging.

5.4 INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR

5.4.1 INTRODUCTION
An inductive proximity sensor is a non-contact electronic proximity sensor. It is used
for positioning and detection of metal objects. The sensing range of an inductive switch is
dependent on the type of metal being detected. Ferrous metals, such as iron and steel, allow
for a longer sensing range, while nonferrous metals, such as aluminum and copper, may
reduce the sensing range by up to 60 percent.
 Fig 5.11: Inductive proximity sensor

5.4.2 DESCRIPTION
The sensor consists of an induction loop or detector coil. Most often this is physically
a number of turns of insulated magnet wire wound around a high magnetic permeability core,
such as a ferrite ceramic rod or coil form, and the winding may or may not have a feedback
tap some number of turns from one end of the total winding. It is connected to a capacitance
to form a tuned frequency oscillator tank circuit. In conjunction with a voltage or current gain
device like a transistor or operational amplifier, this forms a tuned frequency oscillator. When
power is applied, the resulting oscillation is a high frequency alternating electric current in
the coil that has a constantly changing magnetic field able to induces eddy currents in
proximal (target) conductors.
The closer the target is and the greater its conductivity (metals are good conductors,
for example), the greater the induced eddy currents are and the more effect their resulting
opposing magnetic fields have on the magnitude and frequency of the oscillation. Its
magnitude is reduced as the load is increased in a non-magnetic conductor like aluminum
because the induced field in the target opposes the source induction field, lowering net
inductive impedance and therefore simultaneously tuning the oscillation frequency higher.
But that magnitude is less affected if the target is a highly magnetically permeable material,
like iron, as that high permeability increases the coil inductance, lowering the frequency of
oscillation.
5.4.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
At the heart of an Inductive Proximity Sensor (“prox” “sensor” or “prox sensor” for
short) is an electronic oscillator consisting of an inductive coil made of numerous turns of
very fine copper wire, a capacitor for storing electrical charge, and an energy source to
provide electrical excitation. The size of the inductive coil and the capacitor are matched to
produce a self-sustaining sine wave oscillation at a fixed frequency. The coil and the
capacitor act like two electrical springs with a weight hung between them, constantly pushing
electrons back and forth between each other. Electrical energy is fed into the circuit to initiate
and sustain the oscillation. Without sustaining energy, the oscillation would collapse due to
the small power losses from the electrical resistance of the thin copper wire in the coil and
other parasitic losses.

Fig 5.12: Internal elements of an inductive proximity sensor

The oscillation produces an electromagnetic field in front of the sensor, because the
coil is located right behind the “face” of the sensor. The technical name of the sensor face is
“active surface”.
When a piece of conductive metal enters the zone defined by the boundaries of the
electromagnetic field, some of the energy of oscillation is transferred into the metal of the
target. This transferred energy appears as tiny circulating electrical currents called eddy
currents. Therefore, inductive proxes are sometimes called eddy current sensors.
The flowing eddy currents encounter electrical resistance as they try to circulate. This creates
a small amount of power loss in the form of heat (just like a little electric heater).
The power loss is not entirely replaced by the sensor’s internal energy source, so the
amplitude (the level or intensity) of the sensor’s oscillation decreases. Eventually, the
oscillation diminishes to the point that another internal circuit called a Schmitt Trigger detects
that the level has fallen below a pre-determined threshold. This threshold is the level where
the presence of a metal target is confirmed. Upon detection of the target by the Schmitt
Trigger, the sensor’s output is switched on.

5.4.4 FEAUTURES
▪ Non-contact detection
▪ Usable in severe environment
▪ High precision
▪ Long life
▪ Only metal detection
▪ Short response time
▪ Short sensing range
 CHAPTER-6
OTHER IMPORTANT COMPONENTS

6.1 DC GEAR MOTOR

A gear motor is an all-in-one combination of a motor and gearbox. The addition of a
gear head to a motor reduces the speed while increasing the torque output. The most
important parameters regarding gear motors are speed (rpm), torque and efficiency (%). In
order to select the most suitable gear motor for your application you must first compute the
load, speed and torque requirements for your application. ISL Products offers a variety
of Spur Gear Motors, Planetary Gear Motors and Worm Gear Motors to meet all application
requirements. Most of our DC motors can be complimented with one of our unique
gearheads, providing you with a highly efficient gear motor solution.

Fig 6.1: Gear Motor

6.1.1 GEAR MOTOR PERFORMANCE CURVES

A motors performance and gearbox performance are combined into one graph by
displaying three specific parameters. These three parameters are speed, torque and efficiency.
These performance curves are essential when selecting a gear motor for your application.
 Fig 6.2: Performance curve

Speed/Revolutions (N) – (unit: rpm) indicated as a straight line that shows the relationship
between the gear motors torque and speed. This line will shift laterally depending on voltage
increase or decrease.
Current (I) – (unit: A) indicated by a straight line, from no load to full motor lock. This shows
the relationship between amperage and torque.
Torque (T) – (unit: gf-cm) this is the load borne by the motor shaft, represented on the X-
axis.
Efficiency (η) – (unit: %) is calculated by the input and output values, represented by the
dashed line. To maximize the gear motors potential, it should be used near its peak efficiency.
Output (P) – (unit: W) is the amount of mechanical energy the gear motor puts out.

6.1.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

A gear motor can be either an AC (alternating current) or a DC (direct current) electric
motor. Most gear motors have an output of 1,200 to 3,600 revolutions per minute (RPMs).
These types of motors also have two different speed specifications: normal speed and the
stall-speed torque specifications.

Gear motors are primarily used to reduce speed in a series of gears, which in turn
creates more torque. This is accomplished by an integrated series of gears or a gearbox being
attached to the main motor rotor and shaft via a second reduction shaft. The second shaft is
then connected to the series of gears or gearbox to create what is known as a series of
reduction gears. The longer the train of reduction gears, the lower the output of the end, or
final, gear will be.

An excellent example of this principle would be an electric time clock (the type that
uses hour, minute, and second hands). The synchronous AC motor that is used to power the
time clock will usually spin the rotor at around 1,500 revolutions per minute. However, a
series of reduction gears are used to slow the movement of the hands on the clock.

For example, while the rotor spins at about 1,500 revolutions per minute, the
reduction gears allow the final secondhand gear to spin at only one revolution per minute.
This is what allows the secondhand to make one complete revolution per minute on the face
of the clock.

6.2 MOTOR DRIVE

6.2.1 INTRODUCTION

The DC motor drives are used mainly for good speed regulation, frequent starting,
braking and reversing. The DC motor drive is a type of amplifier or power modulator that
integrate between the controller and a DC motor. It takes the low current and then converts
it into a high current which is appropriate for the motor. The DC motor drive also provides
the high current torque, 400 % more than the rated continuous torque. The speed of a DC
motor drive is usually controlled by variable resistance method, which can be also used to
limit the starting current.

Fig 6.3: Motor drive

6.2.2 TYPES OF DC MOTOR DRIVES

▪ Non-regenerative DC Drive: This drive rotates only in one direction and hence also
called single quadrant drive. The non-regenerative DC motor drive does not have any
inherent braking capability. The motor is terminated only by removing the supply.
Such type of drive is used in a placed where high friction load or strong natural brake
requires.
▪ Regenerative DC Drive: It is a four-quadrant drive, and it controls the speed,
direction and torque of a motor. Under the braking condition, this drive converts
mechanical energy and load into electrical energy which is returned to the power
source.

6.2.3 BRAKING OF DC MOTOR DRIVES

The braking is the phenomenon of reducing the speed of the DC motor drive. In
braking, the DC motor drive works as a generator. It develops the negative sequence torque,
which opposes the motion of the drive. The braking of the DC motor drive is mainly classified
into three types. i.e., regenerative braking, dynamic braking and plugging.

6.2.4 APPLICATIONS

The important applications of DC motor drives are rolling mills, paper mills, mine
winders, hoists, machine tools, traction, printing presses, textile mills, excavators and crane.

6.3 GARBAGE CONTAINER

A waste container is a container for temporarily storing waste and is usually made of
metal or plastic. The curbside dustbins usually consist of three types: trash cans (receptacles
made of metal or plastic), dumpsters (large receptacles similar and wheelie bins (light,
usually plastic bins that are mobile). All of these are emptied by collectors, who will load the
contents into a garbage truck and drive it to a landfill, incinerator or consuming crush facility
to be disposed of.
6.4 PCB BOARD

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically

connects electrical or electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet
layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to
both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.

Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They are
also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.
 Fig 6.4: PCB board

A basic PCB consists of a flat sheet of insulating material and a layer of copper foil,
laminated to the substrate. Chemical etching divides the copper into separate conducting lines
called tracks or circuit traces, pads for connections, vias to pass connections between layers
of copper, and features such as solid conductive areas for electromagnetic shielding or other
purposes. The tracks function as wires fixed in a place and are insulated from each other by
air and the board substrate material. The surface of a PCB may have a coating that protects
the copper from corrosion and reduces the chances of solder shorts between traces or
undesired electrical contact with stray bare wires. For its function in helping to prevent solder
shorts, the coating is called solder resist or solder mask.
 CHAPTER-7
SOFTWARE SECTION

7.1 BLYNK APP

Blynk is a Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and
the likes over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where you can build a graphic interface
for your project by simply dragging and dropping widgets. Blynk is a new platform that
allows you to quickly build interfaces for controlling and monitoring your hardware projects
from your iOS and Android device. After downloading the Blynk app, you can create a
project dashboard and arrange buttons, sliders, graphs, and other widgets onto the screen.

Fig 7.1: Blynk app

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware
remotely, it can display sensor data, it can store data, vizualize it and do many other cool
things.
7.1.1 WORKING
There are three major components in the platform:
▪ Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using
various widgets we provide.
▪ Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone
and hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk
 server locally. It’s open source, could easily handle thousands of devices and
can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.
▪ Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable
communication with the server and process all the incoming and outcoming
commands.
Now imagine: every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message travels
to space the Blynk Cloud, where it magically finds its way to your hardware. It works
the same in the opposite direction and everything happens in a blynk of an eye.

Fig 7.2: Working of Blynk app

7.1.2 FEAUTURES
▪ Similar API & UI for all supported hardware & devices
▪ Connection to the cloud using:
• WiFi
• Bluetooth and BLE
• Ethernet
• USB (Serial)
 • GSM
▪ Set of easy-to-use Widgets
▪ Direct pin manipulation with no code writing
▪ Easy to integrate and add new functionality using virtual pins
▪ History data monitoring via SuperChart widget
▪ Device-to-Device communication using Bridge Widget
▪ Sending emails, tweets, push notifications, etc.

7.2 Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions
from C and C++. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but
also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor development boards.
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and
linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with
the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the
program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding
that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware. By
default, avrdude is used as the uploading tool to flash the user code onto official Arduino
boards
Fig 7.3: Arduino IDE
 CHAPTER-8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

8.1 ADVANTAGES
▪ A 24x7 monitoring system to monitor the dumpsters continuously.
▪ Recycling (if any) can be done easily.
▪ Segregation can be done easily.
▪ It can be used for controlling all mechanical setup based on current conditions.
▪ Sorting of waste at the primary stage will make the waste management more
effective and fruitful.
▪ Giving way to cleaner environment.
▪ Eco friendly
▪ Lower initial investments.

8.2 DISADVANTAGES
▪ When a large amount of waste is dumped, it is difficult to detect the wet and dry
wastes at a time.
▪ Continuous power supply is required.
▪ An additional equipment is needed to clear the moisture content on rain sensor.
 CHAPTER-9
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
9.1 RESULTS

EQUIPMENT SETUP

Fig 9.1: Setup of equipment

RESULT IN BLYNK APP

Fig 9.2: Output on mobile

9.2 APPLICATIONS
▪ Empowered swatch Bharath mission.
▪ House-hold applications.
▪ Reduce environmental pollution.
▪ Real time-based cleaning our cities.
▪ It makes our system transparent between municipal corporation, workers and public.

9.3 CONCLUSION
IoT based Smart waste management system can help in separating the wastes easily
and dumpsters can be monitored continuously.
 This system assures the separation of waste into wet, dry and metallic when dumped
in a dumpster and cleaning of trash bins, soon when the garbage level reaches its maximum,
a message is sent to the authority. This reduces the total number of trips of garbage collection
vehicle and hence reduces the overall expenditure associated with the garbage collection. It
ultimately helps to keep cleanliness in the society. Even recycling can be done easily.

9.4 FUTURE SCOPE

▪ This project is made for demo concern, it can be taken to product level.
▪ A model can be made so that even if a large amount of waste involving wet or dry or
metallic is dumped, can be separated easily.
▪ It can be made durable by making it compact.
▪ Wet waste can be decomposed and used for making biogas.
 APPENDICES
1. CODE FOR ARDUINO

int m1=10,m2=9,m3=11,m4=12,wet=8,ir=7,lmt=6,met=5;
int lf=1,x,y,z;
void setup()
{

pinMode(m1,OUTPUT);pinMode(m2,OUTPUT);pinMode(m3,OUTPUT);pinMode(m4,O
UTPUT);
pinMode(wet,INPUT);pinMode(ir,INPUT);pinMode(lmt,INPUT);pinMode(met,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
sett();
if(digitalRead(met)==1)
{
Serial.println("metal detected");
ang('x');
}
else if(digitalRead(wet)==0 && digitalRead(ir)==0)
{
Serial.println("wet detected");
ang('y');
}
else if(digitalRead(wet)==1 && digitalRead(ir)==0)
{
Serial.println("dry waste detected");
ang('z');
}
}
void ang(int a)
{
if(a=='x')
{
Serial.println("open.....");
opn();delay(2000);lf=1;
}
else if(a=='y')
{
//Serial.println("metal detected");
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);digitalWrite(m2,HIGH);delay(1100);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
opn();delay(2000);lf=1;
}
else if(a=='z')
{
Serial.println(".............");
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);digitalWrite(m2,HIGH);delay(2500);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
opn();delay(2000);lf=1;
}
}
void sett()
{
while(lf==1)
{
Serial.println("lllll");
while(digitalRead(lmt)==1)
{
Serial.println("Initial Position");
digitalWrite(m1,HIGH);digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
}
 digitalWrite(m1,LOW);digitalWrite(m2,LOW);lf=0;
}
}
void opn()
{
digitalWrite(m3,HIGH);digitalWrite(m4,LOW);delay(1400);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);digitalWrite(m4,LOW);delay(500);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);digitalWrite(m4,HIGH);delay(1400);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);digitalWrite(m4,LOW);delay(50);lf=1;
}

2. IoT CODE

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
int s1=D0,s2=D1,s3=D2,s4=D3,l1=D8,l2=D7,l3=D6,l4=D5;
//char auth[] = "uy0Z3VqzyhnqvFlsLsQCUcyBkBVd4tOH";
char auth[] = "9bOUI_dCMeDOFZkVimmdD69y3SZMPMYu";//me
char ssid[] = "akhila";
char pass[] = "akhila12";

const int trigPin1 = D3;

const int echoPin1 = D4;
int us1;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
//Blynk.virtualWrite(V2,v);

}
void loop()
{
u1();
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2,us1);
if(us1<5)
{
Serial.println("child at door take alert");
Blynk.notify("NET IS TO BE FILLING...!");
delay(1500);
}

}
long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds)
{
// According to Parallax's datasheet for the PING))), there are
// 73.746 microseconds per inch (i.e. sound travels at 1130 feet per
// second). This gives the distance travelled by the ping, outbound
// and return, so we divide by 2 to get the distance of the obstacle.
// See: http://www.parallax.com/dl/docs/prod/acc/28015-PING-v1.3.pdf
return microseconds / 74 / 2;
}

long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)

{
// The speed of sound is 340 m/s or 29 microseconds per centimeter.
// The ping travels out and back, so to find the distance of the
// object we take half of the distance travelled.
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}
void u1()
{
// establish variables for duration of the ping,
// and the distance result in inches and centimeters:
 long duration1, inches1, cm1;

// The sensor is triggered by a HIGH pulse of 10 or more microseconds.

// Give a short LOW pulse beforehand to ensure a clean HIGH pulse:
pinMode(trigPin1, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);

// Read the signal from the sensor: a HIGH pulse whose

// duration is the time (in microseconds) from the sending
// of the ping to the reception of its echo off of an object.
pinMode(echoPin1, INPUT);
duration1 = pulseIn(echoPin1, HIGH);

// convert the time into a distance

inches1 = microsecondsToInches(duration1);
cm1 = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration1);
us1=cm1;
Serial.print("U1:");
Serial.print(cm1);
Serial.print("cm");
Serial.println("");

delay(100);
}
 REFERENCES

https://www.pantechsolutions.net/iot-based-smart-waste-management-system-for-smart-
city

https://nevonprojects.com/automatic-waste-segregation-system/

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/IoT-Based-Smart-Waste-Management-System-for-
Smart-Patil-Mohite/a7533327d0342696d143b20110327732ca68123c

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8250546

http://www.kscst.iisc.ernet.in/spp/39_series/SPP39S/01_Seminar%20Projects/068_39S_BE
_0321
 PROJECT PROFORMA

Application Product Research Review

Classification of Project

Note: Tick Appropriate category.

Project Outcomes
Outcome 1 Use new tools.
Outcome 2 Work as an individual and in a team
Outcome 3 Analyze critically.
Outcome 4 Identify and solve problems.

Mapping Table
Project Programme Outcomes (POs) PSOs
Outcomes PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
Outcome 1
Outcome 2
Outcome 3
Outcome 4

Note: Map each project outcomes with POs and PSOs with either 1 or 2 or 3 based
on level of mapping as follows:
1-Slightly (Low) mapped 2-Moderately (Medium) mapped 3-Substantially (High) mapped

Programme Outcomes:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization for the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
 and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, and cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of t h e information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
Modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with the society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
 member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognizes the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO):

1. Apply the knowledge of circuit design, analog & digital electronics to the field of
electrical and electronics systems

2. Analyse, design and develop control systems, industrial drives and power systems
using modern tools.
 PROJECT MEMBER DETAILS

MEMBER NAME: AKHILA PARUCHURI

D/O P.V.R.K.PRABHAKAR RAO

D.NO: 11/152-2

CHEMMANAGIRIPET, MACHILIPATNAM

KRISHNA DST, A.P 521001

EMAIL: [email protected]

MOBILE NO: 8074265611

MEMBER NAME: SRI GAYATHRI PISUPATI

D/O P.SRINIVAS

D.NO: 41/300-2A

RAJUPETA, MACHILIPATNAM

KRISHNA DIST, AP 521001

EMAIL: [email protected]

MOBILE NO: 9951308013

MEMBER NAME: DILEEP SALAGALA

S/O S.RAVI KUMAR

D.NO: 9-78

CHENNUVANIPURAM, PAMARRU

KRISHNA DIST, AP 521390

EMAIL: [email protected]

MOBILE NO: 9494769336

MEMBER NAME: SHAIK MAHABOOB JANI

S/O SK.SALEEM

D.NO: 14-154

FAST MUSLIM BAZAR, NANDIGAMA

KRISHNA DIST, AP 521185

EMAIL: [email protected]

MOBILE NO: 9912057709